Organization of road transport and traffic safety. For the organization of transportation, possible route options have been compiled, presented below. Certificate of admission to transportation of vehicles carrying dangerous goods

The normative and legal framework organization of road transportation, methods of organizing the movement of rolling stock, documents necessary for planning, organizing and performing transportation, and sources for obtaining them. The main methods and means of ensuring the safe implementation of the transportation process are considered. For students of higher educational institutions. May be useful to road transport specialists in their practical activities and advanced training.

The value of road transport for the economy and population.
The demand for road transportation is largely determined by the dynamics and structure of changes in production volumes in the country, the solvency of enterprises and organizations in all sectors of the economy, as well as the level of well-being of the population. It should be borne in mind that the economy and transportation mutually influence each other. As the development of the economy causes an increase in traffic, so high level and opportunities for transportation services have a beneficial effect on the level of investment and economic growth in the region.

By road transport (AT) in Russian Federation about 80% of the total volume of goods transported by all modes of transport is transported, i.e. the vast majority of goods cannot be delivered to consumers without AT. At the same time, in the total freight turnover of all types of transport, the share of AT does not even amount to a few percent. Thus, the main area of activity of AT is the delivery of products in cities and the delivery and export of goods in transport hubs of rail and sea transport. Transport is part of the productive forces of society and is an independent branch of material production. It follows that the products of transport are of a material nature and are expressed in the movement of the material product of other industries. Transport products have the following features:
the material nature of transport products is to change the spatial position of the transported goods;
in transport, the process of production and consumption of products is not separated in time, transport products are consumed as a useful effect, and not a thing;
transport products cannot be accumulated for future use, an increase in demand for transportation will require the use of additional transportation capacity.

Content
Foreword
SECTION I BASICS OF ROAD TRANSPORT
Chapter 1. Development of road transport in Russia
1.1. The importance of road transport for the economy and the population
1.2. State and prospects of road transport
Chapter 2. Transport process of transportation
2.1. Transport process and its elements
2.2. Formation of road transport performance indicators
2.3. Routes of transportation
2.4. Influence of operational factors on vehicle performance
2.5. Cost and tariffs for transportation
Chapter 3. Normative provision of transportation
3.1. Regulation of transport activities
3.2. Legislative and regulatory support for transportation
3.3.Documentation of transportation
Chapter 4. Transport planning and management
4.1.Principles of transportation planning
4.2. Transportation management system
4.3. Service for the operation of a motor transport organization
4.4 Operational transportation management
4.5. Accounting and analysis of the results of transportation
SECTION II ORGANIZATION OF CARGO TRANSPORTATION
Chapter 5. Cargoes and transport equipment
5.1. Cargoes and their classification
5.2. Shipping container
Chapter 6. Organization and technology of cargo transportation
6.1.Classification of road freight transport
6.2.Technological process of cargo transportation
6.3. Basic methods of organizing road freight transport
6.3.1. Transportation of goods by specialized rolling stock
6.3.2. Transportation of packaged goods
6.3.3 Transportation of bulk cargoes
6.3.4. Container shipping
6.3.5. Organization of long-distance and international transportation
6.3.6. Transportation of perishable goods
6.3.7 Transportation of dangerous goods
6.3.8. Organization of transportation of bulky and heavy cargo
6.4 Interaction with other modes of transport
6.4.1. Regional features of the Russian transport system
6.4.2. Types of transportation
6.4.3. Terms of interaction between different modes of transport
6.4.4. Forwarding service
6.5 Logistic transport systems
SECTION III ORGANIZATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
Chapter 7. Determining the demand for passenger transportation
7.1. Transport mobility of the population
7.2 Obtaining data on the demand for passenger transportation
Chapter 8. Organization and technology of passenger transportation
8.1. Classification of passenger road transport
8.2. Urban passenger transportation
8.3. Transportation of passengers in intercity traffic and in the countryside
8.4. Taxi transportation
8.5.Quality of passenger traffic
SECTION IV ORGANIZATION AND SAFETY OF ROAD TRAFFIC
Chapter 9 Security Basics traffic
9.1. System government controlled road safety
9.2 Factors affecting road safety
9.2.1 General characteristics
9.2.2 Human factors
9.2.3 Vehicle related factors
9.2.4 Road related factors
9.2.5. Factors related to the external environment
9.3 Classification and analysis of traffic accidents
9.3.1. The concept of a traffic accident
9.3.2. Main types of traffic accidents
9.3.3. Analysis of traffic accidents and accidents
9.4 Structural safety Vehicle
9.4.1 General information
9.4.2 Active vehicle safety
9.4.3 Passive vehicle safety
9.4.4. Post-accident safety of vehicles
9.4.5. Ecological safety of gransporgny means
9.5. Organization of work to ensure road safety in a motor transport organization
9.5.1. Activities of the motor transport organization to ensure road safety
9.5.2 Ensuring the reliability of drivers
9.5.3. Accounting and analysis of road accidents in a motor transport organization
9.5.4. Methodological and technical means road safety
Chapter 10. Organization of traffic
10.1.Methods of organizing traffic
10.2.Practical measures for the organization and safety of road traffic
10.3. Effectiveness of measures to ensure road safety
Conclusion
Application. Typical tasks and their solutions
Bibliography.

General ideas about the transport process. Ride, turnover and their characteristics.

The transport process consists of:

Loading - movement - unloading - car delivery for loading

The cycle of the tr-th process is a complete set of operations necessary for the delivery of goods or passengers.

Cycle performance indicators:

- traffic volume - the amount of cargo planned for transportation or transported for a certain period of time. [t], [pass]

Freight turnover is the transport work planned or spent on the performance of transportation for a certain period of time.

ride– transport process cycle

Loading unloading time; - time of transportation (movement with cargo); - the time of supply of vehicles (movement without cargo).

Route - the route of the vehicle during the performance of transportation.

Distance traveled with and without load.

Time on the route (

turnover- a completed cycle of performing operations of the third process with a return to the starting point.

For one turn on the route, several trips can be performed:

Routes for the delivery of goods by machine shipments.

Symbols: GO - consignor, GP - consignee.

Types of machine shipments:

2 Ring

3 Radial

MMSONGP - pendulum route with reverse unloaded mileage

MMsOGP - pendulum route with reverse loaded run.

– mileage utilization factor; – number of rides per turn.

MMSONPGP - pendulum route with a reverse incomplete loaded mileage

– mileage utilization factor; – number of rides per turn.

MMsOGPSRZ - pendulum route with reverse loaded run with different loads

– mileage utilization factor; – number of rides per turnover; - load factor.

Ring

And more - number of rides per turnover

Conditions for the expediency of the ring route:

b) , - planned time of work on the route

Radial

Delivery routes for small shipments.

1) Delivery - on the route there is a gradual unloading of the car for unloading. paragraphs

3) Delivery and assembly

Rolling stock fleet and its meters

PPP - the total number of vehicles, tractors, trailers intended for the transport of goods and passengers.

- inventory (listed) fleet of rolling stock - cars, tractors and trailers of the transport system, listed on the balance sheet of the ATP.

According to those PS state is shared by:

- serviceable

Under renovation

Operated

Vehicle idle

Vehicle operating time measurement:

May be in serviceable condition.

- days of use

– repair days

- idle days

These indicators characterize the state of one vehicle for a certain period of time

- inventory days

If we consider not a unit of PS, but the entire fleet, then it is necessary to measure in AD - car-days.

m - number of days; n - number of vehicles

Vehicle hours meters

During the day, inventory time (24 hours) can be represented by:

Hours in the outfit; – downtime in the garage

– movement; – loading-winning; - simple for those. malfunctions; – downtime for organizational reasons; - downtime under maintenance; - simple in the parking lot

Simple in the garage; - downtime under maintenance; - simple in the parking lot.

Time of Day Utilization Factor

- coefficient of use of working useful time

Fleet Availability and Utilization Factors

– technical readiness factor

Utilization factor

Coef. release

For the park in a day	For one vehicle per period	For PPP for the period

Determines the degree of use of one vehicle or fleet of operation for a calendar period of time

The degree of use of 1 vehicle or fleet in operation. for business days

The value of the coefficient those. readiness depends on:

From the quality of those maintenance and repair

From the type and brand of PS

Average mileage

road conditions

Water-climatic conditions

The speed of movement of vehicles and indicators of its work.

