Groundnut peanut cultivation. Peanuts - cultivation in open ground; how to grow a peanut. What you need to know without fail

Today in the project "ECOgarden for all" we will consider how to grow peanuts in the country. After all, many gardeners like to grow on their household plots rare for conditions middle lane plants. The well-known and beloved peanut is still rarely found in local beds, although it is not difficult to grow it. If you like to experiment, be sure to give it a try.

The annual peanut plant belongs to the legume family. For growth and normal development, it needs a lot of light and heat, because under natural conditions it grows in countries with a subtropical climate. South America is considered the birthplace of peanuts, where it is now grown on large plantations. Another name for peanuts is peanut. This is due to the fact that its fruits are formed and grow in the ground.

Nowadays, there are amateur gardeners who are good at growing peanuts in garden plots in the middle lane. Outwardly, the peanut is a bush with a stem that branches heavily.

It blooms for only one day with small yellow flowers, which should have time to pollinate in such a short time. By evening, the branches drop low to the ground, and the flowers burrow into it.

In the future, nuts will ripen from them, the kernels of which are packed in a hard shell.

Landing

In warm regions of Russia, peanut seeds can be planted directly into the ground. For the conditions of the middle zone, it is necessary to grow seedlings first. It is recommended to do this in the early days of April, in order to transfer it to the ground in two months. Pre-planting nuts need to be soaked in water and wait for them to germinate.

The soil for the plant requires light, it must be loosened so that the flowers can dig into the ground, otherwise they will fall off and there will be no harvest. It is recommended to apply potash fertilizers (for example, wood ash) to the soil, organic fertilizers cannot be used.

Peanuts only grow well in moist soil. It also promotes the burying of flowers in the ground, dry ground hinders this process. When planting peanuts, it is required to maintain a distance of 20 cm between seedlings.

For planting, the bed must be placed in an open sunny place, it is desirable that potatoes or cabbage were grown there earlier.

There are many varieties of peanuts, and recently new ones are constantly being developed, more and more adapted to the conditions of the climate near Moscow. For planting, it is desirable to choose just such varieties.

Care

If the planting of peanuts was carried out correctly, then for successful care of it, it is important to follow the following rules:

provide the plant with a sunny place for successful growth;
try to often spud peanuts;
do not forget to weed;
feed potash fertilizers;
water regularly.

Especially active watering is necessary for the plant during flowering, and after it has faded, watering can be reduced, but drought should be avoided.

The more often you loosen and spud peanut bushes, the more you get a crop. Peanuts can be grown in a greenhouse. It is recommended to plant it next to tomatoes, then they will receive nitrogen from peanuts.

There comes a moment when the tops of the plant begin to wither, which means that the nuts are ripe and can be removed from the ground. They are dug up together with the bush, placed in a dry place to dry. After a week, the nuts can be removed from the bush and cleaned of the remnants of the earth.

In the Moscow region, the peanut ripens at the end of September. A week before harvest, watering must be stopped so that the earth dries out. It is better to harvest on a warm sunny day.

Useful properties of peanuts and contraindications

Numerous studies of the peanut say that it is good for the body, because it is a whole pantry containing a large number of vital substances: vitamins and minerals. In addition, it is rich in iron, which means it is necessary for people suffering from anemia.

Magnesium and B vitamins, which are part of the peanut, help to cope with stress and nervous tension. It is recommended to always have a few peanuts with you, they can replace a snack at work, give strength and energy, and help you stay active until the end of the working day. Thanks to peanuts, a person can maintain hearing and attention for many years.

A contraindication for eating peanuts may be that they sometimes cause allergies. And not the core itself, but the brown shell around it. It is easy to get rid of it: the peeled nuts must be dried in a frying pan, then the husk is well separated from the kernel. In addition, heat treatment will help destroy all kinds of pathogenic microbes and fungi that may be present on the nuts.

Peanuts are often used in confectionery, they are added to cookies, sweets and chocolate.

Peanuts are a very common product and, as you have seen, useful for the body, you can buy it in almost any store. Still, try to get your own crop in your garden, since growing peanuts in the country in the middle lane is not difficult at all.

How to plant peanuts to get a big harvest? After all, this is a wonderful tasty and very healthy nut, whose homeland is South America. There it grows like wild perennial. He came to Europe a very long time ago, but for a long time he was known as the “Chinese pistachio”, although he has nothing in common with him.

About peanuts

The annual, called "peanut", reaches a height of 80 cm. The size and taste depend on the variety and growing conditions. The larger the fruits and the more nutritious the soil, the higher its aerial part. It is noteworthy, but the color of peanuts directly depends on the soil. If it is grown in light lands, the kernels will turn into light oil

Numerous stems of it can be both erect and lying in the aisles. The leaves of the plant are two-paired, but in general it resembles alfalfa. The flowers are unusual and funny, there are underground and growing above the ground. Underground ones are pollinated in unopened buds, and aboveground ones, located in the axils of the leaves, attract attention with their bright yellow color.

After self-pollination, a thin sprout develops - a gynophore, which tends to burrow into the ground along with the ovary. If the soil is too dense or difficult to reach, the thin filaments of the gynophore wither and die, remaining on the plant as dried hairs.

