How to fertilize the earth in spring: organic and mineral top dressing. How to fertilize plants in your garden and get a healthy harvest

In the spring, when nature awakens, summer residents begin to become more active, because for them it is a hot time. In order to get a rich harvest in the fall, you should in early spring prepare under, including choosing the right and observing the right dosages.

It is important to take into account the needs that will be planted on. And if such a process is not difficult for experienced gardeners, then it can be difficult for beginners in this business to choose the right effective

There are also disadvantages to this. In particular, an imbalance of nutrients is possible. Also in this form of feeding there can be seeds, and even organics can sometimes cause and be a kind of magnet for toxins. Nonetheless, organic fertilizers do not lose their popularity, since the benefits from them are much greater than the harm.

When choosing organics, it is highly recommended to use. Any gardener can prepare it. For this, on a plot of 10 sq. m. straw should be scattered, the layer thickness should be about 15 cm. A layer 20 cm thick is laid out on top, and at the end - a 20 cm layer.

You can sprinkle all this with lime and phosphate rock, at the rate of 55–60 g of the mixture per 1 sq. m. From above you need to lay out a layer again and cover all layers with a thin ball. After 7-8 months, an effective organic fertilizer will be ready for use.

Important! is not good view garden fertilizers. The fact is that when it gets into moist and warm soil, it actively begins to decompose, as a result of which heat is released. Because of this, the entire crop can simply “burn out”. That is why in fresh it is used only as a fertilizer for stronger crops, while it is diluted in water and only then the aisles are watered. You can also dry it first and then sprinkle it between rows in a thin layer.

Another way to apply manure to the soil in spring is to let it stand for a year. After resting, it is converted to . But here it is worth remembering that manure, like manure, decomposes better when it is not in pure form, but mixed with leaves, straw or.

It is known that in organic matter only a small part of nitrogen is soluble. Once the compost is placed in the ground, it is attacked by myriads of earth dwellers who eat it, transforming the compost and decomposing it in the process. It is thanks to such actions of microorganisms that nitrogen passes from an insoluble form into a soluble one, after which everything depends on the growth of the ground part. plant culture. For example, it quickly absorbs nitrogen, which was prepared for it by microorganisms, which cannot be said about. It grows slowly at first, and only in mid-July does its rapid deciduous growth begin. Based on such data, you need to build a feeding schedule.

Minerals

It is usually much easier to work with than with organic ones. They are presented for sale immediately in a finished, concentrated form. In addition, there is always an instruction in the package, where there are useful advice on the use of the drug and the exact dosage is indicated. However, care must be taken here as well. Needs to be oriented garden culture, as well as on the features of the site itself.

Some gardeners are very critical of, based on the fact that this is “chemistry” and there will only be harm from it to the site and crops. One cannot but agree that the structure of the soil really will not improve from minerals, only organic matter is needed here. But a significant advantage of the mineral type of fertilizer is that plants will have direct access to a group of all the necessary substances, to and in particular.

And drugs that have in their composition will very effectively affect the rate of fruit ripening. If you apply a complex tool, which includes 2 or more elements, then it will be able to fully satisfy the needs for nutrients Oh.

Granular nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be applied to the soil before it. So useful substances will be located as close as possible to the roots of plants. The recommended depth is about 20 cm.

What mineral fertilizers summer residents apply in the spring directly depends on the type of site and the varieties of crops that will be planted there. Complex preparations are commercially available in the form of a liquid and in the form of granules. It is necessary to use granular products, strictly observing the dosage.

Usually on a plot of 10 square meters. m. should be applied 300-350 g (,), you also need to add about 250 g of phosphorus fertilizer and 200 g. The latter, by the way, is quite acceptable to replace the usual.

Autumn recharge land plot is considered an important component of getting a good harvest next season. That is why it is extremely important to understand which fertilizers should be used in this case. This will be discussed further.

Autumn is best time to properly fertilize the soil in the country. The soil rests, and microorganisms have a chance to process nutrients more efficiently. This gives the gardener the opportunity prepare land in advance to future plantings, freeing up time in the spring for more important things.

In autumn, the soil is fed in the beds with various fertilizers and their complexes. But sometimes it's just a waste of your energy. After all, certain trace elements decay and are lost during wintering. To avoid the irrational use of fertilizers, it is recommended to know what exactly is used in the fall and what in the spring.

It is worth fertilizing the soil not only under cultivated plants in the garden, but also under fruit trees and bushes.

What essential substances can be used in the fall

Before the arrival of a harsh winter, the soil needs additional nutrition. In doing so, you can do various complex top dressing. It all depends on the raw materials used and the plant itself.

humus or compost that improves soil structure;
phosphorus and potassium complexes simultaneously with organics are poured into the pre-stem circle;
ready-made store dressings, for example, " orchard”, “Universal” and “Autumn”;
manure, which must be applied to autumn time. Moreover, it is strictly forbidden to use fresh manure. It should "reach" for at least a few years. Otherwise, the root system of the tree can be damaged.

