Mineral fertilizers - types and applications. mineral fertilizers. Kinds

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Modern agriculture actively uses all the developments of the chemical industry to achieve good harvests. Fertilizers (litter, ash) were used by the first tillers of the land, and today there are various formulations fertilizers for fields, orchards and orchards different soils and various climatic conditions.

In agriculture, simple and complex fertilizers are isolated. Simple ones contain 1 active element, and multi-component additives are called complex.

Complex additives are divided into:

1. By composition - double (nitrogen-potassium, nitrogen-phosphorus), triple (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium).
2. According to the mixing method - complex, mixed and combined (complex mixed).

Complex fertilizers are liquid and solid fertilizers, including a mineral complex. The main properties of complex fertilizers are distinguished:

• a chemical compound includes 2 or 3 elements;
• consists of identical granules and molecules;
• produced by processing the primary component or less complex fertilizers;
• have low or high hygroscopicity;
• well or poorly soluble in water.

Such fertilizers are, in fact, salts, in which the proportion of the content of elements depends on the needs of a particular plant and is regulated by mixing with simple fertilizers.

If potassium nitrate consists of 46% potassium, 13% nitrogen, then nitrogen or any phosphorus must be added to their composition.

The dose that must be applied to the soil for top dressing depends on the concentration of the main component. The more it is, the less it needs to be applied. When complex fertilizers are applied, the components are evenly distributed in the soil and reduce costs by 15%.

Types of complex fertilizers and their composition

Compound fertilizer usually includes 4 main components in different combinations: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium. And they differ in the ratio and type of bonds on which hygroscopicity and water solubility depend. Why is it necessary to use these components in the soil?

Nitrogen. This substance is important for the absorption of sunlight and energy through photosynthesis. Nitrogen is part of the chlorophyll involved in this process, as well as nitrogen is a constituent of lipoids, alkaloids and other substances important for plants. Nitrogen - for rapid growth.

Phosphorus. One of the 3 most essential components for plants. Phosphorus controls metabolic processes inside plants, is a source of energy for cells. This element is included in the structure of RNA and DNA, which are responsible for the transfer of genetic information. Thanks to phosphorus, the proper development of the plant, growth, fruiting occurs. The lack of phosphorus leads to the cessation of growth and development of the seed chambers - the plant does not bear fruit, changes color, shape, leaves begin to die. Acute shortage can even lead to the death of the roots, including those of trees, up to their fall.

Potassium. The organic composition of the soil does not contain potassium, although it is necessary for the yield and endurance of plants, which is why it is used as a fertilizer. Increased resistance of plants to drought, low temperatures. Potassium affects the growth and formation of fruits. A lack of potassium leads to darkening of the leaves, lethargy and weakness of the buds and inflorescences. More than others, sunflower, buckwheat, beets, potatoes, wheat and other grains need fertilizers rich in potassium.

Magnesium. This element, like nitrogen, is included in the structure of chlorophyll and carries out the main organic processes of the plant. Magnesium also facilitates the absorption of phosphorus. Magnesium carries out carbohydrate metabolism in tubers, roots, seeds, fruits. With a lack of magnesium, wilting and dying off of unripe fruits can be observed.

The combination and use of the main components for soil in fertilizers:

• Ammophos. It consists of nitrogen with phosphorus, which are highly soluble in water, such are its properties. It is applied when sowing all types of crops and as top dressing for vegetable, field and other crops.
• Diammophos. Also contains nitrogen and phosphorus. It is used as ammophos, and in animal husbandry as a feed additive.
• Diammofoska. In addition to nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium is also present. Shows good properties on all types of soils and cultures.
• Magnesium ammonium phosphate. Magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus. The drug is poorly soluble in water. Applicable to all cultures, large doses are possible, harmless. Effective in sandy lands, for potatoes, root crops with abundant watering.
• Nitrofos or nitrophoska. Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus. Slightly soluble in water. Ineffective as an ordinary top dressing.
• Nitroammophos. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. It dissolves quite well. Valuable general purpose supplement.
• Sulfoammophos. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The additive is actively used.
• Potassium nitrate. A popular nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. Gives effective nourishment to plants. Found in natural form. It is applicable in vegetable growing and in cultivation of the cultures sensitive to the content of chlorine.
• ammonium metaphosphate. Also includes phosphorus, nitrogen. Entered as main efficient fertilizer for acidic soil.
• Carboamophos and carboamophoska. High saturation with nitrogen and phosphorus. Due to the gaseous combination of nitrogen, nitrogen loss is possible, therefore a quick turning into the soil is necessary.
• Superfoska. The combination of phosphorus and potassium. Can be a basic fertilizer.
• potassium metaphosphate. Phosphorus, potassium in it are highly soluble in the soil. Good physical performance and application.

For high yields and proper development, plants require air, light, heat, water, as well as nutrients. The creation of these conditions in the field or garden guarantees success in growing crops and high yields. The soil that accepts the seed of a plant cannot provide it with all the necessary substances in the right amount, so the use of fertilizers is necessary.

Complex fertilizers solve the problem of mutual digestibility of various elements, increase the useful properties of the components, reduce consumption and labor costs for tillage.

Not everyone knows what types of fertilizers exist today. But in order to understand the types of fertilizers and their classification, you do not need to be a certified agronomist at all.

In nature, since ancient times, there has been a natural process of filling the earth with elements useful for plants. But a man appeared and made his own adjustments - he began to intensively exploit plots of land suitable for crops and seize more and more plots in order to increase the amount of agricultural products received.

During this process, there were practically no undeveloped lands left, and those on which crops took place began to be depleted.

The old method - to leave the land fallow (let it rest and gain strength) turned out to be ineffective, but a solution was found. Organic and mineral fertilizers appeared.

Separation of fertilizers by characteristics

Fertilizers are classified according to the following criteria:

Mineral, chemical and organic fertilizers

Organic and mineral fertilizers differ in their origin:

• Mineral or chemical fertilizers are the result of the work of chemical enterprises that use inorganic substances, mainly mineral salts, in their production.
• Organic - obtained from the components of vital activity. Therefore, they are a product of natural origin.

Further, the classification of fertilizers occurs according to the types of nutrients that they contain.

For example, chemical fertilizers are based on nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium.

According to the agrochemical significance, fertilizers are divided into direct and indirect. The former are a source of nutrition for plants, the latter improve soil properties. But such a division is very conditional, because. direct fertilizers are also involved in indirect interaction.

Direct fertilizers necessarily contain the main nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are added to the soil for crops in large quantities. Moreover, if chemical fertilizers contain only one element, then they are called simple. If two or more - complex.

Complex fertilizers can be double or triple (full). Such terms are introduced solely for the purpose of determining the presence of the main elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), since. in absolutely pure form they are not used.

The division of fertilizers into simple, mixed and complex indicates the way they are obtained:

• Simple, have only one element in their composition.
• Mixed, obtained in the process of mechanical action (fertilizer mixing).
• Complex, are the result of chemical reactions.

Also, in order to increase the efficiency of transportation and storage, concentrated and ballast-free fertilizers are produced.

Those fertilizers that are created for a specific soil and a specific crop are called balanced.

Mineral fertilizers

They are produced in three types - ammonia, contain ammonium sulfate, nitrate, the presence of ammonium nitrate and amide, urea is present.

• Ammonia nitrogen introduced into the soil with weak acidity is well absorbed by plants through root system and can be in it for quite a long time. Apply before sowing (in spring) and after harvest (in autumn).
• Nitrate nitrogen is introduced into the soil in the form of a solution, so its duration is limited. Applied with the beginning of spring. It is easily absorbed by plants and can be used in the summer as top dressing.
• Amide nitrogen is a fast-acting, soil-acidifying fertilizer. At high temperatures environment changes to the ammonia form. Mainly used for top dressing.

1. Based on phosphorus (phosphoric).

They are divided into water-soluble, semi-soluble and sparingly soluble.

• Simple and double superphosphate is an easily soluble fertilizer that is used on any type of soil. Careful mixing with water does not require, because. the dissolution process is easy and without mechanical action.
• The precipitate is a semi-soluble fertilizer. Insoluble in water, weak acids are used for this. Used on acidic soils.
• Phosphorite flour is a sparingly soluble fertilizer. Available to plants only on acidic soils. When making, requires thorough mixing with the soil.

1. Based on potassium (potassium).

They are concentrated chloride and sulfate salts.

• Potassium chloride is highly soluble in water. Penetration into the soil is somewhat slowed down. It is used on clay and loamy soils, taking into account that the roots of plants are poorly developed and require a quick supply of nutrients.
• Potassium salt - easily soluble in water. Mostly used on sandy soils to compensate for the lack of potassium. In autumn, the use of this fertilizer is not desirable, because. rapidly washed out by groundwater.

1. Based on lime (lime).

Used to eliminate excessive acidity of the soil and enrich it with calcium.

1. Chlorinated fertilizers.

organic fertilizers

Biohumus, sapropel, humus, peat, manure, bird droppings, guano, compost are fertilizers that have organic basis. You can also add complex organic fertilizers to them.

Organic fertilizers are produced from substances that are formed as a result of the natural process of life of plants, animals and birds.

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of its state - slightly decomposed, semi-decayed, rotted and humus.

• The amount of nutrients in manure can vary depending on which animal it is derived from. Horse and sheep manure, for example, contains less water and more organic and inorganic matter than cow and pig manure.
• The effectiveness of manure application depends on its quality, applied volumes and soil and climatic conditions. It is used in spring and autumn, depending on the stage of its condition. Fresh - better not to use.
• Manure increases productivity not only in the year it is applied to the soil, but also for several years after that.
• Depending on the technology of its production, there is bedding (semi-liquid) and bedding-free (liquid) manure. They have some differences in composition, methods of use and storage.

1. Bird droppings - is considered the best organic fertilizer.

Especially chicken and pigeon. This fertilizer is best used in the fall, evenly distributed over the entire area of ​​​​the land, due to the high content of nitrogen in the nitrate form. Usage bird droppings in liquid dressings - is the most effective.

1. Peat - contains not very many nutrients. But its use can improve the structure of the soil by increasing the humus content.

Peat fertilizer is distinguished by the degree of decomposition - high and lowland. Horse has the remains of vegetation and high acidity.

Peat is brought in almost at any time of the year. A prerequisite for application is the addition of lime.

1. Silt - is deposited at the bottom of water bodies (ponds, lakes, rivers). It contains a lot of humus and mineral elements in its structure. Before applying to the soil, it must be well ventilated (withstand some time in the open air). Successfully used on sandy soils.