Fruits are formed in the soil - oblong beans with valves. One bush can produce a crop of 30 beans, which contain nuts - grains. Mostly in beans from 2 to 4 pieces, sometimes up to 6 pieces. nuclei.

About the benefits of nuts

Everyone loves peanuts and there is a reason for it, it is useful both and well. Peanut grains contain a large amount of vitamins, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, proteins and fats. It is very nutritious and satisfying - there are 550 kcal per 100 g of nuts. Easily digestible, rich in antioxidants, helps in the treatment of many diseases, improves lactation, is an indispensable raw material in the culinary and confectionery industries.

Peanut oil in its qualities can be compared with olive oil and will not yield to it at all. All components of the peanut have been used in humans - the tops and shells are used to feed livestock, nuts and oil are used in cosmetology and pharmacology. A nutritious paste is made from peanut kernels, which, in terms of energy value, can replace not only bread, but also meat.

Where to start growing

If a person first thought about how to plant peanuts in his garden, the main question for him will be where to get the seeds. For these purposes, raw nuts from bags are not suitable, especially fried, salted or candied. It is better to look for seeds in special stores for gardeners or purchase them online. It is advisable to take whole beans for planting - this will increase the chances of success.

Both grains and beans are germinated on a saucer in a cloth moistened with water. All this is covered with oilcloth and placed away from drafts in a warm place. If after a couple of days the nuts swell and sprouts appear, the seeds are suitable.

Agricultural technology

Knowledgeable gardeners know how to properly plant peanuts. After all, this is a thermophilic culture and seed germination is observed in well-warmed soil, at least 10 C., if a cold snap occurs, the sprouts die or become moldy. Therefore, you should not rush to plant seedlings. This is especially true for residents of places where spring comes late. And given that the development period of the plant will take 150 days, and it will still take time for the seedlings to sprout, then the harvest will have to be harvested far from September.

How to plant peanuts and get a crop in this case? You will have to plant it in a pot method and get a 60-day seedling. The peanut loves moisture. When the soil dries out, the plant withers very quickly and stops growing, which greatly increases the growing season. And if the ovaries are buried in the soil, in the absence of watering, they stop developing and may die. Those ovaries that try to penetrate dry soil will also not be able to strengthen and will wither.

Soil fertility is the key to a high yield. The plant requires fertilizing with mineral fertilizers. The more fertile the land, the more beans will form.

Seedlings of the plant do not develop quickly and if the beds are overgrown with weeds, the grass can easily drown out the crop. Peanuts should be planted in a sunny, well-fertilized area, cleared of weeds.

Peanuts in the seed garden

Since it is not enough to properly plant peanuts in the garden in a bright place warmed by the rays, you still need to provide the plant with the most loose soil. Moisture-loving walnut requires frequent watering, especially in arid climates. The owner must plant the plant so that in the future it will be convenient to water the bush in the required volume.

Priming

Clay heavy soil is not suitable for a walnut; it loves light soils that can be dug into. The site for planting a peanut should be prepared in the fall, and in the spring, when digging, lumps should be broken, weed roots and sleeping pest pupae should be pulled out. The soil is then leveled and fertilized. When digging up the earth, you need to choose a bed, mark the width and length. Row spacing should be at least 50 cm wide.

fertilizers

Gypsum 5 kg. at 40 boric acid- when the soil is alkaline, chalk 5 kg. +40 g of boric acid - on oxidized soils. The mixture must be spread evenly 100 g per 1 meter. Then fertilize with universal top dressing mixed with urea and potassium magnesia, 1 g each. per bag of fertilizer. After scattering with a rake, small sides of 10-15 cm around the perimeter are made from row spacing. The bed inside is leveled and mixed with fertilizers. It turns out a dirt trough with a flat surface of the earth, surrounded by dry soil. Then proceed to disembarkation.

Landing

Two furrows are made 10 cm deep, and seeds are laid out along the heaped sides at an interval of 8-10 cm. If all the grains germinate, they are thinned out by 15 cm. After sowing, the bed should be watered abundantly, but very carefully so as not to wash the soil. Gypsum can dry out and crack on the surface, but after a couple of waterings everything will be fixed. If necessary, a film shelter is installed over the bed.

Care

The sprouts that appear must be cleaned of weeds. First, weed the aisles, then process the places between the bushes. Gently loosen the soil with a small hoe or fork. After weeding, the soil is watered. Then once a week repeat the procedure of loosening and watering. When the plants grow up, they will appear yellow flowers. At this time, it is advisable to fertilize the land again with a mixture applied during sowing. They scatter it in the center of the beds, and then spud the bushes. Re-form the sides and water.

For irrigation, it is better to organize an automated drip system in the center of the garden. Then, in the course of plant development, watering, weeding, getting rid of pests and moles is carried out. If the nut does not grow well, you can feed the soil again. A month before harvest, fertilization is completely stopped, while reducing watering. When the foliage begins to turn yellow, stop watering completely.

If all the conditions for growing are not observed, the plant can get root rot and become covered with light spots.

Pests

Bears, birds, mice like to feast on seedlings. To successfully combat them, you can build a scarecrow or take the following measures:

collect cleaning and dry grass, hay;
dig in the garden;
cover everything with roofing material;
sprinkle with manure or plant debris on top.