The average conditional vehicle speed at a given distance, taking into account short-term downtime and delays depending on traffic conditions:

The establishment of technical speed standards takes into account the type of road surface and the carrying capacity of the vehicle:

For roads outside the city -49km/h

roads with variable coverage - 37 km / h

for urban conditions with a carrying capacity of up to 7 tons -25 km / h

for urban conditions with a carrying capacity of 7 tons and more - 24 km / h

The average technical speed depends on:

a) traffic intensity

b) driver qualifications

c) shipping distances

d) road and climatic conditions

e) organization and regulation of traffic

Operating speed:

The conditional speed of the vehicle, which takes into account all idle times during their stay in the order.

depends on:

a) organization of the loading and unloading mechanism. works

b) route organization and route planning

c) the average speed of trucks excluding downtime at start and end points.

Vehicle mileage and indicators of its use

Productive (loaded)

Unproductive

idle
zero (preparatory mileage for transport work:

a) delivery of the car from the ATP to the loading point

b) mileage from the unloading point to the ATP

c) mileage at gas stations, those. service etc.

- mileage with cargo; - idle run; - zero mileage.

Mileage utilization rate:

- on route

- per day

depends on:

- mutual arrangement of process participants

- from the organization of work of the dispatching service

- from the seasonality of transportation

- from rolling stock

Car load capacity and indicators of its use

The rated load capacity of the vehicle (q) is set by the manufacturer and has a constant value.

The actual load capacity () depends on:

Type of cargo

From body type and design features

The average load capacity of the fleet (

Load capacity utilization factor:

10. Transport process of delivery of goods by machine shipments as a system with a discrete state.

In the literature, the calculation of shift or daily output is carried out according to the following dependencies:

According to the formulas, the number of products will increase in a linear relationship, but with machine shipments with a discrete state, the phases of the time of receipt of a particular product do not coincide and do not have a continuous character, but correspond to discontinuous linear dependencies.

This is explained by the fact that the development of tr-th products occurs during the time while the vehicle is moving from the loading point. to the point of unloading . The amount of delivered cargo can only be changed at the destination.

11. brief classification of road transport systems for the delivery of bulk cargo.

1. microsystem

Pendulum route with reverse unladen mileage.

2. Extra small system

All types of routes except radial where n>= 2 (n number of trips per 1 turn)

3. Small system

All types of pendulum and ring.

4. Medium system

Radial routes

5. Set of medium systems

6. Large systems - (ATP level)

7. Particularly large systems - (combination of several ATPs)

8. Sipersistema - these are the transport systems of a city, region, state.

12. brief classification of motor transport systems for the delivery of small-lot cargoes.

1. Delivery routes (one consignor, other consignees)

2. Assembly routes (one consignee, other consignors)

3. Delivery and assembly routes.

13. Methodology for analyzing the impact of technical and operational indicators on the functioning of road transport systems for the transport of goods.

Technical and operational indicators:

Choice of automatic telephone exchange PG

Choice of TEP

Selecting the TEC measurement range

Determining the TEC measurement step (5-7 values)

For each TEP value, calculation of the results of the operation of the SG ATS

Construction of dependencies Q;P;Ltotal;Tн fact.

Formulation of the output.

14. The regularity of the influence of the distance of cargo transportation in the microsystem.

Numerous scientific papers state that with an increase in the distance of transportation, the function measured by the amount of delivered cargo decreases, and the function, which changes in ton-kilometers, increases.

Given this feature, it is recommended to use vehicles with increased carrying capacity and road trains for long distances. This is due to the fact that, according to the remuneration system for road transport workers, the tariff rate for each ton-kilometer performed on a light-duty vehicle is much higher than on a heavy-duty vehicle, and the company receives income only for the amount of cargo transported.

15. The regularity of the influence of the carrying capacity of the rolling stock and the coefficient of its use.

With an increase in q, output always increases, and in direct proportion. In fact, with an increase in carrying capacity and its use, such indicators as the speed of movement and the time of loading and unloading change. In this case, the speed decreases, and the time increases. This cumulative phenomenon can cause a decrease in production.

An increase in the carrying capacity of vehicles in the ATP is achieved by converting vehicles into saddle or towing road trains. This method contributes to the growth of output as long as inequality persists.

Where - indicators corresponding to the increased carrying capacity.

16. The regularity of the effect of idle time under loading and unloading in the microsystem.

It has been established that not always with a decrease in the time for loading and unloading, the output increases. It increases from decrease when one more ride can be completed in the saved time. If this does not happen, then there is no production of additional products.

17. The regularity of the influence of the speed of movement in the microsystem.

With an increase, the driving time per trip or revolution is reduced, due to this more trips can be made, but this may cause an increase in the time spent on loading and unloading. work, and this negatively affects the level of production.

Based on the results of the calculations, it was established:

The functions Q and P are discontinuous linear;

There are enough large gaps changes in the average technical speed, not accompanied by an increase in output.

If the vehicle cannot realize a higher speed, which corresponds to an integer number of trips, then it must move at a lower speed, which also corresponds to an integer number of trips.

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Technical task

Task for control - term paper discipline SD 09 (4B 02)

"Organization of road transport and traffic safety"

Type of transported cargo: compressed oxygen

Number of tons of cargo per day: 800 cylinders

Transportation route: Ryazan - Tula.

Introduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Drawing up a monthly schedule for the work of drivers and dispatchers
6. Organization of work of drivers and drawing up monthly schedules for their work on the route
Conclusion
Bibliography
Annexes A
ATconducting
Transport is one of the most important spheres of social production and is a branch of material production. Any product of enterprises or Agriculture only then it will be useful when it is delivered to the place of consumption. This is great importance transport. Freight road transport plays an important role in solving the problems of fully and timely meeting the needs of the public economy and the population in transportation, in improving the efficiency and quality of the country's transport system. Freight road transport performs over 80% of the volume of cargo transported by all modes of transport, has mobility, maneuverability and great transport capabilities. Increasing the efficiency of social production, accelerating scientific and technological progress, increasing labor productivity, and improving the quality of work in every possible way are ensured by improving the use of vehicles, reducing vehicle downtime for cargo and technical operations, making fuller use of the carrying capacity and capacity of the body, and reducing empty runs. In road transport, a significant proportion of working time is spent loading and unloading goods. Right choice loading and unloading mechanized means, their quantity, organization of their work can significantly reduce the downtime of vehicles under loading and increase the productivity of the rolling stock of road transport. Solving the problems of improving the operation of road transport requires the training of qualified personnel of engineering and technical workers who are proficient in modern methods organization, planning, accounting and analysis of transportation processes.

1. Description of the type of cargo and its main characteristics

In its free form, oxygen is a colorless and odorless gas. May be transported in a compressed (UN No. 1072) and refrigerated liquefied (UN No. 1073) state. This course will focus on compressed oxygen transported in cylinders, and when its transportation is fully or partially exempt from compliance normative documents governing the transport of dangerous goods by road.

In accordance with the European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (hereinafter - ADR), compressed oxygen is a dangerous goods when transported by road.

In the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (hereinafter referred to as ADR), compressed oxygen is classified as a non-flammable, non-toxic and oxidizing gas. Cargo identification:

· UN No.: 1072;

class: 2 (gases);

classification code: 1O (oxidizing compressed gas);

· proper shipping name: compressed oxygen;

· Numbers of samples of signs of danger: No. 2.2 and No. 5.1.

In accordance with the requirements of paragraph 1.6 of the Rules for the Road Transportation of Dangerous Goods, approved by subsection 1.1.3.2 of ADR, compressed oxygen is exempted from compliance with the Rules and ADR in the following cases:

1. If the gas pressure in the vessel or tank at a temperature of 20 ° C does not exceed 200 kPa (2 bar). This includes all types of vessels and tanks, for example, those which are part of machines and appliances.

2. If oxygen is found in foods or drinks.

In all other cases, compressed oxygen is a dangerous good and must be transported in accordance with all applicable requirements of the Rules and ADR. At the same time, the requirements that apply to transportation depend on the amount of gas transported. Paragraph 1.7 of the Rules and subsection 1.1.3.6 of ADR apply "simplified" requirements for the transport of dangerous goods in packages in quantities not exceeding the maximum common values specified in Appendix 1 to the Rules, subsection 1.1.3.6 of ADR (for compressed oxygen 1000 liters (nominal capacity of vessels in liters)).

Given the above, when transporting oxygen in cylinders in an amount not exceeding 1000 liters (nominal capacity of vessels in liters) per transport unit, the following is not required:

a) the presence on the transport unit of the coordination of the route of road transport of dangerous goods, ADR-certificate of the training of drivers of vehicles transporting dangerous goods, and certificates of approval of vehicles for the transport of certain dangerous goods;

b) designate the transport unit with the dangerous goods information tables provided for in clause 12.1 of the Rules;

c) complete the transport unit additional equipment and fire-extinguishing means provided for by paragraph 5.8 and subparagraphs 5.2 b)-d) of the Rules, respectively.