1. Sawdust and tree bark are an inexpensive way to increase soil fertility and improve its moisture capacity and breathability. It is introduced into the soil in a rotted form or with other components.
2. Siderates are tall plants plowed into the soil. They act on the soil in much the same way as fresh manure.
3. Complex organic fertilizers - consist of organic matter and minerals that are combined with chemical or mechanically. The result of processing bird droppings or manure by biofermentation.

Physical properties

The types of fertilizers and the classification of fertilizers also take into account the aggregate (physical) state. They can be solid, liquid or even gaseous. The use of gaseous fertilizers, for example - carbon dioxide, is carried out in complete isolation from the atmosphere.

After manufacturing and transportation, before use, physical properties fertilizers can be changed.

A very important component of physical properties is the ability of the initial product to dissolve, because. Plants get all their nutrients from water.

The types of fertilizers in this regard are diverse, but coarse-grained and granular ones are in the first place. This is due to the fact that with local application to the soil, the process of natural leaching slows down, and the period of action increases with minimal loss of useful components.

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Video - Fertilizer classification

Target state program development Agriculture and regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2013-2020 - ensuring Russia's food independence in the parameters set by the doctrine of food security Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 30, 2010 No. 120 "On Approval of the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation". The program defines accelerated import substitution for meat, milk, vegetables, seed potatoes and fruit and berry products; increasing the competitiveness of Russian agricultural products in the domestic and foreign markets; reproduction and increasing the efficiency of the use of land and other resources in agriculture, as well as the greening of production.

Over the past decades, at the turn of the century, there has been a process of decreasing soil fertility. At the same time, the increased rate of decline in the main indicator of soil fertility - humus - is of particular concern.

According to the regional station of the agrochemical service "Samarskaya", by 2012 fat chernozems disappeared in the Samara region. In comparison with 1986, the areas of very slightly and slightly humus soils with a low content of organic matter decreased from 16.1% to 10.9% and from 49.7% to 45.6% with an average content of humus - by (9.3%).

To maintain humus at the initial level in the soil, it is necessary to apply 5–7 tons of manure annually on a rainfed land, with irrigation 8–10 tons per 1 ha and 70–80 kg/ha of a.i. mineral fertilizers.

The production of mineral fertilizers is dictated by two main factors. This is, on the one hand, the rapid growth of the world's population, and on the other hand, limited land resources suitable for growing agricultural crops. In addition, soils suitable for agriculture began to be depleted, and the natural way to restore them takes too long a period of time.

The volumes of production of each type of fertilizer have not changed for many years. So nitrogen makes up 48% of the total output, potash - 34% and phosphorus - 18%.

Nitrogen fertilizers are produced at 25 enterprises of the Russian Federation, in addition, ammonium sulfate is produced by some coking plants. The leading position in the production of nitrogen fertilizers is occupied by OJSC Nevinnomyssky Azot (Stavropol Territory) and OJSC NAK Azot (Novomoskovsk, Tula Region). Both enterprises are part of the EuroChem holding and provide it with a 22% share in the Russian production of nitrogen fertilizers.

JSC "Togliattiazot" (Samara region) is a modern enterprise (built in 1974). Production capacity companies allow the production of ammonia 3 million tons per year, carbamide - 1 million tons, liquid carbon dioxide - 2 million tons, dry ice - 2.5 thousand tons, urea-formaldehyde resin - 6 thousand tons, etc.

The share of the Russian Federation in the world production of phosphate fertilizers is 6.5%. Phosphate fertilizers in Russia are produced at 19 enterprises with a total capacity of about 4.5 million tons.

The main producers of phosphate fertilizers in Russia are the following enterprises: Ammofos OJSC (Cherepovets, Vologda Region), Meleuzovskoe Production Association Minudobreniya JSC (Republic of Bashkortostan), Phosphorit OJSC (Kingisepp, Leningrad Region), OJSC Balakovo Mineral Fertilizers (Saratov region), OJSC Voskresensk Mineral Fertilizers (Moscow region).

In the production of potash fertilizers, the main costs are associated with the extraction of ore, and therefore the location of Silvinit OJSC (Solikamsk) and Uralkali OJSC (Berezniki) directly at the Verkhnekamskoye deposit has a positive effect on the development of the production of this type of fertilizer.

The total world production of mineral fertilizers is characterized by a slow but stable annual growth of 3-4%. In 2014, about 184 million tons were produced in the world.

Fertilizer is one of the main factors in the intensification of agriculture, since without them it is impossible to rationally conduct agriculture. The use of fertilizers allows you to optimize plant nutrition, regulate the speed and direction of growth processes, the size and quality of the crop, increase plant resistance to adverse conditions influence the reproduction of soil fertility. Without the application of mineral fertilizers, it is impossible to grow food and feed in sufficient quantities.

On the chernozem soils of the Samara region, nitrogen fertilizers are the most effective. In the studies of the Samara State Agricultural Academy, 1 kg of nitrogen pays off with a grain harvest
winter wheat from 10 to 26 kg/ha. Increases in the yield of grain crops from phosphate fertilizers range from 18 to 26%. As a result of significant differences in soil-climatic, agrotechnical and material and technical conditions, the efficiency of fertilizers, even under one crop, varies greatly in individual farms and districts.

As for the optimal parameters for the use of mineral fertilizers, it is necessary to focus on the recommended zonal doses for the Samara region, taking into account the agrochemical properties of the soil. For example, to obtain a winter wheat grain yield of 4 t/ha and to reproduce soil fertility, it is necessary to apply 30 t of manure and 120 kg/ha of nitrogen and phosphorus, and 30–60 kg/ha of potassium.

In accordance with this, it is necessary to create flexible systems of modern technologies, taking into account the characteristics of each variety and each specific field.

Importance of fertilizer properties

Obtaining the maximum possible yield of agricultural crops directly depends on the action of a complex of numerous factors, among which an important role belongs to fertilizers.

For each mineral fertilizer supplied for agriculture, the state standard (technical specifications) establishes a certain
a set of requirements: for example, appearance and color, nutrient concentration (not less), moisture content (not more), particle (granule) size.
Fertilizers must contain aggressive impurities within acceptable limits - free acidity, active chlorine, fluorine compounds, biuret, heavy salts
metals. Non-compliance with any indicators from certain GOSTs for a particular fat of qualitative characteristics is not allowed.

The requirements set by the standard are not accidental. They contribute to the high quality of many technological works, including the transportation of fertilizer, the preservation of the properties of the fertilizer during storage, the quality of application, and a high fertilizing effect. Therefore, successful work that ensures the safety
the quality of fertilizers in the economy, their efficient use with minimal labor and cost, ensuring maximum yield increases without harming nature and the environment requires a deep knowledge of all the properties of fertilizers. These include not only the form of the nutrient content, but also
physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties.

Each mineral fertilizer is distinguished by a certain set of properties determined by the nature of the salt, depending on the technology of production, forms of supply of fat, which can change during the period from production (reception) to application to the soil. Knowledge of the characteristics of individual fertilizers is a guarantee of preservation without loss of the fertilizers themselves, their nutrients, the strength of the granules, and flowability. The specialist must know how to create the necessary storage mode when this fertilizer it is better to apply, the possibility of combining with other fertilizers, the ability to add to manure, peat, and other organic fertilizers. Taking into account the various properties of mineral fertilizers, knowing their composition, will determine which crop is better to apply, choose the method of application to obtain the highest effect, and achieve the best crop quality indicators.

The use of individual fertilizers also requires knowledge of many physical, physical and mechanical features, such as hygroscopicity and caking, granulometric composition and size of granules, their strength and flowability, a number of others, including free acidity or alkalinity, undesirable impurities.
It is necessary to take into account those natural processes that can occur during long-term storage(humidification, volatilization or leaching of nutrients
substances, loss of flowability), fire, explosion hazard. This will allow you to determine the choice of a warehouse, the placement of individual bundles in it, the height of the pile, stacks and others.
terms safe mode storage. The same information is needed when choosing certain fertilizer spreaders in the field.

The range and main properties of mineral fertilizers

The chemical industry of the Russian Federation produces and supplies a wide range of mineral fertilizers to the domestic market.

Mineral fertilizers are industrial or fossil products that contain nutrients for plant growth and development and are used to improve soil fertility. Nutrient elements contained in the plant body in significant quantities (from hundredths to whole percent) are called macronutrients - N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S.

Types of fertilizers- single-component: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; complex - complex, complex, mixed and fertilizers with trace elements. Among the species, there are forms.

Forms of fertilizers:
nitrogen - nitrate, ammonium, ammonia, ammonium-nitrate, amide, liquid, slow-acting;
phosphoric - soluble, semi-soluble, insoluble;
potassium - chlorine-containing, sulfate.

Taking into account the level of natural fertility of fields, other agricultural lands, the production plan of agricultural enterprises, the availability organic fertilizers, the size of the planned crops, as well as the further growth of the agrochemical indicators of the soil, the specialists of the farms calculate the annual need for fertilizers.

A batch of fertilizers imported into the farm is accompanied by a bill of lading indicating the name of the product, the weight of the cargo and a copy of the passport-certificate characterizing the compliance of the fertilizer with the requirements of GOST or TU in terms of quality.

Fertilizer packaging. Non-hygroscopic (potassium chloride, ammonium sulfate, superphosphate) and low-hygroscopic fertilizers supplied to agriculture from
loaded without containers (in bulk). This allows you to significantly reduce the cost of single containers and fully mechanize loading and unloading operations at all levels from the supplier plant - temporary storage (railway warehouses) - to loading them into sowing machines and applying them to the fields.

Highly hygroscopic fertilizers (nitrates) are delivered in polyethylene or 5-6-layer bituminous bags weighing about 50 kg.

AT last years enterprises carry out deliveries in soft specialized containers, which, in conditions of only about 50% supply in standard warehouses, can drastically reduce the loss of mineral fertilizers, ensuring a high level of mechanization of loading and unloading operations with them.

There are soft containers reusable(MK), made of rubber and cord, with a capacity of about 1.7 cubic meters. m (weight of fertilizer - up to 2 tons);
single use (MKR) - a container made of polyethylene, a volume of about 1 cubic meter. m (weight of fertilizer up to 1 t); as well as negotiable - limited service life
(MKO) - polyethylene fabric with a polyethylene coating, its working volume is up to 0.85 cubic meters. m with a carrying capacity of about 1 t of fertilizer mass.

Containers are stored in open areas(at the warehouse or directly in the field), stacked in 1-2 tiers. For loading and unloading operations on the farm, it is necessary to have a tractor loader-container carrier or a self-loader truck with a jib crane.

