Solar radiation. Sun rays
Answer to the question what is solar radiation, is the entire spectrum of light emitted by the sun. It includes visible light and all other radiation frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. Compared to familiar energy sources on Earth, the Sun radiates vast amounts of energy. The type of radiation given off by the sun is a product of its high temperature, which is caused by a nuclear fusion inside the sun's core. Solar radiation is studied by scientists, because the influence of the Sun on the human body and the planet as a whole is very huge.
Only a small fraction of solar radiation ever reaches Earth: most of it is radiated into empty space. However, the fraction that actually reaches the Earth is much larger than the amount of energy consumed on Earth by sources such as fossil fuels. The enormous amount of energy emitted by the sun can be explained by its large mass and high temperature.
Types of solar radiation
The total solar radiation, often referred to as global radiation, is the sum of direct, diffuse, and reflected radiation. The solar radiation available to us is always a mixture of the above three components.
Types of solar radiation
direct radiation
Direct radiation is obtained from the sun's rays moving directly from the sun to the earth. The direction of the radiation is also called beam radiation or direct radiation beam. Since direct radiation is the sun's rays moving in a straight line, the shadows of objects that appear in the path of the sun's rays are formed. Shadows indicate the presence of direct radiation.
In sunny areas and during the summer, direct radiation makes up almost 70-80% of the total radiation. Solar installations use solar tracking to absorb most of the direct radiation. If a solar tracking system is not installed, valuable direct radiation will not be captured.
diffuse radiation
Direct radiation has a fixed direction. Diffuse radiation does not have a fixed direction. When the sun's rays are scattered by particles present in the atmosphere, these scattered sunbeams account for the diffuse radiation.
As pollution increases, the amount of diffuse radiation also increases. In hilly areas and during winter, the percentage of diffuse radiation increases. Maximum amount scattered radiation is captured solar panels when they are held horizontally. This means that in the case of solar panels that are angled to track most of the direct radiation, the amount of scattered radiation captured by the panels will decrease. The greater the angle that the solar panels create with the ground, the less will be the amount of scattered radiation captured by the panels.
Reflected and global radiation
Reflected radiation is the component of radiation that is reflected from surfaces other than airborne particles. Radiation reflected from hills, trees, houses, bodies of water reflects reflected radiation. Reflected radiation typically makes up a small percentage of the global radiation, but can contribute up to 15% in snowy areas.
Global radiation is the sum of direct, diffuse and reflected radiation. Solar radiation is a combination of ultraviolet and infrared waves. Each of these constituent parts affects the body in its own way.
The effect of solar radiation on the human body
Speaking about the influence of the sun on the human body, it is impossible to determine exactly. What is the impact on human health, harm or benefit. The sun's rays emit ultraviolet and infrared radiation. The rays of the sun are like kilocalories obtained from food. Their deficiency leads to malnutrition, and in excess they cause obesity. So it is in this situation. A moderate amount of solar radiation has positive influence on the body, while an excess of ultraviolet radiation provokes the appearance of burns and the development of numerous diseases. Influence
The positive effect of infrared radiation
The main feature of infrared rays is that they create a thermal effect that has a positive effect on the human body. The heating element contributes to the expansion of blood vessels and the normalization of blood circulation. Heat has a relaxing effect on the muscles, providing a slight anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. Under the influence of heat, the metabolism increases, the processes of assimilation of biologically active components are normalized. Infrared radiation from the sun stimulates the brain and visual apparatus.
Interesting! Thanks to solar radiation, it synchronizes the biological rhythms of the body, starting with sleep and wakefulness. Treatment with infrared rays of the sun improves skin condition and eliminates acne. Warm light uplifts the mood and improves the emotional background of a person. And also improve the quality of sperm in men and potency.
The positive effect of ultraviolet radiation
Despite all the controversy about the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation on the body, its absence can lead to serious health problems. This is one of critical factors existence. And the lack of ultraviolet light in the body brings the following changes:
First, it weakens the immune system (first of all, the effect is on the cell in the body). This is due to a violation of the absorption of vitamins and minerals, a violation of metabolism at the cellular level.
The sun compensates for the lack of vitamin D There is a tendency to develop new or exacerbate chronic diseases, most often occurring complications. Noted lethargy, chronic fatigue syndrome, decreased efficiency. Lack of ultraviolet light for children prevents the formation of vitamin D and causes a slowdown. However, you need to understand that excessive solar activity will not benefit the body.
Negative effects of the sun
The exposure time of infrared and ultraviolet waves must be strictly limited. Excessive solar radiation:
- can provoke a deterioration in the general condition of the body (the so-called thermal shock due to overheating);
- adversely affect the skin, they can cause permanent changes;
- impairs vision;
- causes hormonal disorders in the body;
- can provoke the development of allergic reactions;
- can provoke Negative influence on the human genome and on the structure of human DNA;
- negatively affects the fetus;
- negatively affects the human psyche.
The effect of the sun on the skin
Excessive solar radiation leads to serious skin problems. In the short term, you risk burns or dermatitis. This is the smallest problem you can face being enchanted by the sun on a hot day. If this situation is repeated with enviable regularity, solar radiation will stimulate the formation of malignant tumors in skin melanoma.
In addition, ultraviolet radiation dehydrates the skin, making it thin and sensitive. But permanent place living under direct rays accelerates the aging process, causing the appearance of early wrinkles.
Negative impact on vision
The effect of sunlight on the visual apparatus is enormous. Indeed, thanks to the rays of light, we receive information about the world around us. artificial lighting in some ways it can be an alternative to natural light, but in terms of reading and writing, using a light bulb increases eye strain.
In terms of human exposure and visible sunlight, this means damage to the eyes from prolonged exposure to the sun without sunglasses.
Due to the discomfort you may experience, you may highlight eye pain, redness, photophobia. The most serious retinal lesion is burning. It is also possible to dry the skin, form wrinkles.