At the same time, in without fail the requirements of the Rules (ADR) must be met, which relate to:

1. Cylinders must comply with the requirements of DNAOP 0.00-1.07 - 94 "Rules for the design and operation of pressure vessels".

2. transport document and its completion (subclause 9.1 of the Rules). The invoice must contain the following entry, which indicates dangerous properties cargo and allows you to determine the requirements for its transportation:

UN 1072 Oxygen, compressed, 2.2 (5.1).

3. Labeling of cylinders with danger signs and UN No. (paragraphs 3.1 and 3.7 of the Rules). Each cylinder must be marked with a UN number (UN No. 1072) and danger labels No. 2.1 and No. 5.1:

In this case, danger signs of reduced sizes can be used in order to apply them to the spherical part of the cylinder.

4. Joint loading of dangerous goods in one vehicle (clause 11.4 of the Rules). It is forbidden to load oxygen cylinders with packages marked with orange danger signs into one vehicle, except for packages marked with signs Hazards No. 1.4S:

5. Placement and fastening of dangerous goods (clauses 11.7-11.11 of the Rules):

a) dangerous goods must be stowed and secured in the vehicle or container in such a way as to prevent any significant movement relative to each other, the walls of the vehicle or container. As fasteners, straps that are attached to the side walls, special grilles and brackets, air cushions, blocking devices that prevent slipping, etc. can be used.

b) during loading and unloading operations, the vehicle engine must be turned off, except when its use is necessary to drive pumps and other mechanisms that are used during loading or unloading of the vehicle, or if this is provided for by the relevant regulatory documents.

d) it is strictly forbidden to smoke near and inside vehicles or containers during loading and unloading operations with dangerous goods.

e) It is prohibited to drop or shock packages that contain dangerous goods.

e) when loading filled and empty cylinders into a vehicle or container, must be carried out the following requirements:

· Cylinders are stowed in a vehicle or container in such a way that they do not topple or fall;

· cylinders are located horizontally parallel or perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle or container. Cylinders that are located near the front transverse wall of the vehicle body or container are stacked at right angles to the above axis;

· Cylinders with a diameter of more than 30 cm may be stowed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle or container, with the protective devices of their valves directed towards the middle of the vehicle or container;

Cylinders that are laid in a horizontal position must be securely fastened in such a way that any movement of them is excluded;

Cylinders can be loaded into vertical position if they are carried in devices which effectively prevent them from tipping over or which have sufficient stability.

· receptacles containing refrigerated liquefied gases must be transported in the position foreseen by their design and must be protected from damage by other packages.

6. Use of vehicles equipped with ventilation (having ventilation) (clause 4.3.7 of the Rules)

In addition, when transporting oxygen compressed in cylinders by members of the vehicle crew, the prohibitions provided for in subparagraphs 13.6 a), b) and e) of the Rules regarding the opening of packages with dangerous goods, the use lighting fixtures and smoking during loading and unloading operations.

The cylinder oxygen is intended for transportation and storage of oxygen. The oxygen cylinder is completed with a neck ring, an oxygen valve, a safety cap and a support shoe. The body of oxygen cylinders is painted with enamel paint blue color. The inscription "Oxygen" in black is applied to the cylinder.

The main characteristics of oxygen cylinders are presented below:

Oxygen cylinder 5 liters GOST 949-73 is intended for storage and transportation of oxygen. The balloon is painted with enamel paint of blue color and marked with the inscription "OXYGEN".

The cylinder oxygen 10 liters GOST 949-73 is intended for storage and transportation of oxygen. The cylinder is painted with blue enamel paint and marked with the inscription "OXYGEN". The cylinder is completed with VK valve. Transportation of cylinders is carried out both by road and railway containers.

The cylinder oxygen 15 liters GOST 949-73 is intended for storage and transportation of oxygen. The cylinder is painted with blue enamel paint and marked with the inscription "OXYGEN". The cylinder is completed with a VK valve, a cap and a support shoe. Transportation of cylinders is carried out both by road and railway containers.

The cylinder oxygen 40 liters GOST 949-73 is intended for storage and transportation of oxygen. The cylinder is painted with blue enamel paint and marked with the inscription "OXYGEN". The cylinder is completed with a VK valve, a cap and a support shoe. Transportation of cylinders is carried out both by road and railway containers.

Oxygen cylinder 50 liters GOST 949-73 liters is designed for storage and transportation of oxygen. The cylinder is painted with blue enamel paint and marked with the inscription "OXYGEN". The cylinder is completed with a VK valve, a cap and a support shoe.

2. Construction of the scheme of the road network of the movement of the vehicle

In this paper, the scheme of cargo movement along the route Tula - Ryazan.

Before starting the organization of cargo transportation, it is necessary to analyze possible routes and draw up a road network diagram in order to minimize the cost of cargo delivery and ensure vehicle traffic safety. Figure 2.1 shows a map of the Ryazan and Tula regions.

Figure 2.1 - Map of the Ryazan and Tula regions

After analyzing the possible routes for the movement of road transport, two routes for the movement of the main routes are proposed.

Figure 2.2 shows the route of cars along the route Ryazan - Donskoy - Tula.

Figure 2.3 shows the route for the movement of cars along the route: Ryazan - Tula along the Veshenskoye highway.

For the organization of transportation compiled possible options routes below.

The distance between Ryazan and Tula is 186 km.

Figure 2.2 - The route of movement of cars Ryazan - Donskoy - Tula

Figure 2.3 - The route of movement of cars Ryazan - Tula

3. Choice of vehicle type and cargo transportation technology

For the transportation of compressed oxygen cylinders, special pallets (cassettes) are used, in which oxygen cylinders are installed.

Pallets are designed for transportation and storage gas cylinders. The design of the eurocontainer for the transportation of cylinders provides for the tilting of the unloading metal wall for unloading and loading cylinders. The hinged wall is made of 5 mm corrugated sheet steel.

Figure 3.1 - General form pallet for oxygen cylinders (1140x920x1070 mm)

Features of their transportation are set out in the "Rules for the transportation of inert gases and compressed and liquid oxygen by road." It is necessary to transport filled cylinders on spring transport or autocars in a horizontal position with obligatory gaskets between them. transport cargo road transported

Transportation of cylinders in a vertical position is allowed only in special devices that exclude shocks and falls. During transportation and during loading and unloading operations, the impact of cylinders against each other, their fall and damage should be excluded. Safety caps must be installed on cylinders during transportation.

Of the vehicles for the transport of oxygen cylinders, we can distinguish:

Car KT-602 made on the basis of the GAZ 3307 chassis. Designed for the transportation of cylinders with liquefied gas household consumption (Figure 3.2). The technical characteristics of the KT - 602 car are listed in Table 3.1.

Car KT-602-01 The car has an all-metal double cabin of the bonnet type, with panoramic glass, equipped efficient system ventilation and heating. The cabin has a rational placement of controls, a modern instrument panel, soft upholstery doors and internal panels, adjustable seats equipped with seat belts. On request, the car can be equipped with a preheater. Platform - with a wood-metal base and three folding sides, it is possible to install extension boards and an awning.

Figure 3.2 - Car KT-602

Table 3.1 - Specifications

Based specifications vehicles, it was decided to choose the KT-602-01 car, as it has a higher engine power and is equipped with a diesel engine, which will make it possible to reduce transportation costs.

Feature of this type of car:

- There are two fire extinguishers in the fire fighting vehicle;

- An underrun rear bar has been added to the car;

- “Dangerous goods” signs are installed in the rear of the special vehicle and on the front bumper;

- In front of the platform, a lodgement is installed and fixed, which is used to prevent collision of oxygen cylinders during transportation with each other. It allows you to place twenty-one compressed oxygen cylinders in three rows. dimensions lodgement - 1800 mm x 2100 mm x 1200 mm;

- In connection with fire hazard in the car, the muffler is located under the front bumper, and its pipe is led out to the right;

- The list of electrical equipment includes a device that disconnects battery;

- To remove the charge of static electricity, a pin and a chain are also included in this design, which provide reliable protection against static;

- To comply with the regulations, a spark arrester is installed in the car;

- Added isolation of vehicle wiring harnesses;

- A flashing beacon is installed on the cabin roof;

The fuel tank of the machine is protected from external influences.

