Made from a variety of wood materials. Wood is a natural building material and an excellent material for many uses. wood

In our country, it is diverse and depends, in the overwhelming case, on the type of wood. Further in the article, the main breeds and use of wood these breeds in industry and production.

Coniferous breeds. About 75% of our country's forests consist of conifers. Coniferous wood is most widely used in industry, especially pine and spruce, then, in descending order, larch, fir, cedar.

Pine - used in the construction of houses, farms, bridges; for the manufacture of sleepers, poles, masts, mine racks, towers for the oil industry; in the production of carts, ships, agricultural machinery, wagons, joinery and furniture, layered materials, cellulose, paper.
Spruce - like pine, is used in all of these areas of production. In addition, high resonant properties have led to its use in the music industry. Due to the white color of the wood, it is highly valued as a raw material in the pulp and paper industry. Spruce bark is used to make tannins.
Larch is a material with increased strength and resistance to decay. It is particularly suitable for the manufacture of products operating under conditions high humidity: hydraulic structures, pillars, sleepers, in the arrangement of basements, cellars. Due to its beautiful texture, larch is used in the manufacture of furniture, decorative veneer, and parquet. It is suitable for use in the hydrolysis and pulp and paper industries.
Siberian, Caucasian, Far Eastern fir. wood Caucasian fir used in the same way as spruce wood, including in the production of musical instruments). The wood of other types of fir has somewhat reduced mechanical properties, which limit its use if products need to withstand significant loads.
Cedar - used in carpentry and furniture production, it is also suitable for the manufacture of a mine rack, sleepers, poles. The uniformity of the structure and the ease of cutting in various directions led to its predominant use in pencil production.

Deciduous species. On the territory of our country, deciduous species occupy about a quarter of all forests. Hardwood is most widely used in furniture production. According to the hardness of wood, they are divided into hard (oak, ash, elm, beech, walnut, maple) and soft (birch, aspen, alder, linden, poplar).

Oak - characterized by high strength, resistance to decay, bends well, has a beautiful texture. It is used in carpentry and furniture and parquet industries; wagon-, wagon-ship-, agricultural engineering, for the manufacture of barrels for grape wines. Wood and oak bark are used to produce tannins.
Ash - used basically the same way as oak wood. In addition, it is used for the manufacture of sports equipment (skis, clubs, oars), railings, tool handles.
Elm is the main use in wagon production. In addition, it is used in furniture production, mechanical engineering.
Beech - has a beautiful texture, is close to oak in strength, bends easily, but rots. It is widely used in the manufacture of bent furniture and barrels for butter, as well as in furniture, parquet, block production, and in the music industry. Waste and low-grade beech wood serve as raw materials for dry distillation.
Walnut - has a beautiful texture. The main use is for veneering furniture and panels, turning and carvings, stocks of hunting rifles.
Maple also has a beautiful texture. It is used for the manufacture of furniture, musical instruments (violins, guitars), as well as convoy products, blocks.
Birch is the most common among hardwoods and ranks first (among hardwoods) in use. Birch is widely used for the manufacture of layered materials (plywood, glued veneer parts). It is used in the production of chipboard and fiberboard, furniture, cellulose, parquet, and building parts. It serves as a raw material for chemical processing. Veneer and souvenirs are made from Karelian birch, which has a beautiful texture.
Aspen is the main raw material for the match industry. It is also used for the production of pulp, inexpensive furniture, toys, plywood, fibreboard.
Alder - used in plywood, joinery and furniture, container production.
Linden - wood is light, soft, easy to cut, cracks and warps a little. Linden wood is used for the manufacture of drawing boards, pencils, carvings, containers (honey tub), toys. Bast, matting, coolies, ropes are made from the bark.
Poplar - used mainly in pulp and paper production.

Material for conversation

With great interest, members of the "Skillful Hands" circle learn to carpentry. They like to work with a saw, planer and other carpentry tools, and make various wooden things. This desire should be encouraged in every possible way, as woodworking skills will always come in handy. Wood is one of the most common materials. Many houses, bridges and other structures are built from wood. In "stone and reinforced concrete structures, wood is almost always used for flooring, making windows and doors, various finishing works. Slabs made from wood and other plant fibers are often used to cover the walls and ceilings of rooms to keep them warm and soundproof. In addition, such plates replace plaster.

On the wooden sleepers lay railroad tracks, wooden poles extend telegraph lines. Deep underground, wooden supports strengthen and protect passages and workings in mines from collapse.

Railroad cars, river boats and boats are built from wood. There are wooden parts in cars, agricultural machines, looms and in many other machines, machines and devices.