Bears will fall into this trap. They will need to be periodically collected, destroyed or fed to poultry.

Harvesting

Since we managed to plant peanuts and take care of them, in compliance with all the rules, we can hope for a good harvest. At the end of summer, peanut foliage will wither and turn yellow. This is not a disease, but a normal natural process. The bush has planted a crop and one nut can be dug up for testing. If the beans are not ripe, then you will have to wait for the first frost. Watering is stopped, but if the land is very dry, it will need to be moistened to avoid severe drying of the soil.

Start collecting from the end of the beds. The base of the stem is dug up with a pitchfork, prying the rhizome and shaking off the ground from the bush, lay it to the side. The bushes are folded root to root, and loose beans are selected from the soil.

Plants are harvested and dried in a ventilated place, where the nuts can finally ripen and increase in weight. After 2 weeks, the nuts are washed from the ground and dried again. You can dry them on the radiator, on the stove or on the heater. The process will take a couple of weeks, otherwise the nuts will quickly become moldy and will not reveal all the taste. The readiness of the beans is determined by the sound. If the sashes are dry, break well in half and ring, then you can eat them.

Storage

Beans are stored in bags or immediately shelled. Peanuts can be roasted and immersed in a fried container, tightly covered and placed in a cold or, conversely, warm place near the oven.

Important! The shell of the nuclei does not need to be thrown away. On its surface are microscopic beneficial fungi. When planting, the shells are ground and thrown into the ground.

Peanuts at home

How to plant peanuts at home when the weather and climate do not allow growing them outdoors? This will require seeds, peat pots, soil mixture and film.

So how to get peanuts without good seeds fail, they should be purchased from a trusted supplier. They must be free from damage, damage and cracks. There are large and small seeds. Larger crops are always larger and tastier. You do not need to take a lot at once, but first try to grow a few bushes. On the next year, your window garden can be enlarged.

Heated fertile soil is poured into a flower pot, and if it is planned to transplant to open space, the seeds are planted in a peat container. If the plant is supposed to grow on the windowsill, drainage is laid out at the bottom of the pot. The soil is given Special attention, light porous earth mixed with river sand or with peat.

It is necessary to take into account the conditions under which the nut will grow. After all, this is an exotic culture - it does not tolerate drafts and direct exposure to the sun. The most suitable temperature for germination is 25 C. The dishes should be chosen at least 30 cm in diameter and 40 cm deep.

3-4 nuts, previously peeled and soaked in water, are placed 2 cm in the center of the container, sprinkled with earth on top. The earth is slightly moistened, covered with cellophane and placed on the windowsill. When shoots appear, begin thorough watering. When the plant begins to lean, tie it to a peg. The yellow flowers that appear are self-pollinated and fall off, forming an ovary. The genophore, which has strengthened in the soil, will begin to form fruits. After 4-5 months. the peanut will finally ripen and give a harvest. It will be possible to notice this by wilted yellowed leaves, signaling the final maturation.

Peanuts love space and therefore it should be transplanted into a spacious dish, adding humus to the soil. Overdried land destroys the plant, so soil moisture must be carefully monitored. It does not tolerate waterlogging, as well as overdrying, excessive moisture can slow down the development of the plant.

When the bush is removed from the ground, the beans are separated from the branches and dried. You can dry them well in the oven.

Planting peanuts is not difficult, but it requires a lot of care. The main thing is to look after the friability of the soil, fertilize, weed and water the plant in a timely manner. Then the nut will please with a worthy harvest, which will bring many benefits to the owners.

As a rare annual plant, peanuts are now found in different climatic regions of the planet. Despite the fact that its homeland is the warm climate of South America, where wild species are perennials. Even climatic conditions do not allow to settle this plant on large industrial plantations, curious summer residents, owners of private estates who know how to plant peanuts in open ground, proudly treat their loved ones with healthy peanuts.

Some carry out successful agrotechnical experiments in the country. Others use greenhouses, home greenhouses, just window sills. Curiosity, pleasure from the results of labor cannot be stopped. The more tips and experience of specialists are used on how to plant peanuts, the better the result.

Agrotechnics of cultivation

Peanuts belong to plants that love heat, light from the legume family. It ideally develops at temperatures of 25, 27. At temperatures below 15 Warm sunny place no shade, good ventilation, timely watering helps the formation of beautiful bushes. Its small yellow flowers live one day. Formed by pollination, the ovaries descend into the ground, where they turn into useful peanuts. Flowers remaining on the surface die, do not take part in the formation of the crop. Therefore, it is very important to know how to plant peanuts in the garden, keep the soil in a breathable, loose state, and carry out hilling several times like a potato bush.

