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Tauride Federal University. IN AND. Vernadsky

Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics

Abstract on the topic:

"System Analysis"

Completed by a 3rd year student, 302 groups

Taganov Alexander

scientific adviser

Stonyakin Fedor Sergeevich

Plan

1. Definition of systems analysis

1.1 Model building

1.2 Statement of the research problem

1.3 Solution of the stated mathematical problem

1.4 Characteristics of the tasks of system analysis

3. System analysis procedures

4.1 Shaping the problem

4.2 Setting goals

5. Generation of alternatives

Conclusion

Bibliography

1. System Analysis Definitions

System analysis as a discipline was formed as a result of the need to explore and design complex systems, manage them in conditions of incomplete information, limited resources and time pressure. Systems analysis is a further development of a number of disciplines, such as operations research, optimal control theory, decision theory, expert analysis, systems management theory, etc. To successfully solve the tasks set, system analysis uses the entire set of formal and informal procedures. The listed theoretical disciplines are the basis and methodological basis of system analysis. Thus, system analysis is an interdisciplinary course that generalizes the methodology for studying complex technical, natural and social systems. The widespread dissemination of ideas and methods of system analysis, and most importantly, their successful application in practice, became possible only with the introduction and widespread use of computers. It is the use of computers as a tool for solving challenging tasks made it possible to move from constructing theoretical models of systems to their wide practical application. In this regard, N.N. Moiseev writes that system analysis is a set of methods based on the use of computers and focused on the study of complex systems - technical, economic, environmental, etc. The central problem of system analysis is the problem of decision making. With regard to the problems of research, design and management of complex systems, the decision-making problem is associated with the choice of a certain alternative under conditions of various kinds of uncertainty. Uncertainty is due to the multicriteria of optimization problems, the uncertainty of system development goals, the ambiguity of system development scenarios, the lack of a priori information about the system, the impact of random factors during the dynamic development of the system, and other conditions. Given these circumstances, systems analysis can be defined as a discipline dealing with decision-making problems in conditions where the choice of an alternative requires the analysis of complex information of various physical nature.

System analysis is a synthetic discipline. It can be divided into three main directions. These three directions correspond to three stages that are always present in the study of complex systems:

1) building a model of the object under study;

2) setting the research problem;

3) solution of the set mathematical problem. Let's consider these steps.

system mathematical generation

1.1 Model building

Building a model (formalization of the system, process or phenomenon under study) is a description of the process in the language of mathematics. When building a model, mathematical description phenomena and processes occurring in the system. Since knowledge is always relative, the description in any language reflects only some aspects of the ongoing processes and is never completely complete. On the other hand, it should be noted that when building a model, it is necessary to focus on those aspects of the process under study that are of interest to the researcher. It is deeply erroneous to want to reflect all aspects of the system's existence when building a system model. When conducting a system analysis, as a rule, they are interested in the dynamic behavior of the system, and when describing the dynamics from the point of view of the ongoing study, there are paramount parameters and interactions, and there are parameters that are not essential in this study. Thus, the quality of the model is determined by the correspondence of the description to the requirements that apply to the study, the correspondence of the results obtained with the help of the model to the course of the observed process or phenomenon. The construction of a mathematical model is the basis of all system analysis, the central stage of research or design of any system. The result of the entire system analysis depends on the quality of the model.

1.2 Statement of the research problem

At this stage, the purpose of the analysis is formulated. The purpose of the study is assumed to be an external factor in relation to the system. Thus, the goal becomes an independent object of study. The goal must be formalized. The task of system analysis is to carry out the necessary analysis of uncertainties, limitations and, ultimately, to formulate some optimization problem.

Here X is an element of some normed space G, determined by the nature of the model, , where E - a set that can have an arbitrarily complex nature, determined by the structure of the model and the features of the system under study. Thus, the task of system analysis at this stage is treated as some kind of optimization problem. By analyzing the system requirements, i.e. the goals that the researcher intends to achieve, and the uncertainties that are inevitably present, the researcher must formulate the goal of the analysis in the language of mathematics. The optimization language turns out to be natural and convenient here, but by no means the only possible one.

1.3 Solution of the stated mathematical problem

Only this third stage of the analysis can be properly attributed to the stage that makes full use of mathematical methods. Although without knowledge of mathematics and the capabilities of its apparatus, the successful implementation of the first two stages is impossible, since formalization methods should be widely used both when building a system model and when formulating the goals and objectives of analysis. However, we note that it is at the final stage of system analysis that subtle mathematical methods may be required. But it should be borne in mind that the problems of system analysis can have a number of features that lead to the need to use heuristic approaches along with formal procedures. The reasons for turning to heuristic methods are primarily related to the lack of a priori information about the processes occurring in the analyzed system. Also, such reasons include the large dimension of the vector X and complexity of the set structure G. In this case, the difficulties arising from the need to use informal analysis procedures are often decisive. Successful solution of problems of system analysis requires the use of informal reasoning at each stage of the study. In view of this, checking the quality of the solution, its compliance with the original goal of the study turns into the most important theoretical problem.

1.4 Characteristics of the tasks of system analysis

System analysis is currently at the forefront of scientific research. It is intended to provide a scientific apparatus for the analysis and study of complex systems. The leading role of system analysis is due to the fact that the development of science has led to the formulation of the tasks that system analysis is designed to solve. The peculiarity of the current stage is that system analysis, having not yet managed to form into a full-fledged scientific discipline, is forced to exist and develop in conditions when society begins to feel the need to apply still insufficiently developed and tested methods and results and is not able to postpone decisions related to them tasks for tomorrow. This is the source of both strength and weakness of system analysis: strength - because it constantly feels the impact of the need for practice, is forced to continuously expand the range of objects of study and does not have the ability to abstract from the real needs of society; weaknesses - because often the use of "raw", insufficiently developed methods of systematic research leads to the adoption of hasty decisions, the neglect of real difficulties.

Let us consider the main tasks, to which the efforts of specialists are directed and which need further development. First, it should be noted the tasks of studying the system of interactions of the analyzed objects with the environment. The solution to this problem involves:

drawing a boundary between the system under study and the environment, which predetermines the maximum depth of influence of the considered interactions, which limits the consideration;

· definition of real resources of such interaction;

consideration of the interactions of the system under study with a higher level system.

Tasks next type are connected with the construction of alternatives for this interaction, alternatives for the development of the system in time and space.

An important direction in the development of systems analysis methods is associated with attempts to create new possibilities for constructing original solution alternatives, unexpected strategies, unusual ideas and hidden structures. In other words, we are talking here about the development of methods and means of strengthening the inductive capabilities of human thinking, in contrast to its deductive capabilities, which, in fact, are aimed at the development of formal logical means. Research in this direction has begun only quite recently, and there is still no single conceptual apparatus in them. Nevertheless, here, too, several important areas can be distinguished - such as the development of a formal apparatus of inductive logic, methods of morphological analysis and other structural and syntactic methods for constructing new alternatives, syntactic methods and organization of group interaction in solving creative problems, as well as the study of the main paradigms search thinking.

Tasks of the third type consist in constructing a set of simulation models that describe the influence of one or another interaction on the behavior of the object of study. Note that system studies do not pursue the goal of creating a certain supermodel. We are talking about the development of private models, each of which solves its own specific issues.

Even after such simulation models have been created and studied, the question of bringing various aspects of the system's behavior into a single scheme remains open. However, it can and should be solved not by building a supermodel, but by analyzing the reactions to the observed behavior of other interacting objects, i.e. by studying the behavior of objects - analogues and transferring the results of these studies to the object of system analysis. Such a study provides a basis for a meaningful understanding of situations of interaction and the structure of relationships that determine the place of the system under study in the structure of the supersystem, of which it is a component.

Tasks of the fourth type are associated with the construction of decision-making models. Any system study is connected with the study of various alternatives for the development of the system. The task of system analysts is to choose and justify the best development alternative. At the stage of development and decision-making, it is necessary to take into account the interaction of the system with its subsystems, combine the goals of the system with the goals of the subsystems, and single out global and secondary goals.

The most developed and at the same time the most specific area scientific creativity associated with the development of decision-making theory and the formation of target structures, programs and plans. There is no lack of work and actively working researchers here. However, in this case, too many results are at the level of unconfirmed inventions and discrepancies in understanding both the essence of the tasks and the means to solve them. Research in this area includes:

a) building a theory of performance evaluation decisions taken or formed plans and programs; b) solving the problem of multi-criteria in the evaluation of decision or planning alternatives;

b) study of the problem of uncertainty, especially associated not with statistical factors, but with the uncertainty of expert judgments and deliberately created uncertainty associated with simplifying ideas about the behavior of the system;

c) development of the problem of aggregating individual preferences on decisions affecting the interests of several parties that affect the behavior of the system;

d) study of the specific features of the socio-economic performance criteria;

e) creation of methods for checking the logical consistency of target structures and plans and establishing the necessary balance between the predetermination of the action program and its readiness for restructuring when new information arrives, both about external events and changing ideas about the implementation of this program.

The latter direction requires a new awareness of the real functions of the target structures, plans, programs and the definition of those that they must perform, as well as the connections between them.

The considered problems of system analysis do not cover complete list tasks. Listed here are those that present the greatest difficulty in solving them. It should be noted that all the tasks of systemic research are closely interconnected with each other, cannot be isolated and solved separately, both in time and in terms of the composition of performers. Moreover, in order to solve all these problems, the researcher must have a broad outlook and possess a rich arsenal of methods and means of scientific research.

2. Features of system analysis tasks

The ultimate goal of system analysis is to resolve the problem situation that has arisen before the object of the ongoing system research (usually this is a specific organization, team, enterprise, separate region, social structure, etc.). System analysis deals with the study of a problem situation, finding out its causes, developing options for its elimination, making a decision and organizing the further functioning of the system that resolves the problem situation. The initial stage of any system research is the study of the object of the ongoing system analysis, followed by its formalization. At this stage, tasks arise that fundamentally distinguish the methodology of system research from the methodology of other disciplines, namely, a two-pronged task is solved in system analysis. On the one hand, it is necessary to formalize the object of system research, on the other hand, the process of studying the system, the process of formulating and solving the problem, is subject to formalization. Let's take an example from systems design theory. The modern theory of computer-aided design of complex systems can be considered as one of the parts of system research. According to her, the problem of designing complex systems has two aspects. First, it is required to carry out a formalized description of the design object. Moreover, at this stage, the tasks of a formalized description of both the static component of the system (mainly its structural organization is subject to formalization) and its behavior in time (dynamic aspects that reflect its functioning) are solved. Secondly, it is required to formalize the design process. The components of the design process are methods for the formation of various design solutions, methods for their engineering analysis and decision-making methods for choosing the best options for implementing the system.

An important place in the procedures of system analysis is occupied by the problem of decision making. As a feature of the tasks facing system analysts, it is necessary to note the requirement for the optimality of the decisions made. At present, it is necessary to solve the problems of optimal control of complex systems, optimal design of systems, including a large number of elements and subsystems. The development of technology has reached a level at which the creation of a simply workable design in itself does not always satisfy the leading branches of industry. It is necessary during the design to ensure best performance on a number of characteristics of new products, for example, to achieve maximum performance, minimum dimensions, cost, etc. while maintaining all other requirements within the specified limits. Thus, practice requires the development of not just a workable product, object, system, but the creation of an optimal design. Similar reasoning is valid for other activities. When organizing the functioning of an enterprise, requirements are formulated to maximize the efficiency of its activities, the reliability of equipment operation, optimization of system maintenance strategies, resource allocation, etc.

In various fields of practical activity (technology, economics, social sciences, psychology), situations arise when it is required to make decisions for which it is not possible to fully take into account the conditions that determine them. Decision making in this case will take place under conditions of uncertainty, which has different nature. One of the simplest types of uncertainty is the uncertainty of the initial information, which manifests itself in various aspects. First of all, we note such an aspect as the impact on the system of unknown factors.

Uncertainty due to unknown factors also comes in different forms. The simplest form of this kind of uncertainty is stochastic uncertainty. It takes place in cases where unknown factors are random variables or random functions, the statistical characteristics of which can be determined based on the analysis of past experience in the functioning of the object of system research.