Almost all furniture, many musical instruments, boxes of radios and TVs are made of wood. Wood is needed for the manufacture of student pens and pencils, tools, toys and a wide variety of things.

Stoves are heated with firewood, wooden chocks are burned instead of gasoline in gas-generating cars. Some blast furnaces in the Urals operate on charcoal, smelting high-quality metal. This coal is used at chemical and machine-building enterprises, in collective farm forges.

Mats are woven from thin wood shavings (it is called wood wool), it is used for wiping machines, it is also needed for the manufacture of durable building material - fiberboard.

We have already talked about how paper is made from wood pulp. Wood is also processed into a valuable substance - cellulose, from which good paper, viscose (artificial silk) and other materials are made. Grinding sawdust and shavings, wood flour is obtained. It goes to the manufacture of some plastics, linoleum, linkrust.

By chemical processing of wood, wood resin (tar) is also obtained from it, and turpentine, wood vinegar, various acids and oil are obtained from the resin. These substances are then used to make medicines, to treat the skin, and for other purposes.

Wood is a profitable and cheap material. In terms of weight, it is lighter than many other materials, durable, easy and well processed, painted and connected with glue, nails, bolts and screws. Wooden structures retain heat well and protect from sounds.

The main disadvantages of wood are that it easily catches fire, rots and absorbs moisture, while changing its size and shape (swells). Found in the Soviet Union different ways improve the quality of wood materials and eliminate their shortcomings.

Wood is often impregnated with resin and other chemicals. Therefore, for example, railway sleepers do not absorb moisture well and do not rot. In the same way, wood can be made harder or less afraid of fire.

Wood is pressed - kept under great pressure and at high temperature, after which it becomes stronger and does not swell from moisture. Weaving shuttles and parts of various machines are made from pressed wood. And crushed wood pressed and impregnated with resin becomes so strong that it is often replaced by non-ferrous metals in the manufacture of machine parts and small items.

The strength of wood also increases when it is pasted over in several layers. So do, for example, plywood and large wooden slabs (shields), which are used in construction and in the construction of ships and wagons.

There are more forests in the Soviet Union than in any other country. Widely developed and timber industry. It is engaged in timber harvesting and production of wood materials.

Lumberjacks in the woods electric saws and with the help of other tools they cut down tree trunks, clear them of branches. Powerful tractors - they are called skidders - trunks are delivered to railway or to the river. It is especially convenient to send felled timber along the rivers: many trunks are connected into huge rafts, and they float with the flow.

Most of the timber ends up in sawmills. Various machines and machines work here: sawmills, transverse, band, circular, cylindrical and other saws, planer, thicknesser, planer and peeling machines. On these machines, tree trunks are sawn into logs and poles, into boards and bars, into plaster shingles and staves for barrels, into thin layers for plywood (veneer) and thin chips.

From sawmills wood materials sent to construction sites, mines, various factories and plants.

In almost every city and region there is some enterprise of the forest or woodworking industry: a sawmill, a sawmill, a plywood factory, a furniture factory or workshop, etc. An excursion of the members of the circle to one of such enterprises should be organized. There, the children will get to know various types wood materials and methods of their processing.

Carpentry materials

Wood is an excellent material for products of the "Skillful Hands" mug. Members of the circle need to learn how to select wood material, know some of the properties of wood, the features of its processing, and master the simplest techniques for working with basic carpentry tools.

There are a lot of tree species. Only a few of them will find application in the circle.

Pine. Of all the wood species, pine is the most accessible for a mug, it is very common and easily processed. Pine wood is not very hard, but strong, easily split, sawn and planed along the grain. It is much more difficult to cut a pine board across the fibers and, especially, plan it smoothly. Sharp corners and ends pine boards and bars crumble easily. The color of pine wood is light yellow, with a slight pink tinge.

Spruce just like pine, it is widespread and well processed. Her wood is white color, sometimes with a yellowish tint, it is lighter and softer than pine. The disadvantage of wood is that it comes across a lot of knots, and when it dries, it cracks badly.

Birch. In cases where you want to carefully finish the edges of the product, especially not a straight shape, it is better to use birch. Birch wood is denser and harder than pine wood, but it is also easy to saw and plan. Splitting a birch is also easy, but it is not always possible to split a birch board or bar in a straight line. Raw birch wood, when dried, cracks more often and warps more than pine wood. The color of the wood is light yellow, with a pinkish tinge.

Linden. For small items, especially when working with a knife, linden is an indispensable material. Linden wood is soft, easy to saw, cut with a knife or chisel, does not crumble at the edges and does not crack. It's hard to split it. The color of the wood is white, with a yellowish tinge. By weight, linden is lighter than birch and pine.