Peanut varieties

The main condition for the success of obtaining good harvest peanuts is the choice of high-quality seeds of popular varieties and compliance with important technological aspects of cultivation. The number of new varieties is growing from year to year. Each has varieties. Many have specific care requirements depending on local conditions. The following varieties are most often planted:

Spanish. Not very large beans are used for making sweets, butter. Bushes are undersized. The bred subspecies of Dixie Spanish, Argentinian, Spanko, Shafers, Natal Spanish varieties are distinguished by a high content of oils in fruits.
Runner. A variety of excellent taste, giving high yields. Passes easily heat treatment before use. Main subspecies: Dixie Runner, Georgia Green, AT-108, Bradford Runner.
Virginia. The most common variety with large fruits. Most often used in the preparation of salted nuts, in confectionery. A rich harvest is formed by shoots and bundles. The main subspecies are called Gul, Gregory, Wilson, Shulamit.
Valencia. Large fruits, heavy stem, wide, tall bush. The beans are most often used in the preparation of boiled peanuts. There are very few small nuts.

Peanut care

For planting peanuts, beans pre-soaked in potassium permanganate are used, or seedlings prepared in small containers. Small beans germinate poorly. The soil is chosen fertile, loose, permeable, past preliminary digging in the fall. On soil with a high content of salts and acidity, peanuts do not grow well. The introduction of lime, chalk, phosphogypsum can improve the composition of the soil allotted for planting peanuts. The plant responds well to phosphate fertilizers. Therefore, it is recommended to apply nitrophoska in the amount of 60 g per area in the spring. square meter. Sowing is done at the end of May after stabilization weather conditions, reaching the ground temperature not lower than 15 . Planting holes are placed at a distance of 30 cm in a checkerboard pattern. Their depth is 10 cm. Three peeled, pre-soaked nuts are placed in each well. The distance between the rows is about 20 cm. For sowing, it is better to use unshelled beans purchased in specialized stores.

A moisture-loving plant is watered during the growth time once a week. The soil is kept moist without excess water. The best irrigation option is irrigation, the drip method. The highest need for moisture will be at the time of flowering, the formation of ovaries. When the stalk sinks into the ground, the plant is spudded. The first hilling is done about three weeks after flowering to a height of 7 cm. Then it must be done again every 10 days three more times until the bush gets stronger. Some gardeners recommend the first hilling after a week of flowering. After hilling, the plant does not need watering. A month before harvesting, watering, fertilizing with mineral fertilizers is completely stopped. The soil around the bush is periodically loosened, weeded. Mineral fertilizers are recommended to be applied three times: during the formation of the first leaves, flowering, and the formation of ovaries. Tender seedlings love to eat birds. A scarecrow is set up to protect them.

The experience of specialists, their tips on how to plant peanuts in the country speaks of the need to observe crop rotation. Excellent predecessors for peanuts are cabbage, cucumbers, potatoes. After legumes, it cannot be planted. On small summer cottages often use covering material, greenhouses to protect against possible cold snaps. Often, peanuts are planted along with tomatoes along the walls of the greenhouse. lower leaves at the same time, the tomato is cut off, giving access to light to the peanut bushes, which are actively developing in such conditions. This neighborhood is beneficial for both cultures. Peanuts enrich the soil with nitrogen due to the bacteria contained in the tubers, which is useful for tomatoes.

A real decoration of the greenhouse, shelves, window sills will be a bush of peanuts. Moreover, it is also useful. Tips on how to plant peanuts at home recommend doing it as follows. Sprouted seeds are planted in small cups. Shoots will appear in 10 days. Dry seeds may not sprout. Soaking beans is recommended to be done at the end of April. Hardening of sprouted sprouts is often used. To do this, they are taken out during the day to a room with a lower temperature. Returned for the night. The process takes 10 days. After the appearance of two strong leaves, peanuts are transplanted into a prepared wide container. This is usually done three weeks after germination. The pot is selected from the calculation so that the shoots do not hang from it, but keep in upright position. The ovaries should have enough space to access the soil. You can use additional reinforcements and ensure good contact with the ground in the pot. Otherwise, agrotechnical methods are similar to those used in the open field. A pot of peanuts is best placed on a sunny windowsill. The lack of lighting is compensated by the use of special lamps. Drafts peanuts do not tolerate.

The signal to start harvesting is the yellowing of all leaves. With the help of a pitchfork, the bushes are carefully dug up, the fruits in the mesh shell are removed from the stems, dried under awnings or in places well protected from the sun. Collection is carried out in dry weather, when the bush is easily dug out. If the ground is wet, part of the crop remains in it. After drying, the shell is removed. She breaks easily. One bush, subject to the rules of care, gives about 0.5 kg of peanuts. The entire crop must be harvested before the onset of autumn frosts. When harvested late, the nuts may develop an unpleasant bitterness. The beans are losing their viability. They cannot be used for landing.

The plant is damaged by root, fungal rot. Suffering from the appearance of caterpillars, aphids, insects, loving legumes. To destroy pests, ash, tobacco, and chemicals are used.

Useful properties, application

Peanuts have long been a favorite product in human nutrition. Despite its satiety, it is well absorbed due to high content proteins. The oil obtained from the peanut has properties that are not inferior to the well-known product from olives. Even the shell, the tops of the plant does not disappear. They are nutritious food for animals. Fruits contain vitamins, microelements, minerals necessary for the human body. In addition, it contains antioxidants that help in the fight against many diseases. In terms of protein content, it is second only to soy. Studies have shown the ability of peanuts to improve blood clotting, strengthen immunity. The main thing is that when using this delicacy in the form of salted nuts, a sweet addition to baking, do not forget about its active allergenic abilities.