4. The choice of the method of loading - unloading the transported cargo

Loading and unloading operations from motor vehicles (ATS) must be carried out under the guidance of a responsible employee appointed by order of the head of the organization performing loading and unloading operations.

The driver is obliged to check the conformity of the stowage and the reliability of the fastening of goods and awnings on the rolling stock with the requirements for the safety of transportation and ensuring the safety of goods.

Dangerous goods and empty containers from under them are accepted for transportation and are transported in accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory legal acts.

In the production of loading and unloading operations with dangerous goods, a targeted briefing must be carried out before the start of work with an entry in the briefing log at the workplace.

The briefing program should include information about the properties of dangerous goods, rules safe work with them, first aid measures.

When loading, unloading and transporting compressed gas cylinders, the following safety requirements must be observed:

- it is necessary to move the cylinders to the place of loading or from the place of unloading on special trolleys that protect the cylinders from shaking and shock, in the prone position and with the valves closed with metal caps;

- the vehicle must be equipped with racks with recesses according to the size of the cylinders and upholstered with felt;

- cylinders can be transported in a vertical position only in special containers.

Not allowed:

- carry out loading and unloading operations with dangerous goods when a container is found to be defective, as well as in the absence of marking and warning labels on it.

- joint transport of hazardous substances and food products or forage cargo;

- joint transportation of oxygen and acetylene cylinders, except for the cases of transportation of two cylinders on a special trolley to the workplace;

- carry cylinders without a stretcher, throw them, roll them, carry them on the shoulders, holding them by the safety cap;

- smoking and use of open fire when loading, unloading and transporting fire and explosion dangerous goods;

- lower the load on the vehicle, as well as lift the load when people are in the body or cab;

5. Drawing up a monthly work schedule for drivers and dispatchers

Calculation of the number of cars and drivers

1. Calculation of the required number of rides

where q f - the actual number of cylinders placed on the vehicle. It is set by the characteristics of the car (40pcs).

From here

2. Calculation of the time of one trip

3. Choice of standard time in the order of the car

Preliminary accept T n \u003d 12h

4. Calculation of the time of the car on the route

5. Calculation of the possible number of rides since

then

6. Calculation of the required number of cars

7. Calculation of the specified time in the order of the car

8. Calculation of drivers' working time

We accept one driver per car

9.Calculation total number drivers (one replacement driver for every 4 cars)

11. Calculation of the rhythm of car production

10. Drawing up schedules for the movement of cars

Compliance with schedules and timetables (table form of schedules) for the movement of vehicles allows you to minimize the downtime of rolling stock and handling equipment, due to the inconsistency of their work. On isolated pendulum and ring routes, the regularity of the arrival of cars at the points of loading and unloading is ensured, first of all, by the rhythm of the delivery of cars for the first loading, the consistency of a break in work and the delivery of cars after breaks. On the graph, we indicate the movements of the first and last car of this route (the movement of a car with a load is a solid line, and the movement without a load is a dotted line).

When plotting graphs, we set aside the accepted scales of distances between corresponding points and the speed of vehicles on these stages.

The speed of the forward (numerator) and reverse (denominator) direction of movement of cars is indicated fractionally.

We accept that we will have 4 cars under loading at the same time, otherwise the warehouse will work around the clock, which is unprofitable.

Car schedule

Production line schedule

6 . Organization of the work of drivers and drawing up monthly schedules for their work on the route

One of the most important socio-economic tasks is to ensure the rational organization of the work of drivers. When solving it, it is necessary to take into account:

Labor protection requirements;

Features of the organization of the transportation process, consisting of completed operations for the delivery of goods-transportation cycles, and associated with a daily or shift cycle of operation of the rolling stock, its supply from the ATP to the first point of export of goods and return to the ATP from the last point of delivery;

Working hours of the serviced enterprises.

The working time of drivers is regulated by general labor legislation, taking into account the peculiarities of the organization of the transport process.

The start of the driver's working day is considered to be the time of arrival at work set for him by the schedule, and not the time of the actual departure to the line.

When drawing up shift schedules for drivers, as well as timetables and traffic schedules in urban, suburban and intercity communications, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that the length of time the drivers work in hours per shift does not exceed the permissible maximum duration of the shift. The number of shifts with the summarized accounting of working time by day should ensure compliance with the norm of working time for the accounting period.

Both at six and at five days working week the duration of the change of drivers is set by the rules.

Driver's rest time

The rest time of drivers is regulated by the norms of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Weekly uninterrupted rest must be at least 42 hours. The time of a break for rest and food and its specific duration are established taking into account the opinion of the representative body of employees or by agreement between the employee and the employer in the employment contract.

We build schedules for the operation of cars on the line for each route, depending on the accepted mode of operation of drivers on the line.

When determining the actual mode of operation of drivers on the line, the possible processing or underperformance by drivers of the monthly working time fund is allowed within the provisions established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

SCHEDULE

The car operates on the line all days of the month at 11 am (+1 hour lunch).

Shift duration - 12 hours

Length of weekly rest together

Number of shifts - 1 with a break for rest and meals on the previous day - 60.08 hours

Departure of the car on the line - 6 hours

Return of the car to the garage - 17 hours. 55 min.

Number of working shifts - 22

The duration of the break for rest and meals is 1 hour

The duration of the daily /between shifts/

Number of days off - 8

rest with a break for rest and meals - 12.08 hours

Number of drivers - 28

Number of cars -20

Numbers of the month

Drivers

Fourth

Eleventh

twelfth

Thirteenth

Fourteenth

Fifteenth

Sixteenth

Seventeenth

Eighteenth

Nineteenth

Twentieth

Twenty first

Twenty second

Twenty third

Twenty-fourth

Twenty fifth

26th

Twenty seventh

Twenty-eighth

Conclusion

Having carried out a number of calculations and made decisions, the need for cargo transportation (800 cylinders / day compressed oxygen) has been fulfilled, which means that all decisions made proved to be acceptable, justified and satisfy all the conditions. To meet the need for cargo transportation, 20 vehicles with 28 drivers were needed. The selected operating mode of the rolling stock (1 shift) excludes the possibility of its downtime, and on the other hand does not violate the requirements Labor Code Russian Federation by the time of work of drivers on the route.

Bibliography

Batishchev I.I. Organization and mechanization of loading and unloading operations in road transport. M.: Transport, 1988. - 366 p.

Prokofiev M.V. Guidelines to the course project “Complex mechanization and automation of loading and unloading operations in road transport” / MADI. M., 1987. - 39 p.

Vanchukevich V.F. etc. Freight road transport: Tutorial. -Mn.: Vysh.shk., 1989. - 272 p.

Vorkut A.I. Freight road transport. -K.: Vishcha school., 1986. -447 p.

Silkin A.A. Freight and passenger road transport: A guide to the course. and diploma. design. Proc. allowance for students avtotransp. technical schools. -M.: Transport, 1985. -256 p.

Vasiliev A.P., Sidenko V.M. Exploitation highways and organization of traffic: Textbook for universities; Ed. A.P. Vasiliev. -M.: Transport, 1990. - 304 p.

Zharova O.M. Typical tasks in the economics of road transport: Proc. allowance for vehicles specialist. universities. -M.: Higher. school, 1991. - 223 p.

Geronimus B.L., Tsarfin L.V. Economic and mathematical methods in planning for road transport: A textbook for students of motor transport. technical schools. -M.: Transport, 1988. - 192 p.

Zhitkov V.A., Kim K.V. Methods of operational planning of road freight transportation. -M.: Transport, 1982. - 184 p.

Zaenchik L.G. etc. Design technological maps delivery of goods by road: Reference manual / ed. R.N. Kiselman. -K.: Technika, 1990.-152 p.

Annexes A

CERTIFICATE OF ADMISSION TO TRANSPORTATION OF VEHICLES CARRYING DANGEROUS GOODS

1. CERTIFICATE N _____________ certifying that the following vehicle meets the conditions prescribed by the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) for admission to the international carriage of dangerous goods by road.

