Observatories of Southeast Asia. Presentation on the theme "observatories of the world"

slide 2

Special Astrophysical Observatory

Special Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) - research institute Russian Academy Sciences. The main instruments of the Observatory are the optical telescope BTA (Large Azimuthal Telescope) with a main mirror diameter of 6 meters and the radio telescope RATAN-600 (Radio Telescope of the Academy of Sciences) with a ring multi-element antenna with a diameter of 600 meters. The employees of the Observatory provide astronomical observations on telescopes in accordance with the decision of the program committee and conduct their own research in various areas astrophysics and methods of astronomy.

slide 3

Large South African Telescope SALT

In the 1970s South Africa's main observatories were merged into the South African Astronomical Observatory. The headquarters is located in Cape Town. The main instruments - four telescopes (1.9-m, 1.0-m, 0.75-m and 0.5-m) - are located 370 km from the city inland, on a hill rising on the dry Karoo plateau. In 1948, a 1.9-m telescope was built in South Africa, it was the largest instrument in the southern hemisphere. In the 90s. last century, the scientific community and the government of South Africa decided that South African astronomy could not remain competitive in the 21st century without a modern large telescope. Initially, a 4-m telescope similar to the ESO NTT (New Technology Telescope) was considered. New Technology) or more modern, WIYN, at Kitt Peak Observatory. However, in the end, the concept of a large telescope was chosen - an analogue of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) installed at the McDonald Observatory (USA). The project was called the Large South African Telescope, in the original - the Southern African Large Telescope. Cost project for a telescope of this class is very low - only $ 20 million. Moreover, the cost of the telescope itself is only half of this amount, the rest is the cost of the tower and infrastructure. Another $ 10 million, according to modern assessment, the maintenance of the tool for 10 years will cost. Such a low cost is due to both the simplified design and the fact that it is created as an analogue of the already developed one.

slide 4

SALT (respectively, HET) are radically different from previous projects of large optical (infrared) telescopes. The optical axis of SALT is set at a fixed angle of 35° to the zenith direction, and the telescope is able to rotate in azimuth for a full circle. During the observation session, the instrument remains stationary, and the tracking system, located in its upper part, provides tracking of the object in a 12° section along the altitude circle. Thus, the telescope makes it possible to observe objects in a ring 12° wide in the region of the sky that is 29 - 41° away from the zenith. The angle between the telescope axis and the zenith direction can be changed (no more than once every few years) by studying different regions of the sky. The diameter of the main mirror is 11 m. However, its maximum area used for imaging or spectroscopy corresponds to a 9.2 m mirror. It consists of 91 hexagonal segments, each with a diameter of 1 m. All segments have a spherical surface, which greatly reduces the cost of their production. By the way, the blanks of the segments were made at the Lytkarino Optical Glass Plant, the primary processing was carried out there, the final polishing is carried out (at the time of writing the article has not yet been completed) by Kodak. The Gregory corrector, which removes spherical aberration, is effective in the 4? region. Light can be transmitted via optical fibers to spectrographs of various resolutions in thermostatically controlled rooms. It is also possible to set a light instrument in direct focus. The Hobby-Eberle telescope, and hence the SALT, are essentially designed as spectroscopic instruments for wavelengths in the 0.35-2.0 µm range. SALT is the most competitive with scientific point vision when observing astronomical objects evenly distributed across the sky or located in groups of several arc minutes in size. Since the telescope will operate in a batch mode (queue-scheduled), studies of variability during a day or more are especially effective. The range of tasks for such a telescope is very wide: research chemical composition and evolution of the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, study of high redshift objects, evolution of gas in galaxies, kinematics of gas, stars and planetary nebulae in distant galaxies, search and study of optical objects identified with X-ray sources. The SALT telescope is located on the top, where the telescopes of the South African Observatory are already located, approximately 18 km east of the village of Sutherland (Sutherland) at an altitude of 1758 m. Its coordinates are 20 ° 49 "East longitude and 32 ° 23" South latitude. The construction of the tower and infrastructure has already been completed. The journey by car from Cape Town takes approximately 4 hours. Sutherland is located far from all the main cities, so it has very clear and dark skies. Statistical studies of the results of preliminary observations, which have been carried out for more than 10 years, show that the proportion of photometric nights exceeds 50%, and spectroscopic nights average 75%. Since this large telescope is primarily optimized for spectroscopy, 75% is a perfectly acceptable figure. The average atmospheric image quality measured by the Differential Motion Image Monitor (DIMM) was 0.9". This system is placed slightly above 1 m above the ground. Note that the optical image quality of SALT is 0.6". This is sufficient for work on spectroscopy. Large South African Telescope (Southern African Large Telescope - SALT). The segmented primary mirror, tracking system structures, and instrument compartment are visible. Telescope Tower (SALT) BYuAT. In the foreground, a special adjustment tower is visible to ensure the matching of the main mirror segments.

