Spring preparation of cuttings for fruit grafting. Hardwoods Dark heartwood on a saw cut apple tree
What is a cutting? This is a segment or a whole one-year-old shoot that has grown during the growing season, lignified and entered the winter. They are cut from a healthy tree or bush, not damaged by pests, to be used for grafting and rooting.
time and place
A general recommendation for gardeners is to harvest cuttings in the fall and store them in a prikope. However, this is not convenient for everyone. If the winter is not fierce, then it is possible and necessary to prepare cuttings in the spring, before the buds begin to swell. IN middle lane Russia is the middle of March. It is very convenient to combine shaping and support pruning fruit crops and harvesting cuttings.
Look at the chosen plant. It should be fruitful, suit you in all respects: productivity, winter hardiness, taste of fruits and no signs of disease. Highlight mature shoots located on the outer part of the crown, which is well lit by the sun. good escape has short internodes (distance between buds), highly developed buds.
You can not take cuttings from overgrown branches and "tops".
In apple and pear, the fatty shoot usually has a greenish color of the bark and long distances between the buds. The buds are much smaller, less pubescent and tightly pressed against the stem.
Size and appearance matter
A good stalk is even, pencil-thick (at least 5-6 mm in diameter), 30-50 cm long with an apical growth bud. Shoots are cut into cuttings below the growth neck with a piece of two-year-old wood 1-2 cm. In this case, the cuttings will be better stored and take root well when grafted.
However, old trees annual growth small - 10-15 cm. If this variety is very important to you, then cut more cuttings from it so that there is plenty to choose from when grafting.
The cutting should not have wounds or cracks in the bark. If a brown core is visible on the cut, the cutting is not good, because the shoot is frozen.
The cut cuttings are tied into bundles according to varieties, labeled, wrapped in a slightly damp cloth, placed in a plastic bag and stored in the refrigerator until the time of grafting or rooting. Please note that in the spring it is really possible to keep the cuttings in the refrigerator for no more than a week, then the buds will begin to germinate. Therefore, it is more convenient to store it in a box for a long time, covered with snow, on the north side of the house, so that the snow does not melt as long as possible. To be sure, you can pour a layer of sawdust over the snow. It is important that the cuttings are well preserved until optimal time start grafting in your garden.
It is very important that the plastic bags and labels are disinfected and the cloth boiled to maintain moisture.
Who will we cut
In the spring, cuttings of apple and pear trees are mainly harvested. Their annual shoots rarely freeze even in harsh winters. In stone fruit crops, annual wood is more tender, therefore it often freezes. But relatively warm winters it makes sense to cut cuttings from cherry plums and plums, cherries and sweet cherries. If the core is green and the bark is not wrinkled, then good luck awaits you.
In plums and other stone fruits, the stalk is cut not only with the base, but even with a thickening of the lower part of the stem.
cuttings fruit trees We will use for spring vaccinations.
Actual cutting cuttings with black, red, pink, white and golden currants. Honeysuckle, sea buckthorn, and some varieties of gooseberries reproduce well with lignified cuttings. And cuttings from shrubs will go for rooting and propagation at home or in a seed bed.
We propagate shrubs
All of the above fruit bushes can be propagated by rooting cuttings.
Cut annual shoots in early spring before the buds start to swell. They should have healthy wood, 8-12 mm thick. The younger the bush, the easier it is rooting.
It is impossible to cut cuttings from bushes affected by pests: twisted, with swellings on the stem, with a black or brown core.
Harvested shoots are cut into cuttings 18-20 cm long. The red currant. White, pink and golden, the length of the handle should be 25-30. The upper part of the shoots and the thickest parts are thrown away.
Cuttings are dug into the sand in the basement or stored under snow until planting.
Before planting in the ground on a seed bed or in cups at home, the cuttings are prepared: an oblique cut is made above the upper bud so that the upper part of the cut is flush with the bud. The lower cut is straight, 15-20 cm from the upper, regardless of how it is located relative to the nearest kidney. The lower cut is treated with a root formation stimulator - Kornevin powder or a solution of heteroauxin. The upper cut is thinly smeared with garden pitch or wax.