Effects of radiation on the human body in space
Space radiation is one of the major health hazards from space flight. This is dangerous because it has enough energy to change or destroy DNA molecules that can damage or kill cells. This can lead to health problems ranging from acute effects to prolonged exposure.
Acute effects, such as changes in the blood, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, are mild and recover. Other effects of acute exposure are much more serious, such as damage to the central nervous system or even death. Such exposure should not result from exposure to cosmic radiation, unless the astronaut is exposed to solar particles, such as a solar flare, which produces high doses of radiation.
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Pregnant women and children under two years of age are contraindicated in the sun for more than 10-15 minutes a day.
In recent “hot years” we are constantly being scared by the sun: that ultraviolet is dangerous, that the skin ages faster under the influence of sunlight, that for this reason even skin cancer is possible ... But we are not afraid. During the winter, autumn and spring, the gloomy gray sky and the boring gray faces of the townspeople are so annoying that with the onset of summer, many, especially young people, use every opportunity to tan and “be like a chocolate bar”. Although if you listen to the doctors, there is harm from the sun, and considerable. But there are also benefits. Dermatologist Yuri SMIRNOV will help us choose the golden mean.
Sunburn is a darkening of the skin resulting from excessive formation of melanin pigment in its outer layer (epidermis) under the influence of ultraviolet rays sun or artificial light sources (mercury-quartz lamps, etc.), - Yuri Viktorovich explains. - And, by the way, as a rule, this indicates good tolerance and beneficial effects on the body of ultraviolet rays. And under their influence, biologically active substances are formed in the body, stimulating the activity of the nervous and endocrine systems, improving metabolism, resistance to infectious and other diseases. In addition, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, as is known, vitamin D is formed, which promotes the absorption of calcium from the intestines, which is necessary for the skeletal system (and rickets develops with a lack of vitamin D). This vitamin ensures the normal activity of many enzymes.
But ultraviolet rays are harmful to our skin - everyone, including dermatologists, says so now. It is even known that only in people with very dark or black skin, a sufficient amount of melanin is secreted in the body, which allows them to protect themselves from the evil southern rays. Is not it?
The damage that can be done to our skin is directly proportional to the amount of time we spend in the sun. In small doses (up to 10 minutes), the sun only slightly irritates the skin, causing slight redness. At high doses, it becomes inflamed, swells. If radiation is continued, the skin may burn, causing it to blister and peel off. Excessive exposure to the sun causes such damage to the skin that it is no longer able to perform its protective functions. With severe burns, thermoregulation stops, which, in turn, leads to sunstroke. But 10-15 minutes in the sun a day will not hurt the skin at all. It is important to know the measure.
The danger of prolonged exposure to the sun lies also in the fact that under the influence of sunlight the skin loses its elasticity, smoothness and becomes covered with wrinkles. Unfortunately, nothing can slow down or stop this process. The biggest reason to avoid sun exposure is that the sun's rays cause severe changes in the skin that can lead to skin cancer. But you need to be under direct (precisely under direct when the sun is at its zenith!) rays of the sun for a very long time in order for such changes to occur.
- To whom the sun is generally contraindicated?
People with vitiligo (skin lacking pigmentation) or chloasma (skin areas with excessive pigmentation) should avoid sun exposure. In the first case, the skin burns quickly, in the second - the spots darken, become even more noticeable. With dermatitis, one should also not be in the sun: already dehydrated skin areas are even more dried out, which worsens its condition.
Sunbathing, however, can help those who suffer from acne. One way to clean the mouth of the sebaceous gland is to cause slight peeling of the skin. This method underlies the treatment with ultraviolet rays. Exposure to natural sunlight produces the same effect. When peeling, along with dead cells, scales that clog the mouth of the sebaceous gland come off the surface of the skin, and its functions are restored. Psoriasis is another skin disease for which sunbathing.
I heard that pregnant women generally better not stick out in the sun. And where then will her future baby get vitamin D, which is so necessary for bone formation?
Pregnant women, as well as the elderly, babies under two years old and people suffering from chronic lung diseases (especially tuberculosis), cardiovascular diseases, neurasthenia, lupus erythematosus, it is contraindicated to stay in the sun for a long time. In a good way, they should agree on the mode of exposure to the sun with a doctor.
Increased sensitivity to sunlight can also develop in people with impaired liver function as a result of diseases, alcohol abuse. In general, people hypersensitivity to the sun's rays on the street, you should keep to the shady side, wear clothes made of light, light-colored fabrics with sleeves, lubricate exposed skin with sunscreen, and use a light umbrella and goggles.
Unfortunately, even knowing that the sun is bad for the skin, many actively tan, believing that tanning will make them more attractive.
You need to sunbathe gradually. The first day in direct sunlight should be no more than 10-15 minutes, and residents of areas with temperate climate and even more so for northerners vacationing in the south or in the mountains, the first days it is better not to sunbathe at all, but to be under an umbrella. With good tolerance, every day you can slightly increase your exposure to the sun by 5-10 minutes. The maximum period for an already tanned person should not exceed 1-2 hours. A beautiful even tan is obtained by lubricating the skin with clove, nut, peach or other vegetable oil before a sunbath.
The most favorable time for sunbathing in the southern strip- until 11-12 o'clock (morning hours), in the middle and northern - from 11 to 13 o'clock. When sunbathing, the head must be covered with a scarf, panama or hat. It is better to wear dark glasses: under the influence of direct sunlight in the mucous membrane of the eyes, which does not have a protective stratum corneum, inflammation may occur - conjunctivitis.
You can not sunbathe immediately after eating and on an empty stomach.
It is extremely harmful to sleep in the sun. Immoderate exposure, the desire to tan as quickly as possible, in addition to general painful phenomena (malaise, irritability, headache, insomnia, chills, fever), can cause skin burns and sunstroke.
Folk remedies for sunburn
water procedure. If the skin is burnt, frequent soaking of the tanned places with soft water or juice from raw potatoes. With these remedies, heat and tanned skin color are easily destroyed and the upper skin is strengthened, which often remains uneven and rough.