The next type of uncertainty is uncertainty of goals. The formulation of the goal in solving problems of system analysis is one of the key procedures, because the goal is the object that determines the formulation of the problem of system research. The uncertainty of the goal is a consequence of the multicriteria of the problems of system analysis. Assigning a goal, choosing a criterion, formalizing a goal is almost always a difficult problem. Tasks with many criteria are typical for large technical, economic, economic projects.

And, finally, it should be noted such type of uncertainty as the uncertainty associated with the subsequent influence of the results of the decision on the problem situation. The fact is that the decision being made at the moment and implemented in some system is designed to affect the functioning of the system. Actually, for this it is adopted, since, according to the idea of system analysts, this solution should solve the problem situation. However, since the decision is made for complex system, then the development of the system in time can have many strategies. And of course, at the stage of forming a decision and taking a control action, analysts may not have a complete picture of the development of the situation. When making a decision, there are various recommendations for predicting the development of the system over time. One of these approaches recommends predicting some "average" dynamics of the system development and making decisions based on such a strategy. Another approach recommends that when making a decision, proceed from the possibility of realizing the most unfavorable situation.

As the next feature of system analysis, we note the role of models as a means of studying systems that are the object of system research. Any methods of system analysis are based on the mathematical description of certain facts, phenomena, processes. When using the word “model”, they always mean some description that reflects precisely those features of the process under study that are of interest to the researcher. The accuracy and quality of the description are determined, first of all, by the correspondence of the model to the requirements that apply to the study, by the correspondence of the results obtained with the help of the model to the observed course of the process. If the language of mathematics is used in the development of the model, they speak of mathematical models. The construction of a mathematical model is the basis of all system analysis. This is the central stage of research or design of any system. The success of all subsequent analysis depends on the quality of the model. However, in systems analysis, along with formalized procedures, informal, heuristic research methods occupy a large place. There are a number of reasons for this. The first is as follows. When building models of systems, there may be a lack or lack of initial information to determine the parameters of the model.

In this case, an expert survey of specialists is carried out in order to eliminate uncertainty or, at least, reduce it, i.e. the experience and knowledge of specialists can be used to assign the initial parameters of the model.

Another reason for using heuristic methods is as follows. Attempts to formalize the processes occurring in the systems under study are always associated with the formulation of certain restrictions and simplifications. Here it is important not to cross the line beyond which further simplification will lead to the loss of the essence of the phenomena described. In other words-

However, the desire to adapt a well-studied mathematical apparatus to describe the phenomena under study can distort their essence and lead to incorrect decisions. In this situation, it is required to use the scientific intuition of the researcher, his experience and ability to formulate the idea of solving the problem, i.e. a subconscious, internal substantiation of algorithms for constructing a model and methods for their study is used, which is not amenable to formal analysis. Heuristic methods for finding solutions are formed by a person or a group of researchers in the course of their creative activity. Heuristics is a set of knowledge, experience, intelligence used to obtain solutions using informal rules. Heuristic methods turn out to be useful and even indispensable in studies that are of a non-numerical nature or are characterized by complexity, uncertainty, and variability.

Certainly, when considering specific problems of system analysis, it will be possible to single out some more of their features, but, in the opinion of the author, the features noted here are common to all problems of system research.

3. System analysis procedures

In the previous section, three stages of conducting a systems analysis were formulated. These stages are the basis for solving any problem of conducting systematic research. Their essence is that it is necessary to build a model of the system under study, i.e. give a formalized description of the object under study, formulate a criterion for solving the problem of system analysis, i.e. set a research problem and then solve the problem. These three stages of system analysis are an enlarged scheme for solving the problem. In fact, the tasks of system analysis are quite complex, so the enumeration of the stages cannot be an end in itself. We also note that the system analysis methodology and guidelines are not universal - each study has its own characteristics and requires intuition, initiative and imagination from the performers in order to correctly determine the goals of the project and succeed in achieving them. There have been repeated attempts to create a fairly general, universal algorithm for system analysis. A careful examination of the algorithms available in the literature shows that they have a large degree of generality in general and differences in particulars and details. We will try to outline the main procedures of the algorithm for conducting a system analysis, which are a generalization of the sequence of stages for conducting such an analysis, formulated by a number of authors, and reflect its general patterns.

We list the main procedures for system analysis:

study of the structure of the system, analysis of its components, identification of relationships between individual elements;

collection of data on the functioning of the system, the study of information flows, observations and experiments on the analyzed system;

building models;

Checking the adequacy of models, analysis of uncertainty and sensitivity;

· study of resource opportunities;

definition of the goals of system analysis;

formation of criteria;

generation of alternatives;

implementation of choice and decision making;

Implementation of the results of the analysis.

4. Determining the goals of system analysis

4.1 Fproblem statement

For traditional sciences, the initial stage of work is the formulation of a formal problem that must be solved. In the study of a complex system, this is an intermediate result, which is preceded by long work structuring the original problem. The starting point for setting goals in systems analysis is related to the formulation of the problem. It should be noted here next feature tasks of system analysis. The need for system analysis arises when the customer has already formulated his problem, i.e. the problem not only exists, but also requires a solution. However, the system analyst must be aware that the problem formulated by the customer is an approximate working version. The reasons why the original formulation of the problem should be considered as a first approximation are as follows. The system for which the goal of conducting a system analysis is formulated is not isolated. It is connected with other systems, is part of some supersystem, for example, automated system management of a department or workshop at an enterprise is a structural unit of the automated control system of the entire enterprise. Therefore, when formulating a problem for the system under consideration, it is necessary to take into account how the solution of this problem will affect the systems with which this system is connected. Inevitably, the planned changes will affect both the subsystems that make up this system and the supersystem that contains this system. Thus, any real problem should be treated not as a separate one, but as an object from among interrelated problems.

When formulating a system of problems, a systems analyst should follow some guidelines. First, the opinion of the customer should be taken as the basis. As a rule, this is the head of the organization for which the system analysis is being carried out. It is he who, as noted above, generates the original formulation of the problem. Further, the system analyst, having familiarized himself with the formulated problem, must understand the tasks that were set for the leader, the restrictions and circumstances that affect the behavior of the leader, the conflicting goals between which he tries to find a compromise. The systems analyst must study the organization for which the systems analysis is being carried out. Careful consideration should be given to the existing management hierarchy, the functions of the various groups, and previous studies of relevant issues, if any. The analyst must refrain from expressing his preconceived opinion about the problem and from trying to fit it into the framework of his previous ideas in order to use the approach he desires to solve it. Finally, the analyst should not leave the manager's statements and remarks unverified. As already noted, the problem formulated by the leader must, firstly, be expanded to a set of problems agreed with super- and subsystems, and, secondly, it must be coordinated with all interested parties.

It should also be noted that each of the interested parties has its own vision of the problem, attitude towards it. Therefore, when formulating a set of problems, it is necessary to take into account what changes and why one side or the other wants to make. In addition, the problem must be considered comprehensively, including in terms of time and history. It is required to anticipate how the formulated problems may change over time or due to the fact that the study will be of interest to managers at another level. When formulating a set of problems, a systems analyst must know the big picture of who is interested in a particular solution.

4.2 Setting goals

After the problem that needs to be overcome in the course of the system analysis is formulated, they proceed to the definition of the goal. To determine the purpose of system analysis means to answer the question of what needs to be done to remove the problem. To formulate a goal means to indicate the direction in which one should move in order to solve the existing problem, to show the ways that lead away from the existing problem situation.

When formulating a goal, it is always necessary to be aware that it plays an active role in management. In the definition of the goal, it was reflected that the goal is the desired result of the development of the system. Thus, the formulated goal of system analysis will determine the entire further complex of works. Therefore, goals must be realistic. Setting realistic goals will direct all the activities of performing a systems analysis to obtain a certain useful result. It is also important to note that the idea of the goal depends on the stage of cognition of the object, and as ideas about it develop, the goal can be reformulated. Changing goals over time can occur not only in form, due to a better understanding of the essence of the phenomena occurring in the system under study, but also in content, due to changes in objective conditions and subjective attitudes that affect the choice of goals. The timing of changing ideas about goals, aging goals are different and depend on the level of the hierarchy of the object. Goals over high levels more durable. The dynamism of goals should be taken into account in the system analysis.

When formulating the goal, it is necessary to take into account that the goal is influenced by both external factors in relation to the system and internal ones. At the same time, internal factors are the same objectively influencing the process of goal formation as external factors.

Further, it should be noted that even at the highest level of the hierarchy of the system, there is a plurality of goals. When analyzing the problem, it is necessary to take into account the goals of all interested parties. Among the many goals, it is desirable to try to find or form a global goal. If this fails, you should rank the targets in order of their preference to remove the problem in the analyzed system.

The study of the goals of persons interested in the problem should provide for the possibility of clarifying, expanding or even replacing them. This circumstance is the main reason for the iterative nature of system analysis.

The choice of goals of the subject is decisively influenced by the value system that he adheres to, therefore, when forming goals, the necessary stage of work is to identify the value system that the decision maker adheres to. For example, a distinction is made between technocratic and humanistic value systems. According to the first system, nature is proclaimed as a source of inexhaustible resources, man is the king of nature. Everyone knows the thesis: “We cannot expect favors from nature. It is our task to take them from her.” The humanistic value system says that natural resources are limited, that a person must live in harmony with nature, and so on. The practice of the development of human society shows that following the technocratic value system leads to disastrous consequences. On the other hand, a complete rejection of technocratic values also has no justification. It is necessary not to oppose these systems, but to reasonably supplement them and formulate the goals for the development of the system, taking into account both systems of values.

5. Generation of alternatives

The next stage of system analysis is the creation of many possible ways to achieve the formulated goal. In other words, at this stage, it is necessary to generate a set of alternatives, from which the choice of the best path for the development of the system will then be made. This stage of system analysis is very important and difficult. Its importance lies in the fact that the ultimate goal of system analysis is to choose the best alternative on a given set and to justify this choice. If the best one is not included in the formed set of alternatives, then no most advanced methods of analysis will help to calculate it. The difficulty of the stage is due to the need to generate a sufficiently complete set of alternatives, including, at first glance, even the most unrealizable ones.

Generation of alternatives, i.e. ideas about possible ways to achieve the goal, is a real creative process. There are a number of recommendations on possible approaches to the implementation of the procedure in question. It is necessary to generate as many alternatives as possible. The following generation methods are available:

a) search for alternatives in patent and journal literature;

b) involvement of several experts with different training and experience;

c) an increase in the number of alternatives due to their combination, the formation of intermediate options between those proposed earlier;

d) modification of an existing alternative, i.e. the formation of alternatives that are only partially different from the known;

e) inclusion of alternatives opposite to those proposed, including the "zero" alternative (do nothing, i.e. consider the consequences of the development of events without the intervention of system engineers);

f) stakeholder interviews and broader questionnaires; g) inclusion in the consideration of even those alternatives that at first glance seem far-fetched;

g) generation of alternatives calculated for different time intervals (long-term, short-term, emergency).

When doing the work of generating alternatives, it is important to create favorable conditions for employees performing this type of activity. Of great importance are psychological factors that affect the intensity of creative activity, so it is necessary to strive to create a favorable climate in the workplace of employees.

There is another danger that arises when performing work on the formation of a variety of alternatives, which must be mentioned. If we specifically strive to ensure that as many alternatives as possible are obtained at the initial stage, i.e. try to make the set of alternatives as complete as possible, then for some problems their number can reach many tens. A detailed study of each of them will require an unacceptably large investment of time and money. Therefore, in this case it is necessary to preliminary analysis alternatives and try to narrow down the set early in the analysis. At this stage of the analysis, qualitative methods of comparing alternatives are used, without resorting to more accurate quantitative methods. In this way, coarse screening is carried out.

We now present the methods used in system analysis to carry out work on the formation of a set of alternatives.

6. Implementation of analysis results

System analysis is an applied science, its ultimate goal is to change the existing situation in accordance with the set goals. The final judgment on the correctness and usefulness of system analysis can only be made on the basis of the results of its practical application.

The final result will depend not only on how perfect and theoretically substantiated the methods used in the analysis, but also on how competently and efficiently the received recommendations are implemented.