For potatoes the best option would be:

straw manure, which, according to experts, can almost double the yield;
green manure;
nitroammophoska, nitrofoska and ammophos.

ash as a natural mineral complex;
chicken manure, which is applied as a solution in a ratio of 1:15. Necessarily after harvesting in the process of digging;
dolomite flour, which can significantly reduce the acidity of the soil. This fertilizer is used only when necessary. There are also plants that like acidic soil.

Since for various country and garden plants nutrient complexes change, best since autumn determine the landing site individual varieties. If this is not possible, you need to use universal compositions.

Mineral fertilizers

Most often, plants receive nutrients in solutions. Since in this case digestibility is much better. Today there is great amount ready-made mineral complexes, for example, for lawns, fruit trees and bushes.

It is important to pay attention to the mark "for autumn". The peculiarity of such compositions is that they must contain minimal amount nitrogen. After all, it provokes active growth and may not allow the plant to prepare for wintering.

Mineral fertilizers for autumn application must necessarily contain trace elements such as phosphorus, potassium and calcium. They will allow plants to prepare for lower temperatures and, in general, for harsh conditions wintering.

Proper use of organics

Organic fertilizers for autumn use include:

horse dung, characterized by the density of the consistency. This allows you to keep nitrogen in the soil enough long time. During the winter, the manure begins to soften, and only by spring the nutrients will enter the soil. For each square meter land plot, it is recommended to apply about 3 kg of fertilizer. And in autumn period it can be used fresh. Whereas in the spring it is strictly prohibited;
mullein considered the most popular fertilizer among gardeners. It allows you to saturate the soil with nutrients. And in the fall, you can even bring in raw mullein. After all, excess ammonia will also come down with melt water. For each square meter of land, there are about 5-6 kg. But most experts advise using mullein in the spring, because for winter period almost a quarter of the nutrients are lost. But first it must be composted at the end of summer;
bird droppings considered one of the most concentrated fertilizers. Therefore, it is more difficult to use it in summer and spring. It is necessary to dilute and carefully water in the form of a solution, otherwise you can damage the foliage and the root of the plants. it perfect nutrition for strawberries. In autumn, the litter can be distributed undiluted for digging.

Synthetic fertilizers

There are a huge number of synthetic fertilizers that can be used to replenish the soil in the fall.

Namely:

phosphorus-based fertilizers presented in the form are applied to without fail in autumn time. Since these substances are difficult to dissolve, they need time to dissolve and saturate the soil. For every square meter of land, there are 50 g of superphosphate;
phosphate rock most often applied simultaneously with manure, since it allows you to create optimal conditions for the transition of phosphorus into the nutrient complex of the soil. But at the same time, it is important to understand that calcium, which is part of the fertilizer, is not “liked” by all plants. The advantages include the natural origin of the composition. This is not chemistry, but an absolutely safe component;
refers to nitrogen compounds. But with the difference that it can be used in the fall. Since its amide form allows you to retain nutrients in the soil until spring. It is important to carry it out correct application according to instructions

Folk remedies

Can be used as a folk fertilizer husk and cleaning. This is a harmless environmentally friendly waste that will nourish the soil with useful microelements. Potato peelings should be prepared in advance. They are filled very hot water and insist for several days. After filtering, it is recommended to water the plants under the root.

Such folk fertilizers best used in spring time. For only planted crops every 10 days during the growing season.

How to fertilize the soil for digging

The most difficult thing is if it is necessary to fertilize clay and subclay soil. Since in winter the site becomes even denser and it is completely difficult for any plant to grow on it.

Such soil is dug up without fail from autumn, at the same time introducing nutrients.

These include:

about 3 kg is needed for each square meter of land manure. Moreover, the frequency of use is not more than once every four years. After digging, the fertilizer is evenly distributed around the plant. But it is important to ensure that the manure does not reach the roots. They may die;
grass cut based on grass and weeds, it is laid out in a furrow to a depth of not more than 0.2 m, and then sprinkled with soil. If desired, you can make a couple of such layers, for example, to a depth of 0.1 m from the surface;
fertilizers with phosphorus and potassium in the ratio of 50 g of superphosphate and 30 g of potassium salt per square meter;
optimal usage time green manure- autumn. Wait until they grow 0.1 m, and you can dig them along with the soil.

There is a huge amount of fertilizer that is recommended to use in the fall. They can be combined, used alternately. It all depends on the set of nutrients and their compatibility. We have already talked about this, we hope that this information will be useful to you.

How to fertilize the land in the fall, if there is no manure? This question is asked by many gardeners. After all, autumn is the perfect time to fertilize. In winter, the soil rests, and all the organisms that are in it allow you to process useful components. In addition, fertilizing in the fall allows you to prepare the garden and garden for spring.

Synthetic or natural

After harvesting, it is necessary for the next season. However, not all summer residents know how to fertilize the land in the fall if there is no manure? Someone thinks that it is better to use several complex mixes at once. And someone, on the contrary, recommends using various fertilizers separately. This is the wrong approach. After all, some natural and synthetic additives can lose most of their useful properties during the winter.