Cucumber Manipulations:
1. Seed tincture for freckles. Prepared with vodka in a ratio of 1:10. Infuse for two weeks, strain. Before use, dilute the tincture with water also in a ratio of 1:10 and wipe the face daily until the desired result is obtained. It is used as a remedy that protects the skin from sunburn and the appearance of freckles. You can also make a mask from this composition for 5-10 minutes.
2. Vodka tincture of the upper skin of cucumbers for sunburn. Wipe face and hands.
Yogurt. To some extent, it will protect the skin from sun exposure.
Cologne, vodka. With persistent redness of skin areas, they can be smeared with cologne or vodka and refrain from further exposure to the sun until the redness disappears.
Sour milk or lemon juice suitable for reducing uneven pigmentation caused by sunburn - wipe exposed skin.
Folk remedies for sunburn
1. Take a little raw egg yolk in the palm of your hand and generously grease your face. When the yolk dries, wash off with soap and water. You will notice the result immediately.
2. Peel the potato tubers, grate on a fine grater and squeeze the juice through cheesecloth. Lubricate their face with it or moisten a gauze napkin in it and apply on the affected areas of the skin. Potato juice has an anti-inflammatory effect, so it is used in the treatment of sunburn. Juice can be mixed with wheat flour and apply a mask on the face for 15-20 minutes.
3. Boil a few potato tubers in their skins, peel, mash in a puree and mix with fresh sour cream or cream until the consistency of sour cream. Apply the mixture in a warm form on the face for 10-15 minutes, then wipe the skin with a cotton swab.
Tea. For sunburn, apply a compress of strong brewed tea (a teaspoon of tea - 1/4 cup boiling water, leave for 30-40 minutes, strain). Procedures are carried out 2-3 times a day for 20-30 minutes. Compresses relieve pain and burning sensation. If you pre-lubricate the skin of the face or other parts of the body with strong brewed tea, this prevents the occurrence of sunburn.
Pharmaceutical camomile. Chamomile infusion (1 tbsp per glass of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes) is used for lotions and compresses for sunburn. Or add an alcohol tincture of chamomile to any oily or fortified cream. A cream with this additive helps with skin irritation and sunburn.
Aloe. Burnt areas of the skin can be lubricated with juice from fresh aloe leaves. Aloe juice diluted with boiled water (1: 1) is also used. Apply impregnated wipes on the burnt surface 1-2 times a day every 5-10 minutes for an hour.
Watermelon. For burns, a lotion made from equal parts watermelon and cucumber juice.
Cabbage. Apply fresh cabbage leaves to the burned area.
St. John's wort. Take 1 tbsp. l. dry grass (leaves and flowers) of St. John's wort, pour a glass of boiling water, boil for 10-15 minutes and immediately strain. Use for lotions and wiping for burns. St. John's wort is also effective: take 3 tbsp. l. dried and chopped herbs or St. John's wort flowers, pour 200 g of vegetable oil, insist for 2-3 weeks in glassware with a tightly closed lid, shaking occasionally. Strain the resulting extract through cheesecloth. Store the oil in the refrigerator. It is used for burns, wounds that do not heal for a long time, for lubricating very dry facial skin, with inflammatory processes and skin irritation.
insidious melanoma
A beautiful tan is a double-edged sword
“Severe sunburn in children doubles the risk of developing melanoma,” Anna Kubanova, chief specialist in dermatovenereology and cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development, said at the meeting. - You can stay in the sun only under the protection of sunscreen, this is especially important for children. They need a filter that protects their skin as much as possible from the harmful effects of the sun.”
According to her, melanoma is the most malignant cancer, and its insidiousness is that sometimes it affects a small surface, and the patient may be unaware for a long time that he has a malignant neoplasm. Such a neoplasm, even if it looks harmless, can lead to a serious illness.
A beautiful tan is a double-edged sword. As already mentioned, it has its own negative effect - this is the development of photoaging, i.e., premature aging of the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, the risk of developing cancer and various skin diseases.
As Anna Kubanova explained, photoaging occurs not only in people with white skin, but can develop in dark-skinned and even dark-skinned people. Often it also manifests itself in those who, by the nature of their profession, are constantly under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, as well as in those who abuse tanning in solariums or on the coast. Basically, everyone gets old. But in those who abuse the sun, signs of skin aging appear decades earlier. Therefore, any skin type needs protection from the sun. Sunscreens and other means of protection have been created for this.
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Objective
The purpose of the work: To establish the positive and negative effects of solar insolation on the human body, to identify the importance of the sun for the human body, to formulate the basic rules for taking sunbathing, as well as to determine the tactics of behavior of people with neoplasms on the skin.
2. Introduction
theme practical work in biology, I chose "The effect of sunlight on the human body." This topic is of great interest to me due to the fact that recently people have begun to spend more time in the sun. We began to visit solariums, we began to relax more often in southern countries. A tanned person looks more beautiful and successful, so we began to use more cosmetic products to attract a tan.
I analyzed the literature (including medical literature), used the resources of the Internet, conducted sociological survey in order to study the level of awareness of my friends, acquaintances, relatives about the effects of ultraviolet rays on the human body. Here's what I got out of it:
3. What is solar insolation?
Solar energy is the source of life on Earth. This is light and warmth, without which a person cannot live. At the same time, there is a minimum level of solar energy at which human life is comfortable. Comfort in this case means not only the presence of natural light, but also the state of health - lack of sunlight leads to various diseases. In addition, the energy of the sun can be used not only to provide a comfortable existence of living beings (humans, plants, animals) with light and heat, but also to obtain electrical and thermal energy. A quantitative indicator in assessing the flow of solar energy is a value that is called insolation.
Insolation - irradiation of surfaces with sunlight (solar radiation), the flow of solar radiation to the surface; irradiation of a surface or space by a parallel beam of rays coming from the direction in which it is visible in this moment center of the solar disk. Insolation is measured by the number of units of energy falling on a unit surface per unit of time.