When planting in the soil, a trench is made and the cuttings are placed obliquely at a distance of 10-20 cm from each other, covered with loose moist soil and covered with a film. Further, the technology is the same as when propagating with green cuttings: weeding, maintaining humidity, and preventing fungal diseases.
When breeding at home, take cups, the depth of which allows you to plant a cutting so that 1-2 buds remain above the soil surface. Loose sterile soil is poured into the cups, moistened with a pencil or something that is slightly larger in diameter than the handle, a vertical channel is made to the planting depth, a little calcined sand is poured, the handle is placed and covered with sand. Watered, covered with a jar or trimmed plastic bottle. Put in a cool place without direct access sun rays. Normal care: maintaining soil moisture, ventilation, spraying, and when rooting (after about a month and a half), accustoming to open air and transplanting into open ground to the breeding ground.
By the way.Blackcurrant cuttings have the highest percentage of rooting, slightly lower in golden currant and honeysuckle, followed by sea buckthorn. The percentage of rooting cuttings of red, white and pink currants, gooseberries is at the level of 50%.
At this time, the trees are still at rest, the buds are sleeping, and there are enough plastic substances in the wood in order to remain in a viable state until the moment of grafting. The grafting operation is carried out at a time when the sap flow in the tree has already begun, on the grafted trees at this time the buds are already beginning to bloom. The rootstock stalk attached to them immediately receives nutrients, and the process of growth proceeds quite quickly. However, if the cutting is taken from a tree on which the buds have already blossomed, then the probability of its drying out increases significantly, even if it was immediately grafted to a new place.
Choice of cuttings for grafting
Strong annual branches with mature wood are used as grafting material. For cuttings, choose branches located on the well-lit side of the tree. Do not harvest fatty shoots ("tops"), they will take root well, but the time before the fruiting of such a scion will increase greatly. In apple and pear, the fatty shoot usually has a greenish color of the bark and long distances between the buds.
The buds themselves are much smaller, less pubescent and more densely pressed against the stem than the branches of the usual annual growth, suitable as grafting material.
However, more often there is a desire to preserve a variety from an old tree that is living out its age. In such trees, the annual growth is small, the length of annual sprouts does not exceed 10-15 cm. In this case, they will do, just prepare more of them so that there is plenty to choose from when the time comes for vaccination. Since there are enough branches suitable for harvesting during pruning, then take at least 10-15 cuttings of each variety. This amount will allow you not to be afraid that you will not have enough cuttings for your vaccination or storage losses. In addition, the more heterogeneous the thickness of the cuttings, the easier it will be for you to adjust them to the thickness of the rootstock.
During harvesting, pay attention to how the cutting itself and the cut wood look like. The cutting should have an intact bark: no cracks or wounds. In addition, the cut should not have a brown core. Both of these signs (damage to the bark and brown core) signal frost damage to the cutting. Such cuttings for grafting are not suitable.
Rules for storing cuttings for vaccination
Then the bundles are folded into dark plastic bags and cleaned in the basement. Before laying in a plastic bag, the bundles can be wrapped with a damp cloth.
The temperature in the basement should be close to zero. However, not everyone has such a room, and not every gardener needs so many cuttings. In this situation, a small number of cuttings can be stored in the refrigerator in the fruit compartment. And if there are a lot of cuttings, you will have to bury them in the snow (in a snow pile).
To do this, make a snowdrift about a meter high on the north side of the house or barn. Dig a recess in it almost to the ground, put bunches of cuttings there, cover with snow. To prevent the snow from melting, lay a layer of straw or sawdust on top of the entire surface of the snowdrift as long as possible. Thus, it is possible to save the cuttings until the onset of stable positive temperatures, when it will already be possible to start grafting.
I will talk about how to make the vaccination successful and the survival rate is the maximum percentage in the following articles.
botanical name: Antiaris toxicaria, Antiaris africana
Trade names: Chen chen, anchar
Spreading: West Africa
(Grows in West Africa from Senegal to the central part of the Republic of the Congo, also on the Ivory Coast, in Tana and Cameroon. In forests located at high longitude, trees grow singly with a wide spread, in the savannah they are found in groups. Trees grow up to 40 m, often the length of the branches of the anchar reaches 20 m. The trees have flat roots).