Currently, increased attention is paid to the issues of introducing the results of system analysis into practice. In this direction, the works of R. Ackoff can be noted. It should be noted that the practice of system research and the practice of implementing their results differ significantly for systems of different types. According to the classification, systems are divided into three types: natural, artificial and sociotechnical. In systems of the first type, connections are formed and act in a natural way. Examples of such systems are ecological, physical, chemical, biological, etc. systems. In systems of the second type, connections are formed as a result of human activity. All sorts of technical systems can serve as examples. In systems of the third type, in addition to natural connections, interpersonal connections play an important role. Such connections are not natural properties objects, but cultural traditions, upbringing of the subjects participating in the system, their character and other features.

System analysis is used to study systems of all three types. Each of them has its own characteristics that require consideration when organizing work to implement the results. The share of semi-structured problems is greatest in systems of the third type. Consequently, the practice of implementing the results of system research in these systems is the most difficult.

When implementing the results of system analysis, it is necessary to keep in mind the following circumstance. The work is carried out for the client (customer), who has the power sufficient to change the system in the ways that will be determined as a result of the system analysis. All stakeholders should be directly involved in the work. Stakeholders are those who are responsible for solving the problem and those who are directly affected by the problem. As a result of the introduction of system research, it is necessary to ensure the improvement of the work of the customer's organization from the point of view of at least one of the interested parties; at the same time, deterioration of this work from the point of view of all other participants in the problem situation is not allowed.

Speaking about the implementation of the results of system analysis, it is important to note that in real life the situation when research is first carried out, and then their results are put into practice, is extremely rare, only in cases where we are talking about simple systems. In the study of sociotechnical systems, they change over time both by themselves and under the influence of research. In the process of conducting a system analysis, the state of the problem situation, the goals of the system, the personal and quantitative composition of the participants, and the relationship between stakeholders change. In addition, it should be noted that the implementation of the decisions made affects all factors of the system functioning. The stages of research and implementation in this type of systems actually merge, i.e. is an iterative process. The ongoing research has an impact on the life of the system, and this modifies the problem situation and poses a new research task. A new problematic situation stimulates further system analysis, etc. Thus, the problem is gradually solved in the course of active research.

ATconclusion

An important feature of system analysis is the study of goal formation processes and the development of means for working with goals (methods, structuring goals). Sometimes even systems analysis is defined as a methodology for studying purposeful systems.

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Methods of system analysis. unites the knowledge, judgments and intuition of specialists in various fields of knowledge and obliges them to a certain discipline of thinking. Analysis of the economic subsystem and diagnostics of the enterprise

SYSTEM ANALYSIS- a set of methods and tools used in the study and design of complex and super-complex objects, primarily methods for developing, making and justifying decisions in the design, creation and management of social, economic, man-machine and technical systems . In the literature, the concept of system analysis is sometimes identified with the concept systems approach , but such a generalized interpretation of systems analysis is hardly justified. Systems analysis emerged in the 1960s. as a result of the development of operations research and systems engineering. The theoretical and methodological basis of system analysis is a systematic approach and general systems theory . The system analysis is applied hl.o. to the study of artificial (arising with the participation of man) systems, and in such systems an important role belongs to human activity. The use of system analysis methods for solving research and management problems is necessary, first of all, because in the decision-making process one has to make choices under conditions of uncertainty, which is associated with the presence of factors that cannot be rigorously quantified. The procedures and methods of system analysis are aimed at putting forward alternative solutions to the problem, identifying the extent of uncertainty for each of the options and comparing the options according to certain performance criteria. According to the principles of system analysis, one or another complex problem that arises before society (primarily the problem of management) should be considered as a whole, as a system in the interaction of all its components. To make a decision about the management of this system, it is necessary to determine its goal, the goals of its individual subsystems and the many alternatives for achieving these goals, which are compared according to certain efficiency criteria, and as a result, the most appropriate management method for a given situation is selected. The central procedure in system analysis is the construction of a generalized model (or models) that reflects all the factors and relationships of the real situation that may appear in the process of implementing the solution. The resulting model is studied in order to find out the closeness of the result of applying one or another of the alternative options for action to the desired one, the comparative cost of resources for each of the options, the degree of sensitivity of the model to various undesirable external influences. System analysis is based on a number of applied mathematical disciplines and methods widely used in modern management activities. The technical basis of system analysis is modern computers and information systems. Systems analysis widely uses methods of system dynamics, game theory, heuristic programming, simulation modeling, program-targeted control, etc. An important feature of system analysis is the unity of the formalized and non-formalized means and methods of research used in it.

Literature:

1. Gvishiani D.M. Organization and management. M., 1972;

2. Cleland D.,King W. System analysis and target management. M., 1974;

3. Nappelbaum E.L. System analysis as a research program - structure and key concepts. - In the book: System Research. Methodological problems. Yearbook 1979. M., 1980;

4. Larichev O.I. Methodological problems of practical application of system analysis. - There; Blauberg I.V.,Mirsky E.M.,Sadovsky V.N. System approach and system analysis. - In the book: System Research. Methodological problems. Yearbook 1982. M., 1982;

5. Blauberg I.V. The problem of integrity and a systematic approach. M., 1997;

6. Yudin E.G. Methodology of science. Consistency. Activity. M., 1997.

7. See also lit. to Art. System , Systems approach.

V.N.Sadovsky

System analysis - this is the methodology of systems theory, which consists in the study of any objects represented as systems, their structuring and subsequent analysis. main feature

system analysis lies in the fact that it includes not only methods of analysis (from the Greek. analysis - dismemberment of an object into elements), but also methods of synthesis (from the Greek. synthesis - the connection of elements into a single whole).

The main goal of systems analysis is to detect and eliminate uncertainty when solving a complex problem based on finding the best solution from existing alternatives.

A problem in systems analysis is a complex theoretical or practical issue that needs to be resolved. At the heart of any problem lies the resolution of some contradiction. For example, the choice of an innovative project that would meet the strategic goals of the enterprise and its capabilities is a certain problem. Therefore the search best solutions when choosing innovative strategies and tactics, innovative activity should be carried out on the basis of system analysis. The implementation of innovative projects and innovative activities is always associated with elements of uncertainty that arise in the process of non-linear development, both of these systems themselves and of the environment systems.

The system analysis methodology is based on the operations of quantitative comparison and selection of alternatives in the process of making a decision to be implemented. If the requirement of quality criteria for alternatives is met, then their quantitative estimates can be obtained. In order for quantitative estimates to allow comparison of alternatives, they must reflect the criteria for choosing alternatives involved in the comparison (result, efficiency, cost, etc.).

In systems analysis, problem solving is defined as an activity that maintains or improves the characteristics of a system or creates a new system with desired qualities. Techniques and methods of system analysis are aimed at developing alternative solutions to the problem, identifying the extent of uncertainty for each option and comparing options according to their effectiveness (criteria). Moreover, the criteria are built on a priority basis. System analysis can be represented as a set of basic logical elements:

- the purpose of the study is to solve the problem and obtain a result;
- resources - scientific means of solving the problem (methods);
- alternatives - solutions and the need to choose one of several solutions;
- criteria - a means (sign) of assessing the solvability of the problem;
- a model for creating a new system.

Moreover, the formulation of the goal of system analysis plays a decisive role, since it gives a mirror image of the existing problem, the desired result of its solution and a description of the resources with which this result can be achieved (Fig. 4.2).

Rice. 4.2.

The goal is concretized and transformed in relation to the performers and conditions. Aim over high order always contains an initial uncertainty that needs to be taken into account. Despite this, the goal must be specific and unambiguous. Its staging should allow the initiative of the performers. "It's much more important to choose the 'right' target than the 'right' system," said Hall, author of a book on systems engineering; "Choosing the wrong goal is solving the wrong problem; and choosing the wrong system is simply choosing a suboptimal system."

If the available resources cannot ensure the achievement of the set goal, then we will get unplanned results. The goal is the desired result. Therefore, appropriate resources must be selected to achieve the goals. If resources are limited, then it is necessary to adjust the goal, i.e. plan the results that can be obtained with a given set of resources. Therefore, the formulation of goals in innovation activity should have specific parameters.

Main tasks system analysis:

decomposition problem, i.e. decomposition of the system (problem) into separate subsystems (tasks);
the task of analysis is to determine the laws and patterns of system behavior by detecting system properties and attributes;
the task of synthesis is reduced to the creation of a new model of the system, the determination of its structure and parameters based on the knowledge and information obtained in solving problems.

The general structure of system analysis is presented in Table. 4.1.

Table 4.1

Main tasks and functions of system analysis

System Analysis Structure
decomposition
Definition and decomposition of a common goal, main function	Functional structural analysis	Development of a new system model
Separating the system from the environment	Morphological analysis (analysis of the relationship of components)	Structural synthesis
Description of influencing factors	Genetic analysis (analysis of background, trends, forecasting)	Parametric synthesis
Description of development trends, uncertainties	Analysis of analogues	Evaluation of the new system
Description as "black box"	Performance analysis
Functional, component and structural decomposition	Formation of requirements for the system being created

In the concept of system analysis, the process of solving any complex problem is considered as a solution to a system of interrelated problems, each of which is solved by its own subject methods, and then these solutions are synthesized, evaluated by the criterion (or criteria) for achieving the solvability of this problem. The logical structure of the decision-making process in the framework of system analysis is shown in fig. 4.3.

Rice. 4.3.

In innovative activity, there cannot be ready-made decision models, since the conditions for implementing innovations can change, a methodology is needed that allows at a certain stage to form a decision model that is adequate to the existing conditions.

To make "weighted" design, management, social, economic and other decisions, a broad coverage and a comprehensive analysis of the factors that significantly affect the problem being solved are necessary.

System analysis is based on a set of principles that determine its main content and difference from other types of analysis. It is necessary to know, understand and apply this in the process of implementing a system analysis of innovation activity.

These include the following principles :

1) the ultimate goal - the formulation of the goal of the study, the definition of the main properties of the functioning system, its purpose (goal setting), quality indicators and criteria for assessing the achievement of the goal;
2) measurements. The essence of this principle is the comparability of the system parameters with the parameters of the higher-level system, i.e. external environment. The quality of functioning of any system can only be judged in relation to its results to the supersystem, i.e. to determine the effectiveness of the functioning of the system under study, it is necessary to present it as part of a higher-level system and evaluate its results in relation to the goals and objectives of the supersystem or the environment;
3) equifinality - determination of the form of sustainable development of the system in relation to the initial and boundary conditions, i.e. determining its potential. The system can reach the desired final state regardless of time and determined solely by the system's own characteristics under different initial conditions and in different ways;
4) unity - consideration of the system as a whole and a set of interrelated elements. The principle is focused on "looking inside" the system, on dismembering it while maintaining integral ideas about the system;
5) relationships - procedures for determining relationships, both within the system itself (between elements) and with the external environment (with other systems). In accordance with this principle, the system under study, first of all, should be considered as a part (element, subsystem) of another system, called a supersystem;
6) modular construction - the allocation of functional modules and a description of the totality of their input and output parameters, which avoids excessive detail to create an abstract system model. The allocation of modules in the system allows us to consider it as a set of modules;
7) hierarchies - defining the hierarchy of the functional and structural parts of the system and their ranking, which simplifies the development of a new system and establishes the order of its consideration (research);
8) functionality - joint consideration of the structure and functions of the system. In the case of introducing new functions into the system, a new structure should also be developed, and not include new functions in the old structure. Functions are associated with processes that require the analysis of various flows (material, energy, information), which in turn affects the state of the elements of the system and the system itself as a whole. Structure always limits flows in space and time;
9) development - determining the patterns of its functioning and the potential for development (or growth), adaptation to changes, expansion, improvement, embedding new modules based on the unity of development goals;
10) decentralization - a combination of the functions of centralization and decentralization in the management system;
11) uncertainties - taking into account uncertainty factors and random factors of influence, both in the system itself and from the external environment. Identification of uncertainty factors as risk factors allows them to be analyzed and a risk management system to be created.

