The size of the steps for stairs should be comfortable and safe. Height of steps of stairs: GOST, features and requirements Maximum number of steps

Many owners of private houses and cottages engaged in design and construction own stairs, are wondering how many steps it is better to arrange in a march or winder ladder. In each source you can find different information, but there is a method for accurately calculating the number of steps for each staircase, regardless of its design.

An empirical way to determine the number of steps

People have been building stairs for over 2500 years. During this time, formed great amount regulations and rules on exactly how to calculate the number of steps. Mostly empirically, it was found that more than 15-16 steps in a row is too much for a person. In this case, the structure must either be divided into small areas, or make a screw.

13-15 steps is the average number for a single flight of stairs to the second floor. If the number of steps is more than 16, it is recommended to divide the marches with a turntable, or arrange a platform in the center of the stairs. There is also an element of strengthening the structure. The central platform, unlike winder steps, is another element reinforcing the structure, since it rests directly on the foundation or bearing beams. It turns out that the load on a long ladder is distributed more evenly.

Calculation method for determining the number of steps

Let's say you want to completely calculate your stairs from scratch. You have a height from the first floor finished floor level to the second floor finished floor level. For example, it is 310 cm. There is also a total length of stairs that can be used. For example, it is 450 cm.

Knowing the width of one step - 28-32 cm and the recommended height of 17-19 cm, you can calculate the amount for your stairs. 450/30 = 15 steps. 310/15 = 20.6 cm. This is quite high. The stairs will be uncomfortable to walk. This means that we increase the number of steps by 1, and reduce their width to 28 cm. We get 16 * 28 \u003d 448 cm - the length of the stairs. 310/16 = 19.375 cm. Acceptable value. Thus, it is possible to build a single-flight staircase.

If we increase the number of steps by 2 and leave the width value at 30 cm, then we will have to make a staircase with winder steps or with a turntable, since 18 steps for a mid-flight staircase is a lot, it will not fit into the length parameter of 450 cm.

Thus, by making small practical calculations, we determine not only the number of steps in the stairs, but also the type of stairs that we can use in this particular case.

Stair Design Issues

The type of staircase and its location is determined based on the purpose of the building or room in which it is to be installed.

When designing stairs, as a rule, the following basic conditions and requirements are taken into account: what type of movement the stairs should provide, while being safe and convenient; what is the level difference; what size and what shape is the space for placing the stairs; which building technology applicable in these conditions; where and to what extent ladder structures can be supported; the loads that the ladder will take during operation must also be taken into account; as well as what aesthetic requirements the staircase must meet, depending on its functions and the surrounding interior.

Having chosen the type of stairs, its parameters are determined, namely: the number of flights, usable width, the length of the horizontal laying of each march, the number and length landings.

Requirements for stairs are contained in a number of normative documents, here are excerpts from some.

Determines that the number of rises in one flight of stairs or at a level difference should be at least 3 and not more than 18. The smallest width and the largest slope of flights of stairs should be taken according to the table.

According to the number of rises in one march between platforms (with the exception of curved stairs) should be at least 3 and no more than 16. In single-flight stairs, as well as in one flight of two- and three-flight stairs within the ground floor, no more than 18 rises are allowed. Width flight of stairs in public buildings must be at least the width of the exit to the staircase from the most populated floor. Provide for escape routes spiral staircases and winder steps, as well as split landings, as a rule, should not be.

For architects, it is taken for granted that the design of stairs should be carried out at the design stage of the entire building as a whole. But practice often turns out differently.

Designers and builders working in two-story apartments, private houses or multi-level offices often face the same problem. Customers remember that stairs are needed only during the period finishing works when civil works are already completed. But stairs are constructive part of the building. And only at the design stage of all parts of the building as a whole, it is possible to competently solve planning problems, as well as determine ways to attach stairs to load-bearing structures, determine the size and location of openings in interfloor ceilings. At the same time, comply with the requirements of regulatory documents for the slope, width of marches and platforms, the number of feet in the march, loads, etc., and also ensure the convenience of using the stairs.

And only having determined for himself the range of creative freedom, the designer can begin to solve aesthetic problems. Fulfill the wishes of the customer regarding the choice of style, material, color solution, etc.