Heartwood does not differ in color from the rest - varies from dirty white color to yellow-brown. Typically produced in quarters and regular tangential sawing gives alternating light and dark stripes on the veneer. Wood, and accordingly veneer, is fragile. Wood is easily machined with any tool. Easily polished.
Cerejeira (crotch)
botanical name: Torresea acreana, Torresea cearnsis
Trade names: Cerejeira ramification
Spreading: South America(Grows in South America in Argentina and Brazil, in particular in the Amazon basin. Such trunks are unknown in Europe, but are imported in small quantities).
Very difficult to cut. It is almost impossible to avoid some surface roughness. Due to the intersecting fiber structure, machining requires a slow tool feed rate. Planed surfaces are slightly rough and require additional sanding. Easily exposed to standard types finishing. For external use, varnishes are used for open pores, for interior work varnishes and matte finishes.
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus
botanical name
Trade names: Eucalyptus
Spreading: Australia, New Zealand (Currently, this species is also cultivated in plantations located in Spain, East Africa and South America. In Australia, eucalyptus trees can reach a height of 110 m and are considered the most tall trees on the ground. Extremely fast growing species trees in artificial cultivation).
The color of wood varies from light gray to yellow and light brown. Various color variations are possible in one log. Machining can sometimes be problematic. Tools can become dull during machining. When planing, the wood fibers can bulge. Screw and nail connections require pre-drilling. Lacquering presents no difficulty.
Eucalyptus (cap) Eucalyptus (burl)
botanical name: Eucalyptus ssp.
Trade names: Eucalyptus Burl
Spreading: Australia, New Zealand and now Spain (Since eucalyptus is now artificially grown on plantations in northwestern Spain and Portugal, veneers are produced in these countries themselves. Burrow formations in eucalyptus trees rarely occur also in Australia and New Zealand ).
There are textural variations in eucalyptus burl, ranging from a pommel variety to a well-defined burl. Unlike the burls of other types of wood, eucalyptus burls do not occur as individual growths, but are a pure characteristic of the tree's growth pattern, in which the burl texture appears due to the wavy structure of the fiber. Due to the very high density of the wood and its wavy structure, mechanical processing of eucalyptus burl is not easy. The edge cracks easily and burrs form when planed. Applying clear varnishes or polishing the surface will well emphasize the texture of eucalyptus burl. These types of finishing are carried out in the usual way.
Eucalyptus (figured)
botanical name: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus ssp.
Trade names: Eucalyptus curly
Spreading: Australia, New Zealand (Today most curly eucalyptus comes from northern Spain. It also grows in Australia and South America, however, for unknown reasons, in these countries the curly variety is very different from the Spanish curly eucalyptus).
The texture of figured eucalyptus wood can vary from light, not very intense, with regular patterns in the form of steps or bricks located at an angle of 90 degrees to each other, to hard and very clear. In the case of a rigid fiber texture, there is a risk of surface cracks, which can create certain difficulties during final processing. Wood color shades also vary greatly from light gray or light yellow to medium brown. Machining curly eucalyptus is always difficult. Tools become dull during processing. When planing, the wood fibers can bulge.
Etimoe (special) Etimoe (special)
botanical name: Copaifera salicounda
Trade names: Etimoe, tiger tree, tigerwood
Spreading: West Africa (Distributed from Guinea to the Ivory Coast, from Ghana to Nigeria. Grows singly and in low-latitude tropical rainforests. Tiger tree can also be found in groups on the Ivory Coast).
This refers to the numerous varieties of African woods that are used as bulk lumber, due to the uniformity of the pattern and the absence of a special texture, and are considered low-grade wood. However, there may be special configurations that give a very attractive texture pattern. Machining is not particularly difficult, despite the resin content of the wood, but carbide-tipped cutting tools must be used. Wood lends itself well to finishing, including polishing, but requires pre-cleaning resin material.