The amount of insolation depends on:
From the height of the Sun above the horizon;
From the geographical latitude of the place;
From the angle of inclination of the earth's surface;
From the orientation of the earth's surface in relation to the sides of the horizon;
The indicator of insolation affects many areas of our life, ranging from the comfort of living and ending with energy.
3.1 Types of ultraviolet radiation.
The sun emits three types of ultraviolet rays. Each of these types affects the human body in different ways. Ultraviolet rays vary in wavelength.
Ultraviolet rays a.
These rays have a lower level of radiation. It used to be believed that they were harmless, however, it has now been proven that this is not the case. The level of these rays remains almost constant throughout the day and year. They even penetrate glass.
Ultra-violet rays BUT penetrate the skin, damage the structure of the skin, destroy collagen fibers and lead to the appearance of wrinkles. Also reduce skin elasticity, accelerate premature skin aging, weaken protective system skin, making it more susceptible to infections and possibly cancer.
Therefore, when buying photoprotective products, it is necessary to look at the presence in this cosmetic product of protective factors against type A rays.
UV rays B.
Rays of this type are emitted by the sun only in certain time years and hours of the day. Depending on the air temperature and geographic latitude, they penetrate the atmosphere from 10 am to 4 pm.
ultraviolet type AT cause more serious damage to the skin, as they interact with DNA molecules that are in skin cells. AT- rays damage the epidermis, which leads to sunburn. Ultraviolet rays cause sunburn, but lead to premature aging of the skin and the appearance of age spots on it, make the skin rough and rough, accelerate the appearance of wrinkles, and can provoke the development of precancerous diseases and skin cancer.
ultraviolet rays C.
C-rays have the greatest destructive power for the skin. However, the ozone layer of the Earth, located in the Earth's atmosphere, prevents the penetration of these rays to the Earth's surface. But if the ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere is destroyed or there are holes in it, then we will fully feel the damage that these rays cause to the skin.
3.2 Earth's ozone layer - protective layer stratosphere.
The ozone layer is a part of the stratosphere at an altitude of 20 to 25 km, with the highest content of ozone, which is formed as a result of the action of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun on molecular oxygen.
The more ozone in the atmosphere, the more ultraviolet radiation it can absorb. Without protection, the radiation will be too intense and can cause significant damage and thermal burns to all living things, and can lead to skin cancer in humans. If all the ozone in the atmosphere is evenly distributed over an area of 45 square kilometers, its thickness will be only 0.3 cm.
The harm of ozone on the surface of the planet.
When exhaust gases and industrial emissions react with the sun's rays, ground-level ozone is formed as a result of photochemical reactions. This phenomenon usually occurs in metropolitan areas and large cities. Inhalation of such ozone is dangerous. Since this gas is a strong oxidizing agent, it can easily destroy living tissues. Not only people suffer, but also plants.
Destruction of the ozone layer.
In the 70s, during research, it was noticed that freon gas, which is used in air conditioners, refrigerators and spray cans, destroys ozone with great speed. Having risen in the upper layer of the atmosphere, freons emit chlorine, which decomposes ozone into ordinary and atomic oxygen. In the place of such interactions, an ozone hole is formed.
The first large ozone hole was discovered over Antarctica in 1985. Its diameter was about 1000 km. Subsequently, another large hole (smaller) was discovered over the Arctic, now hundreds of such phenomena are known to scientists, although the one that occurs over Antarctica remains the largest.
There are many reasons for the appearance of ozone holes, but the most important of them is pollution. natural environment man. Nuclear tests have no less effect on the ozone layer. It is estimated that from 1952 to 1971 alone, about 3 million tons of harmful substances entered the atmosphere during nuclear explosions.
Jet planes also contribute to the emergence of ozone holes.
Another reason for the destruction of the ozone layer is mineral fertilizers, which, when applied to the ground, react with soil bacteria. In this case, nitrous oxide enters the atmosphere, from which oxides are formed.
That is why environmentalists are now sounding the alarm and trying to take all necessary measures to protect the ozone layer, and designers are developing environmentally friendly mechanisms (aircraft, rocket systems, ground transport), emitting less nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
What does the ozone layer protect against?
Ozone holes are ubiquitous, but as many factors change, they are covered by ozone from neighboring layers of the atmosphere. Those, in turn, become even thinner. The ozone layer acts as the only barrier to the destructive ultraviolet and radiation radiation of the sun. Without the ozone layer, the human immune system would be destroyed. According to scientists, a decrease in the ozone layer by only 1% increases the likelihood of cancer by 3-6%. A decrease in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere will unpredictably change the climate on the planet. Since the ozone layer traps heat that is dissipated from the Earth's surface, as the ozone layer is depleted, the climate will become colder, which will lead to natural disasters.
4. Pigment-forming function of the skin.
Being the outer cover of the body, the skin has specific properties aimed at protecting the body from various external influences. Light is an indispensable and obligatory part of the world around us, a source of heat and energy. Intense ultraviolet irradiation of the skin is accompanied by a response in the form of reddening of the skin with further formation of pigmentation in the skin. The pigment-forming function is to produce melanin pigment. In addition to melanin, the iron-containing blood pigment hemosiderin can be deposited in the skin, as well as trichosiderin - in red hair, carotene.
Protective function of the skin.
The skin largely protects the body from radiation exposure. Infrared rays are almost completely blocked by the stratum corneum, ultraviolet - partially. Penetrating into the skin, ultraviolet rays stimulate the production of a protective pigment - melanin, which absorbs these rays. In black people, almost all ultraviolet radiation is absorbed. large quantity melanin in the skin, which provides protection from the high doses of radiant energy characteristic of those areas the globe where these races live. Therefore, people living in hot countries have darker skin than people living in countries with a temperate climate.
4.1 Formation of moles on the human body.
Many are interested in the nature of the origin of moles on the human body. And this is not surprising, because at birth the baby's skin is clean and does not have such features. No one can say for sure where the next mole will appear, and also explain why they can appear and disappear.