In order to use fertilizers correctly, you need to know exactly which one can be applied to the soil in the fall, and which one should be left until spring. In addition, it should be noted that not all additives are universal. Some can only be used for trees, while others can only be used for soil intended for planting vegetables.

bird droppings

So, how to fertilize the land in the fall, if there is no manure. Bird droppings are considered the most concentrated organic fertilizer. This dressing is ideal for strawberries. However, it is very difficult to apply such fertilizer in spring and summer. After all, bird droppings are a caustic substance that can ruin a plant. Especially if the solution got on the roots of the bush. In addition, top dressing must be carefully prepared. Bird droppings are fermented, then defended and diluted with water.

It is best to use this fertilizer in the fall. Such organic matter can be introduced into the soil, which will then be dug up. Bird droppings do not need to be prepared and bred. Moreover, there is no need to fertilize annually. In addition, it can adversely affect the condition of the plants. It is better to bring bird droppings into the ground once every few years.

Compost application

How to fertilize the land in the fall, if there is no manure and bird droppings? In this case, many summer residents use compost, distributing it throughout the site. Often such fertilizer is dug up along with the soil. You can also cover the ground with compost in a continuous layer just before plowing. However, according to experts, these are not the most effective methods.

After the entire crop has been removed from the beds, all weeds should be weeded out. After that, the soil does not need to be dug up. It should be covered with a uniform layer of compost. In conclusion, it is recommended to pour the supplement with an EM preparation, previously diluted in accordance with the instructions. After processing, the earth should be loosened with a Fokin flat cutter and not touched until spring. This method of composting allows you to maintain soil fertility. The earth does not turn sour.

What plants are suitable for

Thanks to this top dressing in the spring, additional top dressing is not necessary. Suitable fertilizer for potatoes. In autumn, compost is distributed over the site, and tubers are planted in spring. Harvest dates are shifted by about 2 weeks. It should be noted that this fertilizer is suitable for all early vegetable crops.

What fertilizers to apply in the fall under fruit trees? Many advise using compost. After all, the garden also needs additional nutrition. It should be noted that such a substrate is often used to protect the root zone of all fruit trees. To do this, the compost is laid in a fairly thick layer around the trunk along the entire diameter. Fertilizer is left here until spring. When the first warm days come, the soil near the trunks must be carefully loosened. Thanks to such manipulations, the useful components contained in the substrate penetrate deep into the soil and begin to nourish the roots of trees and shrubs.

Is it worth using ash

Apply organic fertilizers in the fall to the soil should be wisely. Ashes should also be attributed to natural dressings. This substance is rich in potassium. It is usually applied to heavy, clay soils. If the soil is soft, then it makes no sense to use quality. It will be washed out by spring meltwater from the soil structure. As for the application rate, only a glass of ash is required per 1 square meter.

It is worth noting that this fertilizer is ideal not only for replenishing potassium reserves in the soil, but also for combating some pests that can cause severe damage to certain crops. To do this, the area that will be used for planting garlic and onions must be carefully sprinkled with ash. This should be done on the last warm autumn days. The ash should cover the beds with a fairly dense layer at least 1 centimeter thick.

This organic fertilizer can be used to protect winter garlic and bow. In this case, the amount of ash is recommended to be reduced. The thickness of the layer should be no more than 20 millimeters.

Superphosphate

What fertilizers are applied in the fall to the soil? This may not only be organic top dressing but also synthetic. For example, superphosphate. The main component of this compound is phosphorus. This substance is heavier than the rest dissolves in the soil. Therefore, it is recommended to make such supplements in the fall. Phosphate fertilizers are the main group of fertilizers. For 6 months, the active component has time to completely dissolve. AT summer period Phosphorus is an excellent nutrient base for any plant.

How much to deposit

Fertilizers for digging in the fall should be applied in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. If there are no instructions on the package, then you should adhere to the following rules:

Monophosphate (simple superphosphate) - 40 to 50 grams are required per 1 m 2.
Double superphosphate - 20 to 30 grams are required per 1 m 2.
Superphosphate granulated - 1 m 2 requires from 35 to 40 grams.

As for ammoniated superphosphate, it is not used for autumn application. After all, such a fertilizer is enriched with nitrogen, which is lost during the winter. Many experts recommend adding preparations containing potassium to the soil along with superphosphates. Without this component, phosphorus will not dissolve well.

Is it possible to use phosphate rock

So, what fertilizers are applied in the fall to the soil? This list includes phosphate rock. It is used for fertilizing impoverished and leached chernozems, which are being prepared for spring liming. This supplement is of natural origin. These are crushed rocks.

Many experts recommend applying such fertilizers for digging in the fall along with manure. This contributes to a better dissolution of phosphorus in the soil. In addition, it is not suitable for every plant, as it contains calcium. The main advantage of the supplement is the natural composition. This fertilizer is absolutely safe for humans.