Etimoe (figured)
botanical name: Copaifera salikounda
Trade names: Figured etymoe
Spreading: Africa (Grows in humid low-latitude tropical forests of West Africa from Guinea through Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana to Nigeria).
The color of the wood is dark brown with darker areas. Etymoye wood has a frequently intertwined grain structure with a wavy veneer surface. The core is durable and resistant to damage by insects. The resin content of this wood does not greatly complicate its processing. However, carbide tools must be used. The wood surface is well processed, including polishing. However, a pre-treatment must be carried out to remove the resin.
apple tree
botanical name: Malus sylvestris
Trade names: Apple tree
Spreading: An apple tree native to the West Indies (Today, apple trees grow throughout Europe, with the exception of its northern part and Western Asia).
Sapwood and heartwood are difficult to tell apart. The sapwood is reddish brown, and the heartwood varies from reddish to reddish brown. The wood of the apple tree often has core spots, but they have almost no ebb. Annual rings and annual zones are poorly distinguishable. The pores and core rays are indistinguishable to the naked eye. The wood of the apple tree is difficult to process, as the trees are usually twisted and have interlocked helical grain. However, properly machined planed surfaces are very smooth. Any type of finish can be applied to apple wood. A particularly good effect is achieved by polishing the surface.
Ash (white) Ash (white)
botanical name: Fraxinus excelsior
Trade names: European ash, white ash
Spreading: Europe (White ash grows throughout Europe and in some parts South Asia at all latitudes up to approximately 1300 m above sea level. The best growing veneer plantations are in France and some in Germany).
The heartwood is difficult to distinguish from sapwood. However, with age, in trees, the darkening of the core is determined by a different diameter along the length of the log. There may be dark spots, as well as the repeating wood texture. Ash is easily machined with any tool. The chipped edge of fast-growing wood with a rough texture tends to break off. The finished surface is very smooth. Ash is subjected to any surface treatment, in particular staining.
Ash (white, cap) Ash (white, burl)
botanical name: Fraxinus excelsior
Trade names: White ash burl, European ash
Spreading: Europe, but usually limited to Western Europe (White ash grows mainly in Western Europe. Ash burl is stem, in other words, burls form on tree trunks, and not on their roots. Usually, this is a fact of single growth or growth of trees in small groups , on the trunks of which under the influence external influences too many branches develop).
Benign full-sized burl trunks are very rare. Often either small black knots or clusters are found, ie. burl zones are distributed over the surface and are chaotically textured. Wood lends itself easily to any kind machining. Logs with broad-grained wood tend to break the edge when planed. The result is very smooth surfaces. Ash can be subjected to all standard types of finishing, especially color painting. Application is easy.
Ash (Manchurian) Ash (white, burl)
botanical name: Fraxinus mandschurica
Trade names: Tamo, Damo, Manchurian ash, Japanese ash
Spreading: East Asia(South Asia, especially Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and Sakhalin are home to Manchurian ash. However, only maple of Japanese origin, especially from Honshu and Hokkaido, is of value to the European market.)
The wood color of Manchurian ash is slightly lighter than that of European ash, but after machining, Japanese ash becomes more similar to European oak. The colorful tamo or kap tamo wood is excellent for producing highly decorative veneers. Ash wood can be easily processed with any kind of tools. If insufficiently sharp cutting tools are used, the edges may break. All standard types of finishing, such as painting and varnishing of surfaces, do not cause difficulties.
Ash (olive) Ash (olive)
botanical name: Fraxinus ssp.
Trade names: Olive Ash
Spreading: Europe (Grows throughout Europe and parts of southern Asia. Olive Ash is not a botanical variety per se. The name refers only to the color of the wood. If the wood develops a heartwood, it will appear on the veneer as dark brown streaks alternating with yellowish -white stripes of other zones. distinguishing feature makes olive ash veneer very decorative, especially if the stripes are fairly evenly spaced).
Thanks to the alternation of dark and white annual layers, olive ash veneer is extremely decorative. Not to be confused with olive ash without white growth rings. Olive Ash can be easily and well processed with any tool. Logs with broad grain tend to crack the planed edge. When processed, a very smooth surface is obtained. Olive Ash is suitable for any type of finish, including color staining.