The reasons for their appearance are different, but basically they are formed under the influence of a special hormone - melanotropin. At different people it is contained in different anatomical zones and in different quantities. Experts have found that the level of melanotropin in the body determines the number of moles in specific areas.
Specialists in the field of medicine managed to make some discoveries and shed light on the mystery of the appearance of moles.
One of the common causes of moles on human skin is the harmful effects of the direct rays of the sun, namely, the ultraviolet that it contains. The bottom line is that under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, the skin begins to produce a pigment - melanin, which is the basis of all moles. Therefore, it is not surprising that people who are exposed to the sun for an extended period of their lives may notice an increase in moles in size over time. Thus, most new moles appear precisely in hot weather. summer period when a person is sunbathing and vacationing by the sea. Among medical workers There is an opinion that an excessive number of moles on the human body can cause skin cancer - melanoma. Under the influence of the sun, some groups of moles can develop into a malignant tumor.
As other reasons for popping moles on the body, dermatologists distinguish:
Damage to the body by a viral infection, X-ray and radiation exposure, microtrauma of the skin, as well as long-term non-healing foci of diseases on the integument trigger the processes of grouping and moving pigmented cells to the outer layer of the epidermis.
Pathology of the liver.
Belonging to the skin to a light type.
Irrational distribution of energy in the body.
Hormonal changes in human life.
4.2 When should I see a doctor about moles?
When many moles appeared on the body, it is necessary to learn how to distinguish them according to the criterion of the danger of degeneration into a malignant tumor. All pigmented foci dermatologists are divided into groups such as:
Melanoma dangerous, posing a threat in terms of transformation into melanoma.
Melanogenic elements - harmless to the body, but causing discomfort in Everyday life due to frequent trauma (during daily shaving or with constant friction on clothes).
How to understand that a mole is dangerous?
Doctors from the American Academy of Dermatologists have developed for non-specialists, that is, people without medical education, how to detect early signs of melanoma. They promote enough effective methodology self-diagnosis: the danger of a mole can be preliminarily assessed personally, and in case of suspicion, you can already contact a dermatologist directly. Use it to check how dangerous moles are on your body! The ABCDE test, developed by specialists from the United States, helps to identify signs of a mole's degeneration into any type of skin cancer, including melanoma. This method does not require any special tools and does not take much time. At the same time, not only moles or other neoplasms on the skin, but also the slightest spots that cause at least a shadow of suspicion are subject to verification using this simple test. It is also worth taking note of any new moles or growths. The ABCDE test is recommended to be performed every month, fully examining the entire body.
A symmetry (asymmetry): half or part of the mole is not like its other half. If the two halves are not identical, such a mole is considered asymmetrical, and this is already a warning sign!
Border (borders): borders birthmark have irregular shape, blurry, vague and poorly defined. A benign mole has smooth, even borders, unlike a malignant one.
C olor (color) The vast majority of benign moles on the entire surface are painted in one color and have a shade Brown color. The presence of three colors on the surface of a mole is a prognostic unfavorable sign.
D iameter (diameter): Benign moles usually have a smaller diameter than malignant ones.
E volving (development): Ordinary benign moles look the same for a long time. Be on the lookout when a mole begins to develop or changes any of its characteristics, from those described above, in a short time!
Oncologists recommend applying for medical care upon detection of the slightest changes in the shape, size and structure of the mole. Delay in visiting a medical institution or ignoring the signs of malignant transformation is fraught with neglect of the stage and death.
In Izhevsk, for the past 5 years, specialists of the Republican Dermatovenerologic Dispensary, together with oncologists, have been holding the Melanoma Day in May. On this day, any resident of Udmurtia can get an appointment with qualified specialists and show all their moles, as well as ask all their questions. During the consultation, patients are given competent recommendations on existing moles or patients are sent for further removal of moles. modern methods treatment.
4.3 Methods of research and removal of moles in modern conditions.
At modern development technology, the study and removal of moles has become a quick and practically safe procedure. One of the main methods for the study of moles, in addition to visual examination, is the method of dermatoscopy. Dermoscopy is an examination of skin neoplasms for malignancy using a special device. This study is very simple. It takes only a few minutes - and the doctor will be able to examine in detail the structure and other characteristics of a dubious formation. This method is used by specialists of the Republican Dermatovenerologic Dispensary when examining patients with moles.
The desire to part with moles in a person arises only for very good reasons for him. Firstly, for aesthetic reasons, when due to the presence of moles in certain places, the patient begins to experience self-doubt.
Very often, moles that rub and cling to clothes, are damaged during shaving and interfere with walking are also removed: along the gate line, under the hair, etc. This is especially true for large convex moles, damage to which is highly undesirable.
If good quality is not in doubt, the removal of moles on the face and body can be done by any of the methods available today. It is possible to verify the absence of abnormal cells only on the basis of a dermoscopic examination. Therefore, before removal, it is necessary to consult a dermatologist or oncodermatologist. Based on the study, the method and depth of influence on the neoplasm are also determined. After removal of the mole, a histological analysis of the excised tissues is performed. To date, there are the following ways to remove moles: surgical, cryodestruction (removal of moles with nitrogen), electrocoagulation, as well as using a CO2 laser. The right choice of treatment will guarantee best result Therefore, the removal of moles on the face and body should be trusted to professionals.
Removal of moles with a laser.
Despite the variety of different methods of treatment, laser removal of moles is recognized as the most effective of modern methods. Due to the adjustable depth of exposure and the small diameter of the laser beam, it works very precisely, with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. This is important when removing moles, for example, on the face and other visible areas.
Laser removal of moles is performed under local anesthesia, with the help of modern lasers, the surface of the mole is gradually treated, evaporating one layer after another. High accuracy is provided by the ability to control the diameter of the beam and the depth of exposure.
Laser mole removal has a number of advantages:
100% removal after the first procedure.
Rapid healing (5-7 days).
No bleeding.
Low percentage of possible complications (pigmentation, scars and scars after removal of moles).
Laser removal of moles is an absolutely painless method that takes a few minutes, provided that it is performed by a qualified specialist. Removal of moles is a responsible step, so they need to be removed in specialized clinics by competent specialists.