Organic fertilizer - urea

Fertilizing the soil in autumn is an important process. For these purposes, you can use urea. It refers to nitrogen supplements. The second name of the substance is urea. The main active ingredient is nitrogen of the amide form. Thanks to this component, urea can be applied to the soil in the fall. Indeed, during this period, it makes no sense to use nitrogen fertilizers. As for urea, the main substance in it is contained in the amide form. This prevents nitrogen from leaving the soil.

How to use urea

So, what fertilizers to apply in the fall under fruit trees, and which ones to use for beds? Urea is usually used in combination with phosphorus additives. Of course, nitrogen fertilizer can be applied in the spring. However, the time for this will be much less. To fertilize the soil, superphosphate should be neutralized with limestone or chalk. In this case, it is worth observing the proportions. For 1 kilogram of superphosphate, 100 grams of limestone or chalk is required. Two parts of carbamide should be added to one part of such a mixture. The mixture should be mixed and then applied to the soil. For 1 m 2, from 120 to 150 grams of the finished composition is required.

As for fruit trees, urea in combination with manure should be used for top dressing. In this case, the amount of carbamide should be less. For 1 m 2, from 40 to 50 grams will be enough. In this case, it is worth considering which tree the fertilizer will be applied under. For example, to feed an apple tree, 40 grams of superphosphate, 70 grams of urea and 5 buckets of animal organics are required.

Potassium sulfate

Fertilizing the soil in autumn is of particular importance. Calcium sulphate is an additive that is used in combination with phosphorus and nitrogen supplements. Such a preparation is often used to fertilize the soil around gooseberry, currant and raspberry bushes. In addition, the supplement is suitable for feeding garden strawberries and strawberries.

Potassium sulphate, which was introduced into the soil in the fall, allows shrubs to easily overwinter. At the same time, the survival rate of horticultural crops increases even with hard frosts. As for the dosage, 1 m 2 requires no more than 30 grams of fertilizer.

Calcium chloride

A similar substance is used as a fertilizer for potatoes. In autumn, the drug is scattered over the fields. suitable for the soil to be applied for spring planting chlorine intolerant plants. This substance is an unstable element. Six months after the application of such a fertilizer, chlorine will partially disappear or dissolve in melt waters. At the same time, calcium will be well preserved in the soil. It is recommended to apply no more than 20 grams of such fertilizer per 1 m 2.

It is not recommended to introduce microelements individually into the ground in the autumn period, since only a small part of them will remain by spring. As a result, the substances will not be able to affect the yield of plants.

Fertilizing the soil is important to do correctly, because due to a number of gardeners' mistakes, unpleasant results can be obtained.

Incorrect fertilizer and their application can lead to prolonged growth of shoots, reduce winter hardiness, deteriorate fruit quality and reduce the period.

Also, if the soil is not properly fertilized, you can ruin the plants or get no result at all.

For the rapid growth of vegetables and other plants, nutrients are needed that are contained in top dressing.

We will talk about what fertilizers exist, how and when to apply them.

Types of soil fertilizers

There are several of them:

organic;
nitrogen;
minerals;
phosphorus;
potassium.

Phosphate fertilizers for soil

Are important elements in the life and growth of plants. They provide energy and are involved in the formation of DNA and RNA.

Phosphorus fertilizer is very convenient in that even with its excess, you will not spoil it. They will take as much phosphorus as they need.

Phosphorus deficiency in plants can lead to:

underdevelopment of seeds;
slow growth;
coloring of plants in dark green and purple colors;
changing the shape of plants;
dark spots.

Phosphorus fertilizers for the soil are applied mainly in autumn, because during the winter period, hard-to-digest fertilizers will be able to move into the soil-retaining complex and by summer they will begin to fully deliver nutrients to plants.

If you want to fertilize the ground in the spring, then use tuk. They contain fast acting ingredients.

Choose such phosphate fertilizers for the soil as:

Superphosphate (suitable for any plants, especially suitable for tomatoes);
Double superphosphate(suitable for trees and shrubs);
Ammophos (for vegetables, lawn, trees and ornamental plants);
Diammophos or ammonium hydrogen phosphate (potatoes, tomatoes and cucumbers);
Bone meal (processed bones of domestic animals, suitable for tub crops, potatoes, cucumbers and tomatoes, also applicable for).

Phosphate fertilizers can also be made from herbs of wormwood, feather grass, hawthorn, mountain ash, thyme.

Organic fertilizers for the soil

Basically they include:

manure;
humus;
bird droppings;
deciduous land;
sod land;
peat.

Organic fertilizers are suitable for any soil and are considered the most natural.

Manure is the most easily accessible and inexpensive way to fertilize the soil.

It contains a number of nutrients that, when decomposed, turn into carbon dioxide.

In this way, clay soil will acquire friability, and sandy - viscous and wet, it turns out.

Fresh manure is brought in in the autumn season, and rotted manure in the spring.