Ash (olive, cap) Ash (olive, burl)
botanical name: Fraxinus excelsior
Trade names: Burl of olive ash
Spreading: Europe, but usually limited to Western Europe (Grows mainly in Western Europe. This is an ash burl with a pigmented core. Since the pigmented core develops unevenly, due to the irregular grain of the wood, the veneer pattern often has interesting light and color patterns).
Thanks to the alternation of light and dark tones, olive ash burl veneer is extremely decorative. Can be produced as veneer big size. Due to the nature of the growth of the burl shape, the problem of tearing the fibers may occur during processing. All types of surface treatment are suitable for olive ash. In particular, colored stains and dyes are used. Applying them is not difficult.
Ash (branch) Ash (crotch)
botanical name: Fraxinus excelsior
Trade names: Curl Ash, Branch Ash, European Ash
Spreading: Europe (Grows in some areas of Europe. Branching of ash trunks is very rare).
The often occurring brown heartwood in ash wood usually appears in the ramifications as well. It is more or less clearly developed and often gives a very expressive veneer texture. Wood is easily amenable to any kind of mechanical processing. Wide grain logs tend to split the edge when planed. Can be subjected to all standard types of finishing, especially colored painting. Application is easy.
Ash (Japanese, sen)
botanical name: Acanthopanax ricinifolius
Trade names: Sen, Japanese ash
Spreading: Japan, China (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Zaire, Angola).
The wood has a uniform whitish to yellowish brown color. Freshly cut wood has a sharp, bad smell. Due to the ribbed surface, hay veneer tends to bend and requires a press. Moreover, there are often dark spots scattered over the surface. This moderately hard wood can be easily processed by any means and tools. Due to the even texture of the wood, very smooth surfaces are obtained. With silky sheen smooth surface, the best choice when finishing Japanese ash is a matte finish.
To determine the hardness of materials (including wood) use various methods. To determine the hardness, tests are most often carried out according to the Brinell and Rockwell methods.
According to the Brinell method, a steel ball is pressed into the material under load, then the depth of indentation is measured. After that, the formulas calculate the hardness in units denoted by HB.
When studying Rockwell hardness, a steel ball or (for the hardest materials) a diamond cone is also pressed into the material. Hardness, depending on the measurement scale used, is referred to as HRA, HRB and HRC.
According to the results of measurements, a list of types of wood by hardness was compiled. The following is a list of wood species, from hardest to softest (according to Brinell).
Jatoba
This tropical tree has a very strong wood, its hardness is 7HB. The homeland of the jatoba is the humid tropics of South and Central America. The wood is quite light, grayish in sapwood. The core is red, red-brown or dark Orange color, it has yellow, orange and red banding. The sawn wood darkens within 6-7 days and becomes brick red. Jatoba is called the "Brazilian" or "South American Cherry".
The height of a mature tree reaches 40 meters. Wood is used to make furniture, flooring and parquet boards. Elements of decorative interior decoration are made from jatoba.
Sucupira
The hardness of wood is 5.6HB. Sucupira grows only in the Amazon rainforest. The height of a mature tree reaches 30 meters. The core of the trunk consists of red-brown "dull" wood. Outer part, sapwood, lighter, whitish. In the cut, yellow stripes of parenchymal matter are clearly visible. The texture of sucupira is unique and different from the structures of other types of wood. It is beautiful, and the oily substances contained in the wood make it resistant to destruction by carpenter beetles and fungi. Sucupira is used to make floor boards, parquet boards and furniture. The wood is difficult to cut, but it accepts sanding and polishing well.
Mutania
The hardness of mutenia wood is 5HB.
This tree grows in the humid tropics of West Africa. It grows 60 m in height. The wood of the mutenia is brown, like that of a walnut, olive with a brownish tinge. Special beauty of the material is given by "rays" purple. Mutania wood is similar in structure to teak wood.
Muttenia is used to make floor board, furniture and elements interior decoration buildings.