4.4 How to sunbathe properly so as not to harm the skin.
Summer is the time to relax and enjoy your time on the beach. different kind reservoirs. Under the influence of direct sunlight, our skin receives a lot of not only beneficial enzymes, but also negative ones. How to avoid a large amount of ultraviolet and infrared rays that dry out the skin, provoke premature aging of cells, and contribute to burns? To do this, you need to sunbathe correctly.
It is known that the most dangerous sun in the period from 12 to 14 hours, when its rays are directed almost perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. At this time, it is better to stay indoors or lace shade (shadow cast by trees, bushes, umbrellas). It is recommended to be in the sun until 11 am or after 3 days, and be sure to apply sunscreen to the body.
You can not sunbathe on the first day for a long time. It is best to gradually increase the amount of time you spend in the sun. 2 hours per day is the maximum allowable time.
Sunscreen should not be neglected.
The effectiveness of a sunscreen is primarily determined by the level of sun protection it provides. This is reported by the abbreviation SPF (sun protection factor - sun protection factor), which is necessarily indicated on the packaging. The degree of protection varies from 2 to 100 units. This index indicates how long a safe exposure to the sun will last. That is, by treating the skin with a cream with a sun protection factor of 15, you can be sure that within 75 minutes you will not be in danger of sunburn. If the SPF index is 30 units, then the estimated time increases to 125 minutes. If the product is not resistant to water, then after each entry into the water it will need to be applied again.
Modern sunscreens must be labeled UVA/UVB, which indicates protection against both types of rays (ultraviolet A rays and B rays).
If there are many moles on the body, sunbathing is not recommended at all.
Vitamin-forming effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body.
Sunlight is a powerful therapeutic and prophylactic agent, extremely important for maintaining health. No wonder the old proverb says: "Where the sun rarely looks, there the doctor often comes." The effect of magical ultraviolet rays on the body varies and depends on the wavelength. Some of them have a vitamin-forming effect - they contribute to the formation of vitamin D in the skin. The vitamin-forming effect of ultraviolet radiation is primarily associated with its effect on the synthesis of vitamin D (calciferol). The presence of this vitamin is necessary to maintain a constant level of calcium in the blood. With a lack of calcium in the blood, it is "sucked out" from bone tissue leading to its deformation, osteoporosis. Children may develop a well-known disease - rickets, which later leads to severe skeletal deformities and other adverse consequences. To prevent such consequences, it is necessary to satisfy the physiological need of the body for vitamin D. It is 20-30 micrograms per day. However, it is difficult to provide it only through food, since even in the main dietary sources of vitamin D it is relatively small. The Sun, its Ultraviolet component, can help in this situation. It turns out that the sebum secreted by the surface layer of the skin contains a chemical precursor of vitamin D. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, it is converted into vitamin D, compensating for its “undersupply” from food.
Lack of sunlight shortens life, scientists from the Medical College (USA) are sure. They conducted a major review of the latest research, thanks to which it became clear that people with the lowest concentration of vitamin D in their blood are at risk of dying earlier than others. The risk of early death for them is higher by 26%. According to scientists, a lack of vitamin D contributes to a rise in blood pressure, disrupts sugar metabolism, and causes a tendency to obesity.
Also, residents of large cities need to remember that polluted air and smog reduce the amount of sunlight that is necessary for the formation of the "Vitamin of the Sun", that is, vitamin D. Therefore, city children in the summer should be more outside the city, where there is a clean Fresh air and more sun.
6. Disinfectant (bactericidal) action of the sun.
Many microorganisms surround man. There are useful ones that live on the skin, mucous membranes and in the intestines. They help digest food, participate in the synthesis of vitamins and protect the body from pathogenic microorganisms. And there are a lot of them too. Many diseases are caused by the activity of bacteria in the human body. Bactericidal action is the ability to destroy the cell wall of bacteria and thereby cause their death.
Have a bactericidal effect:
ultraviolet rays, radioactive radiation.
antiseptic and disinfectant chemical substances, for example: chlorine, iodine, acids, alcohols, phenols and others.
chemotherapeutic drugs with antibacterial action for oral administration.
UV rays increase the body's resistance to infectious and viral diseases. The percentage of antibodies in the blood increases. The formation of antibodies gives the body additional strength to resist viral diseases such as chickenpox, rubella and smallpox. Experiments carried out on a large scale in factories and schools have shown that UV rays can reduce by one third the possibility of getting sick with the flu, colds and rheumatism.
This irradiation has a detrimental effect on most types of pathogenic bacteria, on many viruses and fungi, and therefore is widely used for air disinfection in operating rooms and other hospital premises, as well as in medical practice.
7. The sun is the main source of human joy.
Since the origins of human civilization, the role and significance of the Sun has attracted Special attention of people. The population of all ancient communities deified the Sun, gave it miraculous properties.
A study conducted by scientists from the Medical School showed that sunbathing is not only not harmful, but also beneficial, as this activity prolongs our life. By reducing the risk of acquiring heart disease and diabetes, the sun's rays allow you to live longer and stay healthy, scientists say. But the same scientists warn that the sun should be dosed and should not be abused.
In addition to the above, the sun's rays stimulate the production of special substances - endorphins, which raise the level of mood and generally have a positive effect on emotional condition. Deficiency of natural solar radiation (due to climatic conditions, age, various diseases, forced long stay in enclosed spaces) is associated with adverse consequences. It adversely affects the general well-being of a person, his neuropsychic tone, reduces mental and physical performance, resistance to infectious and other diseases, increases the risk of fractures and other lesions of the musculoskeletal system, slows down recovery and recovery processes.
8. Practical part. Conducting a survey among the population on the subject of their attitude to the sun, knowledge of means of protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and
After analyzing the literature, having studied the materials on the computer, I decided to find out what information our population has regarding solar effects on the human body. To do this, I compiled a small questionnaire, and offered to answer my questions to others. The survey involved 30 people aged 12 to 76 years. And here's what came out of it:
The diagram shows that 90% of respondents believe that the sun's rays are good for the body, and only 10% percent (3 people) believe that the sun is harmful to the body.