Aspen, alder, poplar. In the absence of linden for small work, you can use aspen, alder or poplar. These types of wood also have soft and light wood.

Oak. Sometimes oak is used for parts of products that require special strength in a mug. Its wood is brownish in color, very hard, strong and dense, heavy in weight. Oak is processed well, but it requires considerable physical strength. Craftsmen can use small sticks and scraps oak boards, they themselves should not saw or plan the oak.

What wood materials are most often used in carpentry? First of all, boards cut from tree trunks.

Boards are from 1 to 8 centimeters thick, and several times wider. With a thickness of 3.5 to 8 centimeters, the boards are considered thick. Thin boards, with a thickness of 25 to 35 millimeters, are called tesos, and even thinner ones - 1 centimeter - a sheath. Planed boards, of course, become thinner.

If the board is cut lengthwise so that the width of the cut off part becomes equal to its thickness or slightly wider, bars are obtained. Thinner bars of tesa are called slats.

The wide sides of a board or bar are called layers, the narrow longitudinal sides (ribs) are called edges, short transverse sides- ends, and corners - edges.

You should never use raw wood for products: it is difficult to process it, and when it dries, it often warps and cracks. Raw boards, bars or slats must first of all be dried, laid out in a warm room, but away from a hot stove or steam radiator: the wood warps and cracks from strong heat. In summer, wood is best dried outdoors in the shade. Stocks of wood are stored in a dry, as warm place as possible.

Members of the circle should be given initial information about the structure of wood. This will help them process boards, bars and slats better and with the least effort.

Wood is made up of tiny plant cells. Strongly elongated in length, they are firmly connected to each other in long fibers and are located along the trunk with growth rings. If the trunk is sawn across, these rings are visible in the same way as the core rays, which cross the rings along the radii and are directed from the bark to the center of the trunk. The core rays also consist of cells connected in several rows. They stand out especially clearly in oak and are difficult to distinguish in linden.

With this structure of wood, it is much easier to saw or split along the fibers than across them. The cells in the fiber are connected to each other much stronger than with the cells of neighboring fibers. It takes less force to separate the fibers from each other, and more to cut them. For the same reason, it is better to plan wood along the fibers, worse - across, and most difficult - at the ends.

In boards and bars, the fibers are arranged in layers visible to the eye. Their direction is different. It depends on what part of the trunk the board was sawn from, whether this trunk was straight or curved, how many branches departed from it. The best board or block for processing is from straight-grained wood, when its fibers are directed in a straight line parallel to the edges. It is more difficult to work with cross-laminated wood, when the fibers go sideways, in a spiral or in different directions. Products from such wood are less accurate, easily crack and warp. It happens that the fibers of the wood are arranged in disorder, intricately, as if in waves. This arrangement of fibers is called pilosity. Curly wood is very durable and has a beautiful surface, but is processed with great difficulty. Cutting it in a straight line and cutting it smoothly will be too much for the guys.

Pieces of knotty wood should be avoided. Around the knots, oblique and serpentine patterns are most often formed, and in addition, the knots often fall out and spoil the made thing.

A necessary and good material for mug products is plywood. Plywood sheets are made up of several very thin layers of wood glued together. The layers are arranged so that the fibers of two adjacent layers intersect each other at a right angle. And since the number of layers in a plywood sheet is usually odd, the fibers on the surface of the plywood on both sides go in the same direction. Thanks to this arrangement of layers, plywood is durable, warps less and does not splinter. The surface of the plywood is smooth and does not need to be planed. It is also convenient because it can be bent. However, plywood is afraid of dampness and heat. From the heat, it warps, and from dampness, the glued layers of plywood begin to lag behind each other. Therefore, plywood and products made from it should be stored in a dry place.

Pioneers will be interested to know how thin wood cuts are made for plywood. This is done on special peeling machines. This machine has a long sharp knife. A piece of a tree trunk (ridge) installed in the machine rotates quickly and moves towards the knife, which cuts off the layer of wood - peels it. Therefore, laminated plywood is also called peeled plywood.

The layers of wood prepared in this way are called veneer. It is made with a thickness of 0.2 to 5 millimeters. Plywood sheets are glued from a different number of veneer layers - from three to thirteen. The thickness of plywood is obtained from 2 to 18 millimeters. Most often, the top layers of plywood - the shirt - are made from birch veneer, and the inner layers are made from birch, pine, spruce, alder and other wood. According to the top layer, such plywood is called birch plywood, and according to quality it is divided into five grades, which are indicated by the letters: “A”, “AB”, “B”, “BB” and “SS”. The best grades of plywood are called aviation plywood because it is used in the aviation industry.