The principle of the ultimate goal serves to determine the absolute priority of the final (global) goal in the process of conducting a system analysis. This principle dictates the following regulations:

1) first, it is necessary to formulate the objectives of the study;
2) the analysis is carried out on the basis of the main goal of the system. This makes it possible to determine its main essential properties, quality indicators and evaluation criteria;
3) in the process of synthesis of solutions, any changes must be evaluated from the standpoint of achieving the final goal;
4) the purpose of the functioning of an artificial system is set, as a rule, by a supersystem in which the system under study is integral part.

The process of implementing system analysis in solving any problem can be characterized as a sequence of main stages (Fig. 4.4).

Rice. 4.4.

At the stage decomposition carried out:

1) definition and decomposition of the general goals of solving the problem, the main function of the system as a limitation of development in space, the state of the system or the area of permissible conditions of existence (the tree of goals and the tree of functions are defined);
2) selection of the system from the environment according to the criterion of participation of each element of the system in the process leading to the desired result based on the consideration of the system as an integral part of the supersystem;
3) definition and description of influencing factors;
4) description of development trends and various types of uncertainties;
5) description of the system as a "black box";
6) decomposition of the system according to a functional feature, according to the type of elements included in it, but structural features (by type of relationship between elements).

The level of decomposition is determined based on the goal of the study. Decomposition is carried out in the form of subsystems, which can be a serial (cascade) connection of elements, parallel connection elements and connection of elements with feedback.

At the stage analysis A detailed study of the system is carried out, which includes:

1) functional and structural analysis of the existing system, allowing to formulate requirements for the new system. It includes clarification of the composition and patterns of functioning of elements, algorithms for the functioning and interaction of subsystems (elements), separation of controlled and unmanaged characteristics, setting the state space, time parameters, analysis of the integrity of the system, formation of requirements for the system being created;
2) analysis of the interrelations of components (morphological analysis);
3) genetic analysis (prehistory, reasons for the development of the situation, existing trends, making forecasts);
4) analysis of analogues;
5) analysis of the effectiveness of the results, the use of resources, timeliness and efficiency. The analysis includes the choice of measurement scales, the formation of indicators and performance criteria, the evaluation of results;
6) formulation of requirements for the system, formulation of criteria for evaluation and limitations.

In the analysis process, use various ways problem solving.

At the stage synthesis :

1) a model of the required system will be created. This includes: a certain mathematical apparatus, modeling, evaluating the model for adequacy, efficiency, simplicity, errors, a balance between complexity and accuracy, various implementation options, block and system construction;
2) the synthesis of alternative structures of the system is carried out, allowing to solve the problem;
3) a synthesis of various system parameters is performed in order to eliminate the problem;
4) the options of the synthesized system are evaluated with the substantiation of the evaluation scheme itself, the processing of the results and the choice of the most effective solution;
5) assessment of the degree of problem solving is carried out upon completion of the system analysis.

As for the methods of system analysis, they should be considered in more detail, since their number is quite large and implies the possibility of their use in solving specific problems in the process of problem decomposition. A special place in system analysis is occupied by the modeling method, which implements the principle of adequacy in systems theory, i.e. description of the system as an adequate model. Model - this is a simplified likeness of a complex object-system, in which its characteristic properties are preserved.

In system analysis, the modeling method plays a decisive role, since any real complex system in research and design can only be represented by a specific model (conceptual, mathematical, structural, etc.).

In systems analysis, special methods simulation:

– simulation modeling based on statistical methods and programming languages;
– situational modeling, based on the methods of set theory, theory of algorithms, mathematical logic and representation of problem situations;
– information modeling, based on mathematical methods of the theory of the information field and information chains.

In addition, methods of induction and reduction modeling are widely used in system analysis.

Induction modeling is carried out in order to obtain information about the specifics of the object-system, its structure and elements, ways of their interaction based on the analysis of the particular and bringing this information to a general description. The inductive method of modeling complex systems is used when it is impossible to adequately represent the model of the internal structure of an object. This method allows you to create a generalized model of an object-system, preserving the specifics of organizational properties, relationships and relationships between elements, which distinguishes it from another system. When constructing such a model, the methods of logic of probability theory are often used, i.e. such a model becomes logical or hypothetical. Then the generalized parameters of the structural and functional organization of the system are determined and their regularities are described using the methods of analytical and mathematical logic.

Reduction modeling is used to obtain information about the laws and patterns of interaction in a system of various elements in order to preserve the whole structural formation.

With this method of research, the elements themselves are replaced by a description of their external properties. The use of the reduction modeling method allows solving problems of determining the properties of elements, the properties of their interaction and the properties of the structure of the system itself, in accordance with the principles of the whole formation. This method is used to search for methods for decomposing elements and changing the structure, giving the system as a whole new qualities. This method meets the goals of synthesizing the properties of the system based on the study of the internal potential for change. bottom line the use of the synthesis method in reduction modeling becomes a mathematical algorithm for describing the processes of interaction of elements in the whole formation.

The main methods of system analysis are a set of quantitative and qualitative methods that can be presented in the form of a table. 4.2. According to the classification of V. N. Volkova and A. A. Denisov, all methods can be divided into two main types: methods of formal representation of systems (MFPS) and methods and methods for activating the intuition of specialists (MAIS).

Table 4.2

Methods of system analysis

Consider the content of the main methods of formal representation of systems that use mathematical tools.

analytical methods, including methods of classical mathematics: integral and differential calculus, search for extrema of functions, calculus of variations; mathematical programming; methods of game theory, algorithm theory, risk theory, etc. These methods make it possible to describe a number of properties of a multidimensional and multiply connected system, displayed as a single point moving in n -dimensional space. This mapping is done using the function f (s ) or by means of an operator (functional) F (S ). It is also possible to display two systems or more or parts of them with dots and consider the interaction of these dots. Each of these points moves and has its own behavior in n -dimensional space. This behavior of points in space and their interaction are described by analytical patterns and can be represented as quantities, functions, equations, or a system of equations.

The use of analytical methods is due only when all system properties can be represented in the form of deterministic parameters or dependencies between them. It is not always possible to obtain such parameters in the case of multicomponent, multicriteria systems. To do this, it is necessary to first establish the degree of adequacy of the description of such a system using analytical methods. This, in turn, requires the use of intermediate, abstract models that can be investigated by analytical methods, or the development of completely new ones. system methods analysis.

Statistical Methods are the basis of the following theories: probabilities, mathematical statistics, operations research, statistical simulation, queuing, including the Monte Carlo method, etc. Statistical methods allow you to display the system using random (stochastic) events, processes that are described by the corresponding probabilistic (statistical) characteristics and statistical regularities. Statistical methods are used to study complex non-deterministic (self-developing, self-managing) systems.

set-theoretic methods, according to M. Mesarovich, they serve as the basis for the creation of a general theory of systems. With the help of such methods, the system can be described in universal terms (a set, an element of a set, etc.). When describing, it is possible to introduce any relationship between elements, guided by mathematical logic, which is used as a formal descriptive language of relationships between elements of different sets. Set-theoretic methods make it possible to describe complex systems in a formal modeling language.

It is expedient to use such methods in cases where complex systems cannot be described by methods of one subject area. Set-theoretic methods of system analysis are the basis for the creation and development of new programming languages and the creation of computer-aided design systems.

Boolean Methods are a language for describing systems in terms of the algebra of logic. The logical methods are most widely used under the name of Boolean algebra as a binary representation of the state of the computer's element circuits. Logical methods make it possible to describe the system in the form of more simplified structures based on the laws of mathematical logic. On the basis of such methods, new theories of formal description of systems in the theories of logical analysis and automata are being developed. All these methods expand the possibility of using system analysis and synthesis in applied informatics. These methods are used to create models of complex systems that are adequate to the laws of mathematical logic to build stable structures.

linguistic methods. With their help, special languages are created that describe systems in the form of thesaurus concepts. Thesaurus is a set of semantic units of a certain language with a system of semantic relations given on it. Such methods have found their application in applied informatics.

Semiotic Methods are based on the concepts: symbol (sign), sign system, sign situation, i.e. used to symbolically describe content in information systems.

Linguistic and semiotic methods have become widely used when it is impossible to formalize decision making in poorly formalized situations for the first stage of the study and analytical and statistical methods cannot be used. These methods are the basis for the development of programming languages, modeling, automation of the design of systems of varying complexity.

Graphic methods. They are used to display objects in the form of a system image, and also allow you to display system structures and relationships in a generalized form. Graphic methods are volumetric and linear-planar. They are mainly used in the form of a Gantt chart, bar charts, charts, diagrams and drawings. Such methods and the representation obtained with their help make it possible to visualize the situation or the decision-making process in changing conditions.

Alekseeva M. B. System approach and system analysis in economics.

Alekseeva M. B., Balan S. N. Fundamentals of systems theory and system analysis.

The central procedure in system analysis is the construction of a generalized model (or models) that reflects all the factors and relationships of the real situation that may appear in the process of implementing the decision. The resulting model is studied in order to find out the closeness of the result of applying one or another of the alternative options for action to the desired one, the comparative cost of resources for each of the options, the degree of sensitivity of the model to various undesirable external influences. System analysis is based on a number of applied mathematical disciplines and methods widely used in modern management activities: operations research, peer review method, critical path method, queuing theory, etc. The technical basis of system analysis is modern computers and information systems.

The methodological means used in solving problems with the help of system analysis are determined depending on whether a single goal or a certain set of goals is pursued, whether one person or several people make a decision, etc. When there is one fairly clearly defined goal, the degree of achievement of which can be evaluated on the basis of one criterion, methods of mathematical programming are used. If the degree of achievement of the goal must be assessed on the basis of several criteria, the apparatus of utility theory is used, with the help of which the criteria are ordered and the importance of each of them is determined. When the development of events is determined by the interaction of several persons or systems, each of which pursues its own goals and makes its own decisions, the methods of game theory are used.

The effectiveness of the study of control systems is largely determined by the chosen and used research methods. To facilitate the choice of methods in real decision-making conditions, it is necessary to divide the methods into groups, characterize the features of these groups and give recommendations on their use in the development of models and methods of system analysis.

The whole set of research methods can be divided into three large groups: methods based on the use of knowledge and intuition of specialists; methods of formalized representation of control systems (methods of formal modeling of the processes under study) and integrated methods.

As already noted, a specific feature of system analysis is the combination of qualitative and formal methods. This combination forms the basis of any technique used. Let's consider the main methods aimed at using the intuition and experience of specialists, as well as methods of formalized representation of systems.

Methods based on the identification and generalization of the opinions of experienced experts, the use of their experience and non-traditional approaches to the analysis of the organization's activities include: the method of "brainstorming", the method of the "scenarios" type, the method of expert assessments (including SWOT analysis), the method of " Delphi", methods such as "tree of goals", "business game", morphological methods and a number of other methods.

The above terms characterize one or another approach to enhancing the identification and generalization of the opinions of experienced experts (the term "expert" in Latin means "experienced"). Sometimes all these methods are called "expert". However, there is a special class of methods that are directly related to the questioning of experts, the so-called method of expert assessments (since it is customary to put down marks in points and ranks in polls), therefore, these and similar approaches are sometimes combined with the term "qualitative" (specifying the convention of this name, since when processing the opinions received from specialists, quantitative methods can also be used). This term (although somewhat cumbersome) more than others reflects the essence of the methods that specialists are forced to resort to when they not only cannot immediately describe the problem under consideration by analytical dependencies, but also do not see which of the methods of formalized representation of systems considered above could help get the model.

Brainstorming methods. The concept of brainstorming has become widespread since the early 1950s as a "method of systematically training creative thinking" aimed at "discovering new ideas and reaching agreement among a group of people based on intuitive thinking."

Methods of this type pursue the main goal - the search for new ideas, their broad discussion and constructive criticism. The main hypothesis is that among a large number there are at least a few good ideas. Depending on the rules adopted and the rigidity of their implementation, there are direct brainstorming, the method of exchange of opinions, methods such as commissions, courts (when one group makes as many proposals as possible, and the second tries to criticize them as much as possible), etc. AT recent times sometimes brainstorming is carried out in the form of a business game.