Urea, ammophos, diammophos, double superphosphate, potassium chloride, as well as nitrophos, nitrophoska, diammofoska and other granular complex fertilizers are supplied in soft containers of the MKR type. Supplier plants guarantee the quality of mineral fertilizers, as determined by GOST (TU), as a rule, within 6 months from the date of manufacture of the product. Therefore, with a lack of typical storage containers, fertilizers should not be stored in excess of their annual need.

nitrogen fertilizers

Characteristics of the main forms of nitrogen fertilizers

Basic properties. All of them have a crystalline structure, they are characterized by increased hygroscopicity. During long-term storage in unsatisfactory conditions, they become moistened, lose their flowability and cake into lumps. Of the main range of nitrogen fertilizers, calcium and ammonium nitrate are the most hygroscopic and caking, the least - ammonium sulfate and ammonium-sodium sulfate.

To increase the flowability, reduce the degree of caking and improve the physical and mechanical properties, organic (petroleum oils, fuchsins,
fatty acids) or mineral (dolomites, phosphorites) additives, which, by isolating fertilizer particles, prevent caking. This contributes
and granulation. All nitrogen fertilizers are highly soluble in water (Table 1).

Table 1: Nitrogen fertilizer solubility

Since nitrogen fertilizers are highly soluble in water, hygroscopic and prone to caking, this requires special attention while storing them in warehouses. Optimal storage conditions preserve the properties of fertilizers.

The practice of applying fertilizers shows that nitrogen is an element of the first minimum. Nitrogen fertilizers, as a rule, determine the level of yield.

Ammonium nitrate NH 4 NO 3- GOST grade "B" contains at least 34.4% nitrogen. Its share of the produced amounts to approximately 20% of nitrogen supplies, and in
will decrease somewhat in the future. It comes in 5-6-layer bituminized paper or polyethylene bags weighing up to 50 kg.

Fine-crystalline substance white color, highly hygroscopic, caking, therefore it is produced in granular form (1–4 mm). It dissolves well in water. Granules of the correct spherical shape, glossy. During granulation, various conditioning agents (phosphate rock, gypsum, fatty acids and their amines) are added, which give the granules an appropriate color. Their color is white or yellowish, pink with a glossy tinge. The granules are very hygroscopic, "wet", low-flowing. When the fertilizer is stored for a long time, they are angular, "prickly", when taken in the hand, a chill is felt.

The fertilizer quickly absorbs moisture from the air, the granules become larger, become angular, the product cakes into very strong, large lumps. During storage, the fertilizer increases in volume and breaks the bag. When dissolved in water, this fertilizer drastically cools the solution.

Ammonium nitrate requires special attention when storing, storing in a compartment separate from other fertilizers. It is highly flammable and explosive. At
heating up to 200–270°C, the fertilizer begins to decompose with the release of heat and oxygen, which contributes to combustion. With rapid heating up to 400–500°С
explosion takes place. Ammonium nitrate and other nitrates are stored in a separate compartment from other fertilizers on flat pallets of a fireproof design with
with anti-corrosion coating, in 2 tiers 2 m high. Without pallets, it can be laid in 8–10 rows at a height of up to 1.8 m.

The mass of an individual stack is up to 120 tons. The distance between the stacks is 3 m, to the wall - 1 m.
permanent.

For crushing it is impossible to use a spark-forming tool (crushed by machines of the ISU-4 type). Placers are collected, stored separately, repackaged in clean bags, and used first.

Ballastless fertilizer. Contains two different forms of nitrogen, which makes it possible to vary the methods and terms of application. Universal fertilizer: applied under all crops on all soils as the main, sowing fertilizer and top dressing. The main application in autumn on heavy soils in conditions of insufficient moisture, in spring - on light soils, in conditions of excessive moisture. When sowing, it is applied in small doses (up to 10 kg/ha) with combined seeders. Top dressing: early spring winter crops by surface and root methods, root - tilled crops.

Urea (carbamide) CO (NH 2) 2 for agriculture - brand "B". This is the most concentrated dry nitrogen fertilizer - at least 46.2% nitrogen. Agricultural enterprises receive about 25% of all nitrogen fertilizers. It comes, as a rule, without containers, and sometimes in five-layer paper bags (crystal salt) or in plastic bags. In addition, urea can be supplied in a reusable (MP) or disposable (MCR) flexible container.

White crystalline substance, readily soluble in water. During storage, it cakes and therefore is produced in granular form (1–3 mm). Granules of the correct spherical shape, opaque. Granular urea has good physical properties.

The granulated product is characterized by good flowability, has dry, even, well-flowing spherical granules (granules are produced in two fractions: 0.2–1.0 and more often 2.0–2.5 mm). In granulated urea, there should be no more than 0.9% biuret, an increased concentration of which is toxic to seedlings.

A distinctive feature of urea, both crystalline and granular, is that when taken on wet fingers, it “lathers”. It has a significantly lower bulk density (0.65 t/m3) compared to ammonium nitrate(0.82–0.90 t/m3).

Universal fertilizer. As a main fertilizer, it is equivalent to ammonium nitrate and other nitrogen fertilizers, but has advantages in conditions of excessive moisture and irrigation. Use in sowing can cause retarded germination and emergence as a result of the formation of large amounts of ammonia. Surface top dressing of winter crops can only be carried out with immediate incorporation by harrowing to avoid losses of nitrogen in gaseous form. good fertilizer for basal and root top dressing.

In the winter crop fertilization system, early spring top dressing provides a great effect. In addition, the protein content in the grain increases late (during the period
heading) fertilizing with an aqueous solution of fertilizer.

For foliar feeding, you can use a 30% solution of urea, which does not burn the leaves, in addition, urea is absorbed by the leaf cells in the form of a whole molecule, without prior ammonification, by direct involvement of nitrogenous substances in the cycle of transformations. Urea supergranules 8–10 mm in size were tested, which practically do not cake. Mixing carbamide with other fertilizers (superphosphate, potash fertilizers) is possible only before application.

Ammonium sulfate (NH 4) 2 SO 4 according to GOST 9097-82 must contain at least 21% nitrogen. This fertilizer is produced in amounts up to 2% of all nitrogen fertilizers. Supplied in bituminized paper or polyethylene bags of 50 kg. By agreement with the consumer, they are usually shipped in bulk.

In appearance - fine-crystalline salt, similar to granulated sugar; often white or yellowish. Depending on the production technology, the product can be gray, pink, yellow, greenish, bluish and even blackish in color. It is slightly hygroscopic, highly soluble in water and almost does not cake.

It differs from ammonium nitrate in smaller, dry, free-flowing and shiny crystals (for ammonium nitrate, the granules are angular and gray). Ammonium sulphate, produced as a by-product in the manufacture of chemical and man-made fibers, is supplied in bulk and contains 20.5% nitrogen. Outwardly, it looks like river sand (gray and light brown).

This fertilizer is best used on neutral soils. Preferably used as the main fertilizer. Suitable for application on loamy soils, not only in spring, but also in autumn.

It is desirable to combine top dressing with ammonium sulfate with harrowing of crops: early top dressing of winter crops. It is possible to fertilize tilled crops (on light soils and under irrigation). Do not apply when sowing, as this can lead to ammonia poisoning of plants. The best nitrogen fertilizer for solonetzic soils. A good fertilizer for potatoes, because it contains sulfur, which contributes to an increase in starch content, and, in addition, potatoes are not afraid of acidification ( optimal level pH 5.5).

Stored in stacks (piles) up to 4 m high, separately from other fats. Before sowing, it can be mixed with almost all fertilizers.

Calcium nitrate Ca(NO 3) 2 TU-2181-018-324964-45-00. The liquid supplied in 60-liter polyethylene drums contains 8% nitrogen and 13% CaO.

The same solid product - 15.5% nitrogen and 26.5% CaO - in 50 kg polyethylene bags. Highly hygroscopic salt in the form of flakes 3–6 mm. Brownish color. It is used in industrial vegetable growing.

Sodium nitrate NaNO 3- a relatively rare fertilizer. Contains at least 16% nitrogen. Comes in paper bituminous five-layer bags weighing about 50 kg.

Outwardly - very small (much smaller than that of ammonium sulfate) shiny crystals of white or yellowish color. Hygroscopic, caking, highly soluble in water. Like all saltpeters, it is flammable and explosive. Stored separately, the height of the stack of bags is up to 2 m.

Sodium nitrate is used for sowing and for top dressing. The main application is limited (due to the high mobility of nitrate nitrogen). They are applied when sowing sugar and fodder beets and when feeding winter crops. Sodium, which is part of the fertilizer, promotes the outflow of carbohydrates from the leaves to the roots, thereby improving the quality of sugar beets and other root crops.

Liquid nitrogen fertilizers

Their advantage is low energy costs during production (evaporation, granulation are excluded), one-time use of containers is not required. It is possible to mechanize all work - from delivery to application to the field.

Liquid fats give no less fertilizing effect than solid ones. Therefore, their energy coefficient is 2–2.5 times higher than that of ammonium nitrate or urea.

However, the use of liquid forms requires significant one-time costs for metal containers, application machines. Need a higher
"agronomic culture", including compliance with safety regulations at all stages of work. There is also seasonality in supplies - mainly in the warm season.

Liquid (anhydrous) ammonia NH 3. This promising, most concentrated fertilizer makes up about 10% of deliveries. Contains 82.3% nitrogen. It arrives in sealed railway tanks with a capacity of 50 cubic meters. m, designed for high pressure (16-20 atmospheres). It corrodes non-ferrous metals (copper, zinc and their alloys), but is practically neutral with respect to ferrous metals and aluminum alloys.

This fertilizer is stored in containers made of ferrous metals or their alloys. In order to reduce the high pressure of elastic vapors, the outer surface of the containers should be painted white or silver. Ammonia is a colorless gas-liquid mixture with a pungent odor and a density of 0.77 kg/m3. At a temperature of minus 33.4°C and above under conditions atmospheric pressure boils. Its specific gravity at 0°C is 639 kg/m3. At a temperature of minus 77.8 ° C and below, it hardens and turns into a snow-like mass.

A potent poisonous substance, a mixture with air at an NH3 concentration of 15–27% is explosive. When exposed to the skin, ammonia causes burns, and when it evaporates, it causes frostbite. It is delivered in railway tanks and via the Togliatti-Odessa ammonia pipeline. The largest ammonia producer in our country is the Togliattiazot Corporation. Liquid ammonia is the cheapest nitrogen fertilizer.

When applied to the soil, it turns into a gas and is physically positively adsorbed by the soil for a short time, then it dissolves in soil moisture and turns into ammonium hydroxide. A high concentration of ammonia is created at the place of application, the pH shifts to 9. The microflora dies. The radius of distribution of ammonia is 7–10 cm. Nitrification of ammonia nitrogen begins from the periphery and gradually (after 2–4 weeks) the number of microorganisms and pH are restored.