In the mug, you will have to use mainly birch three-layer plywood. Thick plywood can replace boards.

It is useful to have a small amount of single-layer plywood in the mug - the so-called knife or planed plywood. It is produced on planers, where the knife moves back and forth, cutting off a thin layer of wood. Unlike peeled plywood, knife plywood is not glued in several layers. They make it from hardwoods - oak, beech, walnut, birch and many others. In industry and construction, knife plywood is most often used for pasting (veneer) wooden products. Sheets of knife plywood are 0.8 to 1.5 mm thick.

To fasten parts of wooden products, carpentry or casein glue, nails and screws are used. A small supply of nails and screws should always be kept. Screws differ from nails in that their point has a helical thread: therefore, the screws are screwed into the tree, and not hammered. The heads of the screws are semicircular and flat - countersunk, because they are deepened into the tree at the same level with its surface, or, as joiners say, "flush".

Sandpaper is needed to clean the surface of wooden products. It is made from very fine grains of silicon, electrocorundum, glass, quartzite and others. hard materials. The grains are glued to strong paper or fabric. The skin with grains of crushed glass is sometimes called glass paper. Depending on the size of the grains, the skin is produced in fifteen grades. They differ in numbers: the larger the number, the finer the grains. The skin with the largest grains has No. 12, and with the smallest - No. 325. In addition, four varieties of skins with the smallest grains are produced: No. M-28, M-20, M-14 and M-10. The numbers here indicate the grain size in microns.

It is desirable that there is a skin in the mug, at least two numbers, for example: No. 46 or No. 60 and No. 100 or No. 120.

Tools and fixtures

Lots of carpentry tools. But for simple work in the "Skillful Hands" circle, you can get by with the basic, most necessary ones. A complete set of them is shown in Figure 22. However, this set can also be reduced. It is not necessary, for example, to have both a saw and a hacksaw in a mug. You can limit yourself to one of these tools. If you have to choose, then it is better to take a bow saw.

Strictly speaking, the knife does not apply to carpentry tools. But for young technicians it is necessary. Small work is much easier and more convenient to do with a knife than with a saw and planer. Unlike a bookbinding knife, woodworking requires a knife with a longer blade. It is more convenient and safer to work with a knife, the blade of which is fixed in the handle. But you can also use a folding penknife; it is better if it is with a smooth handle, without a corkscrew and other protruding parts.

Simple but useful tool - chisel. It is advisable to have several chisels various sizes and shapes (flat, semicircular). If the circle makes only small things, it is not necessary for it to have a chisel. He will be replaced flat chisel. For small work for planing a tree, a circle may well get by with only a planer - wooden or metal. A jointer is needed when you have to plan long boards or bars. For the same small work, especially with plywood, the brace can be replaced with a simple awl.

A metal hammer is mainly used for hammering nails. In all other cases it is better to use wooden mallet- mallet. Kiyanku- round or rectangular - it is not difficult to make the circle members themselves from a suitable birch log. You just need to ask the elders to drill a hole for the handle.

Files There are three types: bastard - with a large notch, personal - with a medium one, velvet - with a very small one. Special carpentry files with a large notch are called rasps. It is desirable to have a bastard file or rasp in the mug, as well as a personal file.

Other tools do not require special explanations.

If the circle is constantly engaged in woodwork, care should be taken to purchase a small carpentry workbench. It is most convenient to saw and plan boards and bars on it. The device of the workbench can be seen from Figure 23. With the help of clamps and adjustable wedges on the workbench, it is possible to fix the processed board or bar in any position: flat, on the edge or on the end.

If there is no workbench, then a simple table or a wide bench is adapted for carpentry work. The legs of the table are slightly shortened, and for greater stability, oblique planks are nailed to them on the sides. On the front left corner of the table or bench, an emphasis is nailed for planing boards and bars - the so-called " dovetail". It is a board approximately 20 × 15 centimeters in size, about 1.5 centimeters thick, with a wedge-shaped cutout into which a bar or edge of the board is inserted during planing.