The diagram shows that 20% of respondents have heard about such tools and use them. And 80% have heard, but do not use.
The survey revealed that the majority of respondents do not know what sun protection factor (SPF) is and what function it performs.
It can be seen from the diagram that most of the respondents are aware of the harmful effects of the sun and the possibility of the formation of malignant diseases on the skin.
It can be seen from the diagram that only one respondent visits the doctor regularly (once a year) and shows him his moles.
Despite the fact that everyone tans and has a positive attitude towards tanning, not all respondents understand that tanning, as a reaction of the skin to ultraviolet radiation, is useful in a limited amount, and an excess of solar ultraviolet radiation is just as dangerous as solarium radiation.
Contradictions in understanding the benefits and harms of solar insolation on the human body were also revealed. On the one hand, the respondents believe that ultraviolet radiation is harmful to the human body, and on the other hand, that it is not harmful, but even beneficial. But the majority of respondents could not say what is the benefit or harm of the sun.
Also, not everyone understands the need to use sunscreen in the summer and have absolutely no idea what a sun factor is and why it is needed.
And the majority of the population rarely seek medical advice before sunbathing.
9. Conclusion:
In the course of my practical work, I learned about the positive and negative effects of ultraviolet rays on the human body. I developed a questionnaire and conducted a survey, and after analyzing it, I concluded that the population is not sufficiently informed about the dangers and benefits of ultraviolet rays.
Although ultraviolet rays in a reasonable amount have a beneficial effect on the human body (promote the formation of vitamin D in the skin, affect calciphosphorus metabolism, as well as the nervous processes in the human body). At the same time, if you neglect the rules of sunbathing, the harmful effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body increases.
The paper considers preventive measures to protect the skin from the adverse effects of the sun, as well as ways to eliminate this effect. I also found out that if you deprive yourself of ultraviolet radiation, this also leads to various diseases - from a general decrease in immunity (in adults) to rickets (in children).
Given the low level of education of our population, I believe that my work will be of interest to others. We need to tell people more about this and it is better to start from an early age. The sooner the child learns this, the less harm the sun will do to him, and he will receive only health from solar radiation.
10. List of references.
"Internal Diseases" F.V. Kurdybailo; B.I. Shulutko; N.N. Shastin; V.N. Shestakov; A.N. Shishkin; S.A. Boldueva; THEM. Skipsky.
"Guide to skin diseases" edited by Yu.K. Skripkin.
"Great Soviet Encyclopedia".
Mizun Yu.G., Mizun P.G. Space and health. - M Knowledge, 1984;
Mizun Yu.G., Mizun P.G. Magnetic storms and health. - M., 1990;
Mizun Yu.G. Processes in the biosphere. - M.: Knowledge, 1988
Medical geography and health: Sat. scientific tr. L.: Nauka, 1989;
Moiseeva N.I., Lyubetsky R.E. Influence of helio-geophysical factors on the human body. - L .: Nauka, 1986.
Pleshakova, Kryuchkov The world 4th grade".
In the 80s XIX years centuries in America and Europe, a tanned body was considered beautiful and desirable, which many people aspired to. This gave scientists a lot of reasons and materials for research. They found that skin changes, called age-related, for the most part do not depend on the number of years a person has lived, but on the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation, which is responsible for the appearance of a tan.
So there was a theory of photoaging - premature fading of the skin under the influence of UV radiation. It is confirmed by the data that the skin of the inhabitants of the southern countries ages faster than those who are not spoiled by the sun. In addition, open areas of the body that are not protected by clothing undergo various changes faster.
Mechanism of photoaging
Penetrating into the skin, UV rays meet the natural UV filter - melanin, which blocks more than 90% of UV radiation. Thus, sunburn is nothing more than a reaction of the skin to the traumatic effect of solar radiation. Now many people know that prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation contributes to the development of melanoma, skin cancer, accelerates aging and the appearance of wrinkles.
Types of UV radiation
Types of sunbeams
Ultraviolet radiation is divided into three components: rays A, B and C (UVA, UVB, UVC rays, respectively). As sunlight passes through the Earth's atmosphere, the most dangerous UVC rays and about 90% of mid-range UVB rays are absorbed by ozone, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Therefore, the radiation that reaches a person contains a large amount of ultraviolet UVA and a small amount of UVB.
Why UVB rays are dangerous
UVB rays produce melanin, cause photoaging of the skin, and stimulate the development of most types of skin cancer, but they are blocked by the protective substances found in sunscreens.
Why are UVA rays dangerous?
UVA rays are less active than UVB in stimulating the development of many types of skin cancer, but they contribute to the formation of melanoma - the most dangerous type of skin cancer. In addition, this radiation is not blocked by many solar filters, so the main protection against it is clothing.
Why is ultraviolet dangerous to humans:
- it reduces the production of collagen - a protein of the connective tissue of the body, due to the lack of which the skin loses its elasticity and wrinkles appear on it;
- it provokes coarsening and thickening of the stratum corneum of the skin, as a result of which it becomes dry, dull and rough;
- it provokes vascular changes, violation of skin pigmentation, as well as the development of neoplasms.
About the benefits of the sun
A place under the sun
Despite the danger of ultraviolet radiation for the body, in small doses it can be beneficial. To do this, it is enough just a few times a week to expose your face or hands to sunlight for 10-15 minutes.
Healing ultraviolet:
- under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D is synthesized in the body, which regulates calcium metabolism and serves building material for bone tissue;
- sunlight activates the immune system, increases the body's resistance to viruses and infections;
- the sun has a positive effect on the human nervous system, increasing the production of endorphins (hormone of joy) and thereby improving mood;
- in small doses, ultraviolet prevents the occurrence of diseases of the cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system (osteochondrosis, arthritis) and respiratory organs (bronchitis, rhinitis), dermatological diseases (psoriasis, neurodermatitis, eczema, etc.), cerebrovascular insufficiency.