Humus can be obtained by decomposing the leaves and roots of plants.

It is very popular to use it for seedlings, applying 50 kg per m2.

bird droppings rarely used, because, it is a highly concentrated fertilizer for the soil.

It must be diluted by adding 0.3 liters. bird droppings per ten liters of water.

Peat as a fertilizer, choose light riding, transitional and lowland.

Do not use it in its pure form, because it contains many acids. Peat should be used in.

You can fertilize the soil in spring or summer.

In the spring, it is applied when digging at 6 kg per sq.m. In summer, a layer of about half a meter and 20 cm of manure is poured, and 50 cm of peat is again covered on top. Cover and leave for a year.

sod land easy to use by DIY.

Pick up and collect fallen leaves by tamping them in wooden box. Then add water, moistening slightly. Add superphosphate in the amount of half a kilogram per 1 cubic meter.

Add 2 tablespoons of ash to the mixture and let it perspire. Good to use for vegetables in various.

Mineral fertilizers for soil

Usually used in conjunction with organics. You can use them to grow big harvest which will exceed all your expectations.

It is better to use mixed mineral fertilizers. Mainly:

Ammonium nitrate;
Urea (carbamide);
blue vitriol;
Phosphate flour;
Microfertilizers;
Nitrophoska.

Mineral fertilizers can be used in spring and summer when cultivating the land and sowing seeds. Only phosphorite flour is brought in in the fall so that it has time to saturate the soil.

Potash fertilizers for soil

These include:

Potassium sulfate (20 grams per meter for watering, 10 grams for dry dressing);
Potassium chloride (for greenhouse soil in the autumn season 5 grams per meter);
ash (100 grams per square meter, for 2 years);
Nitrophoska (20 grams per 10 liters for irrigation and 50 grams for dry top dressing).

Nitrogen fertilizers for soil

These include:

Ammonium nitrate (note that the soil may acidify);
Urea (15 grams per 10 liters. running water, use every 12 days);
Potassium nitrate (20 grams per square meter).

How to properly fertilize the soil?

If you have clay soil, add river sand and vice versa, so the nutrients were not washed out by rains.

Observe crop rotation and do not plant one crop for two years in a row for one.

As a general rule, start fertilizing the soil in the fall. Remove all plant debris and cultivate the land from harmful insects.

For root crops, fertilize the soil with superphosphate by adding organic fertilizers.

Do not forget about liming the soil. By doing this once every 4 years, you will get good harvest.

After lime is applied, plants such as:

radish;
cabbage;
radish;
turnip.

Do not add organic matter with lime. It only reduces efficiency.

In this case, apply fertilizer at planting.

If you are going to grow dill, lettuce, zucchini, cucumbers and squash, apply manure during spring digging.

Nitrogenous elements can be added to manure.

By June, it will be relevant to feed the garden potash fertilizers. This will help rid them of diseases and accelerate growth.

Potato fertilizer

Fertilizing the soil for potatoes is the most common question.

It is worth remembering that watering and hilling does not guarantee you a good potato harvest. Fertilizers are indispensable.

For potatoes, it is better to choose such fertilizers:

ash (combine ash with nitrogen fertilizers and apply in the spring or autumn season);
nitrogen (easily washed out, therefore they are applied every year);
phosphoric (stir with manure and applied every 2 years);
manure (fertilize in the amount in which the potato crop was harvested, i.e. for 50 kg of crop, take 50 kg of manure).

Apply organic matter when planting potatoes or when digging for the winter. Mineral fertilizers - after germination and during flowering.

To fertilize potatoes with organic elements, make a hole and lay 100 grams of stale manure, sprinkled with earth. You can add 10 grams of ash and 15 grams of bird droppings on top. Put the potatoes on top and dig in the hole.

When shoots appear, dilute the manure with water (10:1) mixed with nitrogen and phosphorus components (10:8). Pour the sprouts with a solution and wait for the harvest.

During flowering, use the same method, only without manure.

strawberry fertilizer

Applying mineral fertilizers to fertilize the soil for strawberries should be done carefully, it is better to use the instructions on the package.

Strawberries are a very delicate plant, so you should not experiment with it.

Manure and humus suitable option for fertilizing strawberries. It will not only nourish useful substances, but also protect various diseases.

For strawberries to have a bright red color, big sizes and sweet taste, then use chicken manure.

The main thing is not to overdo it, because you can ruin the crop.

Add ten liters of water to 1 liter of chicken manure and leave for three days. Fertilize strawberry bushes need half a liter (per 1 bush).

There are also folk ways fertilizer soil for strawberries. These include dairy products.

Mix a few tablespoons of ash with humus, manure and a fermented milk product.

Strawberries love yeasty soil, so bread is a great top dressing option.

Take dry bread and soak until fermented in water (about 10 days). Dilute the solution with water 1 to 10.

Mono also use nettle infusion. Take a nettle and fill it with rainwater, crushing it with a load.