With the help of Komsomol members, you can make a removable workbench, which fits on an ordinary table or bench, and after work is removed and hidden. When using such a board, you do not need to nail anything to the table: it is not damaged. A dovetail is nailed on the left front corner of the workbench. Next to it, another stop is attached to the edge of the workbench board with screws or nails, which is convenient when planing wide boards. This is a simple block, one end of which is cut obliquely, due to which a gap is obtained between the edge of the top board and the block. The end of the planed board is inserted into it, setting it with an edge on the table. At the opposite end of the workbench, two devices are made for sawing boards: a cutout into which the board can be inserted with an edge when it is required to cut it along, and a barrier stop against which the board or bar can be pressed to saw off the end hanging from the table. The device of the workbench is very simple. Its dimensions can be any, the desired thickness is at least 4 centimeters.

Often it is required to saw off the ends of the bars and laths exactly at an angle of 90 ° or exactly at an angle of 45 °. For this purpose it is useful to have sawing box, known as the miter box. The miter box is made like this. Three boards are fastened with glue and screws to make a box without side walls in the form of a gutter. Any sizes. The height of the longitudinal walls is 10 centimeters. In the walls of the box, cuts are made of such a width that a saw blade or a hacksaw blade enters freely, without friction. Two opposite cuts are placed exactly opposite each other at an angle of 90 °, two pairs of other cuts - at an angle of 45 °, in opposite directions. A bar or slats are placed on the bottom of the sawing box, a saw or a hacksaw is inserted with a blade into two cuts and sawn. The cutting line is obtained at the desired angle.

You can cut out circles from plywood with a knife using a circle cutter used in cardboard work. It is described on the page.

A special carpenter's vise is very useful for a mug - clamps. They are wood and metal different sizes. Clamps are needed in order to compress the glued wooden parts of homemade products, to fix the workpiece on the table and in other cases. Joiner's clamps are also used in bookbinding. Two boards clamped with clamps often replace the press.

All products from the array look chic, if you approach the manufacture wisely. Not every tree is suitable for a particular product. In order for a thing from an array to please both the eye and the wallet, let's try to understand this a little.

The main parameters by which wood is selected for production various products: strength, resistance to deformation, wear resistance. All these three qualities are combined into one indicator - the density of wood, that is, the ratio of the mass of a tree to its volume.

Types of wood depending on density:

A) Soft (up to 540 kg / m 3) - spruce, pine, aspen, linden, fir, poplar, chestnut, alder, cedar;

B) Solid (550-740kg / m 3) - larch, birch, oak, elm, beech, plane tree, Walnut, maple, apple tree, ash;

C) Very hard (from 750 kg / m 3) - iron birch, mountain ash, white acacia, hornbeam, dogwood, boxwood, pistachio tree.

Now let's look at the advantages of some of the main types of wood.

Let's start with the simplest and most economical: this pine, almost everything is made from this tree. It is easy to process, inexpensive, and right technology preparation and coloring of pine products will last for many years. Doors, stairs, windows, bedrooms, kitchen sets, tables and stools are made from pine, furniture for baths, gazebos, lining are also made from it - and this is only a small part of what can be made from this beautiful tree!

Pros:

flexibility in processing. Pine is easily planed along the fibers, but with difficulty - in the transverse direction. When sawing, the opposite is true - the log is cut easily across, but badly along.
easy to glue;
depending on the color and structure of the wood, pine is used both for the manufacture of furniture with subsequent varnishing, and for frames, and various designs with hardwood veneer;
like all conifers, it has a pleasant smell, it releases phytocides, which are considered medicinal.

Further in the price category - larch, this coniferous tree has exceptional properties. Larch is not affected by moisture, and even vice versa - in a humid room or climate, it only becomes stronger. It is also fire and bio-resistant, it is not afraid of insects and mold. it best material for outdoor furniture: gazebos, benches, terraces, swings, fences, fences and even toilets. Also, larch is denser and more durable than pine, so kitchen sets and stairs made from larch will last longer than pine. it unique material both in value and quality.

Pros:

high moisture resistance;
excellent strength indicators (the best among conifers);
little subject to warping;
used to make carved pieces.

The next type of wood on our list is Birch. At a cost, this material is an order of magnitude higher than the previous ones, birch is homogeneous in its structure, without pores and soft fibers, therefore this wood species is good for turned and carved products, such as balusters, flute legs, carved frames for mirrors and pictures, baguettes. For flat parts use glued furniture board, since by its nature birch is not the most stable material, thereby yielding slightly to more valuable wood species.

Pros:

homogeneous structure and beautiful color of wood;
bends well;
in the production of solid wood furniture, it is used as an imitation of valuable species (it is well painted when etched).

Another type of wood is beech, it is excellent for turning and cutting, it is denser and more durable than pine and birch, it can be easily machined, perfect option for bedroom furniture entrance groups, cabinets, libraries, carved souvenirs, paintings, etc.