Only by linking the stairs with the overall design, planning and aesthetic solution of the entire structure, you can create really comfortable, safe, beautiful, durable and economically viable structures. A deviation from this rule will result in additional material costs for the customer at best (you will have to use inefficient expensive Constructive decisions), or you will have to pay the inconvenience of operating the stairs, which will turn out to be too narrow, with too much slope or with uncomfortable steps.

Safety

Staircase is a zone increased risk. Therefore, when designing Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the steepness or slope of the stairs, fences, lighting, the location of the platforms, the size of the stairwells.

Permissible slope flight of stairs is determined on the basis of regulatory documents (see above). In this case, the slope should be constant and should not change along the middle line of the flight of stairs. The height of each step must be strictly the same; Uneven step heights are the cause of many stair injuries.

fences must withstand a side load of about 100 kg so that an adult can safely lean on them. The distance between the vertical posts of the railing should not exceed 150 mm, and if there are children in the house - 120 mm.

If there are children in the house, then it is also better to make stairs with a riser ("deaf"), because. the height of the steps is usually not less than 15-17 cm, and the child can be injured if he gets between them.

Particular attention must be paid lighting stairs, you need to think in advance so that the switches are accessible. The first and last step should be especially well lit. It is good if the light and shadow contrast sharply on the tread and riser. As a result, the border will become clearly visible, because most injuries occur due to slipping of the foot from the edge of the step. Convenient is a system that automatically turns on the light for a few minutes, enough to go up or down.

When calculating the stairs, it is necessary to take into account height between steps and ceiling (floor edge, beams, etc.). For ease of movement, it should not be less than 2 m. This requirement also determines the size of the stairwell.

The safety of the stairs also depends on the material from which the steps are made. If the staircase is lined with polished stone, then an additional anti-slip carpet covering fixed on the stairs. Special stair mats are used not only for stone steps, they can be fixed on steps made of any material. They not only prevent slipping, but also protect the stairs, extending its service life. Rugs come from different materials: sisal, natural wool, polypropylene, polyamide or rubber. Each mat is firmly fixed on any surface, the latex rubber base does not allow sand, dirt, water to "leak"

The dimensions of the stairs depend directly on its design and material of manufacture. If you make mistakes in the calculations, then the structure may look unsightly and become potentially dangerous. How to avoid design errors and make calculations correctly - read our article.

What are the designs of stairs and what is the best way to make them

Depending on the location, you can choose one of the following options:

Single-march. This type is extremely rare, as it is not suitable for use in rooms of standard height. Most often, structures of this kind are used for descending into the basement, as well as for arranging climbs to small heights on the street. When the staircase has great length, special intermediate platforms are arranged on it for organizing rest during the ascents.
Two-march. The most common type, found in both residential and administrative buildings having two floors. They can have standard shapes or be made in the shape of the letter "G". The disadvantage of the design is the need for a large area for construction.
Screw (curvilinear). Such stairs are equipped in order to save usable area. Due to their extraordinary design, they can be dangerous for children and the elderly, especially with a small width.
Combined. Stairs contain various elements. Thanks to their proper layout, you can create unique structures that are both practical and aesthetically appealing.

Depending on the functional purpose and operating conditions choose the material from which it will be made future staircase. It can be made from a single material, such as wood or concrete, or it can be made up of several. Such options are called combined. For outdoor use, it is worth using building materials that will be resistant to atmospheric influences. Concrete, glass, metal, etc. are perfect for this. But indoor stairs are less whimsical, although serious requirements may be imposed on them, especially if they are located in places with a large passenger flow.

When creating stairs from natural materials it is recommended to treat them with special impregnations that prevent exposure harmful factors. With the right approach, structures can be used not only inside, but also outside the premises. Processing is carried out both after the completion of all work, and at the stage of construction of the stairs. wood, metal, concrete, brick structures- all of them need periodic protection to prevent corrosion, destruction and decay.

The main characteristics of stairs - what to pay special attention to

When designing stairs, it is necessary to create a design that will be as convenient as possible for daily use. To do this, there are norms and standards that allow you to make the building comfortable and safe. Width is also important. In private houses this parameter varies from 80 to 140 cm, while in public buildings it starts from 135 cm and is limited to 240 cm.