Anhydrous ammonia is applied only subsoil with the help of a special set of machines (anhydrous ammonia tanker - ZBA-3.2-817, MZHA-6; application unit - ABA-0.5, ASHA-2.0, AZHA-1.0). The distance between the working bodies of the cultivator is 20–25 cm. The depth of application is determined by the granulometric composition: on heavy soils - 10–12 cm, on light soils - 14–18 cm. Sowing and subsequent tillage are possible 10 hours after the introduction of ammonia. Sowing is carried out perpendicular to the application of fertilizer. Ammonia is better absorbed in heavy, rich in organic matter, normally moist soils.

It can be used for the main application in autumn and spring and root dressing of row crops. Its use causes a temporary neutralization of acidity, promotes the mobilization of soil phosphates and potassium, enhances the ammonification and nitrification of the soil.

Ammonia water (aqueous ammonia) NH 4 OH- one of the cheapest fertilizers. Provides grades I and II with a nitrogen content of 20.5 and 18.0%, respectively.
It comes in sealed railway containers as a colorless or yellowish liquid with a pungent odor. When using ammonia water, it is important to strictly observe safety precautions. Workers must be instructed, have a gas mask, goggles, overalls and rubber gloves. It is better to organize the work on introducing it into the soil in a group way (2–3 units), so that machine operators can help each other both in case of technical problems and in case of ammonia damage.

It is advisable to apply ammonia water to moist soil, sowing depth: on light soils 12–14 cm, medium 10–12 cm, on heavy soils - at least 8–10 cm, to be embedded perpendicular to the future direction of sowing, which contributes to uniform distribution. It is almost equivalent to dry nitrogen fertilizers. They are applied using machines of the POU type as the main fertilizer (under fall or spring), as a top dressing.

On farms, ammonia water is stored in horizontal tanks of 25–50 cubic meters. m, designed for low pressure. The filling limit of containers is 85% of their internal volume. The elimination of nitrogen losses in the form of ammonia is achieved by pouring 2–3 cm of ammonia water on the surface of the GSPS - a sealing self-flowing film-forming composition.

UAN (urea-ammonia mixture) NH 4 NO 3 + CO (NH 2) 2 + H 2 O- stable liquid fertilizer. According to the regulations, it is a liquid light color(with a yellowish or yellowish-greenish tinge), density 1.26–1.34 g/cm3, pH 6–7. Contains 28–32% nitrogen. It consists of melt (non-evaporated solutions of ammonium nitrate - 38-42.7% and urea - 31-42%) with the addition of small amounts of ammonia (0.2-0.3%) and phosphoric acid (0.1-0.2 % P 2 O 5).

Store in ferrous metal containers with a lid. It is used as the main fertilizer, but it is especially effective as a regular or foliar top dressing using machines such as POU, OPSH-15, PSh-21.6 or OH-400 by spraying over the field or sowing.

KSAAS - CO (NH 2) 2 + (NH 4) 2 SO 4 + NH 4 NO 3 + H 2 O - urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate - a transparent yellowish-greenish liquid. According to TU 113-03-41-17-90, it contains at least 18% nitrogen. In its composition (mass fraction,%): urea - 25, ammonium sulfate - 25, ammonium nitrate - 5, water - 45. This is a stable solution, density 1.25 g / cu. see At temperatures up to 18 ° C does not form a precipitate. Properties and application - similar to CAS.

Slow release fertilizers

Ureaforms. Urea-formaldehyde fertilizer (NH 2 CONHCH 2) n - MFP.

Condensation product of urea and formaldehyde. White powder with particle size less than 0.5 mm. It has good physical properties, does not cake. Contains 38–40% N, of which 8–10% is in soluble form.

Encapsulated fertilizers. Granules of water-soluble fertilizers are covered with films through which aqueous solutions are difficult and slow to penetrate. As a coating, paraffin, an emulsion of polyethylene, sulfur compounds, and resins are used. Such fertilizers are less hygroscopic and do not cake. By selecting the composition and thickness of the films, it is possible to obtain fertilizers with different intensity of nitrogen release, that is, a prolonged action, taking into account the biological characteristics and the frequency of nutrition of crops.

Slow-acting fertilizers are promising for areas with excessive moisture and on irrigated lands, as well as when applied under vegetable crops, pasture grasses, grass stands on sports grounds and lawns. They are applied in high doses (do not create an excessively high harmful concentration) once every two to three years, without fear of nitrogen leaching. The nitrogen supply of the first crop is provided and there is a significant aftereffect of the fertilizer on subsequent crops.

Phosphate fertilizers

General properties. Phosphate fertilizers are powdered. They are light gray (superphosphates, precipitate, thermophosphates) or dark (phosphorite).
flour, phosphate slags) coloring. Even easily digestible water-soluble phosphates (superphosphates) are little or almost insoluble in water. When moistened, they
smeared, prone to caking (except for phosphate rock). All phosphates are stored in conventional warehouses. When working with pulverized fertilizers, workers must be in overalls and in respirators.

Superphosphate powdered simple Ca (H 2 PO 4) H 2 O + 2CaSO 4 2H 2 O. In the assortment of phosphates, it has a small specific gravity (up to 5%). Contains at least 19% of digestible P 2 O 5 . The free acidity of the fertilizer (in terms of P 2 O 5) should not exceed 5%. Comes in bulk.

Outwardly - loose powder of light gray (from apatite) and dark gray (from phosphorite) color, with a specific unpleasant smell of volatile oxides (the higher the free acidity of the fertilizer, the stronger the smell). By smell, this fertilizer is easily distinguished from all powdered fertilizers.

As the main fertilizer, it can be used for all crops. Can be mixed with all fertilizers before sowing.

Superphosphate granulated simple Ca (H 2 PO 4) H 2 O + 2CaSO 4 2H 2 O. Contains at least 19% P 2 O 5 , free acidity should not exceed 2.5% P 2 O 5 . It comes in 4-5-layer bituminized paper bags weighing about 50 kg or in bulk.

Outwardly - light gray or gray uneven granules (1-4 mm) with an unpleasant odor. In contrast to powder, it has good physical properties - it slightly cakes, it is well dispersed over the field. Application - similar to powdered superphosphate. In addition, it is advisable to apply it when sowing as a row fertilizer or as a top dressing.

Double (concentrated) superphosphate Ca (H 2 PO 4) 2 H 2 O. The output of this fertilizer is 25% of phosphates, in the future it will decrease to 13%. Grades "A" and "B" are provided with a content of at least 46 and 43%, respectively
of water-soluble phosphorus available to plants, the free acidity of the fertilizer in terms of Р2О5 should not exceed 2.5–5%. Comes without containers or in 5-layer paper bituminous (polyethylene) bags of about 50 kg,
as well as soft containers.

Outwardly, it is very similar to simple granular superphosphate, but has larger granules that are more even in size. In addition, their color is darker (gray or dark gray). The product is low hygroscopic, but requires good conditions warehousing. In its action, it is approximately equivalent to a simple
superphosphate. The economics of its use (the cost of transportation, storage, application to the soil) is higher. The dose of application under crops is reduced by about 2 times compared to a simple one.

Application - as the main (scattered or locally), as well as row fertilizer.

Superphos, or superphosphate-phosphorus fertilizer (slow-acting phosphorus fertilizer), contains at least 38% available phosphorus, including 50–65% water-soluble.

Outwardly - strong gray, low-hygroscopic, well-flowing granules 2-3 mm in size. Suitable for various fertilizer mixtures. A new promising phosphorus fertilizer is obtained by incomplete decomposition of phosphorites with phosphoric acid. In this way, double superphosphate is produced. The innovation is that less phosphoric acid is taken, so the decomposition is only partial. In terms of its effect on the crop, superphos is not only not inferior to precipitate, but also approaches double superphosphate - the best among all phosphate fertilizers.

On acidic and limed soddy-podzolic soils, it is approximately equivalent to superphosphate. On average, for a number of experiments on these soils, the effect of superphos was 95.0% of the effect of double superphosphate. The main application of superphos is more effective for barley, oats, buckwheat, winter crops, rye. It also gives a good effect as a seed fertilizer.

Precipitate CaHPO 4 2H 2 O (fertilizer). Contains at least 38% P 2 O 5 . Comes in 4-layer paper bags weighing about 35–50 kg. The release is limited.

Outwardly - light gray free-flowing powder, odorless. The fertilizer contains citrate-soluble phosphorus (soluble in weak acids), practically insoluble in water.

Apply only as the main fertilizer on acidic soils.

Phosphate slag 4СaO P 2 O 5 CaSiO 3- waste of the steel industry. Contains at least 8–10% P 2 O 5 .

Outwardly - a thin, heavy, dusty black powder. Usually comes in bulk. This fertilizer has a low specific gravity (about 1% of all phosphates) and is mainly used in areas adjacent to metallurgical plants. Used only as a basic fertilizer.

Monocalcium phosphate (feed). Depending on the variety, it contains at least 55 and 50% P 2 O 5 .

It comes in 4-5-layer paper and polyethylene bags weighing about 50 kg. In terms of particle size distribution, it is very similar to powdered superphosphate, but has a darker (dark gray) color, with a specific
"superphosphate" smell. Virtually no fluoride.

The product can be used not only as a means of mineral feeding of livestock, but also as a phosphate fertilizer. It is applied as the main fertilizer in the spring, but it can also be used as a basal top dressing.

Phosphorite flour Ca 3 (PO 4) 2. Four grades of phosphate rock are produced, the total phosphorus content in terms of P2O5 in which is as follows: the highest grade is 30%, the first grade is 25, the second is 22, the third is 19, with a particle grinding fineness of not more than 0.17 mm. Usually comes in bulk. The supply of this fertilizer with a content of 16% AI is allowed.

Outwardly - a thin, heavy powder (weight 1 m3 - 1.7–1.9 tons) of dark gray (earthy) color. The fertilizer is odorless, does not dissolve in water, is not hygroscopic, does not cake. Can be stored under a shed. It can be successfully used not only on acidic soddy-podzolic, gray forest and peat soils, but also on leached chernozems in the southern regions of the Non-Black Earth Region. It is a good ingredient for composts.

They are used only as the main fertilizer, they are applied in advance, under fall, they are effectively used in pairs (1–2 t/ha) for lupins and other legumes, buckwheat, winter rye and oats. When phosphorizing and complex agrochemical cultivation of fields, they are applied based on its effect for a number of years
1–2 t/ha.

potash fertilizers

Potassium has a multifaceted effect on plants, productivity and product quality. The more nitrogen is used, the higher the need for it. In the last 8–10 years, the provision of soils with available potassium has sharply decreased, which has led to a decrease in the use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, a drop in the yield of fodder and tilled crops. In intensive farming, the potassium balance should be positive or zero.

Basic properties. Potash fertilizers have a well-defined crystallinity (except for kalimag, which is a powdered fertilizer). They are low hygroscopic and good storage almost non-staining.