Pros:

high decorative qualities: beautiful texture in both radial and tangential cut,
fast drying, does not crack;
easy to process: it is pricked, sawn, cut, bent;
it is perfectly bleached and dyed with the help of special solutions, it practically does not change the beautiful natural shade during varnishing.

The most valuable type of wood is ash. It is a hard rock with a very beautiful texture and pores. Ash is perfect for home furniture whether it's a bedroom, kitchen set, study or dining room, carved or straight ash furniture looks equally chic, and various coloring effects, such as gilding, silvering, patination, give the product a unique chic. Ash furniture will last for decades! And later it can be restored, and the furniture will sparkle with new brilliance.

Pros:

bends well after steaming;
cracks a little when drying;
when discolored, it acquires an unusual shade of gray hair.

The most famous and exquisite type of wood concludes our list - oak. In terms of its properties, oak is superior to all of the above types of wood. Oak is not afraid of water and insects, it is not afraid of rot and time, under the influence of external factors it only becomes stronger and more beautiful, acquiring a rich dark color. Since ancient times, oak has been considered a symbol of strength and wealth. Tables and executive offices are made of it, massive oak doors are in the most luxurious houses, stairs made of this material have a unique gloss, and a kitchen or bedroom made of oak speaks of the solvency of its owners.

Pros:

despite the high viscosity of wood, it is processed quite well;
bends easily;
decay resistant;
lends itself well to artificial aging techniques.

Separately, we can talk about those wood species that are used in the decoration of saunas and baths, these are species that do not have resins in their composition, or they are contained in wood in a minimal amount. Ideal for lining in a bath or sauna cedar, linden or aspen, they are all equally good and differ only in color and texture.

Cedar

Pros:

resistance to decay and wormhole;
suitable for carving;
has a specific woody aroma.

Linden

Pros:

resists moisture well
wood is strong and plastic,
It has a beautiful white and creamy hue.

The African abachi or abachi tree is great for a shelf - this unique tree it has low thermal conductivity, which prevents the human body from being burned, and also abachi is resistant to high humidity and can be perfectly processed.

Lesson the world in 2nd grade "BUT".

Theme: Forest trees. What does a person make from wood.

Lesson Objectives: creating conditions for the formation of junior schoolchildren ideas about the trees of the forest, about the use of wood by man.

Tasks:

Educational: introduce students to natural materials from which various objects are made; to cultivate a careful attitude to things and respect for people of different professions; pay attention to the acute environmental problem - the destruction of forests.

Educational: to cultivate a careful attitude to things and respect for people of different professions; instill a love for nature native land and all living things on earth.

to develop a cognitive interest in new information, to encourage the study of new things, to pay attention to an acute environmental problem - the destruction of forests.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Teaching methods : ICT, verbal, visual, practical

Main Method : problematic

Form of organization cognitive activity students : frontal, individual, group.

Equipment:multimedia projector, interactive smart board Board computer, document camera,slides on the topic: "What is made of", audio recording with the voices of birds; textbook N.F. Vinogradova "The World Around": Grade 2, Part 2 , notebooks on a printed basis, herbarium of trees of the Volgograd region, individual cards with tasksa set of pictures in envelopes for group work,various objects made of wood, pieces of wood.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

Check it out guys

Is everything in place?

Is it all right

Book, pen and notebook?

Have you checked? Sit down!

Work diligently!

T.M. Guys! Today we have an unusual lesson. You are probably surprised that according to the schedule we have the world around us, and we also prepared for the technology lesson, invited a biology teacher. I present the teachers who will conduct this lesson for you.

E.V. I am a biology teacher. Guys! Unusual discoveries await you in this lesson.

V.B. I am a technology teacher. Amazing surprises.

T.M. Guys, In the lesson you will complete tasks, give complete answers.

E.V . Listen carefully to the teachers and the answers of the comrades.

V.B . Help each other with practical tasks.

II. Updating of basic knowledge.

- Guys, let's remember what we talked about in the last lesson?

About the forest, about the trees of the forest.

Slide number 2 on the topic: "Forest"

The house is open on all sides
It is covered with a carved roof.
Come into the green house -
You will see miracles in it.

T.M. Guys, tell me, do you know everything about trees?

Student: No!

T.M Do you think we need to increase our knowledge about the trees of the forest?

Learner: Yes!

T.M How do we start our lesson?

Learner: From planning.

T.M. What do we always do at the beginning of the lesson?

Learner: Recall the past.

T.M. At any lesson, we learn something, we learn something, so we will continue ...

Uch-Xia : learn new things

Knowledge will not be strong if it is not ....

Student: s fasten

T.M. And also, any work is necessary ...