Scenario type methods. Methods for preparing and coordinating ideas about a problem or an analyzed object, set out in writing, are called scenarios. Initially, this method involved the preparation of a text containing a logical sequence of events or possible options solutions to problems over time. However, the obligatory requirement of time coordinates was later removed, and any document containing an analysis of the problem under consideration and proposals for its solution or for the development of the system, regardless of the form in which it is presented, began to be called a scenario. As a rule, in practice, proposals for the preparation of such documents are written by experts individually at first, and then an agreed text is formed.

The role of system analysts in the preparation of the scenario is to help the leading specialists of the relevant fields of knowledge to be involved in identifying the general patterns of the system; analyze external and internal factors influencing its development and formation of goals; identify the sources of these factors; analyze the statements of leading experts in the periodical press, scientific publications and other sources of scientific and technical information; create auxiliary information funds (better automated) that contribute to the solution of the corresponding problem.

The scenario allows you to create a preliminary idea of the problem (system) in situations where it is not possible to immediately display it with a formal model. But still, a script is a text with all the ensuing consequences (synonymy, homonymy, paradoxes) associated with the possibility of its ambiguous interpretation by different specialists. Therefore, such a text should be considered as the basis for developing a more formalized view of the future system or problem being solved.

Methods of expert assessments. The basis of these methods is various forms of expert survey followed by evaluation and selection of the most preferred option. The possibility of using expert assessments, the justification of their objectivity is based on the fact that an unknown characteristic of the phenomenon under study is interpreted as a random variable, the reflection of the distribution law of which is an individual assessment of the expert on the reliability and significance of an event.

It is assumed that the true value of the characteristic under study is within the range of estimates received from the group of experts and that the generalized collective opinion is reliable. The most controversial point in these methods is the establishment of weight coefficients according to the estimates expressed by experts and the reduction of conflicting estimates to some average value.

Expert survey This is not a one-time procedure. This way of obtaining information about a complex problem, characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, should become a kind of "mechanism" in a complex system, i.e. it is necessary to create a regular system of work with experts.

One of the varieties expert method is a method of studying the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, the opportunities and threats to its activities - the method of SWOT analysis.

This group of methods is widely used in socio-economic research.

Delphi type methods. Initially, the Delphi method was proposed as one of the brainstorming procedures and should help reduce the influence of psychological factors and increase the objectivity of expert assessments. Then the method began to be used independently. It is based on feedback, familiarizing the experts with the results of the previous round and taking these results into account when assessing the significance of the experts.

In specific methods that implement the "Delphi" procedure, this tool is used to varying degrees. So, in a simplified form, a sequence of iterative brainstorming cycles is organized. In a more complex version, a program of sequential individual surveys is developed using questionnaires that exclude contacts between experts, but provide for their acquaintance with each other's opinions between rounds. Questionnaires from tour to tour can be updated. To reduce factors such as suggestion or accommodation to the opinion of the majority, sometimes it is required that experts substantiate their point of view, but this does not always lead to the desired result, but, on the contrary, may increase the effect of adjustment. In the most advanced methods, experts are assigned weight coefficients of the significance of their opinions, calculated on the basis of previous surveys, refined from round to round and taken into account when obtaining generalized assessment results.

Methods of the "tree of goals" type. The term "tree" implies the use of a hierarchical structure obtained by dividing the general goal into subgoals, and these, in turn, into more detailed components, which can be called subgoals of lower levels or, starting from a certain level, functions.

The "tree of goals" method is focused on obtaining a relatively stable structure of the goals of problems, directions, i.e. a structure that has changed little over a period of time with the inevitable changes that occur in any developing system.

To achieve this, when constructing the initial version of the structure, one should take into account the patterns of goal formation and use the principles of forming hierarchical structures.

Morphological methods. The main idea of the morphological approach is to systematically find all possible solutions to the problem by combining the selected elements or their features. In a systematic form, the method of morphological analysis was first proposed by the Swiss astronomer F. Zwicky and is often called the "Zwicky method".

business games- the simulation method has been developed for making managerial decisions in various situations by playing a group of people or a person and a computer according to the given rules. Business games allow, with the help of modeling and imitation of processes, to analyze, solve complex practical problems, ensure the formation of a thinking culture, management, communication skills, decision-making, instrumental expansion of managerial skills.

Business games act as a means of analyzing management systems and training specialists.

To describe management systems in practice, a number of formalized methods are used, which, to varying degrees, provide a study of the functioning of systems in time, the study of management schemes, the composition of units, their subordination, etc., in order to create normal conditions operation of the management apparatus, personalization and clear information support of management

One of the most complete classifications based on a formalized representation of systems, i.e. on a mathematical basis, includes the following methods:

- analytical (methods of both classical mathematics and mathematical programming);
- statistical (mathematical statistics, probability theory, queuing theory);
- set-theoretic, logical, linguistic, semiotic (considered as sections of discrete mathematics);

graphic (graph theory, etc.).

The class of poorly organized systems corresponds in this classification to statistical representations. For the class of self-organizing systems, the most suitable models are discrete mathematics and graphical models, as well as their combinations.

Applied classifications are focused on economic and mathematical methods and models and are mainly determined by the functional set of tasks solved by the system.

Consider examples of system analysis:

Example . Let's consider a simple task - to go to classes in the university in the morning. This problem, often solved by a student, has all aspects:

- material, physical aspect - the student needs to move a certain mass, for example, textbooks and notebooks to the required distance;
- energy aspect - the student needs to have and spend a specific amount of energy to move;
- information aspect - information is needed about the route of movement and the location of the university, and it needs to be processed along the way of one's movement;
- human aspect - movement, in particular, movement by bus is impossible without a person, for example, without a bus driver;
- organizational aspect - suitable transport networks and routes, stops, etc.;
- spatial aspect - moving a certain distance;
- time aspect - time will be spent on this movement (during which there will be corresponding irreversible changes in the environment, in relations, in connections).

All types of resources are closely related and intertwined. Moreover, they are impossible without each other, the actualization of one of them leads to the actualization of the other.

Types of thinking

A special type of thinking is systemic, inherent in an analyst who wants not only to understand the essence of the process, phenomenon, but also to control it. Sometimes it is identified with analytical thinking, but this identification is not complete. An analytical mindset can be, and a systems approach is a methodology based on systems theory.

Subject (subject-oriented) thinking is a method (principle), with the help of which it is possible to purposefully (usually for the purpose of studying) identify and update, learn cause-and-effect relationships and patterns in a number of private and general events and phenomena. Often this is a technique and technology for studying systems.

Systemic (system-oriented) thinking is a method (principle), with the help of which it is possible to purposefully (usually for the purpose of management) identify and update, learn cause-and-effect relationships and patterns in a number of general and universal events and phenomena. It is often a systems research methodology.

In systems thinking, a set of events, phenomena (which may consist of various constituent elements) is updated, studied as a whole, as one event organized according to general rules, a phenomenon whose behavior can be predicted, predicted (as a rule) without clarifying not only the behavior of the constituent elements, but also the quality and quantity of themselves. Until it is understood how the system as a whole functions or develops, no knowledge of its parts will give a complete picture of this development.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………..………3

1 "System" and analytical activities……………….. ……………..…...5

1.1 The concept of “system”………………………………………………………………5

1.2 Analytical activities ............................................................... ...........................ten

2 System analysis in research of control systems.……..………….....15

2.1 Fundamentals of system analysis. Types of system analysis.……..………..….15

2.2. The structure of system analysis………………………………..……….…...20

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..25

Glossary…………………………………...……………………………………..27

List of used sources ………………………………………………29

Appendix A “Characteristics of the main properties of the system” ......……...….…..31

Appendix B "Varieties of management decisions of the organization" .... ... 32

Appendix B “Characteristics of types of analysis”……………...……………….33

Appendix D “Characteristics of the varieties of system analysis”……...34

Appendix D "The sequence of system analysis according to Yu.I. Chernyak".36

Introduction

System analysis is a set of studies aimed at identifying general trends and factors in the development of an organization and developing measures to improve the management system and all production and economic activities of the organization.

System analysis of the activity of an enterprise or organization is carried out mainly in the early stages of work on the creation of a specific management system. This is due to the complexity of design work on the development and implementation of the selected model of the management system, the rationale for its economic, technical and organizational feasibility. System analysis allows you to identify the feasibility of creating or improving an organization, to determine which class of complexity it belongs to, to identify the most effective methods of scientific organization of labor that were previously used.

The properties of any phenomenon are split into opposites, and appear before the researcher in the form of general and special, quality and quantity, cause and effect, content and form, etc. Any object must be considered as a system.

In this case, a system is understood as a set of objects characterized by a certain set of links between large objects and their parts, functioning as a single whole, i.e. subordinated to a single goal, developing according to uniform laws and patterns.

Each object itself can be considered as a system with its subsystems. Moreover, the degree of detailing of systems, their division into subsystems is practically unlimited. The properties of the system and objects are homogeneous and are characterized by the same parameters. System analysis involves the study of a clear formulation of the final goal, which expresses the ideal desired state of the object of analysis and is formalized in the form of a development concept. It is always associated with the alternative approach, i.e. consideration of many possibilities, taking into account the maximum number of all variables that determine the state and change of the analyzed object, therefore this topic is very relevant .

object research is itself a system analysis as an analytical activity.

Goals studying this topic is the understanding that the most effective approach to the study of control systems is system analysis, which allows you to explore complex phenomena and objects as a whole, consisting of interrelated and complementary elements.

Subject Research is a system analysis process.

task work is the analysis of a number of issues: 1. The concept of "system". 2. Types of analytical activities. 3. Essence, types and structure of system analysis.

Methods This coursework's research is the collection and aggregation of information from a variety of sources.

Literature review: When writing this term paper, 18 sources of literature were used, mainly educational, such authors as: V. S. Anfilatov; A. S. Bolshakov; V.A. Dolyatovsky; A.K. Zaitsev; A. V. Ignatieva; I. V. Korolev; E. M. Korotkov; V. I. Mukhin; Yu. P. Surmin and others.

Practical significance of this work lies, first of all, in the possibility of using the results of the work to select the optimal method of system analysis in the field of research of control systems. Also, the results of the research can be useful for writing term papers and theses by students of various faculties conducting their research in the field of control systems research.

1 Research of control systems

1.1 The concept of "system"

The word "system" is of ancient Greek origin. It is formed from the verb synistemi - to put together, put in order, found, connect. In ancient philosophy, he emphasized that the world is not chaos, but has an internal order, its own organization and integrity. In modern science, there are quite a lot of different definitions and interpretations of the concept of a system, which are analyzed in detail in the works of V.I. Sadovsky and A.I. Uemova.

Modern science needs to develop a clear scientific definition of the system. This is not easy to do, because the concept of “system” is one of the most general and universal concepts. It is used in relation to a variety of objects, phenomena and processes. It is no coincidence that the term is used in many different semantic variations.

A system is a theory (for example, Plato's philosophical system). Apparently, this context of understanding the system was the earliest - as soon as the first theoretical complexes arose. And the more universal they were, the greater was the need for a special term that would denote this integrity and universality.

The system is a complete method of practical activity (for example, the system of the theater reformer K. S. Stanislavsky). Such systems evolved as professions emerged and professional knowledge and skills accumulated. This use of the term originates in the guild culture of the Middle Ages. Here the concept of "system" was used not only in a positive sense as a means of effective activity, but also in a negative sense, denoting by it that which fetters creativity, genius. Brilliant in this sense is the aphorism of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821): “As for the system, you must always reserve the right to laugh the next day at your thoughts of the previous day.”

A system is a certain way of mental activity (for example, a calculus system). This kind of system has ancient origins. They began with writing and calculus systems and developed into the information systems of today. For them, their validity is fundamentally important, which was well noted by the French moralist Pierre Claude Victoire Boiste (1765–1824): “To build a system on one fact, on one idea is to put the pyramid with a sharp end down.”

A system is a collection of natural objects (for example, the solar system). The naturalistic use of the term is associated with autonomy, a certain completeness of objects of nature, their unity and integrity.

A system is a certain phenomenon of society (for example, an economic system, a legal system). The social use of the term is due to the dissimilarity and diversity of human societies, the formation of their components: legal, managerial, social and other systems. For example, Napoleon Bonaparte stated: "Nothing moves forward under a political system in which words contradict deeds."