How to sunbathe
You need to start sunbathing little by little, in the morning and evening hours, spending 10 to 15 minutes in the sun with breaks. Both dark and pale-skinned people should definitely use sunscreen that matches their skin type and with the right SPF. Apply them to the skin should be 20-30 minutes before going outside.
Owners of skin that is particularly sensitive to sunlight should stay in the shade as often as possible and use products with the highest SPF factor (Sun Protection Factor). Your eyes and lips also need sun protection, so use sunscreen around your eyes, lip balm with SPF, and wear sunglasses when you go out.
Peels are considered effective tool to eliminate
symptoms of photoaging of the skin. They have exfoliating
action, as well as restore skin tone and beauty.
Elena Kobozeva, dermatovenereologist, cosmetologist:“Ultraviolet is the main factor in skin aging. With excessive solar exposure, it provokes the so-called fine-wrinkled type of aging. The skin becomes like a shriveled baked apple, covered with a network of small wrinkles. In addition, ultraviolet radiation provokes the formation of age spots. This is especially noticeable at the age of over 35 years. Therefore, in the summer it is necessary to constantly protect the skin with sunscreens with a high protection factor.
Expert: Elena Kobozeva, dermatovenereologist, cosmetologist
Katerina Kapustina
This is harmful because:
1. The sun increases the risk of cancer. We are talking about skin cancer - melanoma. Ultraviolet is especially dangerous for those who have a lot of moles on their skin and there is a hereditary risk factor.
2. The sun weakens the immune system. With a lack of ultraviolet radiation, a decrease in immunity is noted. But even more dangerous is an excess of sunlight - it suppresses the reactions of the human immune system. That is why you can catch a cold even in sunny weather. Against the background of severe overheating and a decrease in the protective reaction of the body, the herpes virus can also wake up.
3. The sun ages the skin. Without damage to health, you can stay in the sun for no more than 15-20 minutes, and for people with very fair skin - no more than 7 minutes. Then the process of photoaging begins: under the influence of the sun, the skin loses moisture, becomes dry, wrinkles and age spots appear on it. In the US, scientists conducted a study on the example of twin sisters. One lived in the north of the country, the other in sunny California. The first looked much younger than the second.
4. The sun makes ladies courageous. Women struggling with excess facial and body hair need to sunbathe very carefully. Due to excess sunlight, the hairs become thicker and coarser. For those who have vascular networks and asterisks on their skin, an excess of sun is also harmful: under its action, the blood vessels become even more fragile.
It is strictly forbidden to sunbathe with the following diseases: various heart diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, gynecological inflammatory diseases, epilepsy, acute kidney and liver diseases, oncological diseases, tuberculosis, you can not sunbathe during pregnancy.
This is useful because:
1. The sun protects against sclerosis. American scientists believe that people who were more exposed to ultraviolet radiation in childhood have a reduced risk of developing multiple sclerosis. Especially beneficial in this respect, the sun acts on the weaker sex.
2. The sun preserves men's health. Sun exposure cuts men's chances of developing prostate cancer in half, according to separate studies. Doctors explain this effect with vitamin D, which is synthesized in our body under the influence of ultraviolet rays. Scientists believe that this vitamin promotes the growth of normal cells in the prostate and blocks the activity and spread of malignant cells throughout the body. The researchers also found that men who get enough vitamin D are less likely to suffer heart attacks or strokes. To replenish vitamin D reserves, it is not necessary to actively sunbathe, it is enough just to be outside more often.
3. The sun fights fungus. It is useful to sunbathe with two very common lichen - pink and pityriasis. Despite the intimidating name, these fungal infections are not life-threatening and cause only superficial skin lesions. They are very common in adolescents who, due to age-related hormonal changes, are prone to excessive sweating. Under the influence of ultraviolet light, fungi die, and healthy skin forms at the sites of rashes. Moderate sunbathing is also useful for psoriasis.
4. The sun improves mood. It has been scientifically proven that sunbathing saves from depression: sunlight stimulates the production of the “happiness hormone” serotonin.
Safety regulations
Even those who are sure that sunbathing is only beneficial, you need to remember certain rules:
- do not sunbathe on an empty stomach or immediately after eating;
- it is even easier to burn in the water than on the shore, it performs the function of a lens: it enhances sunlight, and solar radiation passes to a depth of up to a meter. For the same reason, one should not stay in the sun without drying off immediately after bathing: water droplets form small lenses on the skin, which increase the possibility of sunburn;
- it is best to sunbathe in the shade - this reduces UV exposure by 50%, and the tan turns out no worse (although you will have to spend more time).
Menu for sunbathing
Some products help to get a tan while protecting the skin from UV damage.
This list includes cheese (20 g per day is enough), eggs (preferably soft-boiled), cottage cheese, liver, oily fish, brown rice, bananas, dates, beans, walnuts, almonds, peanuts, carrots, tomatoes, peaches, apricots, watermelon, melon.
Foods rich in vitamin C are necessary in summer, but you should not abuse them: an excess of this vitamin slows down the tanning process.
The tanning process is also slowed down by tea, coffee, chocolate.
By the way
According to a number of studies, sunscreens protect the skin only from burns, but not from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation on cell DNA. In other words, if you sunbathe, but do not burn out in the sun, the risk of melanoma still remains.
Comment
Alexander Syromyatnikov, oncologist:
- Melanoma (skin cancer) is the pathology that is directly related to increased insolation. Where there is a lot of sun, this disease is more common. And we, oncologists, constantly repeat: you need to be careful with the sun, you can’t sunbathe from 10 to 16 hours. And for those who have a lot of moles on their skin (it is moles that are the main risk areas), in general, it is worth visiting the sun as little as possible. And with any suspicious behavior of a mole: if it has changed color, increased or decreased in size, started to bleed - you need to see a doctor without delay!
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| The article is interesting | August 24, 2014, 02:28:28 |
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At what time of the day is the sun beneficial?