Learner: check and evaluate.

(A picture plan appears on the board.)

T.M. Well, now let's get to work. I hope we can do it.

Look who came to visit us again.

Slide number 3.

Learner: Le-so-wee-chok! I invite you to play the forest game "Yes", "No".

T.M. Shall we play? Get your cards ready.

Individual work on the cards "YES", "NO".

a) This tree is not afraid of frost, heat, drought. He needs a lot of light and sun.

A decoction of this tree is used to treat teeth and gums. It -pine ? +

b) If you pour boiling water over the dried flowers of this tree, you get a very tasty, fragrant, healing tea for colds. Useful and fragrant, light honey of this plant.

Is it birch? (Not, Linden).

c) A powerful trunk, thick branches, on which hard leaves are located. The tree is long-lived. For many peoples, this tree was considered the most beautiful.

(Is it poplar?) -, oak.

G) deciduous tree which can reach 30 meters in height. The leaves sit on a long petiole, have a rounded shape and consist of five plates. The fruits of this tree are very interesting - they look like small helicopters. (Is that maple?) +

e) Conifer tree which can be up to 600 years old. The leaves are modified into needle-needles 3 cm long, they can stay on the tree from 6 to 8 years. Sometimes this forest beauty decorates people's houses on New Year's holidays.

Is it a pine tree? -, spruce.

T.M. FROM They played as a lumberjack. What do we advise him?

Learner: Be careful and read more.

2. Group work on cards.

T.M. Guys, you know, trees don't like being alone. They rarely grow apart. Most often they are collected by companies. To complete the next task, you also need to unite in groups. (They sit in groups.)

Team leaders will receivetasks. (The tasks are multi-level).

(I hold the envelopes like a fan).

T.M. Assign responsibilities to the group.

Read the assignment and get to work. In the corner of the sheet, put a retrospective assessment of the work. (L )

(Children work. After completion, they circle the assessment with a colored pencil).

E. V . Document Camera Check.

Checking group work.

Our group has prepared an interesting message about…

All the guys in our group helped to find the right answers to the questions.

We were able to compose answers to questions without errors.

I am very pleased with the work of the group.

( Groups talk about the work done using the screen).

Working on new material

E.V . Do you want to know what interesting trees exist?

Learner: Yes!

Slide number (Teacher's story).

They live in hot countries. And you will learn more about them when you start studying biology.

E.V. Guys, in our Volgograd region there are also interesting trees - centenarians. This is the famous poplar and oak.

Slide#

E.V. Our exhibition presents books from which you can learn a lot of new and interesting things about the plants of the Volgograd region.

(Exhibition: Explanatory dictionaries, reference books, etc.)

In memory of our lesson, 11th grade students give you booklets about the plants of the Volgograd region.

(Students of grade 11 hand out booklets).

III. Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson.

T.M. Guys, take a look around. Look and name the objects, the ancestor of which is a tree.

What topic do you think we will be working on today?

Learner: Learn what can be made from wood.

T.M. Where can we test our assumption?

Learner: In the textbook.

T.M . Open the textbook, p.48.

Read the topic of our lesson.

Did our guess match?

V.B .Guys! What is wood?

Children's answers.

Slide number

V.B. Wood is the dense part of a tree that is under the bark. (Dictionary).

Fizminutka.

The wind blows in our face

The tree swayed.

Quieter wind, quieter =

The tree is getting taller.

IV. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. Work with the textbook. Reading text.

V.B Look at the diagram in the textbook. Read about how a person uses wood,remember what you learned new and tell me everything in one phrase,

(Answers of children).

V.B. And it is right.

Slide number

V.B. Man has long since begun to use wood for his needs. For many years in Russia, the tree served the people. Carpenters built huts, carpenters made cabinets, benches, cradles for children, bowls, spoons. Craftsmen carved toys from wood, wove bast shoes.

And now the trees play a huge role in people's lives. There are many around us different items made of wood (different objects made of wood are laid out on the table).

2.Practical work.

V.B. And now we will try to make something out of wood.

V.B. You have envelopes on your tables (wood plate, sandpaper, tree leaf pattern).

The teacher talks about the artistic processing of the product.

And now let's try to put into practice the work with wood.

(The teacher initially demonstrates the task to the students and, using an example, shows what their activities will be throughout practical work).

3. Work on the interactive whiteboard.

T.M. Let's compose "Sinkwine" on the topic of the lesson.

What was the main word in the lesson?

Wood

Which? Hard, strong, viscous, soft.

What are they doing? They saw, they cut, they erase, they plan.