Stir the infusion every 2 days. Dilute with water 1 to 20 and apply before foliar top dressing.

Do the first soil fertilizers when digging for the winter. The second - after picking berries.

Do not fertilize strawberries during fruiting.

The third fertilization of the soil for strawberries is done in September. For this, ash and mullein are used (for 1 bucket of mullein, half a glass of ash).

When transplanting, fertilize the new soil with 8 kg. organic fertilizer and 30 gr. mineral fertilizer!

Fertilization at planting is a highly effective way to achieve maximum crop yields, incl. on depleted and poor soils, which is especially important in small private farms and in the country. The concentration of nutrients in the feeding area minimizes their leaching, migration in soil structures and theft by weeds; it also contributes to the development of a compact powerful root system, which is a guarantee of plant health and its resistance to diseases and pests.

The Dutch, for example, are largely thanks to widespread use spot (nesting) feeding of plants during planting manages to remove fantastic stable crops of environmentally friendly products from patches of land. This method is more time-consuming than thoughtless spreading of fertilizer over the field, but when a family runs a farm on an area of up to 100-250 acres, it more than justifies itself economically.

However, top dressing during planting should be carried out with full consideration of the biology of this particular plant species, the properties of the soil under it and the method of maintaining its culture, because. the same high concentration needed by the plant elements in the feeding zone can lead to accumulation in fruits harmful to man substances, especially nitrates. Simply put, it is necessary to fertilize plants during planting much more carefully and prudently, whether feeding is nesting or in areas before planting / sowing. This article provides initial information on the agrobiology and agrochemistry of crop nutrition during planting and recommendations for their use for a number of important crops in the private sector.

Chemistry or organic?

The general rule for fertilizing the soil when planting plants is that the farther the fruits are from the roots, the more preferable it is to apply organic fertilizers when planting.

In addition to poorly soluble (eg, phosphate rock), they are easily accessible to the roots, but also quickly migrate in the soil and leach. Their concentration in the feeding zone, as a rule, drops to ecologically allowed values long before fruit set. relatively slowly releases nutrients into the soil, but keeps a spot of them around the place of application for a long time increased concentration, side effect what - increased risk accumulation in tubers and root crops of undesirable substances. For plants with aboveground fruits, this is not so dangerous, because. almost all of them have certain biomechanisms that prevent the penetration of substances necessary for the growth and development of the plant itself into the fruits. However, the peculiarities of the biology of individual cultures and groups of cultures make significant adjustments to the general pattern.

Tubers, roots, fruits, greens

The biology of tuber and root crops differs markedly from that of plants with fruits "on top", so fertilizers for them are applied in a slightly different way when planted. Root crops / tubers quickly develop a very active root growth system and increase green mass. At this phase, the rate of migration of nutrients from organic fertilizer into the soil may not be enough for the full development of the plant. Then the plant switches to the development of underground storage organs. By this phase, the initial top dressing should be completely spent on the formation of feeding roots and the aerial part.

Based on the foregoing, apply fertilizer when planting various groups agricultural crops follows in general according to the following scheme:

Root crops and tubers on light permeable soils(sandy loam, light loam) - in 2 stages: in autumn, under autumn plowing, manure or slightly soluble mineral fertilizers, and in spring, when planting in holes, light (not very concentrated) organic fertilizers - humus, compost. When sowing/planting under agrofilm in spring, mineral fertilizers are used instead of organic matter, see below.
The same when planting in a hole on heavy soils- mineral fertilizers are applied individually to each plant before planting. On depleted soils, it is very, very desirable to organize a crop rotation with nitrogen fixers, because. all root crops/tuber crops heavily deplete the land, and heavy soils are slowly reclaimed. Experienced gardeners know: the best fertilizer for potatoes - peas for green manure in the fall.
Annuals with aboveground fruits- on light permeable, not depleted organic soils; in all other cases, mineral fertilizers.
woody and shrubby fruit and stone fruit crops - organic to the maximum resp. local conditions for the best development of plants. The crop is removed most often not in the first year, and the accumulation of nitrates can not be feared.
Green crops and plants with edible above-ground storage organs (for example, cabbage) - fertilizing during planting without basic knowledge in the field of agrochemistry, agrobiology and gardening experience is not recommended: either there will be no sense, or you will have to eat your own nitrates.

About nitrogen

The golden rule of fertilizing the soil when planting plants is not to overdo it with nitrogen! They're better off underfeeding than overfeeding!

From an excess, young plants will stretch out, wither; leaf chlorosis may develop. The introduction of nitrates during planting is best avoided altogether. If the land is already completely depleted (for example, potatoes are planted after potatoes last year), the soil is filled with nitrogen from autumn under the fall. And yet - highly effective in many cases (see below) is incompatible with nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Either one or the other.