When the structure has big number steps, it is preferable to equip intermediate platforms. Their width consists of the width of two marches and an additional 10 cm. If possible, it is recommended to make a platform large sizes- wider. The angle of inclination of the flight of stairs - the space between the two platforms - should lie between 26 and 45 degrees. Optimal value is 23-37 degrees.

Constructions that have an auxiliary value, as well as leading to utility rooms and basements, have a slope of 33 to 36 degrees. The less space there is, the steeper the stairs will be. If it is impossible to ensure the slope of the stairs is more than 23 degrees, it is recommended to change the structure to a ramp for greater convenience. But with a value of more than 45 degrees, it is better to choose a ladder or its folding analogue.

All steps must be of the same size, with exceptions being allowed for the first and last so that an even number of steps can be entered. According to GOST standard height steps of any staircase lies in the range from 12 to 25 cm. apartment buildings with several floors, this figure should not exceed 19 cm. When the minimum number of steps should be at least 3 pieces, otherwise the structure is replaced with a ramp. The recommended maximum number of steps in a march is 16, otherwise it is necessary to either increase the height of the steps or change the design of the stairs.

The distance from the steps to the ceiling must be at least 2 m. The staircase must have a fence, although some modern designs can be built without them. If there are small children, the distance between the elements of the fences should be kept to a minimum. It is recommended to close it with tempered or plexiglass. The fence must be strong and designed for a weight of more than a centner. Optimal Height fencing with should be 90-100 cm, for children it is recommended to make an additional handrail at a height of 70 to 75 cm. It is imperative to provide lighting for the structure in the dark.

Interesting! To fit a staircase with standard dimensions into the room, it is necessary that the distance to the ceiling be a multiple of 15.

Calculation of the main structural elements

You can calculate the correct step size by knowing the depth of the tread and the height of the riser. The step of the steps of the stairs directly affects the safety and ease of use of the structure. A building is considered safe if the sum of these two indicators is 46 cm: 26 + 20, 28 + 18 and the like. This is the so-called safety formula, and the ideal value is considered to be 29 + 17. However, in practice it is not always possible to implement optimal dimensions stairs in accordance with the given values.

b+2h=60…65 cm, where

b - tread width;

h is the step height.

Important! The maximum permissible tread depth in domestic construction must not exceed 32 cm!

Calculating the number of steps on your own is not so difficult. To do this, you need to know the height of the room. This value must be divided by the height of the step. If the final variant has a fractional value, only whole part. In this case, as mentioned above, it is allowed to make the first or last step non-standard. In some cases, a special podium is built under the stairs, the height of which is chosen so that the total number of steps is an integer without rounding.

To calculate the depth of the steps, an indicator of the average step of a person is taken. It has a value of 63 cm. Double the height of the riser must be subtracted from this figure. Often, structures are equipped with a tread - this is a special overlay for a step made of durable wood with a thickness of 50 mm.

To calculate the area of the room, which will be allotted for the stairs, it is necessary to transfer the structure to the plane. It will have the shape of a rectangle, one side of which is equal to the selected march width, and the other is the projection of its length. Calculating the second indicator is not difficult. To do this, the depth of the steps must be multiplied by their number.

Now you can calculate the length of the staircase. The square of this value is equal to the sum of the squares of the width of the march and the projection of its length. The exact value will be square root from the result. In this case, the fractional part of the value must also be discarded. When determining the angle of inclination, it is necessary to know the value of the sine right angle the ratio of the floor height to the length of the flight of stairs.

Steps are one of the main components of any staircase. They are made from various materials, can be both a separate element and part of a monolithic flight of stairs. The relevant regulatory documents define the minimum and maximum size steps for stairs , on which the safety of the entire structure directly depends. Typical stairs and degrees have long been calculated by designers, and for rooms with non-standard dimensions and dimensions of stairwells, calculations have to be done individually each time.

Varieties and features of steps

Depending on the form, the steps are divided into:

straight, having the same size and located on the mid-flight stairs;
running, produced wedge-shaped. They are installed on rotary or spiral staircases.