In addition to the use of peanuts in the technological processes of pharmacology, chemical industry, for release cosmetics, it benefits the soil, enriching with useful elements. After it, soil fertility improves, which makes it possible to grow some capricious plants here.

See how to grow peanut seedlings

Q: Where can I get seeds?

The answer is that any peanut from a store or market is suitable for sowing, but, of course, not fried, not salted, and of course, not candied and similarly processed. If you get it - in beans - the chances of success increase. In any case, it is necessary to germinate the proposed seeds on a saucer (as in a lesson in natural history - seeds in a rag, a rag in some water, then everything in a bag and put in a warm place - after a few days we look - if they swell and hatch, then they are good). Well, if you're lucky to get it from the seed store - there's no question.

On the page where will it grow the conditions necessary for this culture are described in some detail. But in short, we can say - peanuts
need: "sun, air and water ...". Now more…

First - sun- accordingly, we choose the brightest, well-heated place, preferably higher and drier. because in the spring it is necessary that the soil is ripe for sowing and dried out from winter precipitation as soon as possible. And in the future, the garden bed received a lot of light and heat.

Second - air- the soil in the garden should be as loose as possible - this is also due to the peculiarities of the biology of the peanut. We remember that a significant part of the ovaries penetrates the ground with the help of gynophores, and the beans themselves are formed there.

Third - peanuts hygrophilous plant. And watering is most likely inevitable .... Therefore, before sowing, it is necessary to decide where we will get water in the right amount.

As one of the options for agricultural technology, I propose the following, based on the method described in the wonderful book by Tatyana Yuryevna Ugarova “Family vegetable growing in narrow beds”.

In the spring, as soon as the soil begins to crumble during digging - preferably not earlier and not later - we proceed to mark the beds. Width 45 cm, arbitrary length. But! Peanut is a crop that requires 4-5 hillings during the growth period. The higher we can spud the bushes, the more tiers of nuts they can lay.

Question: but this soil will need to be taken from somewhere?

Answer: for this you need to leave a wide row spacing - at least 50 cm on both sides. We stick four pegs into the ground. It is desirable to make these pegs from durable material, in the future they will remain in their places until the harvest. Then you need to take a strong, not very thick twine, and pull it, fixing it on pegs, around the perimeter of the ridge.

Now we dig, breaking clods, the entire allotted bed. Do not forget to choose the roots of perennial weeds and wintering stages of pests - caterpillars and pupae.

We level the dug up soil. We apply fertilizers - on alkaline soils we mix gypsum (aka alabaster) -5 kg. +40 gr. boric acid, for acidic - lime or chalk - 5 kg + 40 gr. boric acid. We scatter evenly over the area of \u200b\u200bthe beds at the rate of 100 gr. on the running meter. We are preparing a second fertilizer mixture - 3.5 kg of nitroammofoska + 1.1 kg of urea + 1.35 kg of potassium magnesia + a bag of a mixture of trace elements, for example, Ryazanochka. Also evenly sprinkle on the surface at the rate of 50 gr. per running metre. Then, from the aisles with a chopper or rake, we rake low sides - 10 - 12 cm high. We pass inside the beds a couple of times with a rake to level the soil and mix it with fertilizers. You should get a semblance of a soil trough, that is, a flat surface of the ridge itself, surrounded by a roller of dry soil from the aisles. Everything. You can sow.

We make two grooves - 10 centimeters deep - right along the sides and lay out the seeds - centimeters in 8-10. If all the seeds sprout, then you can thin out to a distance of 15 cm between the bushes. But some can be pulled off by voles, bears and even ants. Therefore, in order to end up with uniform landings, it is better not to be greedy. reverse side rake again level the surface, falling asleep seeds. After that, we take a watering can or put on a special nozzle for watering with a shower head on the watering hose - so as not to erode the earth - and slowly, carefully, with a weak pressure of water, we spill the entire inner area of \u200b\u200bthe ridge. If possible, you need to walk along the bed 2-3 times - until the soil is completely saturated with water, that is, until puddles form on the surface. Perhaps due to the introduction of lime or gypsum, after a few hours the surface of the bed will crack. Do not be alarmed, after one or two regular waterings, everything will be corrected by itself. If necessary, install a suitable shelter.

Everything, we are waiting for shoots.

After marking the rows of seedlings, we solve the issue of weeding. If it’s time, then with a chopper we first scrape off all the weeds from the surface of the row spacing, then we destroy the soil roller, scattering it towards the row spacing, then we pass the center of the bed from beginning to end with one movement of the chopper or weeder. Between the bushes we loosen the soil with a small cloth. Having finished this work, we go for an hour to rest. During this time, the cut weed seedlings should already dry to death. It remains only to heat the side from the row spacing again and water the plantings.

After two weeks, the plants will reach a height of 20-25 cm, and the first yellow flowers will appear on them. We do weeding. At this time, it is necessary to apply again in the same dose - 50 g / linear meter - a fertilizer mixture based on nitroammophoska, which we applied during sowing. We bring it in a narrow strip in the center of the garden. Now it is necessary to carry out the first hilling - we rake up the earth from the aisles and distribute it inside the ridge. After this event, the height of the latter should increase by 5-7 cm. Again we form the sides. We water abundantly. If the site has a water pipe or a large water tank, watering can be automated in some way. You can use sleeves for drip irrigation, or use a piece of an old hose for this purpose (an inexpensive plastic corrugated one is especially good for this) along the length of the beds. we plug one end with a cork and pierce a series of holes with a not very thin carnation after 3-5 cm. We put this product along the central axis of the bed forever - it remains to connect water to the free end - and let it get wet quietly. Thus, another care cycle is completed.