An observatory is a specialized scientific institution designed to observe terrestrial and astronomical phenomena. More recently, scientists have concluded that many monuments of ancient architecture had the goal of observing heavenly bodies. The first observatories were built at the dawn of the greatest civilizations. Despite the fact that the ancient peoples were separated from each other by thousands of kilometers, all structures have common patterns in the structure. Today history and Scientific research prove that our distant ancestors possessed unique knowledge in the field of astronomy. Observatories discovered around the world show that ancient civilizations made amazingly accurate astronomical observations.

Goseck Circle The Goseck Circle was discovered by accident in 1991 in Germany. It was built about 7 thousand years ago. Exploring the Goseck circle, scientists have come to the conclusion that it is unique in every way. This large-scale construction was aimed at defining the summer and winter solstice. Although the observatory was built by the farmers who inhabited this plain, everything spoke of them as capable individuals, versed in mathematics and astronomy. Some scientists claim that the structure found was not only an observatory. On its territory were magical rituals which modern researchers fail to decipher.

Some time later, near Gosek, archaeologists found a disk that was a reflection of cosmological ideas about the world of that time. Experts have no doubt that the find with images of the cosmos is the result of the work of ancient astronomers who have been observing celestial bodies and other stellar objects for more than one hundred years.

El Caracol Mayan astronomers observed the heavenly bodies from stone observatories, which were in many cities. Among them, El Caracol stands out for its size. This structure was erected around 900 AD. The main purpose of the observatory was to monitor the movement of one of the planets of the solar system, Venus. As it turned out, the Mayan people considered Venus sacred. Scientists managed to find out that the Mayans accurately determined the cycle of the planet - 584 days. Marks discovered by scientists in "El-Karakol" testify to the extensive knowledge of ancient astronomers

Makotrzha Square This building was discovered by archaeologists in Czechoslovakia in 1961. Its age is approximately 5.5 thousand years. Scientists cannot explain how the inhabitants of that time were familiar with the theorem, which hundreds of centuries later was called the Pythagorean Theorem. Astronomers of antiquity used in their calculations a single measure of length, which today is called the megalithic yard. Calendars were also compiled and complex calculations were made of the movements of space objects.

I present to your attention an overview of the best observatories in the world. These can be the largest, most modern and high-tech, located in amazing places observatory, which allowed them to get into the top ten. Many of them, such as Mauna Kea in Hawaii, have already been mentioned in other articles, and many will become an unexpected discovery for the reader. So let's get to the list...

Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii

Located on the Big Island of Hawaii, atop Mauna Kea, MKO is the world's largest collection of optical, infrared, and precision astronomical equipment. The Mauna Kea Observatory building has more telescopes than any other building in the world.

Very Large Telescope (VLT), Chile

The Very Large Telescope is a facility operated by the European Southern Observatory. It is located on the Cerro Paranal in the Atacama Desert, in northern Chile. The VLT actually consists of four separate telescopes, which are usually used separately but can be used together to achieve very high angular resolution.

South Polar Telescope (SPT), Antarctica

A telescope with a diameter of 10 meters is located at the Amundsen-Scott Station, which is on south pole in the Antarctic. SPT began its astronomical observations in early 2007.

Yerk Observatory, USA

Founded back in 1897, the Yerks Observatory has no high technology, like the previous observatories on this list. However, it is rightfully considered “the birthplace of modern astrophysics”. It is located in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, at an altitude of 334 meters.

ORM Observatory, Canaries

The observatory ORM (Roque de los Muchachos) is located at an altitude of 2,396 meters, which makes it one of the the best locations for optical and infrared astronomy in the northern hemisphere. The observatory also has the world's largest aperture optical telescope.

Arecibo in Puerto Rico

Opened in 1963, the Arecibo Observatory is a giant radio telescope in Puerto Rico. Up until 2011, the observatory was operated by Cornell University. The pride of Arecibo is the 305 meter radio telescope, which has one of the largest apertures in the world. The telescope is used for radio astronomy, aeronomy and radar astronomy. The telescope is also known for its participation in the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) project.

Australian Astronomical Observatory

Located at an altitude of 1164 meters, AAO (Australian Astronomical Observatory) has two telescopes: the 3.9-meter Anglo-Australian Telescope and the 1.2-meter British Schmidt Telescope.

University of Tokyo Observatory Atakama

Like the VLT and other telescopes, the University of Tokyo Observatory is also located in Chile's Atacama Desert. The observatory is located at the top of Cerro Chainantor, at an altitude of 5,640 meters, making it the highest astronomical observatory in the world.

ALMA in the Atacama Desert

The ALMA (Atakama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Grid) Observatory is also located in the Atacama Desert, next to the Very Large Telescope and the Tokyo University Observatory. ALMA has a variety of 66, 12 and 7 meter radio telescopes. This is the result of cooperation between Europe, the USA, Canada, East Asia and Chile. More than a billion dollars was spent on the creation of the observatory. Of particular note is the most expensive of the currently existing telescopes, which is in service with ALMA.