Merbau
The hardness of merbau wood is 4.9HB. The homeland of the merbau is the humid tropics of Papua and New Guinea and the forests of southeast Asia. An adult merbau tree grows up to 30 meters. The wood is dense (weight cubic meter reaches 800 kg), the core is painted in light orange or yellow. Merbau sapwood is light yellow. The tree darkens over time, becoming bronze or brown, with a silvery sheen. The fibers are straight or sinuous, they create a beautiful texture. Merbau is resistant to moisture and is suitable for decorating bathrooms. Merbau wood is used to make parquet boards, furniture, strong, durable buildings are built from it.
Canadian maple
There are 200 maples native to Eurasia and North America. Canadian maple wood has a hardness of 4.8HB.
Maple grows up to 20 meters in height. Its wood is white, uniform in structure, with clearly visible growth rings. On the cut, heart-shaped rays of a light gray color are clearly visible. Maple does not swell with water and bends well when steamed.
Most of the maple wood is used to make furniture, parquet boards, gun butts, plywood, musical instruments, caskets, carved handicrafts, antique wooden utensils. Maple cuts well and polishes easily.
Yarra australian eucalyptus
The hardness of the Australian jarrah according to Brinell is 4.7-5 HB. The tree grows up to 35-40 m, up to a height of about 20 m it has no knots at all, which positively affects the quality of the wood. The color of wood in young trees is varied - from pinkish to saturated. purple hues. Mature trees have dark red wood. The saw cut in the air darkens, becoming purple-red. Products from this tree are very beautiful, but finished material prone to cracking and changing shape when dried. Therefore, the processing of lumber is carried out after drying. Yarra is well cut and polished. Veneer, parquet, furniture, musical instruments, sports equipment are made from wood. In Australia, bridges, buildings, piers, telegraph poles are built from it.
Yarra Amazonian
The hardness of the Amazonian yarra is about 6HB, its homeland is South America. The Amazonian Yarra has a dark reddish or plum colored heart. The sapwood of the tree is lighter yellowish or brownish. Amazonian jarrah wood darkens from exposure to air and moisture, its texture consists of small fibers, a sharp border between sapwood and heartwood is not observed. The Amazonian Yarra is hard to work, but polishes and bends well. This wood is used as a material for the construction of buildings and boats, furniture and a wide variety of things are made from it.
Pink tree
Hardness rosewood– 4.4HB, it grows only in the forests of Guatemala and Brazil and gives one of the most expensive species wood. The height of an adult tree is 25-28 meters. Wood has an odor fresh roses and bright coloration (pink and dark red, banded heartwood and yellow sapwood). Made from shavings of rosewood aromatic oil, which is used in perfume industry and cosmetology.
Rosewood is perfectly dried, sawn, cut and perfectly polished. It is used to make decorative boxes and boxes for cigars (humidors), musical instruments, souvenirs and wooden elements gift weapon, decorative elements interior.
Ash
The hardness of ash wood is 4HB. This is a very common tree species, it grows throughout Europe and Asia (European ash) and on the American continent (American ash). A mature tree grows to 35 meters or more in height. The wood of young trees is uniform, light, slightly grayish. In mature trees, the color of the core is brown, brown, gray. Some types of ash have a heartwood and sapwood of reddish and yellowish hues.
The grain of the wood is straight, and the structure of the tree is large-complex and resembles the structure of oak. The growth rings are clearly visible and create a banded pattern. Wood rays are also developed, especially in the lower part of the trunk.
The scope of this type of wood is great, it is used to make boards of various sizes, plywood, furniture, including bent, veneer. In the Middle Ages and in antiquity, weapons, hunting equipment, siege weapons and catapults were made from ash.
The hardness of oak is 3.8HB. There are 600 known species of this tree. Oak wood is resistant to atmospheric air and does not rot when exposed to water.
The color of the wood is white, yellowish, brownish in various shades, with well-defined annual rings. The sapwood of some species of oak is much whiter than the core.
Oak, which has lain at the bottom of a reservoir for several centuries, does not rot or decompose, but becomes a strong, very hard material of a dark brown or almost black color.