We repeat it every 10 days. But as the soil dries up, be sure to water it.

When attacked by aphids, we fight using the usual methods.

If a mole spoils the bed, we’ll just fix it.

If there are signs of a deficiency of any nutrient, we will add a dose of the appropriate fertilizer.

Signs of some diseases can be viewed on the page

Cultural peanuts (lat. Arachis hypogaea), or underground peanut, or peanut- a popular earthen culture, which belongs to the genus Peanuts of the legume family. Botanically, the peanut is not a nut, but a legume. The homeland of the plant is South America, where it already had value in those days when the mainland had not yet been discovered by Columbus. Peanuts came to Europe thanks to the Spanish conquistadors, and later the Portuguese brought this crop to Africa, where the nutritional properties of peanuts and its ability to grow on poor soils were highly appreciated. And after a while, slave traders brought peanuts to North America. In the 30s of the 16th century, Portuguese sailors brought peanuts to Macau and India, and Spanish sailors to the Philippines. Then the culture came to China and was a salvation from hunger for the local population. AT early XIX century in South Carolina, industrial cultivation of peanuts began, and this culture fed both armies during the war between the North and the South. Since peanuts were considered the food of the poor, farmers did not seek to grow this crop, but in 1903, the American agricultural chemist George Washington Carver invented more than 300 peanut products - drinks, cosmetics, medicines, dyes, printing ink, laundry soap and even an insecticide... And since the weevil was destroying cotton crops in those years, Carver managed to persuade farmers to alternate the cultivation of cotton that was depleting the soil with the cultivation of peanuts. As a result, peanuts became the main cash crop of the southern states, and in the city of Dothan, Alabama, grateful Americans erected a monument to Carver.

Today peanuts in Ukraine, Transcaucasia and other regions former USSR with a warm climate is grown commercially.

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Planting and caring for peanuts (in a nutshell)

Landing: sowing seeds in open ground - in mid-May.
Lighting: bright light.
The soil: moist, light, with a content of humus, calcium and magnesium, sandy loam or chernozem of neutral reaction.
Watering: after the top layer of soil has dried. During flowering - 1-2 times a week in the morning, after flowering watering is moderate, but evening spraying of peanuts with warm water is necessary. In a drought, sprinkling or watering along the furrows between the rows is desirable. In a season with normal rainfall, 4-5 waterings will be needed.
Top dressing: complete mineral fertilizer: 1st - when shoots reach a height of 10 cm; 2nd - at the beginning of fruiting.
Reproduction: seed.
Pests: thrips, aphids, caterpillars and wireworms.
Diseases: is affected powdery mildew, phyllostictosis, Alternariosis, Fusarium wilt and gray mold.

Peanut plant - description

The peanut is cultivated annual plant up to 70 cm high with strongly branched shoots. Its root is also branched, taproot, the stems are erect, pubescent or glabrous, slightly faceted, with recumbent or upward lateral branches. Peanut leaves are pubescent, alternate, 3 to 11 cm long, paired, with a grooved petiole and two pairs of pointed elliptical leaflets. Peanuts bloom with whitish or yellow-red flowers, collected 4-7 pieces in short axillary inflorescences. Despite the fact that each peanut flower blooms for only one day, and fades by evening, the flowering of the whole plant lasts from late June or early July until late autumn. Peanut fruits are oval, swollen, two-to-four-seeded beans, one and a half to six centimeters long, with a cobweb pattern. As they mature, they lean towards the ground, sink into it, and mature there. Peanut seeds are oblong, bean-sized, covered with dark red, light pink, cream or greyish-yellow skin. Peanut fruits ripen in September-October.

Planting peanuts in open ground

How Peanuts Grow

Peanut cultivation is carried out in open areas with intense light without the slightest hint of shade from buildings or other plants. Peanuts grow at temperatures above 20 ºC - if the temperature drops by literally two degrees, the growth of the plant stops. The easiest way to grow peanuts in Ukraine and other warm regions is to sow its seeds in the ground at the time when the acacia is in bloom. Peanuts in Russia, especially in areas with a cool climate, are best grown in seedlings.

When to plant peanuts in the ground

Since peanuts can only be planted in warm soil, they do this after sowing. gourds when the earth warms up to 12-14 ºC, which means not earlier than mid-May. Please note that returns spring frosts detrimental to peanuts. As seed you can use peanuts bought in a store or market, but not fried, not candied and not salted.

Then you can plant peanuts

When growing peanuts, it is very important to observe crop rotation. It grows best after crops such as cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes and potatoes, especially if these crops were introduced organic fertilizers. But after legumes (beans, peas, beans, lentils), peanuts are not grown, because the plant can develop root rot.

soil for peanuts

The soil for peanuts should be moist, light and neutral, with a high content of humus, magnesium and calcium - black soil or sandy loam. The culture does not tolerate saline soils, and acidic soils must be limed before planting peanuts.