Steps consist of a horizontal part (tread) and a vertical part (riser). The standards allow the manufacture of stairs with open risers, as well as with one tread overhanging the other, which is called trimming, or overhang. The size of the step for stairs is calculated based on the slope of the march and the number of treads in it.

Depending on the location of the steps are:

frieze lower ones. They are located at the very bottom of the flight of stairs at the level of the floor or platform, rising above it to the height of the riser;
frieze upper ones, which are the last steps in the march. They are located at the floor level of the upper floor, or below it, at a distance corresponding to the size of the riser;
ordinary, located between frieze steps. On a march, there can be from 1 to 16.

Permissible step sizes

The dimensions of the steps are calculated according to the requirements and recommendations of the relevant regulatory documents, which clearly prescribe their dimensions. First of all, in SNiP 2.08.01-89 * "Residential buildings" it is determined that the width of the intra-apartment flight of stairs, and hence the steps, must be at least 0.90 meters with its largest slope of 1: 1.25. And the number of lifts in one march is allowed to be made from 3 to 18. These parameters are fundamental in the calculations.

To make climbing the stairs convenient and comfortable, when determining the dimensions of the steps, the step size of the average person is taken into account. It is 0.60-0.64 meters. The width of the tread (a) and the height of the riser (b) are selected depending on the following ratio:
a + 2b = 60-64 (cm), or
a + b = 43-47 (cm).

This formula was invented back in the 18th century by the French architect Blondel, but to this day it has not lost its relevance.

It should be noted that the most optimal is the ratio of the width to the height of the step 300:150 mm. The standard sizes of steps made of different materials are somewhat different from each other. Their dimensions also depend on the main purpose of the stairs. But general parameters can be given.

The size of the tread should allow you to stand on the surface of the entire foot. Its depth is recommended to be at least 235-250 mm and not more than 355 mm for straight steps. Winder steps in their narrow part should not be less than 100 mm, along the travel line - 250 mm, and from a wide end - more than 400 mm. For auxiliary stairs (to the basement, to the attic or attic), it is allowed to reduce the tread to 200 mm. Street steps can be made up to 400 mm deep.

Quite often, the design of the stairs provides for the overhang of one step over the other. It should not exceed 50 mm, and for wooden structures- 30 mm. An overhang is made if it is impossible to arrange treads of optimal depth, and a similar technique allows them to be slightly increased. But before carving out the deprivation of millimeters, it is worth thinking about the design of the steps called the "duck step". For each leg, you can lay a full, comfortable size here.

The calculation of the size of the steps of the stairs is carried out taking into account the type of construction. If it is rectilinear, use the same formulas. If it is rotary, it is important not to forget about the calculation of winders, the peculiarity of which is the difference in the dimensions of the outer and inner edges. There are many online calculators that allow you to quickly make calculations. But if you know how to correctly calculate the steps on the stairs, everyone can cope with this not so challenging task on one's own.

There are several ways to calculate the size of steps. Only after all dimensions are known, and the plan is ready, you can proceed directly to the construction of the stairs of the selected type.

On this page you will learn how to calculate the stairs with and without winders yourself.

Method for calculating the steps of a flight of stairs

To move up the stairs in the house without applying excessive effort, it is necessary that for each step a certain ratio be observed between the "distance" by which a person moves forward and the "distance" by which he descends or ascends. This ratio is called slope. Thus, the width of the tread and the height of the riser should correspond to the width of the average human step, and when the leg is raised by 300 mm, it averages about 600 mm. In construction, there is a rule according to which the width of the average step of a person is equal to the sum of twice the height of the riser (K) and the width of the tread (b):

2h + b = 600-650 mm.

For example, if the height of the riser is 185mm, then the width of the tread should be 270mm. So, according to the above formula for calculating the steps: 2 × 185 + 270 \u003d 640 mm.

With a riser height of 170 mm, the width of the tread will be 290 mm. This ratio is considered to be ideal. But in practice, when calculating the steps of a ladder, it is recommended to adhere to other parameters.

So, for example, in a house, the height of the riser usually does not exceed 170 mm, but sometimes it can vary from 120 to 200 mm or even more, and the width of the tread is from 280 to 300 mm (but it should not be less than 250 mm).