The wood structure has high decorative properties well cut and polished. Oak is a valuable type of wood, a wide variety of things are made from it: furniture, parquet boards, wooden parts of wagons and other vehicles, barrels.
Bog oak is a valuable material for artistic carving, the manufacture of carved panels, stairs, railings, furniture, doors and architraves, interior elements, and wooden sculpture. This material is still used in shipbuilding (stairs, railings, floors, trim).
The hardness of beech is 3.8 HB, this species is common in the central and western parts of Europe, the height of a mature tree reaches 35 meters. Beech fiber is even and straight, without streaks and defects. Beech wood has a yellowish or pinkish color, it is a homogeneous, dense material in structure. Mature trees over 80-85 years old have a red core. This unevenness disappears after steaming the wood, this procedure gives the beech a uniform brown, slightly reddish color.
Steamed beech bends well, it is used to make furniture in the style of Viennese chairs, bent parts armchairs and other furniture.
Beech has proven itself as a building material, it is a raw material for the production of cellulose. Boards, veneer, plywood, furniture, shavings, and viscose are also made from it. In total, there are about 2oo types of applications of this tree.
Rowan
The hardness of the mountain ash is 3HB. This tree is widespread, there are 48 types of mountain ash.
Rowan wood has a limited use, it shrinks significantly when dried, and is highly fire resistant.
Sapwood of mountain ash, depending on the species, is white with a red tint or light yellowish. The core of the mountain ash is dark, brown or reddish brown.
This tree is not cut down in industrial scale. It is harvested to a limited extent for the manufacture of furniture, souvenirs, wooden tool handles.
Apple tree
The wood of the apple tree is soft or medium hard. The apple tree has a brownish-red heartwood and a white, reddish sapwood. Annual rings are usually well-defined, wood fibers are straight and wavy. The disadvantage of apple tree wood is that a wood borer can settle in it and render furniture and other products unusable. The dense structure of the apple tree allows you to make very thin and elegant carvings.
Pear
Pear wood is dense and viscous, hard and heavy in weight. When drying, the material loses a lot of weight due to shrinkage. The color of the wood is even, brown, with a pink tinge. The pattern of annual layers on the cut is almost invisible. After drying, pear wood is suitable for making furniture, small items, caskets and souvenirs. When dried, the material does not lose its shape, which makes it possible to make musical instruments from it. A few decades ago, drawing boards, drawing utensils and instrument parts were made from pear.
Nut
European walnut ( Walnut) grows in southern Europe and Asia Minor. The hardness of wood is 5HB. Walnut gives an expensive wood, very appreciated by lovers of natural materials. Walnut wood has an even, parallel fiber structure; in some areas of the fiber, wavy curvature is created. Trees living in the northern parts of the range have lighter wood, the southern varieties of wood are darker and more expensive.
The wood in the core is dark brown or gray. The sapwood is light gray, brownish, of various shades. Walnut wood is a high-quality raw material for the production of furniture, parquet and veneers, sculptures, and souvenirs. Finished walnut products can be spoiled by woodworm beetle.
American walnut has the same properties as walnut, but the hardness of its wood is less and equal to 4HB.
Cherry (cherry)
The hardness of cherry (cherry) wood is 3.5 HB. In woodworking, both European and American cherries are used. The tree grows up to a height of 25 meters. Cherry wood is used to produce veneer and furniture in limited quantities, tool handles, souvenirs, and toys. Cherry products should be used indoors, as atmospheric precipitation contributes to rotting and destruction of the tree. Carpenter beetles can also ruin wood.
The core material of the cherry is dark, brown, sometimes with red hues. The sapwood is light yellowish. Annual rings are clearly visible on the cut. The structure of the wood is thin and finely striped. American cherry has a darker sapwood than European cherry.
Birch
The hardness of European birch wood is 3HB, Karelian (Scandinavian) wood is 3.5HB. Birch wood is strong, uniform, white or yellowish in color. European birch has whiter wood than Karelian birch.
American birch is distinguished by the distribution of pilus, in contrast to the wood of European species.
Birch is resilient and lends itself well to any turning and carving tools. The structure of the wood is very delicate and beautiful, the pattern of the Karelian birch after staining is especially contrasting and original.