Astronomical Observatory of India (IAO)

Located at an altitude of 4,500 meters, the Astronomical Observatory of India is one of the highest in the world. It is operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics in Bangalore.

"Space Life" - THE FIRST WOMAN COSMONAUT Valentina Tereshkova. Our Universe. The first Soviet cosmonauts. Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin. solar system. Belka and Strelka. Baikonur Cosmodrome. Spacewalk. The Moon is the Earth's satellite. Space pioneers LIKA. Spaceship"EAST". PROJECT "Space world or Life in space".

"Space Forces" - Designed to deploy a communications system and provide command and control. Engineering. Military educational institutions (9). Research Institute (1). The first elements of the rear of the troops were permanent military carts, which appeared in the 70s. The ability to simultaneously strike at many strategic targets.

"Space Man" - Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907-1966). Man must at all costs fly to the stars and other planets. Few of the prisoners managed to survive. Then comes weightlessness. But few people were interested in the work of a self-taught scientist. Korolev made more and more aircrafts. The idea of launching rockets into space for research purposes began to be realized.

"Space trip" - Space trip. Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin - the first cosmonaut of the Earth. Space pioneers.

"Space Exploration" - It would be great. Am I happy going into space? The ticket price is $100,000. Flight to the Sun: Mission Possible. The journey to Mars begins. Hotels of the future: lodging in space. In 1 hour 48 minutes, Yuri Gagarin circled Earth and landed safely. Deep space exploration.

"Space riddles" - According to experts, an asteroid with a diameter of three kilometers is approaching the Earth. Dark energy. AT last time For example, dinosaurs became extinct. The horses, feeling the unsteady hand of the driver, carried on. Explore cosmic phenomena and mysteries of nature. God Zeus the Thunderer, in order to save the Earth, threw lightning into the chariot.

You can download a presentation on the topic of the World Observatory absolutely free of charge on our website. Presentation subject: Astronomy. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you to interest your classmates or audience. To view the contents of the presentation, use the player, or if you want to download the presentation, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 4 slides.

Presentation slides

Observatories of the world

Sedykh Pavel Pupil of the 11th grade "B" of School No. 903 in Moscow Teacher Stepanyuk Elena Alexandrovna

Special Astrophysical Observatory

The Special Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is a research institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The main instruments of the Observatory are the optical telescope BTA (Large Azimuthal Telescope) with a main mirror diameter of 6 meters and the radio telescope RATAN-600 (Radio Telescope of the Academy of Sciences) with a ring multi-element antenna with a diameter of 600 meters. The employees of the Observatory provide astronomical observations on telescopes in accordance with the decision of the program committee and conduct their own research in various fields of astrophysics and astronomical methods.

Large South African Telescope SALT

The cost of the project for a telescope of this class is very low - only 20 million US dollars. Moreover, the cost of the telescope itself is only half of this amount, the rest is the cost of the tower and infrastructure. Another 10 million dollars, according to modern estimates, will cost the maintenance of the tool for 10 years. Such a low cost is due to both the simplified design and the fact that it is created as an analogue of the already developed one.

The Hobby-Eberle telescope, and hence the SALT, are essentially designed as spectroscopic instruments for wavelengths in the 0.35-2.0 µm range. SALT is most competitive from a scientific point of view when observing astronomical objects that are evenly distributed across the sky or located in groups of several arc minutes in size. Since the telescope will operate in a batch mode (queue-scheduled), studies of variability during a day or more are especially effective. The range of tasks for such a telescope is very wide: studies of the chemical composition and evolution of the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, the study of objects with a large redshift, the evolution of gas in galaxies, the kinematics of gas, stars and planetary nebulae in distant galaxies, the search for and study of optical objects identified with x-ray sources. The SALT telescope is located on the top, where the telescopes of the South African Observatory are already located, approximately 18 km east of the village of Sutherland (Sutherland) at an altitude of 1758 m. Its coordinates are 20 ° 49 "East longitude and 32 ° 23" South latitude. The construction of the tower and infrastructure has already been completed. The journey by car from Cape Town takes approximately 4 hours. Sutherland is located far from all the main cities, so it has very clear and dark skies. Statistical studies of the results of preliminary observations, which have been carried out for more than 10 years, show that the proportion of photometric nights exceeds 50%, and spectroscopic nights average 75%. Since this large telescope is primarily optimized for spectroscopy, 75% is a perfectly acceptable figure. The average atmospheric image quality measured by the Differential Motion Image Monitor (DIMM) was 0.9". This system is placed slightly above 1 m above the ground. Note that the optical image quality of SALT is 0.6". This is sufficient for work on spectroscopy.

Large South African Telescope (Southern African Large Telescope - SALT). The segmented primary mirror, tracking system structures, and instrument compartment are visible.

Telescope Tower (SALT) BYuAT. In the foreground, a special adjustment tower is visible to ensure the matching of the main mirror segments.