2. Plant - manufacturer and type of vehicle
__________
3. Registration number (if any) and chassis number
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Name of the transport organization, carrier or owner and its address
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. The vehicle described above has been subjected to the inspection prescribed in marginal number 10 282 of annex B to ADR and meets the requirements for admission to the international carriage of dangerous goods by road, as provided for in next grades, paragraphs and subparagraphs (if necessary, indicate the name of the substance or identification number of the substance):
6. Remarks
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Valid until _______________ The date: Signature:
8. Validity period extended to ______________________ Seal of the issuing institution in: The date: Signature:
9. Validity period extended to ______________________ Seal of the issuing institution in: The date: Signature:

emergency card

MSDS

1. Name (name) and composition of the substance or material - Compressed oxygen.

2. Information about the organization (person) manufacturer or supplier ____

_____________________________________________________________

(company name, address, telephone, emergency telephone number)

_____________________________________________________________

3. Types of hazardous effects and conditions for their occurrence.

Danger to living organisms. Oxygen does not pose a danger to living organisms.

Cargo danger. Oxygen cylinders - pressure vessels 15 - 20 MPa - at strong blows and heated above 60 °C may rupture and injure others. The ability of materials to ignite increases with the pressure and temperature of oxygen.

4. First aid measures.

In case of ignition of the victim's clothing, immediately dip into water. If there is no water nearby, then clothes should be removed (torn off) from the victim. Clothing soaked in oxygen can burn for some time without access to air, therefore, near the flame, it is not necessary to wrap the burning in a felt bag near the flame to stop the access of air.

5. Measures and means of ensuring fire protection.

A vehicle carrying dangerous goods must be equipped with carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.

6. Prevention measures emergencies:

Avoid heating the surface of oxygen cylinders above 60 °C;

Eliminate the possibility of getting on the surface of the cylinders during the transportation of fat and oil contaminants;

Eliminate the presence of sources of ignition (open flame, discharge of static electricity, sparks, etc.);

Do not allow cylinders to fall or be hit.

7. Rules for handling and storage.

Requirements for the handling and storage of oxygen cylinders at consumers must comply with the requirements of section 8 (clause 8.11) " Model Instruction on labor protection when filling oxygen cylinders and handling them by consumers.

When loading, unloading, transporting and storing cylinders, you must:

Eliminate mechanical damage to cylinders (dents, cuts, etc.);

Store cylinders away from heat sources and protect them from direct sunlight;

Connect cylinders only with equipment that is designed to work with oxygen in these operating conditions;

Protect cylinder valves with caps during transportation;

Secure the cylinders during operation to avoid falling, which may knock down the valve;

Avoid making changes to the design of the valve and replacing its parts;

Protect cylinders from shock, especially when low temperatures because steel becomes brittle at low temperatures;

Prevent cylinders from corrosion, which reduces the strength of the shell.

8. Rules and measures to ensure the safety of the user:

Knowledge of these Rules;

Ensuring safe technical condition vehicles used in transportation;

Ability to use and apply in emergency situations the actions indicated for emergency when transporting compressed oxygen cylinders;

For safety reasons, keep no more than the required number of oxygen cylinders in work areas. They should preferably be located close to the doors, not in the way of the emergency exit and not in hard-to-reach places;

Clearly label and return to the filling station (owner) any cylinders that have been exposed to fire as they may become brittle or lose their strength;

Store compressed oxygen cylinders in well ventilated areas away from any store of combustible materials, protect them from rain or snow;

Before use, accurately determine whether the gas is contained in the cylinder;

Connect cylinders only to equipment designed to work with oxygen;

Use non-sparking tools;

Close the valve when the cylinder is not in use;

Remove compressed oxygen cylinders or connected equipment from confined spaces when not in use (even for short breaks);

Monitor the air environment for oxygen content and, if possible, combustible gases before entering enclosed spaces, as well as during a long period of work;

Return empty compressed oxygen cylinders to the filling station with valves closed and caps on. There should always be a small (0.05 MPa (0.5 kgf / sq. cm)) residual pressure in the cylinder to prevent contamination with air and moisture;

Notify the filling station about unused (lack of gas, broken valve, etc.) cylinders.

9. Physical and chemical properties.

Table No. 1

Oxygen is an odorless and colorless gas; May ignite combustible materials (wood, oil, etc.), may explode if mixed with fuel vapors. The permissible volume fraction of oxygen in the ambient air, which does not contribute to the ignition of clothing and equipment, is not more than 23%. Gaseous oxygen does not pose a danger to living organisms.

10. Stability and reactivity.

Highly active, connects with most elements. Forms explosive mixtures with combustible gases.

11. Toxicity - non-toxic.

12. Impact on environment. Increasing the oxygen content in the air does not affect the environment.

13. Disposal and disposal of waste (residues) - not required.

14. Rules of transportation.

Rules for the transportation of gaseous oxygen cylinders must comply with the requirements of the "Rules of the Road", these "Rules for the transportation of inert gases and compressed and liquid oxygen by road" and GOST 26460-85 "Air separation products. Gases. Cryoproducts. Labeling, packaging, transportation and storage ".

15. Information about international and national legislation.

The licensing system for international transportation of cylinders with gaseous oxygen must comply with the requirements of the "Rules for the transport of inert gases and compressed and liquid oxygen by road".

16. Additional information.

Air with a high volume fraction of oxygen (more than 23%) and pure oxygen are not toxic and are not capable of burning and exploding. But since oxygen is an active oxidizing agent, most substances and materials in an oxygen environment or in an air environment with high content oxygen forms systems of increased explosion and fire hazard. The energy required to ignite materials in oxygen is many times less than the energy required to ignite in air under the same conditions. Therefore, the initiators of the ignition of many materials in an oxygen environment can be causes that are safe in other conditions: smoking, discharge of electricity, discharge of static electricity, heating of mechanical particles during friction, etc.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Organization of road transport and traffic safety

Type of work: Coursework Subject: TECHNICAL SCIENCES

original work

Excerpt from work

Terms of Reference Assignment for control and course work in the discipline SD 09 (4 B 02)

"Organization of road transport and traffic safety"

Type of transported cargo: compressed oxygen

Number of tons of cargo per day: 800 cylinders

Transportation route: Ryazan - Tula.

Introduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Drawing up a monthly schedule for the work of drivers and dispatchers
6. Organization of work of drivers and drawing up monthly schedules for their work on the route
Conclusion
Bibliography
Annexes A
Introduction
Transport is one of the most important spheres of social production and is a branch of material production. Any product of enterprises or agriculture will only be useful when it is delivered to the place of consumption. This is the great importance of transport. Freight road transport plays an important role in solving the problems of fully and timely meeting the needs of the public economy and the population in transportation, in improving the efficiency and quality of the country's transport system. Freight road transport performs over 80% of the volume of cargo transported by all modes of transport, has mobility, maneuverability and great transport capabilities. Increasing the efficiency of social production, accelerating scientific and technological progress, increasing labor productivity, and improving the quality of work in every possible way are ensured by improving the use of vehicles, reducing vehicle downtime for cargo and technical operations, making fuller use of the carrying capacity and capacity of the body, and reducing empty runs. In road transport, a significant proportion of working time is spent loading and unloading goods. The correct choice of loading and unloading mechanized means, their quantity, organization of their work can significantly reduce the downtime of vehicles under loading and increase the productivity of the rolling stock of road transport. Solving the problems of improving the work of road transport requires the training of qualified personnel of engineering and technical workers who own modern methods of organization, planning, accounting and analysis of transportation processes.

1. Description of the type of cargo and its main characteristics

In its free form, oxygen is a colorless and odorless gas. May be transported in a compressed (UN No. 1072) and refrigerated liquefied (UN No. 1073) state. This course will focus on compressed oxygen transported in cylinders, and on when its transportation is fully or partially exempt from compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents governing the transport of dangerous goods by road.

In accordance with the European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (hereinafter referred to as ADR), compressed oxygen is a dangerous goods when transported by road.

· UN No.: 1072;

class: 2 (gases);

classification code: 1O (oxidizing compressed gas);

· proper shipping name: compressed oxygen;

· Numbers of samples of signs of danger: No. 2.2 and No. 5.1.

1. If the gas pressure in the vessel or tank at 20 °C does not exceed 200 kPa (2 bar). This includes all types of vessels and tanks, for example, those which are part of machines and appliances.

2. If oxygen is found in foods or drinks.

In all other cases, compressed oxygen is a dangerous good and must be transported in accordance with all applicable requirements of the Rules and ADR. At the same time, the requirements that apply to transportation depend on the amount of gas transported. Paragraph 1.7 of the Rules and subsection 1.1.3.6 of ADR apply "simplified" requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods in packages in quantities not exceeding the maximum general values \u200b\u200bspecified in Appendix 1 to the Rules, subsection 1.1.3.6 of ADR (for compressed oxygen 1000 liters (nominal capacity vessels in liters.