Solubility in water is significant: 283 g of potassium chloride or other fertilizer dissolves in a liter of water at 0 ° C, at 20 ° C - 563 g. high efficiency potash fertilizers provide with the main application on light and peaty soils.

Potassium chloride KCI- the main potash fertilizer, the supply of which currently accounts for 80% of all potash fertilizers. Depending on the production technology, a number of brands of fertilizers are produced:

grade "K" is obtained by crystallization from a solution, grade "F" - by flotation of potash ores. Depending on the varieties, it contains (at least): brand “K” - the highest grade - 62.5%; Grade I - 62.0%; II grade - 60.0%; brand "F" - II grade - 60%, III grade - 58.1% K 2 O.

Grade "K" - very fine crystalline salt of white, grayish, pinkish, reddish or other colors. characteristic feature This fertilizer is color uniformity.

The product is hygroscopic, prone to caking, highly dusty in the dry state.

To reduce the degree of caking, various organic additives (amines or synthetic fatty acids) are introduced into the fertilizer, which color the product.

Grade "F" - coarse-crystalline salt of pink or red color, containing at least 80% with particles of 2-4 mm.

It has relatively good physical properties - it practically does not cake, it is distinguished by good flowability and dispersion.

Our industry produces non-caking coarse-grained potassium chloride - brown or red particles 4–6 mm in size. In addition, granulated potassium chloride is supplied in the form of gray granules (2–4 mm).

It is possible according to TU 113-13-4-93 to supply coarse-grained dust-free (1-3 mm), granulated (2-4 mm) and pressed (with granules irregular shape 1–4 mm from grayish white to reddish brown) with 100% friability.

Universal - grains of red-brown or grayish-white colors with a diameter of about 3 mm.

Dedusted - similar to it, 1-3 mm.

Special - 62% K 2 O, grayish-white crystals.

All varieties of brands are applied before sowing (under fall or in spring for pre-sowing tillage). On the day of sieving, coarse-grained forms of fat can be mixed with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, in advance - with ammonium sulfate, and fine-grained - with phosphorus flour.

Potassium salt mixed 40%, KCl + (mKCl nNaCl) TU 6-13-77 contains 40% K 2 O, 20% NaO and 50% Cl.

Obtained by mixing flotation potassium chloride with sylvinite. A mixture of variegated crystals of small to medium size.

It is used only for the main application for crops that are responsive to sodium: sugar beet, fodder and table root crops, tomatoes, cabbage, cereal grasses.

Potassium chloride electrolyte KCI with an admixture of NaCI and MgCI 2 (used). TU48-10-40-76 provides for the release of light-colored crystalline salt gray color and granules of the same color. Fertilizer grade "A" contains at least 45.5% K 2 O and up to 6% MgO;
grade "B" - 31.6% K 2 O. It comes in 4-5-layer paper bags of about 50 kg or in bulk. Outwardly, it is very similar to potassium chloride grade "K" of light color, but has a specific "iodine" smell. Its effectiveness is approximately equivalent to potassium chloride.

Potassium sulfate K 2 SO 4. According to TU 2184-044-00196368-95, it contains at least 46% K 2 O. It is supplied in bulk. The current supply is 5% of the issue. Externally -

fine-crystalline substance of white color, sometimes with a yellowish tinge, does not cake. The crystals are dry, free-flowing, almost non-hygroscopic. This fertilizer
does not contain chlorine.

The main application for chlorophobic crops: grapes, buckwheat, potatoes, tobacco. They are mainly used in greenhouse vegetable growing.

Potassium magnesia K 2 SO 4 MgSO 4. According to TU 2184-022-32496445-00, it is planned to produce grades "A" and "B" with a content of 28 and 25% K 2 O, respectively,
as well as 9% magnesium oxide. Chlorine should be no more than 15%. For exceeding this amount of chlorine, a discount is made from the wholesale price. Usually comes without
containers.

Granulated product in the form of large (2-6 mm) granules of irregular angular shape. Powdered - in appearance, crystalline salt of a snow-white color with dry, shiny crystals. The fertilizer has good physical and mechanical properties: it is not hygroscopic, almost does not cake, it is highly soluble in water, it has good flowability. It is easy to scatter evenly over the field. It is preferable to use under chlorine-sensitive crops (buckwheat, legumes), especially on soils that are light in texture. It is more expedient to apply as the main fertilizer in the spring.

Kalimag K 2 SO 4 2MgSO 4(potassium-magnesium concentrate) TU6-13-7-76. Granular non-caking powder of gray or light gray color, supplied in bulk. It contains at least 18.5% K 2 O and 9% MgO. There are granulated and non-granulated brands.

Use - similar to potassium magnesia in double doses.

Cainite Enriched. TU 6-13-8-83 allows the supply of natural ground ore containing at least 17.5% K 2 O and 9% MgO.

Externally - large crystals of a pinkish-brown color or coarsely ground gray salt (there may be yellowish-brown inclusions). Prone to caking. To apply under a beet, other root crops, on meadows and pastures.

Complex fertilizers

Their advantage over single-component macrofertilizers containing only one main element is in the high content of the active substance (from 36 to 52% and above), as well as in the best physical and mechanical properties.

Compared to single-component fertilizers, they have less ballast and the constituent components are evenly distributed in the granule (molecule). Their use does not require additional costs for fertilizer mixing.

The composition of these fertilizers is expected to include up to 26% nitrogen, 50% phosphorus and 24% potassium supplied as part of mineral fertilizers. In the range of complex fertilizers, the main share of supplies falls on fertilizers with a ratio of the main elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) equal to 1:1:1; 1.5:1:1; 1:1.5:1; 1:1.5:1.5 and 1:1:0.5. These are nitrophoska, nitroammophoska, azophoska, carbammophoska - their share is over 45% of all complex ones, of which about 22% are forms with an even ratio of elements equal to 1:1:1. These trends in the assortment of complex fertilizers will continue, but in the future, the proportion of forms with an even ratio of the main nutrients will increase to 36%. However, a large proportion falls on ammonium phosphates: ammophos, diammophos, ammophosphate, ZhKU and others with a wide ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (1:5:0; 1:4:0; 1:3.5:0; 1:2.5 :0), which now account for up to 35% of all complex fats. In the future, only a slight decrease in the supply of ammophos (1:4:0) is planned, but the share of supplies with the main nutrients that are not equal in terms of the ratio of nutrients in the supply will remain.

These fats are stored in a separate compartment, when received without containers - in bulk up to 3-4 m high, when delivered in bags on pallets, they are laid crosswise
stacks of 20-25 bags.

Ammophos NH 4 H 2 PO 4. Available in granular (grade “A”) and powder, non-granulated (grade “B”) product - both contain 44-50% phosphorus and 10-12% nitrogen. It comes in bulk, less often - in plastic bags or in soft containers. Thanks to high content active ingredient (up to 56–64%) and good physical properties, it has an advantage over single-component fertilizers and fertilizer mixtures.

The difference from superphosphate is the noticeable crystallinity of the product. It is expedient to apply brand "A" before sowing locally or randomly as a starter, row fertilizer. Grade "B" is used as the main fertilizer, as well as in top dressing of continuous sowing crops, for example, many summer grasses, natural fodder lands.

Diammophos (NH4)2HPO4- grades similar to ammophos, containing 18% nitrogen and 47% phosphorus each. Use the same way as ammophos.

Ammophosphate– a new phosphorus-nitrogen fertilizer produced with less consumption of sulfuric acid and energy resources, more rational use of the original phosphate raw material. There are brands: "A" - 46% P 2 O 5, 7% nitrogen and "B" - 39% P 2 O 5, 5% nitrogen. Phosphorus is approximately 60-70% of the total - water-soluble. The granules are dark gray in color, strong and even, they are mainly 3–4 mm in diameter and practically do not cake. Application - similar to ammophos.

Potassium nitrate KNO 3. GOST 19790-74. Fine-crystalline substance of white color, readily soluble in water, non-hygroscopic, non-caking, contains 46% K 2 O and 13.5% nitrogen. Supplied in polyethylene or paper bags.

Due to its excellent physical properties, potassium nitrate is suitable both for the preparation of mixed fertilizers and for direct application to the soil. The main application of this fertilizer is possible only in the spring, it is used as top dressing. Valuable fertilizer for crops sensitive to chlorine. This fertilizer is mainly used for vegetable crops, especially in greenhouses.

Ammonium metaphosphate NH 4 PO 3- contains 14% N and 32% P2O5. The fertilizer is insoluble in water. Therefore, nutrients are not leached from the soil, but due to hydrolysis they gradually become available to plants. Mixtures prepared on metaphosphates have satisfactory physical properties. Used for main application.

Potassium metaphosphate (KRO 3)- chlorine-free concentrated fertilizer (60% P 2 O 5 and 40% K 2 O), practically insoluble in water. Outwardly - a powder similar to potato starch. In the experiments carried out in our zone, it surpasses others phosphate fertilizers. It is promising for use on light and medium-textured soils as the main fertilizer for chlorine-sensitive crops.

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (phosphoammomagnesia) MgNH 4 PO 4 H 2 O. A triple compound fertilizer containing 10.9% N, 45.7% available phosphorus and 25.9% magnesium. Nitrogen in this fertilizer is represented by a water-insoluble form, and phosphorus and magnesium are lemon-soluble. Therefore, it can be considered as a long-acting fertilizer. It is advisable to use on light sandy soils (where significant losses of nitrogen from soluble fertilizers are possible and where magnesium is deficient) as the main fertilizer for potatoes, root crops and vegetable crops. It is of interest for irrigated agriculture and greenhouses when growing vegetables in hydroponics.

ammonium polyphosphate. Obtained by ammonization of polyphosphoric acids. Until recently, the production of superphosphate, ammonium phosphate was based
on phosphoric acid - H 3 RO 4, which contains no more than 54% P 2 O 5. Polyphosphoric acids contain from 70 to 82% P 2 O 5, which allows you to get more
concentrated fertilizers (their general formula is Hn + 2PnO 3 n + 1). Based on polyphosphoric acids, triple superphosphate is obtained (55% P 2 O 5).
Ammonium polyphosphate contains 13–15% N and 60–65% P 2 O 5 .

Available in granulated form. Outwardly similar to double superphosphate(with smaller, dark gray granules). A good component for fertilizer mixtures and the preparation of ZhKU. Based on superphosphoric acid, other complex solid fertilizers can also be produced, for example, potassium polyphosphate with a content of 57% P 2 O 5 and 37% K 2 O.