The system is a set of established norms of life, rules of conduct. It's about some regulatory systems, which are characteristic of various spheres of life of people and society (for example, legislative and moral), performing a regulatory function in society.

From the above definitions, it is possible to identify common points that are inherent in the concept of "system" and, in further research, consider it as a purposeful complex of interrelated elements of any nature and relationships between them. The obligatory existence of goals determines the purposeful rules of interconnections common to all elements, which determine the purposefulness of the system as a whole.

At the same time, it is not uncommon to state that the use of the concept of a system has revolutionized the development of science, indicates a new level of scientific research, and determines their prospects and practical success.

The concept of "system" is most often defined as a set of interrelated elements that determine the integrity of education due to the fact that its properties are not reduced to the properties of its constituent elements. The main features of the system are: the presence of various elements, among which there is necessarily a system-forming one, the connections and interactions of elements, the integrity of their totality (external and internal environment), the combination and correspondence of the properties of the elements and their totality as a whole.

The concept of "system" has two opposite properties: limitedness and integrity. The first is an external property of the system, and the second is an internal property acquired in the process of development. A system can be delimited, but not integral, but the more the system is isolated, delimited from the environment, the more it is internally integral, individual, original.

According to the foregoing, a system can be defined as a delimited, mutually connected set, reflecting the objective existence of specific individual interconnected sets of bodies and not containing specific restrictions inherent in particular systems. This definition characterizes the system as a self-moving aggregate, interconnection, interaction.

The most important properties of the system: structure, interdependence with the environment, hierarchy, multiplicity of descriptions, which are presented in Appendix A ( see Appendix A).

The composition of the system. The internal structure of the system is the unity of the composition, organization and structure of the system. The composition of the system is reduced to a complete list of its elements, i.e. it is the totality of all the elements that make up the system. The composition characterizes the richness, diversity of the system, its complexity.

The nature of a system largely depends on its composition, a change in which leads to a change in the properties of the system. For example, by changing the composition of steel when a component is added to it, one can obtain steel with desired properties. Composition as a certain set of parts, components of elements constitutes the substance of the system.

Note that the composition is a necessary characteristic of the system, but by no means sufficient. Systems that have the same composition often have different properties, since the elements of the systems: firstly, have a different internal organization, and secondly, are interconnected in different ways. Therefore, in systems theory there are two additional characteristics: the organization of the system and the structure of the system. Often they are identified.

Elements are the building blocks from which the system is built. They significantly affect the properties of the system, largely determine its nature. But the properties of the system are not reduced to the properties of the elements.

The concept of a system function. A function, translated from Latin, means “execution” - this is a way of manifesting the activity of the system, a stable active relationship of things in which changes in some objects lead to changes in others. The term is used in a variety of meanings. It can mean the ability to activity and the activity itself, role, property, value, task, dependence of one value on another, etc.

The function of the system is usually understood as:

The action of the system, its reaction to the environment;

Set of states of system outputs;

With a descriptive or descriptive approach to a function, it acts as a property of the system that unfolds in dynamics;

As a process of achieving the goal by the system;

As coordinated between the elements of the action in the aspect of the implementation of the system as a whole;

The trajectory of the system, which can be described mathematically

dependence linking the dependent and independent variables of the system.

The concept of consistency in management. Management is usually understood as the impact on the system in order to ensure its functioning, focused on maintaining its basic quality in a changing environment, or on the implementation of some program that ensures stability, homeostasis, achievement of a specific goal. Management activities are closely related to the systems approach. It is the need to solve managerial problems that makes the system ideas widely used and transferred to the level of technological control schemes. Management needs are the most important driving force of development systems approach.

First of all, management acts as an operation with a management object, which is a system and quite often a complex system. The principle of consistency appears here as a way of representing an object characterized by its composition, structure and functions. The control paradigm here receives from systemic the idea of integrity, interconnectedness and interdependence, taking into account the structural features of the object-system. An important role in this case begins to play not a rigid determination of the object, but a regulatory impact on the structure and the environment surrounding the object.

Consistency also acts as a systematic approach to management, i.e. as a management method. Here it is no longer just the recognition of the systemic nature of the object, but also the systematic work with it.

A management decision is a set of influences on a control object to bring it into the desired state. The managerial decision, to be very precise, is not the transformations of the object itself, but the information, the model of these transformations. Management decision is a key link in management activities.

The nature of a management decision as a model for transforming a management object can only be understood from a systemic standpoint, comprehending its structure and functional role in the control system. In management practice, a significant variety of varieties of management decisions has been formed. If we rely on a systematic approach in their classification, then in relation to the organization, the world of decisions looks like it is presented in Appendix B ( see Appendix B).

The systems approach turns out to be the most important and productive for the study of socio-economic phenomena. Management belongs to the class of just such phenomena.

Thus, the analysis of the variety of uses of the concept “system” shows that it has ancient roots and plays a very important role in contemporary culture, acts as an integral of modern knowledge, a means of comprehending everything that exists. At the same time, the concept is not unambiguous and not rigid, which makes it exceptionally creative.

1.2 Analytical activity

Analytical activity (analytics) is a direction of people's intellectual activity, which is aimed at solving problems that arise in various spheres of life. Analytical activity becomes the most important characteristic of modern society. The terms “analysis”, “analytics”, “analytical activity” and the like have become so popular that the content contained in them seems simple and unambiguous. But one has only to set oneself the task of analyzing something, i.e. to transfer thinking from the terminological level to the technological level, the level of specific activity, a number of rather complex questions immediately arise: What is analysis?, What are its procedures? etc.

The concept of “analysis” has two semantic approaches. With a narrow approach, a certain set of methods of thinking is understood, a mental decomposition of the whole into its constituent parts, which allows you to get ideas about the structure of the object under study, its structure, parts. oneself and synthesis procedures - the process of mentally combining various aspects, parts of an object into a single shaping. In this regard, analysis is often identified with research activity in general.

The origins of analytical activity go back to Socrates, who widely used the interactive method of solving problems, proofs through guidance.

Today, analytics is a branched and complex system of knowledge, which includes logic as a science about the patterns and operations of correct thinking, scientific methodology - a system of principles, methods and techniques of cognitive activity, heuristics - a discipline whose goal is to discover something new in science, technology and others. spheres of life, when there is no algorithm for solving a particular cognitive problem, as well as informatics - the science of information, methods of obtaining, accumulating, processing and transmitting it.

In the twentieth century analytical activity has turned into a professional one. Analysts of various specializations have a huge impact on progress in almost all areas of public life. In many countries, like mushrooms after a summer rain, intellectual corporations, “thought factories”, information and analytical departments and services in state bodies, companies, banks, and political parties are growing.

The complexity and ambiguity of processes, the risk and the desire to obtain

a good result, a variety of information and the lack of reliable knowledge force the use of analytical activities.

The implementation of analytical activity is carried out, first of all, through the use of specific methods of cognitive activity. Each of the analytical methods is a set of certain principles, rules, techniques and algorithms of analytical activity that have developed into a certain system in the process of being used by people. It is precisely the lack of possession of the arsenal of these methods that now constitutes one of the most important problems in the training of analysts in various fields.

Analytical activity begins with the definition of the object, subject and problem, the formation of which is characteristic of any research activity, including analytical.

The next step is aimed at the formation of an ideal model of the object and subject, which ensures the creation of a regulatory framework for subsequent research activities. Once this normative base has been created, various hypotheses can be put forward to understand the problem.

The next step is to determine the type of analysis. It is an appeal to the classification of analytical activities proposed above. This step predetermines another - the choice of specific methods of analytical activity, i.e. involves referring to their respective classification. Then follows the application of methods to the subject of research in the aspect of testing hypotheses. Analytical activity ends with the formulation of analytical conclusions.

Main types of analytics. It is not possible to give a detailed description of all types of analytical activity, since there are several hundred of them in all areas of knowledge and practice. Let us dwell on the characteristics of those of them that are most widely used in life and have a significant impact on the development of analytical technologies. They are shown in Appendix B ( see Appendix B).

Problem analysis is based on the concept of "problem" (from the Greek. barrier, difficulty, task). A social problem is understood as a form of existence and expression of the contradiction between the urgent need for certain social actions and the still insufficient conditions for its implementation. The outstanding Russian philosopher I. A. Ilyin (1882–1954) brilliantly expressed the specifics of problem analysis: “... in order to correctly pose a problem and correctly resolve it, one needs not only the certainty of an objective vision; what is still needed is an intense effort of attention for that given set of conditions, outside of which the problem itself falls or is removed.

System analysis should be attributed to the most popular types. It is based on the laws of the system integrity of the object, on the interdependence of structure and function. At the same time, depending on the vector of this analysis, i.e. directions from structure to function or vice versa distinguish between descriptive and constructive. The main goal of descriptive analysis is aimed at finding out how the system functions in which the structure is given. Constructive analysis involves the selection for the given goals, the functions of the structure of the system. Both species quite often complement each other.

System analysis technology is a set of steps to implement the system approach methodology in order to obtain information about the system. Yu. M. Plotinsky singles out the following stages in system analysis: the formulation of the main goals and objectives of the study; defining the boundaries of the system, separating it from the external environment; compiling a list of system elements (subsystems, factors, variables, etc.); identification of the essence of the integrity of the system; analysis of interrelated elements of the system; building the structure of the system; establishing the functions of the system and its subsystems; coordination of the goals of the system and its subsystems; clarification of the boundaries of the system and each subsystem; analysis of emergence phenomena; designing a system model.

It should be emphasized that system analysis is distinguished by a huge number of specific varieties, which makes this type quite promising.

Cause-and-effect analysis is based on such an important property of being, which is causality (causality - from Latin Gausa). Its main concepts are “cause” and “effect”, describing the causal relationship between phenomena.

Praxeological or pragmatic analysis as a scientific direction is associated with the Polish researchers Tadeusz Kotarbinski (1886–1962) and Tadeusz Pszczolowski. Praxeology is the science of rational human activity. Praxeological analysis involves the comprehension of this or that object, process, phenomenon from the point of view of more effective use in practical life. The main concepts of pragmatic analysis are: "efficiency" - achieving a high result with minimal resources; "effectiveness" - the ability to achieve the goal; "Evaluation" - a value that characterizes a particular phenomenon in terms of efficiency and effectiveness.

Axiological analysis involves the analysis of one or another object, process, phenomenon in the system of values. The need for this analysis is due to the fact that society is characterized by significant value differentiation. The values of representatives of different social groups differ from each other. Therefore, in a democratic society, the problem of harmonizing values, value partnership often arises, since without this normal interaction of people is impossible.

Situational analysis is based on a set of techniques and methods for understanding the situation, its structure, factors that determine it, development trends, etc. In the practice of teaching, it has become widespread as a method of developing analytical skills - the Case study method. Its essence boils down to a collective discussion of some text that describes the situation and is called a “case”.

Thus, the purpose of analytical activity is both to obtain a direct result, which ultimately boils down to substantiating the optimal management decision, and an indirect result, when analytical activity changes the very idea of managers about those objects and processes that have been analyzed.

2 Systems analysis in control systems research

2.1 Fundamentals of system analysis. Types of system analysis

"I'm writing you a long letter because I don't have time to make it short" can be paraphrased as "I'm making this difficult because I don't know how to make it simple."

System analysis is an important object of methodological research and one of the most rapidly developing scientific areas. Numerous monographs and articles are devoted to him.

The popularity of systems analysis is now so great that one can paraphrase the well-known aphorism of the eminent physicists William Thomson and Ernest Rutherford regarding a science that can be divided into physics and stamp collecting. Indeed, among all methods of analysis, systems analysis is the real king, and all other methods can be safely attributed to its inexpressive servants.

The discipline called "systems analysis" was born out of the need to conduct research of an interdisciplinary nature. The creation of complex technical systems, the design and management of complex national economic complexes, the analysis of environmental situations, and many other areas of engineering, scientific and economic activity required the organization of research that would be of an unconventional nature. They required the unification of efforts of specialists of different scientific profiles, the unification and harmonization of information obtained as a result of research of a specific nature. The successful development of such interdisciplinary or, as they sometimes say, systemic or complex research is largely due to the possibilities of information processing, the use of mathematical methods that appeared along with electronic computer technology and at the same time gave not only a tool, but also a language of a high degree of universality.