Potatoes

It gives a vital high-value food product, but he himself is a decent glutton, greatly depleting the soil. The homeland of potatoes is the high plateaus of the Andes, the so-called. altiplano, with a harsh climate and sudden changes in weather, therefore, the features of the development of tubers described above are especially characteristic of potatoes. Potatoes are grown in a variety of climatic conditions by planting in holes and under agrofilm, as a result of which fertilizer for potatoes when planting should be made according to one of 4 typical cases:

Heavy poor soil;
She is quite nutritious;
Light poor soil;
It's also quite nutritious.

Note: planting potatoes under agrofilm is becoming more and more widespread in areas from 20-30 acres, because. can significantly reduce labor costs. The yield of potatoes planted under a film in competent agriculture is not lower than with individual planting of tubers in holes.

The earth is heavy skinny

Prepare for spring a mixture based on a hundred square meters: 2-3 kg, 1-1.5 kg, 30-50 kg and the same amount of sand (this is filling the soil for planting). In the absence of humus, they take 3-4 kg of superphosphate, 1.5 kg of potassium sulfate and 2-3 kg per hundred square meters without sand, but this option is worse, because. a lot of ballast will fall into the soil.

Further, the upper water will come off the ground a little and the tubercles will “wilt”, you need to evenly scatter the mixture over the area under the potatoes and dig it up. When planting, apply complex fertilizers to each hole: 3-5 g, or 2-3 g (approx. 30 or 20 granules, respectively, if the fertilizer is granular) and a pinch (1/4 - 1/3 teaspoon). Alternative - Potato Kemira according to the instructions without bone meal. On the acidic soils add a pinch of ground eggshell or dolomite flour(soil liming). Sprinkle the fertilizer nest on 5-7 cm with earth, throw in the tuber, wrap it with earth. Planting potatoes under film on depleted land is not recommended.

Note: nitrophoska is an explosive substance. Its heating is unacceptable, incl. packaged sunbeams. Storage - strictly according to the instructions!

Autumn for potatoes

Autumn filling the soil for potatoes with fertilizers will have a beneficial effect on the yield and condition of the soil with any method of its cultivation. When planting potatoes by potatoes autumn fertilizer soil under it is necessary. An alternative to manure in fairly warm places is to fill the soil with vegetable fertilizers - green manure. After harvesting potatoes, the plot is sown with nitrogen-fixing plants: peas, clover, lupins, sainfoin, let them grow as much as they can before the cold weather. In the spring, the area with shriveled nitrogen fixers is plowed up / dug up. In this case, filling the soil before planting is not required; it is enough to apply mixtures into the wells or over the area when planting under the film.

Heavy earth of medium nutritional value

It is not necessary to fill the soil before planting. Instead of complex fertilizers, a mixture can be applied to the wells, based on 1 sq. m: a third of a glass of wood ash and half a shovel of humus. The mixture is prepared for the area to be sown and divided into portions according to the number of wells. When planting under a film, the mixture is evenly scattered over the plot for potatoes and the ground is dug up. Liming if necessary - as before. case.

The earth is light exhausted

In this case, it is necessary to fill the area for potatoes with nitrogen in the fall: bring in cow manure at the rate of 30 kg/hundredth or 60-70 kg of humus or food waste per hundred square meters for autumn plowing (digging). On acidic soils, additional phosphorite flour is added at 2-2.5 kg per hundred square meters. In the spring, dressing is introduced into the ground for planting, as in the case of heavy, depleted soil. The same complex fertilizers are applied to the wells, mixed with a handful of humus and a pinch of grated onion peel or dried ground nettle. You can pre-prepare the mixture for the entire area, but without adding sand, and divide it into portions according to the number of holes. When planting under a film, spring dressing is evenly distributed over the area.

Earth is light normal

Autumn and spring refueling is not required. In the mixture for adding to the wells, the dose of nitrophoska or nitroammophoska is reduced by 2 times, but bone meal is given 1.5 times more. and won't hurt. Complex fertilizers can be replaced with ash with humus, as in the case of heavy normal earth.

Note: the above fertilizer application rates per hole are averaged for Central Russia. They can be more accurately adjusted to the properties of the local soil (reserves of nutrients in it), knowing that per 1 sq. m of potato culture during the growing season requires 5 g of phosphorus, 10-20 g of nitrogen and 15-25 g of potassium. Theft of fertilizers by weeds when fertilizing the hole can be neglected.

Video: an example of planting potatoes

Tomatoes

The plant is unpretentious, but the bio-barrier from nitrates and phosphates between greens and fruits is weak: tomatoes “count” that the rotting pulp of the fruit will become a fertilizer for germinating seeds. That's why easily migrating mineral fertilizers should not be given to tomatoes when planting; in general, tomatoes are fed mainly as plants develop.

Note: tomato trick - after planting seedlings, sprinkle the ground around each bush with a pinch baking soda, but so that not a grain falls on the leaves and stem. The fruits will be sweet and without a white column inside.