Given the above, when transporting oxygen in cylinders in an amount not exceeding 1000 liters (nominal capacity of vessels in liters) per transport unit, the following is not required:

a) the presence on the transport unit of an agreement on the route for the carriage of dangerous goods by road, an ADR certificate on the training of drivers of vehicles carrying dangerous goods, and a certificate of approval of vehicles for the transport of certain dangerous goods;

b) designate the transport unit with the dangerous goods information tables provided for in clause 12.1 of the Rules;

c) equip the transport unit with additional equipment and fire-extinguishing means provided for in paragraph 5.8 and subparagraphs 5.2 b)-d) of the Rules, respectively.

At the same time, the requirements of the Rules (ADR), which relate to:

1. Cylinders must comply with the requirements of DNAOP 0.00−1.07 - 94 "Rules for the design and operation of pressure vessels."

2. Transport document and its completion (subclause 9.1 of the Rules). The consignment note must contain the following entry, which indicates the dangerous properties of the cargo and allows you to determine the requirements for its transportation:

UN 1072 Oxygen, compressed, 2.2 (5.1).

3. Labeling of cylinders with danger signs and UN No. (paragraphs 3.1 and 3.7 of the Rules). Each cylinder must be marked with a UN number (UN No. 1072) and hazard labels No. 2.1 and No. 5.1:

In this case, danger signs of reduced sizes can be used in order to apply them to the spherical part of the cylinder.

5. Placement and securing of dangerous goods (clauses 11.7-11.11 of the Rules):

d) it is strictly forbidden to smoke near and inside vehicles or containers during loading and unloading operations with dangerous goods.

e) It is prohibited to drop or shock packages that contain dangerous goods.

e) when loading filled and empty cylinders into a vehicle or container, the following requirements must be met:

· Cylinders are stowed in a vehicle or container in such a way that they do not topple or fall;

Cylinders that are laid in a horizontal position must be securely fastened in such a way that any movement of them is excluded;

· Cylinders may be loaded in an upright position if they are carried in devices that effectively prevent them from tipping over or are of sufficient stability.

· receptacles containing refrigerated liquefied gases must be transported in the position foreseen by their design and must be protected from damage by other packages.

6. The use of vehicles equipped with ventilation (having ventilation) (paragraph 4.3.7 of the Rules) In addition, when transporting oxygen compressed in cylinders by members of the vehicle crew, the prohibitions provided for in subparagraphs 13.6 a), b) and e) of the Rules must be observed, relating to the opening of dangerous goods packages, the use of lighting fixtures and smoking while loading and unloading.

The cylinder oxygen is intended for transportation and storage of oxygen. The oxygen cylinder is completed with a neck ring, an oxygen valve, a safety cap and a support shoe. The body of oxygen cylinders is painted with blue enamel paint. The inscription "Oxygen" in black is applied to the cylinder.

The main characteristics of oxygen cylinders are presented below:

The cylinder oxygen 5 liters GOST 949-73 is intended for storage and transportation of oxygen. The cylinder is painted with blue enamel paint and marked with the inscription "OXYGEN".

The cylinder oxygen 20 liters GOST 949-73 liters is intended for storage and transportation of oxygen. The cylinder is painted with blue enamel paint and marked with the inscription "OXYGEN". The cylinder is completed with a VK valve, a cap and a support shoe. Transportation of cylinders is carried out both by road and railway containers Oxygen cylinder 40 liters GOST 949-73 is designed for storage and transportation of oxygen. The cylinder is painted with blue enamel paint and marked with the inscription "OXYGEN". The cylinder is completed with a VK valve, a cap and a support shoe. Transportation of cylinders is carried out both by road and railway containers.

2. Construction of the scheme of the road network of the movement of the vehicle

In this paper, the scheme of cargo movement along the route Tula - Ryazan.

Before starting the organization of cargo transportation, it is necessary to analyze possible routes and draw up a road network diagram in order to minimize the cost of cargo delivery and ensure vehicle traffic safety. Figure 2.1 shows a map of the Ryazan and Tula regions.

Figure 2.1 - Map of the Ryazan and Tula regions

After analyzing the possible routes for the movement of road transport, two routes for the movement of the main routes are proposed.

Figure 2.2 shows the route of cars along the route Ryazan - Donskoy - Tula.

Figure 2.3 shows the route of movement of cars along the route: Ryazan - Tula along the Veshenskoye highway.

For the organization of transportation, possible route options have been compiled, presented below.

The distance between Ryazan and Tula is 186 km.

Figure 2.2 - The route of movement of cars Ryazan - Donskoy - Tula

Figure 2.3 - The route of movement of cars Ryazan - Tula

3. Choice of vehicle type and cargo transportation technology

For the transportation of compressed oxygen cylinders, special pallets (cassettes) are used, in which oxygen cylinders are installed.

Pallets are intended for transportation and storage of gas cylinders. The design of the eurocontainer for the transportation of cylinders provides for the tilting of the unloading metal wall for unloading and loading cylinders. The hinged wall is made of 5 mm corrugated sheet steel.

Figure 3.1 - General view of the pallet for oxygen cylinders (1140 × 920 × 1070 mm)

Features of their transportation are set out in the "Rules for the transportation of inert gases and compressed and liquid oxygen by road." It is necessary to transport filled cylinders on spring transport or autocars in a horizontal position with obligatory gaskets between them. transport cargo road transported

Transportation of cylinders in a vertical position is allowed only in special devices that exclude shocks and falls. During transportation and during loading and unloading operations, the impact of cylinders against each other, their fall and damage should be excluded. Safety caps must be installed on cylinders during transportation.

Of the vehicles for the transport of oxygen cylinders, we can distinguish:

Car KT-602 manufactured on the basis of the GAZ 3307 chassis. Designed for the transportation of cylinders with liquefied gas for domestic consumption (Figure 3.2). The technical characteristics of the KT-602 car are listed in Table 3.1.

Car KT-602-01 The car has an all-metal two-seater bonnet-type cab with panoramic glass, equipped with an efficient ventilation and heating system. The cab has a rational placement of controls, a modern instrument panel, upholstered doors and interior panels, adjustable seats equipped with seat belts. On request, the car can be equipped with a preheater. Platform - with a wood-metal base and three folding sides, it is possible to install extension boards and an awning.

Figure 3.2 - Car K T -602

Table 3.1 - Specifications

Based on the technical characteristics of vehicles, it was decided to choose the KT-602-01 car, since it has a higher engine power and is equipped with a diesel engine, which will make it possible to reduce transportation costs.

Feature of this type of car:

- There are two fire extinguishers in the fire fighting vehicle;

- An underrun rear bar has been added to the car;

— In the rear of the special vehicle and on the front bumper, “Dangerous Goods” signs are installed;

- In front of the platform, a lodgement is installed and fixed, which is used to prevent collision of oxygen cylinders during transportation with each other. It allows you to place twenty-one compressed oxygen cylinders in three rows. Overall dimensions of the lodgment - 1800 mm x 2100 mm x 1200 mm;

- Due to the fire hazard of cargo in the car, the muffler is located under the front bumper, and its pipe is brought out to the right;

- The list of electrical equipment includes a device that disconnects the battery;

- To remove the charge of static electricity, this design also includes a pin and a chain that provide reliable protection against static;

- To comply with the regulations, a spark arrester is installed in the car;

- Added isolation of vehicle wiring harnesses;

- A flashing beacon is installed on the cab roof;

The fuel tank of the machine is protected from external influences.

4. The choice of the method of loading - unloading the transported cargo

Loading and unloading operations from motor vehicles (ATS) must be carried out under the guidance of a responsible employee appointed by order of the head of the organization performing loading and unloading operations.

The driver is obliged to check the conformity of the stowage and the reliability of the fastening of goods and awnings on the rolling stock with the requirements for the safety of transportation and ensuring the safety of goods.

Dangerous goods and empty containers from under them are accepted for transportation and are transported in accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory legal acts.

In the production of loading and unloading operations with dangerous goods, a targeted briefing must be carried out before the start of work with an entry in the briefing log at the workplace.

The briefing program should include information about the properties of dangerous goods, the rules for safe handling of them, and first aid measures.

When loading, unloading and transporting compressed gas cylinders, the following safety requirements must be observed:

- it is necessary to move the cylinders to the place of loading or from the place of unloading on special trolleys that protect the cylinders from shaking and shock, in the prone position and with the valves closed with metal caps;

- the vehicle must be equipped with racks with recesses according to the size of the cylinders and upholstered with felt;

- cylinders can be transported in an upright position only in special containers.