The processes of hydrolysis (under the influence of microorganisms) of polyphosphates to orthophosphates take place in the soil. Hydrolysis is the more intense, the higher the biological activity of soils. At low temperatures (7–12°C), it proceeds slowly, and increases with increasing temperature. Plants absorb phosphorus from polyphosphates somewhat more slowly than from orthophosphates. During the growing season, some advantage in the absorption of P 2 O 5 by plants
belongs to polyphosphates, in which retrogradation is less pronounced than in orthophosphates. Suitable for all crops on all soils. Used as the main fertilizer.

Nitrophos NH4 NO3 + CaHPO4 + Ca(H2PO4)2. Grade "A" contains 23% nitrogen and 17% phosphorus, grade "B" - 24% nitrogen and 14% phosphorus. Granules mostly 2–4
mm dark gray or Pink colour. Apply before sowing or as a starter fertilizer on soils well supplied with potassium, or on the background of organic
fertilizers.

Nitrophoska CaHPO 4 2H 2 O + Ca (H 2 PO 4) 2 H 2 O + NH 4 NO 3 + NH 4 Cl + KCl + KNO 3 + CaSO 4 2H 2 O. Provides for the production of granulated nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer with an even ratio of nutrients. The amount of nutrients is not less than 33%, grades “A” are produced - 16:16:16; "B" -
13:10:13; "B" - 12:12:12. Phosphorus nitrophosok 55% of the total content should be in water-soluble form.

It comes in bulk or in 4-5-layer paper bituminous (polyethylene) bags or in soft containers weighing up to 1 ton. Externally - a granular product (2-4 mm) of gray, pale blue or light pink color.

It is hygroscopic, with unsatisfactory storage it cakes into strong lumps. It differs from simple superphosphate by the absence of smell. When taken into
a chill is felt on a wet hand, and during long-term storage, crystals grow on the granule, which indicates the crystalline nature of the fertilizer. It is used as the main fertilizer before sowing, as a starter or when sowing at a rate of 50–200 kg/ha, it can be applied to the root top dressing of winter crops.
In terms of their effectiveness, nitrophoska is almost equivalent to the equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers.

Nitroammophos NH 4 NO 3 + NH 4 H 2 PO 4. More often it comes in bulk, less often in bags. Granules of 2-4 mm. Grade "A" - 23-25% nitrogen and phosphorus each, grade "B" - 16% nitrogen and 24% phosphorus, grade "C" - 25% nitrogen and 20% phosphorus. Application - similar to nitrophos.

Nitroammophoska NH 4 NO 3 + NH 4 H 2 PO 4 + KNO 3 + NH 4 Cl. There are two grades: "A" - 1:1:1 and "B" - 1:1.5:1.5 with the amount of nutrients 51% each, including grades 17-17-17 and 13-19- 19. The size of angular granules is 1.5–3.5 mm. It comes in polyethylene, paper bituminous bags weighing 50 kg or soft containers, as well as without containers. It is very similar to nitrophoska, but has good physical properties. Used in the same way. Phosphorus is almost completely water-soluble, which determines the best action against nitrophoska in the year of application.

Karboammofoska NH 4 H 2 PO 4 + CO (NH 2) 2 + KCl- complete fertilizer, depending on the brand, contains 17-20% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In appearance - light gray granules 2-4 mm, characterized by good flowability. Contains water-soluble forms of nutrients. Used as the main fertilizer.
Azofoska (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer, complex). TU 6-08-508-82 provides for the release of the main stamps: 16:16:16 and 10:20:20; 21:11:11 and others that have nutrients in water-soluble forms. Supplied without containers, in polyethylene bags, as well as in soft containers. Packing in packages on 5 kg packed on 10 pieces in plastic bags is possible. Outwardly - light gray rounded granules 2–4 mm. They are well flowing, durable.

Compound nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer (NAFU)- a new non-combustible nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer (31% nitrogen and 5% P2O5), obtained by neutralizing nitric acid with ammonia and introducing superphosphoric (or orthophosphoric) acid into the solution.

Outwardly - granules similar to light or pinkish ammonium nitrate. It is characterized by increased hygroscopicity, very good solubility in water.

A new form of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer has the ability to more evenly release nutrients throughout the growing season, which ensures optimal plant development. NArFU is used on any type of soil for the main application and for top dressing during the growing season for all types of crops.

With early spring feeding on winter crops due to phosphorus, it gives a slightly larger increase than ammonium nitrate.

Urea phosphates CO (NH 2) 2 H 3 PO 4- large spherical granules (2.5-3 mm) containing 27% nitrogen and phosphorus each, or 16% N, 48% P 2 O 5, respectively.

Differ in good flowability and low hygroscopicity. They are highly soluble and are used in all ways for many crops. Meadows and pastures are an exception, since nitrogen is lost during surface application, which reduces the efficiency of fertilizer. You can additionally introduce ammonia and add potassium chloride. The fertilizer is suitable for application on saline soils.

liquid complex fertilizer(HKU) NH 4 H 2 PO 4 + (NH 4) 3HPO 2 O 7 + (NH 4) 5P 3 O 1 0 2 H 2 O and other ammonium polyphosphates. Provides for the release of the base solution 10-34-0, which in terms of phosphorus content is more than 10% of the supply of phosphates, and in the future - up to 12%. Outwardly, it is a stable, light-colored, low-viscosity liquid, density 1.35–1.40 g per cubic meter. cm, which does not thicken and does not crystallize at temperatures down to -18 ° C.

Grade 11-37-0 is also available, which has approximately the same properties and works well on all types of soil. Promising supplies of suspended fertilizer type 12-12-12, used similarly.

ZhKU give a high effect on soils, moderately and well supplied with potassium. The introduction of a potassium component (chlorine, potassium grade “K” or potassium sulfate) into a solution even in small quantities (50–80 kg / t) in pure solutions creates inconvenience: needle-like crystals of potassium nitrate are formed, which settle at the bottom of the tank. Then salting out is distinguished, leading at low temperatures to a loss of fluidity of the solution. The deposition of crystals in the conductive organs of machines is very difficult to remove.

Mortar (crystaline), brands "A", "A1", "B", "B1". Fertilizer for greenhouses. Produced in accordance with OST 10193-96. This is a granular fertilizer (granules
1–4 mm) soft white. The granules are not strong, they are rubbed between the fingers. The chemical composition is presented in table 2.

table 2
The chemical composition of various grades of solute

Indicators	Stamps
	"BUT"	"A1"	"B"	"B1"
appearance	mixture of granules and powder
total nitrogen,%	10,0	8,0	18,0	16,0
including N-NH2	-	-	-	-
including N-NH4	5,0	4,0	9,0	8,0
including N-NO3	5,0	4,0	9,0	8,0
Р2О5, %	5,0	6,0	6,0	16,0
K2O, %	20,0	28,0	18,0	16,0
МgO, %	5,0	3,0	-	-
trace elements, %	Zn-0.01; Cu-0.01; Mn-0.1; Mo-0.001; B-0.01
pH value	3,0-4,5	3,0-4,5	3,0-4,5	3,0-4,5
insoluble residue, %	<0,1	<0,1	<0,1	<0,1

Mortar is a complex water-soluble fertilizer with a full range of nutrients, and microelements in chelated form, intended for growing crops in open and protected ground, including for small-scale technologies for growing vegetables and drip irrigation of gardens.

Mortars are used in greenhouse vegetable growing through sprinkling and watering systems. The presence of several brands allows you to vary the top dressing depending on the phase of plant development. For example, when a tomato plant lags behind in growth after planting a crop, brand A mortar is used. After harvesting the first fruits, plant growth is enhanced, therefore it is more expedient to use grade B solution. The limits of fluctuations in the concentration of the solution during irrigation are 0.1–0.5%, depending on the growing conditions and the age of the plants. The optimum concentration value is 0.2%.

The solution can be used for foliar top dressing. In this case, nutrients that are in a water-soluble form are absorbed faster and better by plants, allowing you to quickly adjust the nutrition of plants during certain periods of growth.

Solutions are becoming more and more common in the open field, where they are used for foliar dressing of vegetable, grain, industrial and fruit crops. The high efficiency of solutes was determined when used in tank mixtures with pesticides on winter wheat, corn, apple orchards, vineyards.

Mixed mineral fertilizers (fertilizer mixtures). These are complex mineral fertilizers obtained by mechanical mixing of ready-made powder, crystalline or granular one-component or compound fertilizers. Fertilizer mixtures are of great importance and suggest
reduction of energy costs in comparison with the separate application of different forms of fertilizers.

Typical factory fertilizer mixtures. Along with complex (complex, combined fertilizers containing 2 or 3 main nutrients, or the presence of trace elements in them, fertilizer mixtures based on one-component mineral fertilizers are supplied. individual crops (for potatoes, flax, cereals) Fertilizer mixtures are prepared in order to select the optimal concentration of nutrients for the specific nutrition of a particular crop, climatic conditions, and average agrochemical soil indicators.

For the preparation of fertilizer mixtures, fertilizers are used that correspond to GOST (TU) humidity. In addition, the granulometric composition of the initial components should be similar (preferably 2–3 mm), that is, without dust and large particles. In order to neutralize the increased acidity and increase the flowability, additives are introduced that insulate particles (phosphorus flour, defluorinated phosphate, dolomite flour or other neutralizing products. The mixture must remain friable for a specified period.

When selecting fertilizers for fertilizer mixtures, it is necessary to pay attention to the equal granulometric composition of the components and follow the rules for mixing fertilizers (see diagram). In this case, the chemical compatibility of the fertilizers is achieved without compromising the physical properties of the components. The effectiveness of such fertilizer mixtures is not lower than factory complex ones. In many cases, their payback is higher.

Microfertilizers

Microelements are important in plant nutrition, crop formation and quality: boron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, cobalt, iodine. Plants need trace elements in very small amounts. However, their deficiency, as well as their excess, disrupts the activity of the enzymatic apparatus, and, consequently, the metabolism of the plant.

Trace elements accelerate the development of plants, the processes of fertilization and fruit formation, the synthesis and movement of carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism.

They are more often needed on light infertile soils. However, when planning high yields, it must be taken into account that crops may experience an increased need for certain trace elements. Therefore, it is important to know the need of plants for each trace element and optimally satisfy it.

The expediency of their introduction is determined by agrochemical cartograms or the results of soil studies.

Granular boron superphosphate- light gray granules containing 18.5–19.3% P 2 O 5 and 1% boric acid (H 3 BO 3).

Double boron superphosphate contains 40–42% P 2 O 5 and 1.5% boric acid.

Borosuperphosphates are used primarily for introduction into rows during sowing and planting at the rate of 0.5–1.5 kg of boron per 1 ha. As the main fertilizer, 200–300 kg per 1 ha are applied.

Boric acid- white fine crystalline powder. Contains 17% boron. Easily soluble in water.