If the width of the tread is too large, then the step will go astray when climbing the stairs, and if the design is narrow, then difficulties may appear when descending.

Often the width of the tread is increased by about 20-30 mm (depending on the thickness of the riser), since stairs with deep risers are more convenient to use. But this is considered an extreme necessary measure when there is no other way to increase the width of the tread. At the same time, the width of the tread becomes larger, and the place intended for the ladder structure remains unchanged.

When calculating the steps of a straight staircase, by multiplying the optimal width of the tread by the number of risers, you can calculate the laying of the march, that is, the length of its horizontal projection. Prior to this, it is necessary to subtract 1 from the number of risers, since if the upper tread coincides with the floor level or staircase the number of treads is reduced by one.

To calculate the length of the base of the stairs in this way, multiply the number of treads by their width. In addition, the length of the overall run and the length of the opening in the floor of the upper floor should be almost the same.

After the calculations, having determined the height of the stairs, you can calculate the number of steps and the length of the base of the staircase (general run). The height of the stairs directly depends on the height of the floor. How to calculate the number of steps? By dividing the resulting value by the height of the riser, you can find out exact amount steps.

When initially choosing the height of the riser, it is important to remember that the quotient of the division must be an integer, otherwise the steps will have different height, which is unacceptable. The fractional result must be rounded up for a more gentle design, or, conversely, to a smaller one, if it is assumed that the stairs will be steep. By dividing the total flight height by the number of steps and rounding the result, you can calculate the height of the riser.

How to calculate the size of the steps of the stairs by the height of the riser and the width of the tread

To select the parameters of the steps, you can use two rules, which are based on the height of the riser (h) and the width of the tread (5):

the first rule is a "convenience formula": b-h - 120 mm;
the second rule when calculating the steps of a ladder is called the "safety formula": b + h = 460 mm.

According to the above, in order to calculate the steps correctly, as required by the construction technology, it is best to choose a ratio between the width of the tread and the height of the riser, which is close to optimal. For example, stair structures with a tread width of 295 mm and a riser height of 150 mm will be considered convenient or

With a tread width of 230 mm and a riser height of 215 mm, since in both cases a total of 445 mm is obtained, which does not contradict the safety formula. Although when calculating stairs much will depend on the location and shape of the stairs, the area of \u200b\u200bthe room and other conditions.

There are certain requirements for the rigidity of the load-bearing elements of a structure, since it is a structure that is greatly affected by dynamic loads during operation.

In addition to the own weight of the stairs, there are also temporary loads, which in houses are approximately 300 kg / m2. So, the deflection should not be more than 1/400 of the span.

It should be borne in mind that both too narrow (less than 260 mm) and very wide (more than 320 mm) treads are inconvenient to use. With a narrow tread, there is a decrease in the area of \u200b\u200bsupport for the foot, during the ascent above the front edge of the step, the heel noticeably hangs, and when descending, the forefoot hangs down. Because of this, the leg may slip - there is a risk of injury. An excessively wide tread (the entire foot rests on it) requires an increase in step width. Because of this, you will need to make more effort while moving up the stairs.

Calculation of the steps of a straight staircase: a graphical method

The calculation of the steps of the flight of stairs can also be made graphically. It is ergonomic, as it uses natural human parameters. So, the step length on a horizontal surface is on average 620 mm, and for easy raising of the leg, the ideal height is 310 mm. If on the x-axis (horizontally) set aside a certain amount of parts equal to 620 mm, and on the y-axis (vertically) measure the same number of parts equal to 310 mm, then thanks to this, regardless of the slope, it will be possible to determine the dimensions of the steps for all staircase structures.

For this purpose, it is necessary to use graph paper (if it is not available, then ordinary small-sized paper is suitable), on which coordinate axes should be drawn and, on a suitable scale, measure segments on the axes equal to the step length (on the x-axis) and the lift height (on the x-axis). y). Then you need to connect the obtained points. Next, you need to draw a line for the slope of the stairs (in the corner). After that, dashed lines parallel to the axes should be drawn through the intersection points of the lines in the drawing. On the lines obtained, you need to draw a line - a "ladder". As a result, the resulting steps can be measured by adjusting for the scale.