The site for planting peanuts is prepared in advance: for autumn digging of the soil to a depth of 25-30 cm, from 1 to 3 kg of humus is applied for each m² of area. In the spring, the soil is again dug up, but not so deep, and adding 50 g of Nitrofoska to the soil for each m² of land.

How to plant peanuts

How to plant peanuts Peanuts are planted in holes 10 cm deep, staggered at a distance of 50 cm from one another. The gap between the rows is left within 25-30 cm. You can sow peanuts in the garden in a square-nested way according to the scheme 60x60 or 70x70 cm. Planting peanuts can also be done in a wide-row way, observing the row spacing of 60-70 cm and the distance between plants in a row of 15- 20 cm. 3 large seeds are placed in each well, since small ones may not germinate. After planting the seeds, the bed is watered abundantly from a hose through a shower head under low pressure so as not to erode the soil.

How to grow peanuts

How to grow peanuts in the garden? Caring for peanuts consists in watering the beds during the drought period, weeding, loosening the soil and top dressing. Young low seedlings must be protected from weeds. Weeding can be combined with loosening the soil, and vice versa. At the end of flowering, 1.5-2 months after sowing, the growing ovaries will begin to descend to the ground and germinate into the soil, where peanuts will ripen. As soon as the ovaries begin to bend down to the ground, the bushes are spudded with moist, loose soil, like potatoes, so that the receptacle can quickly reach the nutrient medium. Instead of hilling, you can add a layer of mulch of humus, sawdust, sand or peat at least 5 cm thick to the bed. On average, 30-50 beans ripen under each bush, each of which contains from 1 to 7 seeds.

watering peanuts

Groundnuts like moist but not wet soil. It should be watered when the top layer of the soil dries out. During flowering, it is watered abundantly, once or twice a week in the morning; after flowering, it needs less watering than spraying in the evening every other day or two. If it rains during the ripening period of peanuts, cover the bed with polyethylene. And in a drought, it is best to sprinkle peanuts, but if this is not possible, then water the peanuts along the furrows between the rows. In total, 4-5 irrigations are carried out per season.

Peanut nutrition

The first time peanuts are fed with a solution of 20 g ammonium nitrate, 45 g of potassium salt and 70 g of superphosphate in 10 liters of water when the seedlings reach 10 cm in height. The second time - at the beginning of fruiting, although this top dressing is optional.

Peanuts at home

Choose strong and healthy peanut seeds and soak them overnight in a bowl of water and a drop of Epin. In the morning they should have small white sprouts. Plant the seeds in loose soil placed in a wide bowl. Peanuts germinate very quickly, and immediately after flowering, hypophores are formed in place of the flowers, which, bending, go into the ground, where peanut beans develop. Did you know that peanuts grow underground? They contain peanut crops away from drafts, on the southern windowsill, but at noon the plant needs shading. Water the peanuts regularly, but be careful not to allow water to stagnate in the roots. Spray on peanuts on hot days to prevent colonization spider mites. Two and a half or three months after germination, peanut leaves begin to turn red, and this is a sign for you that peanuts in the soil are already ripe.

Pests and diseases of peanuts

Peanuts can be infected with powdery mildew, phyllosticosis, Alternaria, Fusarium wilt and gray mold.

powdery mildew- the first signs of this disease look like single spots of mealy plaque on both sides of the leaves, which, with the course of the disease, grow and cover the entire leaf, from which it turns yellow and dries. It affects the disease and stems, and even embryos. With a strong infection in the fight against powdery mildew, they resort to treating peanuts with systemic fungicides - Bravo, Quadris, Ridomil, Switch, Skor, Topaz or Horus.

phyllostictosis, or leaf spot, not so harmful disease, but it is necessary to fight it. The onset of the disease can be recognized by small brown spots growing up to 6 mm in diameter. Gradually, their middle fades, the fabric in it dies off, and the border becomes brown-violet. phyllostictosis progresses during the period high humidity air. Effective in controlling the disease of plant treatment with fungicides a wide range actions.

Alternariosis, or black leaf spot, manifests itself in years when, at the end of the growing season, humid and warm weather is established for a long time. Black spots up to 15 cm in diameter form on the edges of the leaves, which grow and merge with the development of the disease, causing the edges of the leaves to die. On the spots, you can see a dense black coating of the fungus. In order to prevent the development of the disease, it is necessary to observe the agricultural technology of the species, which serves to increase the resistance of the plant to the pathogen.

Fusarium wilt manifests itself in the form of root rot, causing the cessation of growth and development of the plant, yellowing of its ground parts and rapid death. The danger of the disease is that it can subside for a while, but during the period of flowering and fruiting it develops with renewed vigor, which leads to the death of plants even before harvest. Observance of agricultural technology and timely harvesting will help to prevent Fusarium wilt.

Gray rot usually occurs at the end of peanut flowering and is manifested by rusty-brown spots, which pass from the leaves along the petioles to the stems, which makes them top part withers and dies. On the affected plants, fruits do not form, and those that have already formed are deformed. The active development of the disease is observed at the end of summer in conditions of humid and warm weather. It is possible to prevent the appearance of gray rot only by growing peanuts on a high agricultural background.