Seed treatment before sowing is carried out by spraying or dusting. Spraying is carried out with a solution of boric acid with a concentration of not more than 0.05%. To prepare it, dissolve 1 g of boric acid in 2 liters of water. This solution is sprayed with 1 centner of seeds.

Foliar feeding of plants is carried out with a solution of boric acid (100–150 g per 300–400 l of water) using ground sprayers. With air feeding, the same dose of boric acid is dissolved in 100 liters of water. It is better to pre-dissolve boric acid in a small amount of water.

Carry out top dressing of agricultural crops with a solution of boric acid with a well-developed vegetative mass: sugar beet until the tops close in rows, corn - in the phase of panicling; clover, alfalfa, peas and other crops - during the beginning of flowering plants. Spray on plants
windless dry weather, better in the morning and evening hours.

Boron magnesium fertilizer H 3 BO 3 + MgSO 4. TU 113-12-151-84. Grades "A", "B", "C", "G" are provided, containing respectively 14, 17, 20 and 11% boric
acids and 15–20% magnesium oxide.

Light gray powder, odorless, insoluble in water. When hydrochloric acid is added, it acquires a yellow-green color. Comes in bags.

Apply as the main fertilizer at 60–75 kg/ha. On light sandy soils where crops are very responsive to magnesium. When applying this fertilizer randomly with incorporation into the soil before sowing, the dose is up to 100–150 kg/ha. It is better to mix this fertilizer and apply it together with mineral fertilizers.

Seed dusting is carried out with boron-magnesium fertilizer at the rate of 300–500 g per 1 quintal of seeds. It is advisable to combine this technique with the treatment of seeds with pesticides. When applied when sowing crops, the dose of boron-magnesium fertilizer is 30–35 kg/ha.

Seed dusting is carried out with boron-magnesium fertilizer at the rate of 300–500 g per 1 quintal of seeds. It is advisable to combine this technique with the treatment of seeds with pesticides.

Bornodatolite fertilizer is obtained from datolite rock (2CaO B 2 O 3 2SiO 2 2H 2 O) by decomposition with sulfuric acid. As a result, boron passes into a water-soluble form (H 3 BO 3). This fertilizer contains about 2% boron or 12–13% boric acid. Bornodatolite fertilizer is a light gray powder with good physical properties.

In most cases, it is used for soil application, but it can also be used for seed treatment.

Manganese fertilizers

Marganized superphosphate- light gray granules containing 1.0–2.0% manganese and 18.7–19.2% P 2 O 5 obtained by adding at
granulation to conventional superphosphate powder 10–15% manganese sludge. Marganized superphosphate (50 kg per 1 ha) is used for sowing application.

Marganized nitrophoska, in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, contains about 0.9% manganese, which is well absorbed by plants. It can be used for the main and sowing introduction.

Manganese sulfate MnSO 4 5H 2 O- a pale pink crystalline powder, highly soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol, with a content of 19.9% ​​Mn, used for pre-sowing treatment (soaking or dusting) of seeds (50–100 g / c of seeds) and for foliar feeding ( 0.05% salt solution at a consumption rate of 400–500 l/ha).

Manganese sludge– wastes of manganese production with manganese content from 10 to 17%. They also contain about 20% calcium and magnesium, 25–28% silicic acid and a small amount of phosphorus.

Manganese sludge can be applied before sowing for the main tillage (300–400 kg/ha) or into the soil when fertilizing row crops (50–100 kg/ha).

Copper sulphate CuSO 4 5H 2 O- fine-crystalline salt of a bluish-blue color, contains 25.4% copper, is highly soluble in water.
Copper sulphate can be used for foliar feeding and pre-sowing soaking of seeds. To feed 1 ha of crops, dissolve 200–300 g of copper sulfate in 300–400 liters of water. Salt consumption for presowing treatment is 50–100 g per 1 centner of seeds.

Provides the greatest effect when used on light or peaty soils as the main fertilizer (20–25 kg per 1 ha).

Pyrite cinders are an industrial waste in the production of sulfuric acid with a copper content of 0.3-0.7%. The composition also includes iron and some trace elements (manganese, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, etc.). In appearance, it is a fine friable powder of a dark brown color.

Pyrite cinders are applied once every 4–5 years from autumn for autumn tillage (0.8–1.5 kg of copper per 1 ha) or in spring, no later than 10–15 days before sowing. The fertilizer application rate is 3.5–6.0 c/ha.

A serious disadvantage of pyrite cinders is the presence of arsenic, lead and other toxic elements in them. Therefore, when using them, it is necessary to systematically control the possible contamination of soil, plants and agricultural products by them.

Molybdenum fertilizers

Ammonium molybdate NH 4 MoO 4 (ammonium molybdate). Contains at least 52% molybdenum. Comes in boxes weighing from 2 to 5 kg. It is a white or pinkish crystalline salt with good solubility.
in water.

Fertilizer is used to treat seeds of legumes: dissolve 50-100 g of fertilizer in 1-2 liters of water and process a hectare norm of seeds or take 1.2-1.5 times more when dusting with powder. This operation is combined with inoculation (nitraginization). With foliar top dressing, legume crops are treated with a 0.05–0.1% solution (200–600 g of salt per 1 ha).

For 1 centner of alfalfa seeds, 500–800 g of ammonium molybdate is taken, which is dissolved in 3–5 liters of water, but seed treatment must be carried out evenly and so that the entire solution is absorbed by the seeds. Per hectare norm of seeds of vegetable crops, depending on their size and seeding rate, from 50 to 100 g of ammonium molybdate are used, and a dose of 100 g refers to crops with small seeds.

Molybdenized superphosphate simple and double (respectively 0.1 and 0.2% molybdenum) and waste from the electric lamp industry (0.3–0.4% molybdenum in water-soluble form).

Molybdenized superphosphate are introduced into the rows during sowing (with a usual dose of phosphorus of 10–15 kg/ha, 50–75 g of Mo per 1 ha are applied), and those containing molybdenum
industrial waste is used before sowing (0.5–1.5 kg Mo per 1 ha). The effectiveness of molybdenum increases on a good phosphorus-potassium background.

Zinc fertilizers

Zinc sulfate ZnSO 4 7H 2 O contains 25% zinc and is a white crystalline powder, highly soluble in water.

Zinc sulfate is used for foliar feeding (100–150 g of salt per 1 ha in the form of an aqueous solution) and presowing seed treatment (50–100 g of salt per 1 q of seeds). To feed fruit trees, they are sprayed in the spring, over blossoming buds, with a solution of zinc sulfate (200–500 g per 100 l of water) with the addition of 0.2–0.5% slaked lime to neutralize it to avoid leaf burns.

Zinc polymicrofertilizers (PMU) are slag waste from chemical plants.

Outwardly - the appearance of a thin powder of dark gray color, their composition is unstable. On average, zinc PMU contains 25% zinc oxide and 17.4% zinc silicate, 21% iron oxide, a small amount of aluminum, copper, magnesium, manganese, calcium, silicon, traces of molybdenum and other trace elements. The dose of PMU application to the soil is most often 50–150 kg/ha, when sowing - 20 kg per 1 ha.

The main chemical ameliorants that are used on solonetzes are gypsum and phosphogypsum (waste from the production of double superphosphate and complex fertilizers). For gypsuming, industrial wastes such as calcium chloride (waste from soda production), iron sulfate (waste from the paint and varnish industry), defecation (waste from the sugar industry) can also be used. Natural calcium-containing materials are also used - chalk and clay-gypsum. All these fertilizers are powdered, from light colors - white, light gray, to dark gray or brown. The requirements for the quality of gypsum and phosphogypsum are given in Table 3.

Provides the best effect when applied in fallow fields, under fall. They are applied taking into account the degree of soil acidity (the calculation of doses is carried out according to the agrochemical
acidity cartogram in the field).

Table 3: Quality requirements for gypsum and phosphogypsum

Application of mineral fertilizers

The system for fertilizing crops depends on their biological characteristics, soil fertility and the size of the planned crop.

Soil diagnostics makes it possible to specifically determine the provision of soil with digestible forms of nutrients for calculating fertilizer doses. In the absence of results of soil diagnostics, the average zonal doses recommended for the Samara region are applied (Appendix 1–3), which are adjusted depending on the availability of soil with available nutrients (Appendix 4) using the method of correction factors (Appendix 5).

Scientifically substantiated need and efficient use of mineral fertilizers are the most important factors in solving the food problem. The highest efficiency of fertilizers can be ensured only against the backdrop of a high culture of agriculture, including the availability of qualified personnel and compliance with technical discipline.

The instruction for quality control of the application of mineral fertilizers and chemical ameliorants under production conditions allows a deviation from the established application dose of no more than 10%.

For modern fertilizer seeders, limit values ​​for sieving unevenness are set - no more than 15%, and for spreaders with centrifugal
devices - no more than 25%. Better sieving quality of granular fertilizers with even particle size.

For the local application of fertilizers, it is important that they also have a very even particle size distribution, and in fertilizer mixtures, the components differ in particle diameter of no more than 1 mm.

Before starting work, the technical condition of the machines (spreaders) is checked, and any malfunctions are eliminated. During trial passes, measurements of the sown fertilizers and the distance traveled (fertilized area) are made, and corrections are made to the actual dose. It should not differ from the specified value by more than ±5%.

Taking into account the relief and configuration of the field, the most favorable directions for the movement of the unit are determined, marking the headlands. The unit must be equipped with a marker or track indicator. Sieving of fertilizers should be carried out with the working gear of the tractor recommended by the instructions, for which the specified dose is calculated. The tractor driver must monitor the straightness of movement, make turns with the working bodies raised, and load fertilizers in a timely manner. After the end of work, the hoppers of fertilizer spreaders and seeders should be cleaned of fertilizer residues.

Annex 4: Grouping of soils according to the content of easily hydrolysable nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium

Note: The optimal content of available forms of nutrients in the soil under intensive cultivation of crops has been identified.
For potatoes and root crops, the degree of availability of soil with mobile phosphorus should be 1 class more, and for vegetable and industrial crops - 2 classes more.

It’s worth mentioning right away that such fertilizers are worse organic, since in the latter nutrients and trace elements are in a form that plants can easily assimilate. The bulk of mineral fertilizers are fast-acting, and their dosage depends on the fertility of the land, the demand for plants in them, and the composition of nutrients.

The main macronutrients contained in the fertilizer are magnesium, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, iron, which are required by plants in significant quantities. Microelements include copper, boron, zinc, manganese, molybdenum. In any case, the lack or excess of both macro-, as well as microelements affects the development of the plant. If the fertilizer consists of one nutrient element, then it is called simple, otherwise it is complex.

Depending on what elements are in the fertilizer, it refers either to nitrogen, or to potash, or to phosphoric.