When planting tomatoes, the soil must first be pickled, not abundantly watered with a pink solution of potassium permanganate or a filtered daily infusion of 10 g of bakery in 10 liters of water. A day after pickling the ground, seedlings can be planted. In each hole contribute to a depth of approx. 10 cm each with a pinch of wood ash and crushed into dust. Then the fertilizer nest is covered with 3-5 cm of earth and the sprout is planted. If tomatoes are planted in a greenhouse, holes need to be dug approx. 20 cm deep, and instead of the indicated ingredients, mix with dry humus (sold in jars and bags) nitrophoska so that it comes out in a tablespoon without a top and in a handful of the finished mixture per hole. If nitroammophoska is used, the calculation is made at the rate of a teaspoon with top per well. The same method is suitable for planting tomato seedlings in depleted soil.

Note: fertilize the soil for tomatoes and cucumbers (see below), should not be - on an extremely small amount of nutrition, the sprouts will stretch and wither. Seeds for seedlings are soaked in a solution of humate or other growth stimulator, this is enough. Hitting then from cramped in favorable conditions, young plants will develop rapidly and give a good harvest.

Video: an example of planting tomatoes

cucumbers

Less than tomatoes, they tend to accumulate nitrates in fruits, but they are more demanding on the quality of the soil, and their surface root system weaker. Therefore, feeding cucumbers during planting or sowing is done in a slightly different way. For sowing in the ground or in a greenhouse universal remedy for fertilizing cucumbers - nitrophoska 30 g / sq. m or nitroammophoska 20 g/sq.m. open ground or 1.5 times more in a greenhouse. Cultivation of cucumbers by planting seedlings will give more early harvest, but fertilizing the soil under it is more difficult:

Pepper vegetable

Vegetable (sweet, Bulgarian) is actually very far from pepper plants. He is from nightshade; its relatives are potatoes, tomato, eggplant, just its fruits are somewhat similar to pods of spice peppers. soil Bell pepper exhausts very much; it is impossible to plant it after any of the relatives, as well as pumpkin, bulbous and root crops. In terms of its tendency to accumulate nitrates in fruits, it is somewhere between a tomato and a cucumber.

Vegetable pepper also has a rather rare feature: sweet pepper seedlings certainly need top dressing half a month after the appearance of the first leaf. Its options, per 1 sq. m tray with seedlings, in descending order of efficiency:

Kemira-lux, 1.5 st. l. for 10 liters of water;
Crystal, 20 g per 10 liters of water;
dry solution mineral fertilizers: 2 tsp , 3 tbsp. l. superphosphate, 3 tsp. potassium sulfate per 10 liters of water.

Sweet pepper does not tolerate heavy, dense, poorly permeable soils, therefore, before planting seedlings, 3-4 kg of peat or finely chopped straw should be added to heavy soil. Seedlings of vegetable pepper are planted in peat pots (growing it in a common tray is undesirable). Sweet pepper seedlings, depending on the properties of the soil during planting, need the following top dressing:

On dense soils - a handful of peat, 5-10 g of superphosphate in granules and the same amount of potassium sulfate for each pot.
On soils of medium permeability and friability (loamy) - before planting, 30-40 g of superphosphate and a glass of wood ash per 1 sq. m of soil. Apply in dry weather and immediately dig on a shovel bayonet, otherwise a crust will form on the surface of the soil from the ashes.
On loose permeable soils (sandy loam) - 30-40 g of superphosphate and half as much potassium chloride per 1 sq. m. Bring in before planting, then dig the ground in front of it by half a bayonet.

Strawberry

This is a tasty and commercially grateful one, but it is very time-consuming to fertilize it when planting:

berry bushes

Wait for the harvest fruit tree by autumn after planting is meaningless, but berry bushes capable of becoming a pleasant exception, at least for a trial, and in next year give a bountiful harvest.

For this, seedlings of shrubby berry bushes fertilize the trail when planting. way:

200 l barrel is 1/3 full bird droppings, can be fresh.
Fill to the top with water.
Allow to ferment for 5 days in a warm shaded or, better, dark place.
The sludge is drained: it, diluted 1:15-1:20, will be used for fertilizer irrigation of the garden during the growing season.
The sludge is removed, dried in the shade and mixed with peat in a ratio of 1:1 by volume.
Pits for seedlings are dug deeper by a bayonet (approx. 30 cm) than during normal planting.
15 cm of the resulting mixture is poured into each pit and covered with 15 cm of the excavated earth.
Shrubs are planted as usual.

Free fertilizers

Mentioned above onion peel, nettle dust and wood ash refer to natural fertilizers, in many cases capable of replacing those purchased for fertilizer during planting: they contain almost no nitrogen, but they have a rich set of trace elements.

Wood ash is obtained from the burning of any plant waste, incl. weeds; it is often sold as oven ash.

Nettles for dust are mowed as young as possible; in any case, before flowering, and dried for grinding from 2 weeks. Nettle can also be used to make a very effective fertilizer infusion for watering during the growing season, and fertilizers for the garden can be obtained from vegetable food waste: sleeping tea, coffee grounds, banana peel, fallen leaves, etc., incl. for the winter in a city apartment, see, for example. video.