Birch wood is widely used in most various industries. She's good for making light furniture and musical instruments, handles, souvenirs and toys. Birch is used to make spindles, spools and bobbins for winding threads in the textile industry.
The hardness of elm wood is 3HB. There are 35 species of this tree. In height, the elm grows up to 40 meters. The sapwood of the elm is light brown, the heartwood is much darker. It is well developed in mature trees. Annual rings are visible on the cut and the heartwood is well separated from the sapwood.
Elm well accepts polishing and processing by any tool. This is a durable, well-bent wood, it produces high-quality arches and rims, furniture, plywood, interior items. Vehicle. Elm - favorite tree urban gardeners.
Chestnut (horse)
Chestnut wood is light, almost white, with a slightly wavy texture. It is soft, homogeneous and viscous. Chestnut is resistant to fungi and woodworm beetles. From this material, a beautiful parquet board and furniture are obtained. Chestnut wood well accepts polishing and any processing.
Solid conifers- larch and juniper
Larch
The hardness of larch wood is 2.6HB. The trunk of the tree has a dark reddish core. The sapwood of larch is lighter, yellowish-red. The sapwood is separated from the core by a clear boundary, annual rings are clearly visible on the cut of the tree.
Larch perfectly resists decay processes. Houses built from this tree stand for hundreds of years, lumber shrinks slightly.
Larch wood is viscous, and its processing is a laborious and slow process. The impact of water significantly increases the hardness of hardwood and its resistance to destruction processes (soaked wood is “hard as a stone”). Dams, poles and bridges made of this material last for decades. Houses are built from larch, boards, furniture, sculptures for the open air are made.
Juniper- hard rock coniferous tree, including 70 species. Juniper is characterized by a peculiar coniferous smell of wood, which persists in finished product for years. The core of the tree has a dark brown, brown color. The sapwood of the wood is light, greenish-yellow or light yellow. This is a dense, strong rock that accepts any processing and polishing well, does not give chips when cutting (manually and on a lathe) and sawing. Juniper wood is used to a limited extent, for the manufacture of small items, toys and souvenirs.
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1. March, or rather its second half, is the right time to start pruning fruit trees. The sun is already quite high, the day has increased significantly, and severe frosts can no longer be expected. right time to go out into the garden with a pruner and a garden saw to tidy up the trees, which were fairly overgrown during the previous summer. Simultaneously with pruning, you can begin to harvest cuttings for spring grafting into the crown or onto the stock you have grown. During pruning, there is enough material to select suitable cuttings.
2. At this time, the trees are still at rest, the buds- they sleep, and there are enough plastic substances in the wood in order to remain in a viable state until the moment of grafting. The grafting operation is carried out at a time when the sap flow in the tree has already begun, on the grafted trees at this time the buds are already beginning to bloom. The rootstock stalk attached to them immediately receives nutrients, and the process of growth proceeds quite quickly. However, if the cutting is taken from a tree on which the buds have already blossomed, then the probability of its drying out increases significantly, even if it was immediately grafted to a new place.
Rules for storing cuttings
So, the cuttings are prepared. Now you need to save them until the time of vaccination, that is, until the onset of sap flow (April-May). To do this, the cuttings are tied into bunches according to varieties, attaching labels to them.
Then the bundles are folded into dark plastic bags and cleaned in the basement. Before laying in a plastic bag, the bundles can be wrapped with a damp cloth.
The temperature in the basement should be close to zero. However, not everyone has such a room, and not every gardener needs so many cuttings. In this situation, a small number of cuttings can be stored in the refrigerator in the fruit compartment. And if there are a lot of cuttings, you will have to bury them in the snow (in a snow pile).
To do this, make a snowdrift about a meter high on the north side of the house or barn. Dig a recess in it almost to the ground, put bunches of cuttings there, cover with snow. To prevent the snow from melting, lay a layer of straw or sawdust on top of the entire surface of the snowdrift as long as possible. Thus, it is possible to save the cuttings until the onset of stable positive temperatures, when it will already be possible to start grafting.