In the first case, one of the main elements necessary for plants, namely nitrogen, is in a form that is easy for them to digest. But it must be remembered that an excess of this element in the earth negatively affects living beings and nature as a whole, so it is necessary to strictly follow the specified normalization. The most popular fertilizers with nitrogen are: ammonium sulfate (produces a strong oxidizing effect and is perfectly fixed in the soil), ammonium nitrate (this fertilizer acts quickly and can be used in a wide variety of cases, oxidizes the earth) and urea (is absorbed slowly, and therefore it is recommended to spring use).

Thanks to potash fertilizers plants absorb carbon dioxide better. In addition, these fertilizers support the mobility of hydrocarbons and increase the resistance of plants to low temperatures and lack of moisture. The most commonly used potassium chloride, potassium salt and potassium sulfate, which lack magnesium, sodium and chlorine, undesirable for green pets.

Phosphate fertilizers also contribute to plant resistance to frost and drought. They are laid deep into the ground, since the main element of the fertilizer is not too mobile.

A fertilizer called superphosphate can be considered one of the most popular, as it has a quick effect and is perfectly absorbed by the root system of the plant. It will be even better if you combine it with organic fertilizers.

wood ash- a frequently used, very popular and affordable fertilizer. The ash contains about three dozen useful elements, and in the same proportions in which they were in the burnt plant. The only thing that is not in the ashes is nitrogen. This fertilizer is used on any soil, with the exception of those that are characterized by an alkaline reaction (ash alkalizes the earth), embedded in greenhouse and seedling soil, scattered over beds or introduced into holes. The maximum effect of fertilizer is manifested on heavy and podzolic soils. Along with ash, it is necessary to use other fertilizers, both organic and mineral, to feed the plants. Ash with fertilizer is mixed immediately before use for its intended purpose. Sometimes it is advisable to insist the ashes on the water, filter and only then apply to the soil. This is done in order not to contaminate it with excess related substances contained in the ash.

The amount of nutrients in the ashes depends on what kind of wood was burned. A lot of potassium is found after burning sunflower and potato tops, calcium - after sunflower, potato tops, birch and willow firewood, and phosphorus - after birch firewood and potato tops. Potatoes and root crops respond best to the application of this fertilizer. It contains both potassium and phosphorus, which is important. And besides, there is no chlorine in the ashes. Thus, it is not at all necessary to purchase potash and phosphorus mineral fertilizers, since ash can be used - the result will be no worse. Since moisture soaks potassium from the ashes, they keep it dry.

Fertilizers with a lot of phosphorus should be applied in the fall, while others are mainly in the spring. It must also be said that if the earth is heavy, clayey, then the required rate of fertilizers is applied to the soil only once immediately before sowing, but light soils require repeated application in parts, because the nutrients from such soils are easily washed out with water.

A fairly common type of fertilizer are slaked lime and chalk, which are the more useful, the finer they are crushed, and then mixed with compost or manure. They are very good at reducing soil acidity and provide plants with calcium. Impurities unsuitable for use by plants in lime and chalk are insignificant. From garden and horticultural crops, vegetables gravitate to these fertilizers even on soils with a slightly acidic reaction.

The benefits of fertilizer are maximum if applied in the fall, when there is enough potassium in the ground, when the fertilizer is evenly distributed in the area where the roots are located, with an admixture of ash. Lime quickly comes into contact with the ground, which is a consequence of the thorough grinding of the fertilizer. It has a chemical and mechanical effect on the soil, fixing organic matter in it. When lime is applied, the amount of manure required is reduced.

Manganese fertilizers are manganese sulfate and potassium permanganate. In the first of them, the proportion of manganese can reach 24%. The fertilizer is a white or light gray powder of a crystalline structure, which is highly soluble in water. It can be used as an additive to the main dressing and top dressing or for seed treatment some time before planting. Just for seeds, potassium permanganate is usually used, in particular for the prevention of viruses (for example, tomato seeds) or for plant nutrition through leaf spraying. Tomatoes, beets, cauliflower need manganese. You just need to remember that this element is actively absorbed into the soil, so if you do not follow the rate of fertilizer, then once it gets into the soil, it can harm the plants, especially when they are still young.

Classic nitrogen fertilizer is urea, in which this chemical element is 46%. Outwardly, this is a set of small crystals, perfectly soluble in water, which have the property of slightly acidifying the earth. It is used to fertilize any plants on lands with a neutral reaction. Best suited for foliar application and in bark composting. If urea is applied to sandy soil, then nitrogen is retained reliably. Zinc, copper, cobalt are also found in the fertilizer.

One of the main copper fertilizers- copper sulfate (contains up to 24% copper). It is a bluish-blue substance with a crystalline structure, soluble in water and can be dispersed. It is used as the main fertilizer both under the root, and for spraying leaves, seed treatment. Most often, copper is required for peat soils and has a positive effect on parsley, celery, beets, cauliflower, onions, and potatoes. In addition, fertilizer is used to protect the plant from late blight.

Fig, fig, fig tree - these are all names of the same plant, which we strongly associate with Mediterranean life. Anyone who has ever tasted fig fruits knows how delicious it is. But, in addition to a delicate sweet taste, they are also very healthy. And here is an interesting detail: it turns out that figs are a completely unpretentious plant. In addition, it can be successfully grown on a plot in the middle lane or in a house - in a container.

Quite often, even experienced summer residents face difficulties in growing tomato seedlings. For some, all seedlings turn out to be elongated and weak, for others, they suddenly begin to fall and die. The thing is that it is difficult to maintain ideal conditions for growing seedlings in an apartment. Seedlings of any plants need to provide a lot of light, sufficient humidity and optimal temperature. What else do you need to know and observe when growing tomato seedlings in an apartment?

Delicious vinaigrette with apple and sauerkraut - a vegetarian salad of boiled and chilled, raw, pickled, salted, pickled vegetables and fruits. The name comes from a French sauce made from vinegar, olive oil and mustard (vinaigrette). Vinaigrette appeared in Russian cuisine not so long ago, around the beginning of the 19th century, perhaps the recipe was borrowed from Austrian or German cuisine, since the ingredients for the Austrian herring salad are very similar.

When we dreamily touch bright seed bags in our hands, we are sometimes subconsciously sure that we have a prototype of the future plant. We mentally allocate a place for him in the flower garden and look forward to the cherished day of the appearance of the first bud. However, buying seeds does not always guarantee that you will eventually get the desired flower. I would like to draw attention to the reasons why the seeds may not sprout or die at the very beginning of germination.

Spring is coming, and gardeners have more work to do, and with the onset of heat, changes in the garden are happening rapidly. Buds are already beginning to swell on plants that were still sleeping yesterday, everything literally comes to life before our eyes. After a long winter, this can not but rejoice. But along with the garden, its problems come to life - pests and pathogens. Weevils, flower beetles, aphids, clasterosporiasis, maniliasis, scab, powdery mildew - you can list for a very long time.

Breakfast toast with avocado and egg salad is a great start to the day. The egg salad in this recipe acts as a thick sauce seasoned with fresh vegetables and shrimp. My egg salad is quite unusual, it is a dietary version of everyone's favorite snack - with Feta cheese, Greek yogurt and red caviar. If you have time in the morning, never deny yourself the pleasure of cooking something tasty and healthy. The day should start with positive emotions!

Perhaps every woman at least once received a blooming orchid as a gift. It is not surprising, because such a lively bouquet looks amazing and blooms for a long time. Orchids cannot be called very difficult indoor crops to grow, but not fulfilling the main conditions for their maintenance often leads to the loss of a flower. If you are just starting to get acquainted with indoor orchids, you should find out the right answers to the main questions about growing these beautiful plants in the house.

Lush cheesecakes with poppy seeds and raisins, prepared according to this recipe, are eaten in my family in the blink of an eye. Moderately sweet, plump, tender, with an appetizing crust, without excess oil, in a word, exactly the same as mother or grandmother fried in childhood. If the raisins are very sweet, then granulated sugar can not be added at all, without sugar, cheesecakes will be better fried and will never burn. Cook them in a well-heated frying pan, greased with oil, over low heat and without a lid!

Cherry tomatoes differ from their large counterparts not only in the small size of the berries. Many varieties of cherry are characterized by a unique sweet taste, which is very different from the classic tomato. Anyone who has never tasted such cherry tomatoes with their eyes closed may well decide that they are tasting some unusual exotic fruits. In this article, I will talk about five different cherry tomatoes that have the sweetest fruits with unusual colors.

I started growing annual flowers in the garden and on the balcony more than 20 years ago, but I will never forget my first petunia, which I planted in the country along the path. Only a couple of decades have passed, but one wonders how different petunias of the past are from today's many-sided hybrids! In this article, I propose to trace the history of the transformation of this flower from a simpleton into a real queen of annuals, as well as consider modern varieties of unusual colors.

Salad with spicy chicken, mushrooms, cheese and grapes - fragrant and satisfying. This dish can be served as a main dish if you are preparing a cold dinner. Cheese, nuts, mayonnaise are high-calorie foods, combined with spicy fried chicken and mushrooms, a very nutritious snack is obtained, which is refreshed by sweet and sour grapes. The chicken fillet in this recipe is marinated in a spicy mixture of ground cinnamon, turmeric and chili powder. If you like food with a spark, use hot chili.

The question of how to grow healthy seedlings is a concern for all summer residents in early spring. It seems that there are no secrets here - the main thing for fast and strong seedlings is to provide them with warmth, moisture and light. But in practice, in a city apartment or a private house, this is not so easy to do. Of course, every experienced gardener has his own proven way of growing seedlings. But today we will talk about a relatively new assistant in this matter - the propagator.

The variety of tomato "Sanka" is one of the most popular in Russia. Why? The answer is simple. He is the very first to bear fruit in the garden. Tomatoes ripen when other varieties have not even faded yet. Of course, if you follow the recommendations for growing and make an effort, even a novice grower will get a rich harvest and joy from the process. And so that efforts are not in vain, we advise you to plant high-quality seeds. For example, such as seeds from TM "Agrosuccess".

The task of indoor plants in the house is to decorate the house with its appearance, to create a special atmosphere of comfort. For this we are ready to take care of them regularly. Care is not only watering on time, although this is also important. It is necessary to create other conditions: suitable lighting, humidity and air temperature, make the correct and timely transplant. For experienced flower growers, there is nothing supernatural in this. But beginners often face certain difficulties.

Delicate chicken breast cutlets with champignons are easy to prepare according to this recipe with step by step photos. There is an opinion that it is difficult to cook juicy and tender cutlets from chicken breast, this is not so! Chicken meat contains practically no fat, which is why it is dry. But, if you add cream, white bread and mushrooms with onions to the chicken fillet, you get awesome tasty cutlets that both children and adults will like. In the mushroom season, try adding forest mushrooms to the minced meat.