Not allowed:

– perform loading and unloading operations with dangerous goods when a container is found to be defective, as well as in the absence of marking and warning labels on it.

— joint transport of hazardous substances and foodstuffs or feed cargoes;

- joint transportation of oxygen and acetylene cylinders, except for the cases of transportation of two cylinders on a special trolley to the workplace;

- carry cylinders without a stretcher, throw them, roll them, carry them on the shoulders, holding them by the safety cap;

- smoking and use of open fire when loading, unloading and transporting explosive cargoes;

- lower the load on the vehicle, as well as lift the load when people are in the back or cab;

5. Drawing up a monthly work schedule for drivers and dispatchers

Calculation of the number of cars and drivers

1. Calculation of the required number of rides

where q f - the actual number of cylinders placed on the vehicle. It is set by the characteristics of the car (40pcs).

From here

2. Calculation of the time of one trip

3. Choice of standard time in the order of the car

Preliminary accept T n \u003d 12h

4. Calculation of the time of the car on the route

5. Calculation of the possible number of rides since

then

6. Calculation of the required number of cars

7. Calculation of the specified time in the order of the car

8. Calculation of drivers' working time

We accept one driver per car

9. Calculation of the total number of drivers (one replacement driver for every 4 cars)

11. Calculation of the rhythm of car production

10. Drawing up schedules for the movement of cars

When plotting graphs, we set aside the accepted scales of distances between corresponding points and the speed of vehicles on these stages.

The speed of the forward (numerator) and reverse (denominator) direction of movement of cars is indicated fractionally.

We accept that we will have 4 cars under loading at the same time, otherwise the warehouse will work around the clock, which is unprofitable.

Car schedule

Production line schedule

6. Organization of work of drivers and drawing up monthly schedules for their work on the route

One of the most important socio-economic tasks is to ensure the rational organization of the work of drivers. When solving it, it is necessary to take into account:

— labor protection requirements;

- features of the organization of the transportation process, consisting of completed operations for the delivery of goods-transportation cycles, and associated with a daily or shift cycle of operation of the rolling stock, its supply from the ATP to the first point of export of goods and return to the ATP from the last point of delivery;

— mode of operation of the serviced enterprises.

The working time of drivers is regulated by general labor legislation, taking into account the peculiarities of the organization of the transport process.

The start of the driver's working day is considered to be the time of arrival at work set for him by the schedule, and not the time of the actual departure to the line.

Both with six and five-day working weeks, the duration of the driver's shift is set by the rules.

Driver's rest time

We build schedules for the operation of cars on the line for each route, depending on the accepted mode of operation of drivers on the line.

G R, A F I K The car operates on the line all days of the month for 11 hours (+1 hour lunch).

Shift duration - 12 hours Duration of weekly rest together Number of shifts - 1 with a break for rest and food on the previous day - 60.08 hours Car departure to the line - 6 hours Car return to the garage - 17 hours. 55 min ("www..

Number of working shifts - 22

The duration of the break for rest and meals is 1 hour

The duration of the daily /between shifts/

Number of days off - 8

rest with a break for rest and meals - 12.08 hours

Number of drivers - 28

Number of cars -20

Numbers of the month

Drivers

Fourth

Eleventh

twelfth

Thirteenth

Fourteenth

Fifteenth

Sixteenth

Seventeenth

Eighteenth

Nineteenth

Twentieth

Twenty first

Twenty second

Twenty third

Twenty-fourth

Twenty fifth

26th

Twenty seventh

Twenty-eighth

Conclusion

Having made a number of calculations and made decisions, the need for the transportation of cargo (800 cylinders of compressed oxygen per day) was fulfilled, which means that all the decisions made were acceptable, justified and satisfy all the conditions. To meet the need for cargo transportation, 20 vehicles with 28 drivers were needed. The selected mode of operation of the rolling stock (1 shift) excludes the possibility of its downtime, and on the other hand, does not violate the requirements of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation regarding the time drivers work on the route.

Bibliography

Batishchev II Organization and mechanization of loading and unloading operations in road transport. M.: Transport, 1988. - 366 p.

Prokofiev M.V. Guidelines for the course project "Complex mechanization and automation of loading and unloading operations in road transport" / MADI. M., 1987. - 39 p.

Vanchukevich V.F. and others. Cargo transportation: Textbook. -Mn.: Vysh.shk., 1989. - 272 p.

Vorkut A. I. Freight road transport. -K.: Vishcha school, 1986. -447 p.

Silkin A. A. Freight and passenger road transport: A course manual. and diploma. design. Proc. allowance for students avtotransp. technical schools. -M.: Transport, 1985. -256 p.

Vasiliev A.P., Sidenko V.M. Operation of highways and organization of traffic: Textbook for universities; Ed. A. P. Vasil'eva. -M.: Transport, 1990. - 304 p.

Zharova O. M. Typical tasks in the economics of road transport: Proc. allowance for vehicles specialist. universities. -M.: Higher. school, 1991. - 223 p.

Geronimus B.L., Tsarfin L.V. Economic and mathematical methods in planning for road transport: A textbook for students of motor transport. technical schools. -M.: Transport, 1988. - 192 p.

Zhitkov V.A., Kim K.V. Methods of operational planning of cargo transportation. -M.: Transport, 1982. - 184 p.

Zaenchik L.G. et al. Designing technological maps for the delivery of goods by road: Reference manual / ed. R. N. Kiselman. -K.: Technika, 1990.-152 p.

Annexes A

CERTIFICATE OF ADMISSION TO TRANSPORTATION OF VEHICLES CARRYING DANGEROUS GOODS


1. CERTIFICATE No. _____________ certifying that the following vehicle meets the conditions prescribed by the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) for admission to the international carriage of dangerous goods by road.

2. Plant - manufacturer and type of vehicle
__________
3. Registration number (if any) and chassis number
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Name of the transport organization, carrier or owner and its address
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. The vehicle described above has been subjected to the inspection prescribed in marginal number 10282 of annex B to ADR and meets the requirements for admission to the international carriage of dangerous goods by road, as provided for in the following classes, paragraphs and subparagraphs (if necessary, indicate the name substance or substance identification number):
6. Remarks
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Valid until _______________ The date: Signature:
8. Validity period extended to ______________________ Seal of the issuing institution in: The date: Signature:
9. Validity period extended to ______________________ Seal of the issuing institution in: The date: Signature:

emergency card

MSDS

1. Name (name) and composition of the substance or material - Compressed oxygen.

2. Information about the organization (person) manufacturer or supplier ____

_____________________________________________________________

(company name, address, telephone, emergency telephone number)

_____________________________________________________________

3. Types of hazardous effects and conditions for their occurrence.

Danger to living organisms. Oxygen does not pose a danger to living organisms.

Cargo danger. Cylinders with oxygen - vessels under pressure of 15 - 20 MPa - with strong impacts and heating above 60 ° C can burst and injure others. The ability of materials to ignite increases with the pressure and temperature of oxygen.

4. First aid measures.

5. Measures and means of ensuring fire protection.

A vehicle carrying dangerous goods must be equipped with carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.

6. Measures to prevent emergency situations:

- do not allow the surface of cylinders with oxygen to heat up to more than 60 ° C;

- exclude the possibility of getting on the surface of the cylinders during the transportation of fat and oil pollution;

- eliminate the presence of sources of ignition (open flame, discharge of static electricity, sparks, etc.);

- prevent cylinders from falling and hitting them.

7. Rules for handling and storage.

Requirements for the handling and storage of oxygen cylinders by consumers must comply with the requirements of Section 8 (clause 8.11) of the "Standard instructions for labor protection when filling oxygen cylinders and handling them by consumers."

When loading, unloading, transporting and storing cylinders, you must:

— eliminate mechanical damage to cylinders (dents, cuts, etc.);

- store cylinders away from heat sources and protect them from direct sunlight;

- connect cylinders only with equipment that is designed to work with oxygen in these operating conditions;

- protect cylinder valves with caps during transportation;

- secure the cylinders during operation to avoid falling, which may knock down the valve;

- exclude changes to the design of the valve and replacement of its parts;

- protect cylinders from impacts, especially at low temperatures, since steel becomes brittle at low temperatures;

- prevent cylinders from corrosion, which reduces the strength of the shell.