Wood products: book, pipe, notebooks, cabinets, desks, pen, rolling pins, scissors, skis.

V. Homework.

T.M . At home, you will complete the task of your choice:

1. Compose a tree passport. Textbook, p.50

2. Reading the text: pp. 48 - 49.

VI. Summary of the lesson.

1. Final conversation. Reflection.

T.M. We thank all those who worked well today at the lesson, were active.

If there were any difficulties, do not worry about unresolved issues, because you are learning and everything will work out for you.

Raise your hands, who thinks they deserved an "A" in class? "4", "3"? (Self-assessment of students.). I'm glad your mark matches mine. Well done!

Being in the forest, we must always remember that our right is to use its gifts,

and our duty is to protect it.

V.B. “In order to protect the earth, nature, one must love it; in order to love it, one must know it.”

Wood is a material produced from shrubs and trees. It is used for the production of a variety of items and construction. It is easy to process, durable and heavy. The main advantage of wood, in comparison with other materials, is its ability to be renewed as a resource - with the right attitude towards the environment, people will always be able to use the constantly obtained wood.

The trunk of a growing tree becomes thicker every year and the wood is added to it, forming growth rings. The number of such rings on the cut of a tree trunk indicates its age. These rings add aesthetic appeal to wood with their unique grain pattern. But there are also negative consequences for the growth of wood. One of them is the property of splitting wood along the fibers.

Wood preparation

Modern lumberjacks cut wood with powerful saws, branches from trunks are cut off by special machines in a matter of seconds. The volume of the log is determined by the cubature. At the sawmills, logs are cut into boards. Timber before use needs special drying in the open air in stacks or in automatic dryers, where warm, dry air is supplied, the temperature and humidity of which are controlled. In dryers, wood becomes usable faster. If the wood is damp, products from it will subsequently crack or curl.

But not all logs are sawn into boards. Some trunks rotate very sharp blades in special machines, which cut the logs into thin plates called plywood. Plywood is most often made into plywood, which is stronger and easier to use than solid wood and less expensive. Chipboards (chipboards) are produced from the waste of sawing the forest. They are often ennobled with veneer, plywood or plastic and made into inexpensive mass-produced furniture or used as finishing material. Softwood is also used to make paper by grinding it into paper pulp. Even trees with a thin trunk are suitable for this, which allows in some countries to engage in special forest cultivation for the needs of paper production. Such plantings are cut down even before they reach the size of a timber forest.

Some wood products are obtained by splitting it using chemical processes. This fuel is charcoal, an ingredient in some types of plastics and formulations for road construction- lignin used for the production of photographic film, paper and viscose - paper pulp.

Types of wood

In cases where wood is used in construction or handicraft production, it is called forest. Timber is usually divided into soft and hard.

Soft timber - wood of coniferous trees (spruce, pine, cedar). They grow quickly and are specially grown artificially. Softwood easy to cut, drill and bend. It is necessary in construction, production of shipping boxes, paper and pressed wood.

Hardwood is produced from the trunks of slow growing trees with broad leaves(oak, ash, birch and their tropical counterparts - mahogany and teak). Such wood is much more difficult to cut and mold, but almost does not rot and is very durable. The structural pattern of such wood is often very beautiful. That's why solid wood used to produce expensive fine furniture, musical instruments or special items such as boats or croquet clubs. Thin plywood of such wood is covered with slabs made from shavings of softwood trees. Tropical hardwood trees are becoming more and more rare every year due to constant merciless felling.

Joinery

Joiners are those people who make a wide variety of objects from wood. They can make furniture or participate in the construction of houses. Most wood parts are now made in factories using special machines (frames for windows, doors). But even today there is always work for the skillful hands of carpenters.

Skilled carpenters who make furniture as a work of art are called cabinetmakers. They are well aware of the technology of assembling wooden products from individual fragments. The strength and beauty of the joints, which is achieved by the virtuoso precision of fitting parts to each other. The correct gluing and screwing of the parts together provides additional strength and durability of the connections.

Various Methods wood applications

High quality wood (hard and soft) is used for the production of boards and other types of lumber.

Wood of lower quality is used to make plywood. Three or more sheets of plywood are glued to each other across the fibers and get plywood.

Waste sawing and wood processing is crushed and mixed with sawdust and special resins and pressed to obtain chipboard. From even smaller wastes, fiberboard (fibreboard) is made.

Softwood is also crushed to make paper.

In ancient Russia, master carpenters were famous for building wooden churches - masterpieces of wooden architecture without a single hammered nail and gluing. But some of them still stand to this day, striking with their beauty and grandeur!