The result of system research is, as a rule, the choice of a well-defined alternative: a development plan for the region, design parameters, etc. Thus, system analysis is a discipline that deals with decision-making problems in conditions where the choice of an alternative requires the analysis of complex information of various physical nature . Therefore, the origins of system analysis, its methodological concepts lie in those disciplines that deal with decision-making problems, the theory of operations research and general control theory.

The formation of a new discipline should be dated to the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, when the first works on the theory of regulation appeared, when they first began to talk about optimal solutions in economics, that is, when the first ideas about the goal function (utility) appeared. The development of the theory was determined, on the one hand, by the development of the mathematical apparatus, the emergence of formalization techniques, and, on the other hand, by new tasks that arose in industry, military affairs, and the economy. The theory of systems analysis received especially rapid development after the fifties, when a synthetic discipline appeared on the basis of efficiency theory, game theory, and queuing theory - "operations research". It then gradually developed into systems analysis, which was a synthesis of operations research and management theory.

The features of modern systems analysis stem from the very nature of complex systems. Having as a goal the elimination of the problem or, at least, the clarification of its causes, system analysis involves a wide range of means for this, uses the possibilities of various sciences and practical fields of activity. Being essentially an applied dialectic, system analysis attaches great importance to the methodological aspects of any system research. On the other hand, the applied orientation of system analysis leads to the use of all modern means of scientific research - mathematics, computer technology, modeling, field observations and experiments.

System analysis - a set of methods and tools for studying complex, multi-level and multi-component systems, objects, processes; relies on an integrated approach, taking into account the relationships and interactions between the elements of the system.

The study of objects and phenomena as systems led to the formation of a new scientific methodology - a systematic approach. Consider the main features of a systematic approach:

Applies to the exploration and creation of objects as systems, and applies only to systems;

Hierarchy of knowledge, requiring a multi-level study of the subject: the study of the subject itself, the study of the same subject as an element of a wider system and the study of this subject in relation to the components of this subject;

The study of the integrative properties and patterns of systems and complexes of systems, the disclosure of the basic mechanisms for the integration of the whole;

Orientation to obtain quantitative characteristics, the creation of methods that narrow the ambiguity of concepts, definitions, estimates.

System analysis allows you to identify the feasibility of creating or improving an organization, determine which class of complexity it belongs to, and identify the most effective methods of scientific organization of labor. A system analysis of the activities of an enterprise or organization is carried out at the early stages of work on the creation of a specific management system. This is due to:

The duration and complexity of work related to the pre-project survey;

Selection of materials for the study;

The choice of research methods;

Justification of economic, technical and organizational feasibility;

Development of computer programs.

The ultimate goal of system analysis is the development and implementation of the selected reference model of the control system.

In accordance with the main goal, it is necessary to carry out the following studies of a systemic nature:

1. Identify the general trends in the development of this enterprise and its place and role in the modern market economy.

2. Establish the features of the functioning of the enterprise and its individual divisions.

3. Identify the conditions that ensure the achievement of the goals.

4. Determine the conditions that impede the achievement of goals.

5. Collect the necessary data for analysis and development of measures to improve the current management system.

6. Use the best practices of other enterprises.

7. To study the necessary information to adapt the selected (synthesized) reference model to the conditions of the enterprise under consideration.

The following characteristics are taken into account in the process of system analysis:

1) the role and place of this enterprise in the industry;

2) the state of production and economic activity of the enterprise;

3) the production structure of the enterprise;

4) management system and its organizational structure;

5) features of the interaction of the enterprise with suppliers, consumers and higher organizations;

6) innovative needs (possible connections of this enterprise with research and design organizations);

7) forms and methods of stimulating and remunerating employees.

System analysis begins with the clarification or formulation of the goals of a particular management system (enterprise or company) and the search for a performance criterion that should be expressed as a specific indicator. As a rule, most organizations are multipurpose. Many goals are determined by the peculiarities of the development of the enterprise and its actual position in the period under consideration, as well as the state of the environment.

Clearly and competently formulated goals for the development of an enterprise (company) are the basis for system analysis and development of a research program.

The system analysis program, in turn, includes a list of issues to be researched and their priority. For example, a system analysis program may include the following sections that involve analysis:

Enterprises in general;

Type of production and its technical and economic characteristics;

Divisions of the enterprise that produce products (services) - the main divisions;

Auxiliary and service units;

Enterprise management systems;

Forms of links of documents operating at the enterprise, routes of their movement and processing technology.

Thus, each section of the program is an independent study and begins with the setting of goals and objectives of the analysis. This stage of work is the most important, since it depends on

the entire course of research, the selection of priority tasks and, ultimately, the reform of a specific management system.

Types of system analysis. Quite often, the types of system analysis are reduced to the methods of system analysis or to the specifics of the system approach in systems of various nature. In fact, the rapid development of system analysis leads to the differentiation of its varieties on many grounds, which are: the purpose of system analysis; direction of the analysis vector; the method of its implementation; time and aspect of the system; the branch of knowledge and the nature of the reflection of the life of the system. Classification on these grounds is given in Appendix D ( see Appendix D)

This classification allows diagnosing each specific type of system analysis. To do this, it is necessary to “go through” all the bases of classification, choosing the type of analysis that best reflects the properties of the type of analysis used.

So, the primary task of system analysis is to determine the global goal of the development of the organization and the goals of functioning. Having specific, clearly formulated goals, it is possible to identify and analyze the factors that contribute to or hinder the speedy achievement of these goals.

2.2 Structure of the systems analysis

There is no universal methodology - instructions for conducting a system analysis. Such a technique is developed and applied in cases where the researcher does not have sufficient information about the system that would allow formalizing the process of its research, including the formulation and solution of the problem that has arisen.

The technological aspect of system analysis was already highlighted by Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) - the last Western European philosopher-encyclopedist, who wrote: “Systematic analysis should begin with the most complex phenomena of the analyzed series.

Having decomposed them into phenomena immediately following it in their complexity, we must proceed to a similar decomposition of their component parts; thus, by successive expansions, we must descend to ever simpler and more general, until we finally reach the simplest and most general. Perhaps some patience is needed to carry out these highly complex operations of consciousness. Nowadays, the problem of the structure of system analysis is given a fairly significant place in the concepts of various authors.

The detailed scheme was substantiated by Yu. I. Chernyak, who decomposed the system analysis process into 12 stages: problem analysis; system definition; analysis of the structure of systems; formulation of the overall goal and criteria of the system; goal decomposition, identification of resource and process needs; identification of resources and processes, composition of goals; forecast and analysis of future conditions; evaluation of ends and means; selection of options; diagnosis of the existing system; building a comprehensive development program; designing an organization to achieve goals. The advantage of Yu. I. Chernyak's technology lies in its operationalism, as well as in the fact that it presents, according to each stage, the scientific tools of system analysis, which is shown in Appendix D ( see Appendix D).

In our opinion, the technology of system analysis is the result of a synthesis of operations of a systematic approach and scientific research. Hence, when technologizing system analysis, it is necessary to take into account: firstly, the type of analysis that determines its content, tools and, secondly, the main parameters of the analyzed system that determine its subject, as shown in Appendix D ( see Appendix D).

The object of system analysis is the real objects of nature and society, considered as systems. That is, system analysis presupposes initially a systemic vision of the object. Its subject includes diverse characteristics of systemicity, the most important of which are:

The composition of the system (typology and number of elements, the dependence of the element on its place and functions in the system, types of subsystems, their properties, impact on the properties of the whole);

The structure of the system (the typology and complexity of the structure, the variety of links, direct and reverse links, the hierarchy of the structure, the impact of the structure on the properties and functions of the system);

Organization of the system (temporal and spatial aspects);

Organization, organization typology, system composition, sustainability, homeostat, controllability, centralization and peripherality, organizational structure optimization);

System functioning: system goals and their decomposition, type of function (linear, non-linear, internal, external), behavior under uncertainty, in critical situations, functioning mechanism, coordination of internal and external functions, the problem of optimal functioning and restructuring of functions;

The position of the system in the environment (the boundaries of the system, the nature of the environment, openness, balance, stabilization, balance, the mechanism of interaction between the system and the environment, adaptation of the system to the environment, factors and disturbing effects of the environment);

System development (mission, system-forming factors, life path, stages and sources of development, processes in the system - integration and disintegration, dynamics, entropy or chaos, stabilization, crisis, self-healing, transition, randomness, innovation and restructuring).

In principle, the stages of conducting any scientific research or the stages of research and development adopted in the theory of automatic control can be taken as a basis for developing a methodology for system analysis. However, a specific feature of any method of system analysis is that it must be based on the concept of a system and use the patterns of construction, functioning and development of systems.

The main tasks of system analysis can be represented as a three-level tree of functions: 1. Decomposition; 2. Analysis; 3. Synthesis

At the stage of decomposition, which provides a general representation of the system, the following are carried out:

1. Definition and decomposition of the general goal of the study and the main function of the system as a restriction of the trajectory in the state space of the system or in the area of admissible situations. Most often, decomposition is carried out by constructing a tree of goals and a tree of functions.

2. Isolation of the system from the environment (separation into a system / “non-system”) according to the criterion of participation of each considered element in the process leading to a result based on the consideration of the system as an integral part of the supersystem.

3. Description of influencing factors.

4. Description of development trends, uncertainties of various kinds.

5. Description of the system as a "black box".

6. Functional (by functions), component (by type of elements) and structural (by type of relations between elements) decomposition of the system.

At the analysis stage, which provides the formation of a detailed representation of the system, the following are carried out:

1. Functional and structural analysis of the existing system, which allows to formulate requirements for the system being created.

2. Morphological analysis - analysis of the relationship of components.

3. Genetic analysis - analysis of the background, the reasons for the development of the situation, existing trends, making forecasts.

4. Analysis of analogues.

5. Analysis of efficiency (in terms of effectiveness, resource intensity, efficiency). It includes the choice of a measurement scale, the formation of performance indicators, the justification and formation of performance criteria, the direct evaluation and analysis of the obtained assessments.

6. Formation of requirements for the system being created, including the choice of evaluation criteria and restrictions.

Stage of system synthesis, problem solving. At this stage, the following are carried out:

1. Development of a model of the required system (selection of a mathematical apparatus, modeling, evaluation of the model according to the criteria of adequacy, simplicity, correspondence between accuracy and complexity, balance of errors, multivariate implementations, block construction).

2. Synthesis of alternative structures of the system that removes the problem.

3. Synthesis of the parameters of the system that removes the problem.

4. Evaluation of variants of the synthesized system (substantiation of the evaluation scheme, model implementation, evaluation experiment, processing of evaluation results, analysis of results, selection of the best option).

An assessment of the degree of removal of the problem is carried out at the completion of the system analysis.

The most difficult to perform are the stages of decomposition and analysis. It's connected with a high degree uncertainty to be overcome in the course of the study.

In this way, important feature system analysis is the unity of the formalized and non-formalized means and methods of research used in it.

Despite the fact that the range of modeling and problem solving methods used in systems analysis is constantly expanding, systems analysis is not identical in nature to scientific research: it is not related to the tasks of obtaining scientific knowledge in the proper sense, but is only the application of the methods of science to the solution practical problems management and pursues the goal of rationalizing the decision-making process, without excluding inevitable subjective moments from this process.

Conclusion

If we try to characterize modern systems analysis again, very enlarged and from a slightly different perspective, then it is fashionable to say that it includes activities such as:

Scientific research (theoretical and experimental) of issues related to the problem;

Design of new systems and measurements in existing systems;

Implementation into practice of the results obtained during the analysis.

Already this list itself, obviously, deprives the argument about what is more in a systematic study - theory or practice, science or art, creativity or craft, heuristics or algorithmicity, philosophy or mathematics - all this is present in it. Of course, in a particular study, the ratios between these components can be very different. The system analyst is ready to involve in solving the problem any knowledge and methods necessary for this - even those that he personally does not own; in this case, he is not the performer, but the organizer of the study, the bearer of the goal and methodology of the entire study.