A certain dependence will be visible between the parameters of the step (its width and height) and the slope of the stairs.

When calculating the parameters of the steps (rise height, width and shape), you should pay attention to the fact that these are the dimensions of the steps in the plan. In fact, they are editable. For example, you can increase the width of the tread by building a roller at the step (it is not recommended that the overhang of the tread be more than 50 mm). You can also make a beveled riser (but not more than 50 mm) or completely abandon it. Thus, it is always possible to make the tread wider, and the ladder easier to use when climbing. But the safety of the descent does not increase, since the calculated dimensions of the steps remain unchanged.

The size of the total run is calculated by the number of risers, the size of the treads and the way the ladder is attached at the top. For the manufacture of a simple single-flight staircase, it is advisable to choose several options. For example: 13/206, 14/192, 15/179, 16/168. The first number here indicates the number of risers, and the second - their height.

Convenience and safety in the use of a ladder structure largely depends on the angle of its rise, that is, on the relative magnitude of the rise of the flight of stairs.

Despite the fact that the angle of rise of the flight can vary from 20 to 50 °, stairs will be ideal, the relative value of the rise of the flight of stairs is from 23 to 38 °. Ladder structures with a steepness of up to 38 ° can be considered gentle, and steep - with a slope of 38-45 °. If the slope is less than 23 °, then it is recommended to put a ramp instead of a ladder. If the slope exceeds 45 °, then it is desirable to change the type of stairs, because of the steepness, it can be attached or folding. For screw structures, an elevation angle of 25-35 ° is considered ideal.

The main factors in determining the steepness of the stairs are the age of those who will move along it (since a slope of more than 38 ° will be inconvenient for the elderly), as well as the size of the place intended for the structure.

There is a certain relationship between the height of the floor, the height of the steps and their number, depending on the degree of steepness of the staircase structure.

When choosing the steepness of a flight of stairs, it should be borne in mind that the distance from the upper plane of each step to the ceiling (clearance height) according to building codes should not be less than 1900-2000mm. The more light, the more comfortable stairs, especially for tall people. The same applies to stairwells. A device with a sufficient clearance will eliminate the risk of hitting your head on the ceiling, and you can also forget about problems with moving large objects.

The final section of the article is devoted to how to calculate the steps of a turntable.

How to calculate winder steps: a method for calculating a turning staircase

Prior to this, it was about the steps of rectilinear stair structures. To save space, instead of intermediate landings between straight flights, it is recommended to lay winder steps. Their outer and inner edges have differences in width. Such stairs are distinguished by the fact that the change in the direction of movement along them occurs smoothly due to the gradual transition from straight steps to running ones. How do you need to calculate the size of steps on a turntable?

When calculating a turntable with winder steps, it must be borne in mind that the smallest width of the tread at the narrow end of the step must be at least 100 mm, and the overhang over the underlying step can be no more than 50 mm. Winder steps have a peculiar wedge-shaped shape, the creation of which requires special skills. Calculations can be made in several ways.

The most common method is proportional division. Let's consider it on the example of designing a half-turn single-flight staircase with middle winder steps.

Before calculating the winder steps, you must first divide the middle line of the march into equal parts, while there should be one step in the middle of the semicircle.

The width of its tread at the narrowest point is pre-set, but it must be more than 100 mm. If there are four points for the central step, you should draw the lines of its longitudinal edges, then continue them until they intersect with the axis of symmetry. The point obtained as a result of these actions when calculating the rotary steps - the first point of the segment of proportional division - can be denoted by the letter A.

To find the second point of proportional division, it is necessary to connect the contours of the straight steps, which are adjacent to the winders. This is how the point of intersection with the axis of symmetry is determined. When calculating a staircase with winder steps, it can be denoted by the letter B. Then the straight line AB should be divided into segments in the ratio 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6, i.e. their number should be equal to the number of winder steps on both sides of the axis symmetry. As a result, you need to connect the division points of the axis of symmetry with the division points of the midline of the march.

When "removing" dimensions from the drawing, you should carefully check the dimensional chain of all steps by the addition method. As a result, the sum of the dimensions "taken" from one side of the steps should not be more or less than the actual size of the stairs in this area.