Sometimes peanuts can also suffer from dwarfism, dry rot, ramularia and cercosporosis.

Of the pests, peanuts can be annoyed by thrips, aphids and caterpillars, which you can get rid of by sprinkling a garden bed with a mixture of wood ash and tobacco dust, and peanuts are treated with insectoacaricides from thrips. Worst of all, if the peanuts begin to eat wireworms - the larvae of the click beetle living in the ground. Their destructive activity is not hindered even by the fact that peanuts are in shell - they easily gnaw through it and feed on peanut seeds. To destroy wireworms, pit traps are dug in several places, in which pieces of beets, carrots or potatoes are placed. The traps are covered with boards, pieces of slate or metal, and after a while they open and destroy the larvae that crawled to feed.

In order to minimize the risk of pests appearing on the garden bed, observe crop rotation and agricultural technology of the species, remove weed grass from the site in a timely manner.

Harvesting and storing peanuts

As soon as the peanut leaves turn yellow, dig up a couple of beans, and if the seeds from them are easily shelled, be ready to harvest. Usually peanuts are harvested when the air temperature is kept steadily within 10 ºC. Do not delay harvesting until the cold weather, because after the soil freezes, the seeds pick up bitterness and become unsuitable for food. Wait for a nice sunny day and start cleaning. Forks are used to dig up fruits. After being removed from the ground, the beans are separated from the stems and dried on fresh air in the shadow. When the shell is dry, place the beans in cloth bags and store in dry room with good ventilation and temperature not higher than 10 ºC.

Types and varieties of peanuts

There are more than 70 types of peanuts in the legume family. Several species are grown in South America, but outside of this continent only two species are cultivated - cultivated peanuts and Pinto peanuts. Great amount cultivars Peanuts are conditionally divided into four groups:

Spanish group (Spanish varieties)

- This small peanut is grown in South Africa, as well as in the southeast and southwest of the United States. The Spanish type of peanut is characterized by a higher oil content than in varieties of other types. Spanish peanuts have medium-sized kernels in a pink-brown shell, which are used mainly for the production of peanut butter, candied and salted nuts. The largest suppliers of Spanish peanuts are Texas and Oklahoma. The best varieties of Spanish-type peanuts include Dixie Spanish, Spantex, Argentinian, Spanet, Natal ordinary, Star, Comet, Spanhoma, Florispan, Spankromm, Tamspan 90, O'Lean, Spanko, Vilko, White Core, Shafers Spanish and others.

Valencia Group

represents varieties for the most part with large kernels. These are tall plants, reaching a height of 125 cm, with three-seeded smooth fruits. The seeds are oval, in a bright red shell, for which they are often called redskins (redskin). This group is a subgroup of the Spanish.

Group Runner

- varieties of this group are superior in taste to varieties of the Spanish type, in addition, Runner is better fried and gives higher yields. The kernels of the Runner varieties are large and oblong. They are used for the production of peanut butter and salted nuts for beer. The best varieties in the Runner group are Dixie Runner, Early Runner, Virginia Bunch 67, Bradford Runner, Egyptian Giant, North Carolina Runner 56-15, Georgia Green, Fragrant Runner 458, Southeast Runner 56-15 and others.

Virginia Group

- These selected, large peanuts are roasted in their shells and used for confectionery. The best varieties of the Virginia group are Shulamit, Hull, Wilson, Gregory, Virginia 98R, Perry, Virginia 92R, North Carolina 7, North Carolina 9 and others.

Peanut properties - harm and benefit

What are the benefits of peanuts? To understand the benefits of peanuts, you need to study its composition. Peanuts contain linoleic, pantothenic and folic acids, vegetable fats, glutenins, easily digestible proteins, starch, sugars, vitamins A, E, D, PP, B1 and B2, iron, macronutrients magnesium, phosphorus and potassium. The composition of its fruits includes antioxidants, and this makes peanuts, along with strawberries, pomegranates, blackberries and red wine, one of the most effective means prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Peanut proteins have an optimal ratio of amino acids, and this is the reason for their excellent digestibility. human body. The fats contained in peanuts have a mild choleretic effect, which is useful for gastritis and stomach ulcers. Folic acid promotes the renewal of body cells, and a large number of antioxidants protect cells from free radicals and prevent vascular ischemia, heart disease, early aging, atherosclerosis and the formation of cancer cells.

Peanuts have a calming effect on people with increased excitability, help to restore strength faster, improve memory, increase potency, increase sexual desire, and eliminate insomnia.

Due to their high protein content, peanuts increase the feeling of fullness, which is why nutritionists often use them as the basis of diets for weight loss. What peanuts do not contain is cholesterol.

Peanuts - contraindications

Anyone, even the most useful product, if used in excessive quantities, it can harm, therefore, the use of peanuts must be observed in moderation, especially for those who suffer from excess weight. The harm of peanuts can affect people prone to allergies, especially if you eat its kernels along with the skin, which contains strong allergens.

Contraindications to the use of peanuts are also arthritis and arthrosis. We recommend that you monitor the quality of the product, as moldy or rancid peanuts can lead to poisoning.

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