Systems analysis helps to identify the causes of ineffective decisions, it also provides tools and techniques for improving planning and control.

A modern leader must have systems thinking, because:

the manager must perceive, process and systematize a huge amount of information and knowledge that are necessary for making managerial decisions;

the manager needs a systematic methodology with which he could correlate one direction of his organization's activity with another, and prevent quasi-optimization of managerial decisions;

the manager must see the forest behind the trees, the general behind the private, rise above everyday life and realize what place his organization occupies in the external environment, how it interacts with another, larger system, of which it is a part;

system analysis in management allows the manager to more productively implement his main functions: forecasting, planning, organization, leadership, control.

Systems thinking not only contributed to the development of new ideas about the organization (in particular, special attention was paid to the integrated nature of the enterprise, as well as the paramount importance of information systems), but also provided the development of useful mathematical tools and techniques that greatly facilitate managerial decision-making, the use of more advanced systems planning and control.

Thus, system analysis allows us to comprehensively evaluate any production and economic activity and the activity of the management system at the level of specific characteristics. This will help to analyze any situation within a single system, to identify the nature of the input, process and output problems. The use of system analysis allows the best way to organize the decision-making process at all levels in the management system.

Summing up the final result, we will once again try to define system analysis in its modern sense. So: with practical side system analysis is the theory and practice of improving intervention in problem situations; From the methodological point of view, system analysis is applied dialectics.

Glossary

No. p / p	New concepts	Definitions
1	Adaptation	the process of adapting a system to its environment environment without losing their identity.
2	Algorithm	a description of a sequence of actions leading to the achievement of a certain goal, or a text representing such a description. The term comes from the name of the Uzbek mathematician of the 9th century. Al-Khwarizmi.
3	Analysis	(translated from Greek. decomposition, dismemberment) - the physical or mental dismemberment of a certain integrity into its separate parts, constituent elements.
4	Genetic analysis	analysis of the genetics of the system, mechanisms of inheritance.
5	Descriptive analysis	The analysis of a system starts from structure and goes to function and purpose.
6	Analysis is constructive	the analysis of a system begins with its purpose and proceeds through functions to structure.
7	Cause and effect analysis	establishing the causes that led to the emergence of this situation, and the consequences of their deployment.
8	System analysis	a set of methods, techniques and algorithms for applying a systematic approach in analytical activities.
9	situational analysis	a method of teaching analytical skills through a collective discussion of some text describing a situation and called a “case”.
10	Interaction	the influence of objects on each other, leading to mutual connection and conditionality.
11	Decomposition	the operation of dividing the whole into parts while maintaining the property of subordination of its constituent parts, representing the whole in the form of a “tree of goals”.
12	Integration	process and mechanism of association and connectivity elements, characterized by integrativity, system-forming variables, factors, relationships, etc.
13	Modeling	a method of studying objects by reproducing their characteristics on another object - a model.
14	Paradigm	(translated from Greek - image, model) - a set of historically formed methodological, philosophical, scientific, managerial and other attitudes adopted in community as a model, a norm, a standard for problem solving. Introduced into scientific circulation by the American historian of science T. Kuhn in relation to scientific knowledge.
15	Black box	a cybernetic term that defines a system; there is no information about the internal organization, structure and behavior of elements, but it is possible to influence the system through its inputs and register reactions through its outputs.

List of sources used

Scientific and review literature

1. Antonov, A.V. System Analysis: Minsk: Vysh. school, Minsk, 2008. - 453 p.

2. Anfilatov, B.C. System analysis in management: Proc. allowance /B.C. Anfilatov, A.A., Emelyanov, A.A., Kukushkin. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2008. - 368 p.

3. Bolshakov, A. S. Anti-crisis management at the enterprise: financial and system aspects.: - St. Petersburg: SPbGUP, 2008. - 484 p. .

4. Dolyatovsky, V.A., Dolyatovskaya, V.N. Research of control systems: - M.: March, 2005, 176 p.

5. Drogobytsky, I. N. System analysis in economics: - M.: Infra-M., 2009. - 512 p.

6. Zaitsev, A.K. Research of control systems: Tutorial. - N.Novgorod: NIMB, 2006.-123 p.

7. Ignatieva, A.V., Maksimtsov, M.M. Research of control systems: Proc. allowance for universities. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2008. - 167 p.

8. Korolev, I.V. Educational-methodical complex for the course "Research of control systems". - Nizhny Novgorod: NCI, 2009. - 48 p.

9. Korotkov, E.M. Research of control systems: Textbook. - M.: "DeKA", 2007. - 264 p.

10. Makasheva, ZM Research of control systems: - M.: "KnoRus". 2009. - 176 p.

11. Mishin, V.M. Study of control systems. Textbook. - M.: Unity, 2006. - 527 p.

12. Mukhin, V.I. Research of control systems: - M.: "Exam". 2006. - 480 p.

13. Mylnik, V.V., Titarenko, B.P., Volochienko, V.A. The study of control systems: Textbook for universities. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M: Academic Project; Ekaterinburg: Business book, 2006. - 352 p.

14. Novoseltsev, V.I. Theoretical foundations of system analysis. - M.: Mayor, 2006. - 592 p.

15. Peregudov, F.I., Tarasenko, F.P. Introduction to system analysis: Uch.pos. for universities. - Tomsk: NTL Publishing House, 2008. - 396 p.

16. Popov, V. N. System analysis in management: - M.: "KnoRus", 2007. - 298 p.

17. Surmin, Yu. P. Theory of systems and system analysis: Proc. allowance. - K.: MAUP, 2006. - 368 p.

18. Timchenko, T.M. System analysis in management: - M.: RIOR, 2008.- 161 p.

Annex A

Characterization of the main properties of the system

System property	Characteristic
Limitation	The system is separated from the environment by boundaries
Integrity	Its property of the whole is fundamentally not reduced to the sum of the properties of its constituent elements.
Structurality	The behavior of the system is determined not only by the features of individual elements, but by the properties of its structure
Interdependence with the environment	The system forms and exhibits properties in the process of interaction with the environment
Hierarchy	Subordination of elements in the system
Plurality of descriptions	Due to the complexity of the knowledge of the system requires a plurality of its descriptions.

Annex B

Varieties of management decisions of the organization

Annex B

Characteristics of types of analysis

Analysis	Characteristic
Problem	The implementation of problem structuring, which involves the allocation of a complex of problems of the situation, their typology, characteristics, consequences, ways of resolving
Systemic	Determination of characteristics, structure of the situation, its functions, interaction with the environment and internal environment
causal	Establishing the causes that led to the emergence of this situation, and the consequences of its deployment
Praxeological	Diagnosis of the content of activity in a situation, its modeling and optimization
Axiological	Building a system for evaluating phenomena, activities, processes, situations from the standpoint of a particular value system
situational	Modeling the situation, its components, conditions, consequences, actors
predictive	Making predictions about the probable, potential and desirable future
advisory	Development of recommendations regarding the behavior of the actors in the situation
Program target	Development of activity programs in this situation

Annex D

Characteristics of the varieties of system analysis

Basis of classification	Types of system analysis	Characteristic
Purpose systemic	Research system	Analytical activity is built as a research activity, the results are used in science
Purpose systemic	Applied System	Analytical activity is a specific kind of practical activity, the results are used in practice
Directional vector	descriptive or descriptive	System analysis starts from structure and goes to function and purpose
Directional vector	Constructive	The analysis of a system starts with its purpose and proceeds through functions to structure.
implementation	Qualitative	Analysis of the system in terms of qualitative properties, characteristics
implementation	Quantitative	Analysis of the system in terms of a formal approach, quantitative representation of characteristics
	Retrospective	Analysis of systems of the past and their influence on the past and history
	Actual (situational)	Analysis of systems in situations of the present and problems of their stabilization
	predictive	Analysis of future systems and ways to achieve them
	Structural	Structure analysis
	Functional	Analysis of the functions of the system, the effectiveness of its functioning
	Structural- functional	Analysis of structure and functions, as well as their interdependence
	macrosystem	Analysis of the place and role of the system in larger systems that include it
	microsystem	Analysis of systems that include this one and affect the properties of this system
	General systemic	Based on the general theory of systems, carried out from general systemic positions
	Special system	Based on special systems theory, takes into account the specifics of the nature of systems
Reflection system life	vital	It involves an analysis of the life of the system, the main stages of its life path
Reflection system life	Genetic	Analysis of system genetics, inheritance mechanisms

Annex D

The sequence of system analysis according to Yu. I. Chernyak

Stages of system analysis	Scientific tools of system analysis
I. Analysis of the problem
Detection Precise formulation Logical Structure Analysis Development analysis (past and future) Definition of external links (with other problems) Revealing the fundamental solvability of the problem	Methods: scripting, diagnostic, goal trees, economic analysis
II. System Definition
Task specification Determining the position of the observer Object definition Selecting elements (determining the boundaries of the system partition) Definition of subsystems Environment Definition	Methods: matrix, cybernetic models
III. Analysis of the structure of systems
Determining Hierarchy Levels Definition of aspects and languages Defining Function Processes Definition and specification of control processes and information channels Subsystem specification Specification of processes, functions of current activity (routine) and development (target)	Methods: diagnostic, matrix, network, morphological, cybernetic models
IV. Formulating the overall goal and criteria of the system
Definition of goals, requirements of the supersystem Determining the goals and constraints of the environment Formulating a common goal Criterion definition Decomposition of goals and criteria by subsystems Composition of a general criterion from criteria of subsystems	Methods: expert assessments (“Delphi”), goal trees, economic analysis, morphological, cybernetic models, normative operating models (optimization, imitation, game)
V. Goal decomposition, identification of resource and process needs
Formulation of goals: - top rank; current processes; efficiency; development Formulating external goals and constraints Identification of resource and process needs	Methods: “goal trees”, network, descriptive models, simulations
VI. Identification of resources and processes, composition of goals
Assessment of existing technology and capacities Assessment of the current state of resources Evaluation of ongoing and planned projects Evaluation of the possibilities of interaction with other systems Assessment of social factors Composition of goals	Methods: expert assessments (“Delphi”), “trees goals”, economic
VII. Forecast and analysis of future conditions
Analysis of sustainable trends in the development of the system Forecast of development and changes in the environment Prediction of the emergence of new factors that have a strong influence on the development of the system Future resource analysis Comprehensive analysis of the interaction of factors of future development Analysis of possible shifts in goals and criteria	Methods: scenarios, expert assessments (“Delphi”), goal trees, network, economic analysis, statistical, descriptive models
VIII. Evaluation of ends and means
Calculation of scores by criterion Assessing the interdependence of goals Assessing the Relative Importance of Goals Assessment of scarcity and cost of resources Assessment of the influence of external factors Calculation of complex estimated estimates	Methods: expert assessments (“Delphi”), economic analysis, morphological
IX. Selection of options
Analysis of goals for compatibility and accessibility Checking goals for completeness Cut off excess targets Planning options for achieving individual goals Evaluation and comparison of options Combining a complex of interrelated options	Methods: goal trees, matrix, economic analysis, morphological
X. Existing System Diagnosis
Modeling of technological and economic processes Calculation of potential and actual capacities Power Loss Analysis Identification of shortcomings in the organization of production and management Identification and analysis of improvement activities	Methods: diagnostic, matrix, economic analysis, cybernetic models
XI. Building a comprehensive development program
Formulating activities, projects and programs Determining the order of goals and activities to achieve them Distribution of areas of activity Distribution of areas of competence Development of a comprehensive action plan within resource constraints over time Distribution by responsible organizations, managers and performers	Methods: matrix, network, economic analysis, descriptive models, normative operating models
XII. Designing an Organization to Achieve Goals
Setting goals for the organization Formulation of the functions of the organization Organizational structure design Design of information mechanisms Design of operating modes Designing mechanisms for material and moral incentives	Methods: diagnostic, “target trees”, matrix, network methods, cybernetic models

Methods of system analysis. unites the knowledge, judgments and intuition of specialists in various fields of knowledge and obliges them to a certain discipline of thinking. Analysis of the economic subsystem and diagnostics of the enterprise

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