8. Rules and measures to ensure the safety of the user:

- knowledge of these Rules;

– ensuring the safe technical condition of vehicles used in transportation;

- the ability to use and apply in emergency situations the actions indicated for an emergency when transporting compressed oxygen cylinders;

- for safety reasons, keep no more than the required number of oxygen cylinders in work areas. They should preferably be located near the doors, not in the way of the emergency exit and not in hard-to-reach places;

— Clearly label and return to the filling station (owner) any cylinders that have been exposed to fire as they may become brittle or lose their strength;

- store compressed oxygen cylinders in well-ventilated places away from any storage of combustible materials, protect them from rain or snow;

- before use, accurately determine whether the gas is contained in the cylinder;

- connect cylinders only to equipment designed to work with oxygen;

- use non-sparking tools;

- close the valve when the cylinder is not in use;

- remove compressed oxygen cylinders or connected equipment from confined spaces when not in use (even for short breaks);

- monitor the air environment for oxygen and, if possible, combustible gases before entering confined spaces, as well as during a long period of work;

- return empty cylinders with compressed oxygen to the filling station with closed valves and caps on. There should always be a small (0.05 MPa (0.5 kgf / sq. cm)) residual pressure in the cylinder to prevent contamination with air and moisture;

- notify the filling station about unused (lack of gas, valve failure, etc.) cylinders.

9. Physical and chemical properties.

Table No. 1

Oxygen is an odorless and colorless gas; May ignite combustible materials (wood, oil, etc.), may explode if mixed with fuel vapours. The permissible volume fraction of oxygen in the ambient air, which does not contribute to the ignition of clothing and equipment, is not more than 23%. Gaseous oxygen does not pose a danger to living organisms.

10. Stability and reactivity.

Highly active, connects with most elements. Forms explosive mixtures with combustible gases.

11. Toxicity - non-toxic.

12. Impact on the environment. Increasing the oxygen content in the air does not affect the environment.

13. Disposal and disposal of waste (residues) - not required.

14. Rules of transportation.

Rules for the transportation of gaseous oxygen cylinders must comply with the requirements of the Rules of the Road, these Rules for the Transportation of Inert Gases and Compressed and Liquid Oxygen by Road and GOST 26 460-85 Air Separation Products. Gases. Cryoproducts. Marking, packaging, transportation and storage.

15. Information about international and national legislation.

16. Additional information.

Air with a high volume fraction of oxygen (more than 23%) and pure oxygen are not toxic and are not capable of burning and exploding. But since oxygen is an active oxidizing agent, most substances and materials in an oxygen environment or in an air environment with a high oxygen content form systems of increased explosion and fire hazard. The energy required to ignite materials in oxygen is many times less than the energy required to ignite in air under the same conditions. Therefore, the initiators of the ignition of many materials in an oxygen environment can be causes that are safe in other conditions: smoking, discharge of electricity, discharge of static electricity, heating of mechanical particles during friction, etc.

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Thesis

Organization of road transport and traffic safety. For the organization of transportation, possible route options have been compiled, presented below. Certificate of admission to transportation of vehicles carrying dangerous goods

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1. Description of the type of cargo and its main characteristics

2. Construction of the scheme of the road network of the movement of the vehicle

In this paper, the scheme of cargo movement along the route Tula - Ryazan.

Before starting the organization of cargo transportation, it is necessary to analyze possible routes and draw up a road network diagram in order to minimize the cost of cargo delivery and ensure vehicle traffic safety. Figure 2.1 shows a map of the Ryazan and Tula regions.

Figure 2.1 - Map of the Ryazan and Tula regions

After analyzing the possible routes for the movement of road transport, two routes for the movement of the main routes are proposed.

Figure 2.2 shows the route of cars along the route Ryazan - Donskoy - Tula.

Figure 2.3 shows the route for the movement of cars along the route: Ryazan - Tula along the Veshenskoye highway.

For the organization of transportation compiled possible options routes below.

The distance between Ryazan and Tula is 186 km.

Figure 2.2 - The route of movement of cars Ryazan - Donskoy - Tula

Figure 2.3 - The route of movement of cars Ryazan - Tula

3. Choice of vehicle type and cargo transportation technology

For the transportation of compressed oxygen cylinders, special pallets (cassettes) are used, in which oxygen cylinders are installed.

Pallets are designed for transportation and storage gas cylinders. The design of the eurocontainer for the transportation of cylinders provides for the tilting of the unloading metal wall for unloading and loading cylinders. The hinged wall is made of 5 mm corrugated sheet steel.

Figure 3.1 - General form pallet for oxygen cylinders (1140x920x1070 mm)

Of the vehicles for the transport of oxygen cylinders, we can distinguish:

Car KT-602 made on the basis of the GAZ 3307 chassis. Designed for the transportation of cylinders with liquefied gas household consumption (Figure 3.2). The technical characteristics of the KT - 602 car are listed in Table 3.1.

Figure 3.2 - Car KT-602

Table 3.1 - Specifications

Based specifications vehicles, it was decided to choose the KT-602-01 car, as it has a higher engine power and is equipped with a diesel engine, which will make it possible to reduce transportation costs.

Feature of this type of car:

- There are two fire extinguishers in the fire fighting vehicle;

- An underrun rear bar has been added to the car;

- “Dangerous goods” signs are installed in the rear of the special vehicle and on the front bumper;

- In front of the platform, a lodgement is installed and fixed, which is used to prevent collision of oxygen cylinders during transportation with each other. It allows you to place twenty-one compressed oxygen cylinders in three rows. dimensions lodgement - 1800 mm x 2100 mm x 1200 mm;

- In connection with fire hazard in the car, the muffler is located under the front bumper, and its pipe is led out to the right;

- The list of electrical equipment includes a device that disconnects battery;

- To remove the charge of static electricity, a pin and a chain are also included in this design, which provide reliable protection against static;

- To comply with the regulations, a spark arrester is installed in the car;

- Added isolation of vehicle wiring harnesses;

- A flashing beacon is installed on the cabin roof;

The fuel tank of the machine is protected from external influences.

4. The choice of the method of loading - unloading the transported cargo

Loading and unloading operations from motor vehicles (ATS) must be carried out under the guidance of a responsible employee appointed by order of the head of the organization performing loading and unloading operations.

The driver is obliged to check the conformity of the stowage and the reliability of the fastening of goods and awnings on the rolling stock with the requirements for the safety of transportation and ensuring the safety of goods.

Dangerous goods and empty containers from under them are accepted for transportation and are transported in accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory legal acts.

In the production of loading and unloading operations with dangerous goods, a targeted briefing must be carried out before the start of work with an entry in the briefing log at the workplace.

The briefing program should include information about the properties of dangerous goods, rules safe work with them, first aid measures.

When loading, unloading and transporting compressed gas cylinders, the following safety requirements must be observed:

- it is necessary to move the cylinders to the place of loading or from the place of unloading on special trolleys that protect the cylinders from shaking and shock, in the prone position and with the valves closed with metal caps;

- the vehicle must be equipped with racks with recesses according to the size of the cylinders and upholstered with felt;

- cylinders can be transported in a vertical position only in special containers.

Not allowed:

- carry out loading and unloading operations with dangerous goods when a container is found to be defective, as well as in the absence of marking and warning labels on it.

- joint transport of hazardous substances and food products or forage cargo;

- joint transportation of oxygen and acetylene cylinders, except for the cases of transportation of two cylinders on a special trolley to the workplace;

- carry cylinders without a stretcher, throw them, roll them, carry them on the shoulders, holding them by the safety cap;

- smoking and use of open fire when loading, unloading and transporting fire and explosion dangerous goods;

- lower the load on the vehicle, as well as lift the load when people are in the body or cab;

5. Drawing up a monthly work schedule for drivers and dispatchers

Calculation of the number of cars and drivers

1. Calculation of the required number of rides

where q f - the actual number of cylinders placed on the vehicle. It is set by the characteristics of the car (40pcs).

From here

2. Calculation of the time of one trip

3. Choice of standard time in the order of the car

Preliminary accept T n \u003d 12h

4. Calculation of the time of the car on the route

5. Calculation of the possible number of rides since

then

6. Calculation of the required number of cars

7. Calculation of the specified time in the order of the car

8. Calculation of drivers' working time

We accept one driver per car

9.Calculation total number drivers (one replacement driver for every 4 cars)

11. Calculation of the rhythm of car production

10. Drawing up schedules for the movement of cars

6 . Organization of the work of drivers and drawing up monthly schedules for their work on the route

Conclusion

Bibliography

Annexes A

CERTIFICATE OF ADMISSION TO TRANSPORTATION OF VEHICLES CARRYING DANGEROUS GOODS

7. Valid until _______________

The date:

Signature:

8. Validity period extended to ______________________

Seal of the issuing institution in: