Agriculture: branches of agriculture. Branches of agriculture in Russia. Geography of crop production in Russia

Agriculture is a supplier of raw materials for many industries and a major food producer. These functions will remain with him in the foreseeable future, despite the rapid scientific and technological progress. On the contrary, as the population grows, the role and importance of Agriculture, especially in food production, will increase.

The level of agricultural production largely determines the state of the national economy. As a rule, industrialized and economically strong states have a well-developed agriculture. Currently, in our country, two-thirds of the population's consumption is met by agricultural production. Half of agricultural output is used to supply raw materials to a number of important branches of industry, primarily light and food industries (oil seeds, vegetable fibers, sugar beets, etc.).

Agricultural production consists of two major main branches: crop production (agriculture) and animal husbandry. In crop production, production is based on the cultivation of plants and the use of soil as a habitat and nutrient medium for these plants. In animal husbandry, the production process is based on the cultivation of animals, the use of their vital functions. With land, soil quality, animal husbandry is connected mainly through the production of feed.

Agriculture based on the use of plants and soil as indispensable means of production. Only a plant can capture the light energy of the sun and convert it into potential energy. organic matter. Being the main and irreplaceable producer of organic matter, green plant occupies a lower position in any ecological system. So, in the scheme of the ecological system - Elton stairs- the plant is on the lower step, followed by consumers (consumers) - herbivores, predators of the first, second and higher order, surrounded by decomposers. In this order, consumers live off the energy and food stored by plants, losing about 90% of their energy with each transition to a higher level.

Thus, agriculture is, as it were, the primary, and animal husbandry, the secondary workshop of agricultural production, where plant products are utilized into high-calorie products and valuable industrial raw materials. At the same time, animal waste, mainly manure, serves as an important means of increasing soil fertility, even with a developed production of mineral fertilizers.

The industrialization of agriculture and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress significantly change the relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry. The deepening of the specialization of animal husbandry, its transfer to an industrial basis, the industrial restructuring of fodder production create opportunities for the organization of specialized livestock enterprises operating on imported feed. On the other hand, the growth in the use of mineral fertilizers somewhat reduces the role of animal waste as a source of nutrients for plants.

The ratio in agriculture of two major sectors - crop production and animal husbandry - is affected by the changing needs of the population in agricultural raw materials, various food products of plant and animal origin. With the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the range of consumer goods is expanding, the demand for various goods made from certain types agricultural raw materials. There are substitutes for various types of agricultural products both in the production of consumer goods from it, and in its use for technical needs.

With the development of agricultural production as a branch of the economy, the concept of "agriculture" has changed. AT early period development, it was identified with agriculture. After animal husbandry was singled out as an independent branch, the concept of "agriculture" began to include only crop production. Agriculture as a science is divided into two large sections - general agriculture, where measures common to all crops are studied for tillage, weed control, crop rotation, etc., and private agriculture, or plant growing, where the diversity of forms and varieties of agricultural plants, the features of their biology and the most advanced methods of growing them are studied.

The term " Private farming” was introduced as opposed to the term “general agriculture” and is now practically not used, and instead of the term “general agriculture”, simply “agriculture” is more often used. According to GOST approved in 1980, agriculture is a plant-growing industry based on the use of land for growing crops. The task of crop production is to grow green plants; Depending on the purpose and biological characteristics of the cultivated crops, crop production is divided into field farming, meadow growing, vegetable growing, fruit growing, and forestry. The term "agriculture" is applied to the crop-growing branches connected with tillage of the soil, mainly to field cultivation. Field farming can specialize in the cultivation of one or a small set of agricultural crops: grain farming, cotton growing, flax growing, etc. An important task of field farming, especially in the southern regions, is the production of animal feed. Agriculture is most of all connected with the use of arable land, but the effective use of arable land to a large extent depends on the nature of the use of other lands, including meadows and pastures.

The role and structure of the agro-industrial complex in the economic system of the country

Agro-industrial complex(AIC) unites all sectors of the economy involved in the production of agricultural products, their processing and bringing to the consumer. The importance of the agro-industrial complex lies in providing the country with food and some other consumer goods.

The most common model of the agro-industrial complex usually includes three main areas.

First sphere includes industries producing means of production for agriculture and industries processing agricultural raw materials: tractor and agricultural engineering, production of equipment for animal husbandry, food and light industry, production of mineral fertilizers, feed and microbiological industries, rural industrial construction.

Second sphere- agriculture proper (agriculture and animal husbandry).

Third sphere- a system of industries for the industrial processing and marketing of agricultural raw materials and food: food, light industry, procurement system, transportation, storage and sale of agricultural products.

The placement of the first and third links of the agro-industrial complex is largely determined by the territorial organization of agricultural production. Processing, warehousing and storage of agricultural products are largely consumer-oriented. The territorial concentration in suburban areas and highly urbanized areas of the production of potatoes, vegetables and other crop products is also due to the activation of households and farmers.

In the 1990s there was a redistribution of agricultural production between large enterprises ( former collective farms and state farms), private households and farms. So, if in 1990 large enterprises produced 74% of agricultural products, then in 2007 - 44%, i.e. their share has almost halved. On the contrary, the share of personal subsidiary plots of the population increased from 20% in 1990 to 49% in 2007. The remaining 7.5% of agricultural production in 2007 was accounted for by private farms.

In 2007, households produced almost 89% of potatoes, about 80% of vegetables, fruits and berries, almost half of meat and milk, and a quarter of eggs.

Agriculture

Agriculture- the most important sphere, which is a complex of industries (agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, forestry, crafts) associated with the development (collection, extraction) of plant and animal resources.

Agriculture is the most important part of agro-industrial complex(AIC), in which, in addition to farms directly related to the development natural resources, includes manufacturing industries that produce means of production for agriculture (machines, fertilizers, etc.) and process agricultural raw materials into final consumer products. The ratio of these sectors of the agro-industrial complex in developed countries is 15, 35 and 50%, respectively. In most developing countries, the agro-industrial complex is in its infancy and the proportions of its sectors can be defined as 40:20:40, i.e., natural-climatic and living labor remain the dominant factors in agricultural production. Agro-industrial complex of developed countries- these are, as a rule, large commodity farms (plantations, farms, etc.), which use modern means of production to the maximum extent at all stages of economic activity - from the field to storage, processing and packaging of products ready for consumption. The intensity of agricultural enterprises in developed countries is determined by significant capital investments per unit area (in Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands - up to $ 10,000 / ha), as well as the widespread use of the achievements of science (biology) and technology.

The development of agriculture depends on the solution of the problems of land ownership and the practiced forms of land use. Unlike other factors of production, land has a number of specific features - immovability as a factor of production, unpredictability (dependence on soil and climatic conditions), limited reserves for expanding agricultural use, productivity limits. Due to these features, the limited (inelastic) supply of land is one of the reasons for the peculiarities of land pricing. Differences in the quality of land lie at the basis of the formation of rental relations.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 78% of the earth's surface is experiencing serious natural limitations for the development of agriculture, 13% of the area is characterized by low productivity, 6% - medium and only 3% - high. Currently, about 11% of the total land area is occupied by arable land. Approximately 24% of all land on the planet is used for animal husbandry. The specifics and severity of agro-resource situations often differ sharply across countries, and within countries, across regions. Therefore, there can be no universal ways solutions to the food problem and overall growth in agricultural productivity.

Progress in the development of productive forces in the world's agriculture in the 20-30s. 20th century associated with the mechanization of work, in the 40-50s. - selection and chemicalization, in the 60-70s. - the spread of the achievements of the green revolution, from the 80s. - a period of active development and introduction of biotechnology and computerization of agricultural production has come.

At the same time, world agriculture at the beginning of the XXI century. experiencing a number of problems. First of all, this is the lack of land resources and the natural limited growth of land productivity in developed countries and low labor productivity on land, associated with a lack of investment, in developing regions.

Growth rates agricultural production in the early XXI century. averaged 2-2.5% per year, which significantly exceeded the population growth rate and made it possible to produce products by 20-30% more than the volume necessary to meet the countries' domestic needs for food and raw materials. On the contrary, in developing countries, the growth rates of agricultural production, especially food, coincided in value with population growth (2-3%), and per capita in some countries had a downward trend, which contributed to the persistence of the food problem, especially in Tropical Africa.

Branches of agriculture

Agriculture- the most important link in the agro-industrial complex and differs from other sectors of the economy by the seasonal nature of production, the use of land as an object and means of labor, and a strong dependence on natural conditions. It includes agriculture (plant growing) and animal husbandry, closely related to each other, which provide respectively 56 and 44% of agricultural products.

The natural basis of agriculture are land- land used in agriculture. In 2007, the area of agricultural land amounted to 220.6 million hectares, or 12.9% of the country's area, and according to this indicator, our country ranks third in the world after China and the United States. The sown area (arable land) is much smaller: in 2007 it amounted to 76.4 million hectares, or less than 5% of the country's territory. As of the beginning of 2007, the level of provision of agricultural land for the population of Russia per capita was 1.55 ha, including 0.54 ha of arable land. The remaining territories are occupied by forests and shrubs, tundra, mountain ranges, that is, lands that are inconvenient for agriculture.

A significant part of Russia's agricultural land is located in waterlogged or arid regions, subject to wind and water erosion, and some of them ended up in the zone of contamination with radioactive elements after the Chernobyl accident. Thus, almost 3/4 of agricultural land has either already degraded or is at the dangerous line of loss of fertility. This situation is aggravated by a sharp reduction in the supply of mineral fertilizers to agriculture. Therefore, land reclamation plays an increasingly important role - the natural improvement of lands to increase their fertility or general improvement of the area, one of the types of rational nature management.

The total area of fodder lands is more than 70 million hectares, but more than 1/2 of them fall on the share of tundra reindeer pastures, which are characterized by low fodder productivity.

A wide variety of natural landscape zones, different populations led to features of the use of agricultural land: in the steppe and forest-steppe zone with fertile gray soils and chestnut soils, plowing reaches 80% of all agricultural land; in the forest zone - much less; in the foothill areas, vast alpine meadows are combined with small plots of arable land in the valleys and along the slopes of the mountains.

Crop production is the leading branch of agriculture in terms of gross output - 56% in 2007.

The climatic conditions of Russia limit the range of crops that are permissible and cost-effective to cultivate on its territory. High and stable yields can only be obtained in the west of the country's black earth belt and in the western regions of the North Caucasus.

Cereal crops is the leading branch of crop production in Russia. They occupy more than half of the country's cultivated area. Their collection due to impermanence weather conditions from year to year fluctuated from 127 million tons in the most fruitful 1978 and up to 48 million tons in 1998. In the last two decades, there has been a tendency to reduce grain harvests. The average annual gross grain harvest in Russia was (in million tons): 1950s. — 59; 1960s — 84; 1970s — 101; 1980s — 98; 1990s - 76. Nevertheless, in 2007, in terms of grain harvest - 82 million tons - Russia ranked fourth in the world after China, the USA and India.

The average grain yield in Russia is very low - about 20 centners per 1 ha compared to 60-70 centners in the countries Western Europe, which is explained by the difference in agro-climatic conditions and the low culture of domestic agriculture. More than 9/10 of the total collection falls on four crops: wheat (more than half), barley (about a quarter), oats and rye.

Wheat

Wheat- the most important grain crop in Russia. It is sown mainly in the forest-steppe and less arid part of the steppe zone, and the density of crops decreases in the east direction. Two types of wheat are sown in Russia - spring and winter. Given that the yield of winter wheat is twice as high as that of spring wheat, winter wheat is cultivated wherever agro-climatic conditions allow. Therefore, in the western part of the country up to the Volga ( North Caucasus, Central Chernozem region, right bank of the Volga region) crops of winter wheat prevail, in the eastern (left bank of the Volga region, Southern Urals, south of Western Siberia and the Far East) - spring wheat.

Barley

Barley- the second largest grain crop in Russia, used primarily for the manufacture of concentrated feed for livestock. This is one of the earliest ripening crops that tolerate frost and drought well, so the area of barley cultivation is extensive: it penetrates north, south and southeast further than other grain crops.

oats

oats- primarily a forage crop and is widely used in the feed industry. Distributed in the forest zone in areas with a milder climate, it is also sown in Siberia and the Far East.

Rye

Rye- an important food crop, relatively undemanding to agro-climatic conditions, it needs less heat than winter wheat, and, like oats, it tolerates acidic soils well. Its main area is the Russian Non-Black Earth Region.

All other crops, including rice and corn, are not widely used in domestic crop production due to harsh climatic conditions. Corn crops for grain are concentrated in the North Caucasus - the only region of Russia, which, according to natural conditions reminiscent of the famous "corn belt" of the United States, in other parts of the country it is cultivated for green fodder and silage. Rice crops are located in the floodplains of the Kuban River, the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain and the Khanka lowland.

Industrial crops are a valuable raw material for production food products(sugar, vegetable oils) and many light industry products. They are very demanding on agro-climatic conditions, labor-intensive and material-intensive, and are located in narrowed areas. The most famous fibrous crop in Russia is fiber flax. Its main crops are concentrated in the north-west of the European part of the country. The main oil crop - sunflower - is grown in the forest-steppe and steppe zone of the country (Central Chernozem region, North Caucasus). The main crops of industrial varieties of sugar beet are concentrated in the Central Chernozem Region and the Krasnodar Territory.

The potato is an important food and fodder crop. Crops of this crop are widespread, but the vast majority is concentrated in Central Russia, as well as near cities, where vegetable growing is also developing. Horticulture and viticulture as a large branch of crop production is typical for the southern regions of Russia.

animal husbandry- important component agriculture, which provides less than half of the industry's gross output. Despite a serious drop in production during the years of the economic crisis, today Russia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock production.

The industry reached its maximum level of development in 1987, after which both the number of livestock and the volume of production began to decline. The main value of livestock products is meat. The structure of its production is dominated by beef and veal - 39%, followed by pork - 34%, poultry meat - 24%, lamb and goat meat - 3%. In 2007, the number of cattle, sheep and goats was inferior to 1940.

Number of livestock in Russia at the beginning of the year* (in million heads)

Year	Cattle	including cows.	Pigs	Sheep and goats
1940	28,3	14,3	12,2	46,0
1950	31,5	13,7	10,7	45,7
1960	37,6	17,6	27,1	67,5
1970	49,4	20,4	27,4	63,4
1980	58,6	22,2	36,4	66,9
1987	60,5	21,3	40,2	64,1
2000	27,5	12,9	18,3	14,0
2007	21,5	9,4	16,1	21,0

The development, location and specialization of animal husbandry are determined by the availability of a forage base, which depends on the degree of plowing of land, the composition of fodder crops, and the size of pasture resources. A paradoxical situation has developed in the fodder base of modern Russia: while procuring more feed in terms of calories per unit of livestock products than developed countries, Russia constantly experiences an acute shortage of them, which is due to the low preservation of fodder, their inefficient structure (a small proportion of concentrated fodder), frequent interruptions in the supply of livestock farms with fodder, almost complete disregard for scientifically based proposals on the system of feeding and keeping livestock.

The distribution of animal husbandry is formed under the influence of two main factors: orientation to the food base and attraction to the consumer. With the development of urbanization processes and progress in transport, the importance of the second factor in the location of animal husbandry is rapidly increasing. Dairy farming, pig farming, and poultry farming are developing in the suburban areas of large cities and highly urbanized areas, i.e., the azonal nature of livestock farming is increasing. However, until now, the orientation towards the forage base (zonal factor) is the determining factor in the location of livestock farming.

The largest branch of animal husbandry is cattle breeding (cattle breeding), the main products of which are milk and meat. Based on their ratio, there are three main areas of cattle breeding:

a) dairy relies on succulent feed and is located in the center of the European part of the country and around cities;
b) dairy and meat uses natural feed and silage and is placed everywhere;
c) meat, dairy and meat products are based on rough and concentrated feed and are represented in the steppes and semi-deserts of the North Caucasus, the Urals, the Volga region, and Siberia.

Pig breeding is a precocious industry and provides 1/3 of the meat. It uses root crops (potatoes, sugar beet), concentrated feed and food waste as feed. It is located in agriculturally developed areas and near large cities.

Sheep farming provides raw materials textile industry and is predominantly developed in semi-deserts and mountainous regions. Sheep breeding of the fine-wool direction is represented in the southern steppes of the European part and in the south of Siberia, semi-fine-wool - prevails in the European territory of the country and the Far East.

Poultry farming is highly productive and is most developed in the main grain-producing areas and near large cities. Reindeer breeding is the main branch of agriculture in the Far North. In some areas, horse breeding (the North Caucasus, the south of the Urals), downy goat breeding (dry steppes of the Urals), and yak breeding (Altai, Buryatia, Tuva) are of commercial importance.

food industry- the final sphere of the agro-industrial complex. It includes a set of industries producing food flavoring, as well as tobacco products, perfumes and cosmetics. The food industry is distinguished by its ubiquitous location, although the set of its industries in each region is determined by the structure of agriculture, and the volume of production is determined by the population of the given territory and transportation conditions. finished products.

The food industry is closely related to agriculture and includes more than 20 industries that use different raw materials. Some industries use raw materials (sugar, tea, dairy, oil and fat), others use raw materials that have been processed (bakery, confectionery, pasta), others are a combination of the first two (meat, dairy).

Placement of the food industry depends on the availability of raw materials and the consumer. According to the degree of their influence, the following groups of industries can be distinguished.

The first group gravitates toward the regions where raw materials are produced, since the cost of raw materials per unit of output is high here, and transportation is associated with large losses and deterioration in quality. These include sugar, fruit and vegetable canning, oil and fat, tea, butter, salt.

The sugar industry does not fully meet the needs of the Russian population in its products. A significant part of the sugar consumed in Russia is imported from abroad. Our country also imports raw sugar. The highest concentration of domestic sugar factories is in the Central Black Earth region and in the North Caucasus.

A special place in this group is occupied by the fishing industry, which includes the extraction of raw materials (fish, sea animals) and its processing. The catch is dominated by cod, herring, horse mackerel, a significant proportion of salmon and sturgeon. Most of the products of the Russian fishing industry are produced by Far East(Primorsky Territory, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions). The Murmansk, Kaliningrad and Astrakhan regions stand out from other major producers in this industry.

The second group of industries is connected with the places of consumption of finished products and produces perishable goods. This is the baking, confectionery, whole-milk (production of milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, kefir) industries, which are concentrated primarily in highly urbanized areas.

The third group is formed by industries with a simultaneous focus on raw materials and on the consumer. Such a duality of placement is characterized by meat, flour-grinding, dairy.

At present, the food industry is one of the most dynamic sectors of the country; it is attractive for investment, which makes it possible to create a wide network of processing enterprises of small capacity, equipped with modern equipment.

Ministry of Agriculture R.F.

FGOU VPO Ural State Agricultural Academy

Department of Agricultural Economics and Management. M.P. Dormidontova

TEST

Discipline: "Agricultural Economics"

Performer: 5th year student

absentee F.T.Zh. code 03-24z

Supervisor: Associate Professor Brylin A.G.

Yekaterinburg 2007

Question #3

Land resourcesurses, their classification and pathsbetter use

The main specific factor of agricultural production is land (natural resources). The earth in general is an indispensable attribute of human existence. And in agriculture, land also acts as an object of labor.

The features of land as an object of labor that distinguish it from other similar objects are:

· absolute immobility of land as a production factor. That is, a land plot cannot be moved in space, used for other purposes (meaning agricultural land, the use of which for other needs is not economically feasible) or replaced by another object of labor;

heterogeneity of individual plots in terms of fertility. At the same time, land fertility is affected both by the natural fertility of the land itself and by objective climatic factors (precipitation, duration of the growing season, etc.);

limited land as an object of production. No amount of land can be increased by any means. The reduction of this site can only be conditional - due to non-use or irrational use of part of the site;

factor eternity. This feature lies in the fact that the size of the land plot is invariable not only in space, but also in time. That is, land as an object of fixed assets is not subject to wear and tear. This does not mean the decrease in soil fertility due to depletion, since it can be restored through the implementation of current costs, and depreciation (or depreciation) is a category related to capital costs (or rather, their renewal).

Currently, about 10% of all land, that is, about 15 million square meters, is suitable for use as agricultural land on the planet. km. At the same time, about 10% of this area is occupied by arable land, about 17% by pastures and hayfields, about 23% is occupied by forests, 8% is located on the territory of settlements (that is, unsuitable for large-scale agro-industrial use) and, finally, 42% such lands cannot be fully used for agricultural needs due to insufficient heat or precipitation.

Under these conditions, the need for accurate accounting of lands owned by the state increases in order to monitor the efficiency of their use. In the Russian Federation, the role of such an accounting register is performed by the state land cadastre. According to this cadastre, the land fund of Russia is 1,709.8 million hectares (for comparison: the land fund of Canada - 998 million hectares, the USA - 936 million hectares).

The lands of the land fund are distributed as follows:

· land of agricultural enterprises of all forms of ownership -- 656.5 million hectares (38.3%);

· lands of the state forest fund - 844.0 million hectares (49.4%);

· land of the state water fund 19.4 million hectares (1.1%);

· lands of the state reserve - 104.8 million hectares (6.2%);

· lands of settlements - 38.7 million hectares (2.3%);

· land of industrial, transport organizations, resorts and reserves - 46.4 (2.7%).

All agricultural lands of the Russian Federation are divided into two large groups depending on the form of ownership:

land located in the collective-share, cooperative and private property;

land owned by federal and municipal governments.

On the scale of an agricultural enterprise, it is customary to distinguish between the concepts:

· total land area - the territory assigned to an agricultural enterprise;

The area of agricultural land is part of the total land area used directly for the production of agricultural products.

Question #12

Funding indicatorsexternal production assets

The indicators of security of fixed production assets include: capital ratio and capital-labor ratio.

Funding:

where FROM -cost of fixed assets;

P -area of agricultural land.

Under the conditions of a stable functioning economy, the capital ratio indicator provides quite complete information necessary to make a decision on changing the number of fixed assets. In the case when the area of agricultural land differs significantly in different periods, it is necessary to correct the obtained data. For example, in the event of a decrease in the total area of used land, the capital provision will increase, although there will be no qualitative improvement in the indicator.

capital-labor ratio

where C - cost of fixed assets;

H - the number of production workers.

Here, too, a note is needed regarding the consideration of other economic factors. In the case of a reduction in the volume of agricultural production, the capital-labor ratio increases, but such dynamics of the indicator indicates a decrease in the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, rather than positive trends.

Question #18

Productivitylabor force in agriculture

Living labor, along with fixed capital and variable capital, is one of the main elements of the reproduction process. The features of the reproduction of this element were discussed in detail above. Here it is only necessary to pay attention to the following.

The indicator characterizing the use of living labor is labor productivity. . Moreover, two definitions of this indicator can be equally used:

The number of products produced by one worker per unit of time;

The amount of time it takes to produce a unit of output.

Along with labor productivity, it is customary to use some other indicators called labor standards:

The norm of time is the amount of time required for the production of certain operations, the release of a unit of production, or the implementation of a set of works. This indicator differs from the second definition of labor productivity in that it characterizes the labor costs necessary to reproduce individual elements of the production cycle, while labor productivity can only be assessed by the output of finished products.

The rate of production is an indicator that is the inverse of the norm of time, the number of operations, natural units of production or semi-finished products produced per unit of time. As a rule, one work shift is taken as a unit of time when determining this indicator. In order to determine the production rate for a set of works in which several workers are employed performing various operations characterized not only by time standards, but also by technology, a fairly simple scheme is used: time standards are added up, and then the duration of the shift multiplied by the number of people , employed in the complex of works, is divided by the total norm of time.

Service rate is an indicator used in planning the staffing of service and support personnel. The most characteristic is its use, for example, in the maintenance of agricultural machinery or the labor of cleaners (in the first case, the norm can be expressed in units or engine power, in the second - in the area being cleaned).

Production of one worker - the ratio of the value of manufactured products (or quantity in physical terms) to the total number of personnel of the organization. It differs from labor productivity in that labor productivity is used almost exclusively in relation to the number of workers - personnel directly involved in the production of products, and when calculating output per worker, both auxiliary and managerial personnel are taken into account. An example of the practical application of the indicator is the comparison of the growth rate of output per worker with the labor productivity of workers. In the case when output grows at a slower pace (or decreases at a faster pace), an almost unambiguous conclusion can be made: the number of non-production personnel increases at a faster rate (with a decrease in production volumes, it decreases at a slower pace) than the number of workers . The negative trend is obvious.

A distinctive feature of labor productivity as an indicator that directly affects the volume of output and other key indicators of the financial and economic activities of the organization is that its increase can be achieved solely through intensive (that is, not requiring additional capital investments) measures . At the same time, an increase in wages cannot be considered a sign of extensive development.

Under the planned economy, enterprises were given tasks for increasing labor productivity, and the growth rate of wages was limited. The restriction was either absolute - the growth rate of wages should not exceed the growth rate of labor productivity, or relative - the growth of wages was set as a percentage (of course, below 100%) of the growth in labor productivity. With the beginning of market reforms, this restriction was lifted. In fairness, it should be noted that until 1996, the restriction was carried out indirectly - through the adjustment of taxable income when a certain level was exceeded (four, and later six minimum monthly wages) wages. At the same time, as the experience of carrying out economic activity in market conditions shows, ignoring the relationship between the growth of labor productivity and the growth of its remuneration leads to very negative consequences - the motivation of workers in the quantitative and qualitative results of their labor is sharply reduced, as well as to unreasonable ambitions (due to the lack of a sufficiently clear indicator) of individual workers or groups of workers.

In addition to those listed in agricultural production, specific indicators of labor productivity are used:

The volume of agricultural work performed per unit of time (unit of measurement - hectares per hour or tons per hour). This figure is mixed. When performing some types of work, it is similar to service standards (ha per hour) - the difference is that, in the general case, service standards are used to evaluate the work of auxiliary and maintenance personnel, and in this case we are dealing with an indicator labor productivity of the main production workers. In the case when the indicator is measured in weight units per unit of time, it may not be about the production of finished products, but about other types of work that are more of an auxiliary nature - for example, sorting vegetables and root crops;

labor costs for the cultivation of 1 ha of agricultural crops (person/hour). This indicator is the reverse of the indicator described in the previous paragraph;

labor costs for servicing 1 head of livestock in animal husbandry (person/hour) - like the previous one, this indicator is, in essence, the norm of the time. It can be of a universal nature - that is, it can be used both to assess the labor of production workers directly involved in animal husbandry, and to analyze the labor costs of all personnel. Of course, in the latter case, the use of the indicator makes sense only in specialized farms (livestock complexes), otherwise it needs to be adjusted for other types of activities, which can hardly be done with a high degree accuracy;

the load of livestock on a livestock worker (cows for a milkmaid, pigs for a pigger, etc.) (heads) - the indicator can be used to assess the efficiency of labor use in various farms or agricultural enterprises of various organizational and legal forms;

labor costs for the performance of certain operations in animal husbandry (hour) - this indicator is a local time norm and is interesting from the point of view of determining the complex time norm (for a team or other labor collective), as well as for analyzing labor costs in dynamics or for comparison with other farms.

When calculating labor productivity indicators of agricultural production, some features of the evaluation of finished products should be taken into account. Thus, the calculation of indicators based on the value of gross output seems to be the most accurate for assessing the efficiency of the use of living labor, but to assess the efficiency of production in general, the indicator of sold products should be used. The difference between the gross and sold products in agriculture is due to internal turnover (included by most of the methods used in the volume of gross output), as well as the direction of part of the resulting products for domestic use (seed material, milk for feeding calves or piglets etc.).

In addition, the level of labor productivity can be influenced to a greater extent by objective factors: natural and climatic conditions in the location of the farm, differences in the fertility of individual land plots belonging to the same enterprise, equipment availability and the level of its productivity, etc. Recently, a new factor has appeared that has a significant impact on labor productivity in a particular farm - the level of unemployment in the region in general and the unemployment of agricultural workers in particular. This indicator serves as an additional factor in motivating employees to improve the quality and quantity of products. The method for determining its impact on the level of labor productivity indicators has not yet been developed, however, with a certain degree of accuracy, it can be determined in each particular farm by analyzing data for a number of years.

Question #27

Profit and profitability of agricultural production. Ways to improve them

Profit from the sale of products is considered an indicator of the effect obtained, that is, an absolute indicator. At the same time, the profit itself can actually be considered an indicator of efficiency, since both costs and the effect in the form of sales proceeds are involved in its calculation.

However, of much greater interest are indicators that are derivatives of profit - profitability indicators. In general, the very concept of profitability suggests that the numerator of the corresponding formula should contain profit (for unprofitable enterprises, this may be a decrease in the cost level). The use of various data as a denominator makes it possible to identify the influence of various factors on the amount of profit received. The total number of profitability indicators used in various calculations reaches two dozen. But there are three main ones.

Product profitability:

where FROM- the cost of agricultural products.

Profitability of fixed assets and normalized (material) working capital:

where O bFROM - average balances of material working capital.

Return on investment in the enterprise:

where BUT- the value of all property (assets) of the enterprise.

Each indicator can be calculated from balance sheet profit (total profitability) and from net profit, minus obligatory payments to the budget, extra-budgetary funds, etc. (estimated profitability).

In practice (in joint-stock companies and limited liability companies), it is useful to calculate the return on net assets - the ratio of profit to the sum of the net assets of the enterprise (assets secured by its own funds).

In addition, the rate of return is often used as an indicator of the use of equity -- the ratio of profit (book or net) to advanced capital. This indicator differs from profitability indicators in that profit is not correlated with the value of property (assets), but with the sources of their acquisition (liabilities). In some cases, the rate of profit may be numerically equal. But their economic meaning remains different.

Since the main goal of creating any commercial enterprise is the systematic profit, it seems quite logical for the purposeful activity of the business entity to increase the size of this profit. As a rule, this activity consists in the development and implementation of various technical, organizational and organizational-technical measures aimed at reducing the cost of production and improving its technology. Indicators of the economic efficiency of the enterprise cannot give an exhaustive idea of the factors due to which certain changes occurred or certain trends were outlined. In this case, it becomes necessary to calculate and analyze more detailed indicators that characterize the effectiveness of specific measures.

Question #39

Performance indicatorsand production of forage crops

Feed production, unlike other branches of crop production, whose products can be used both as food and as fodder, is focused exclusively on use in animal husbandry. This determines the main feature of fodder production - its focus on consumer demand. Optimal, apparently, should be considered the organization of fodder production by the same enterprises that are engaged in raising productive livestock. In accordance with this, the efficiency of fodder production in such farms can be assessed indirectly - through the analysis of increasing the productivity of livestock.

It is customary to distinguish between two types of feed - supporting and productive. Supporting feeds ensure the vital activity and working capacity of working livestock, as well as the vital functions of animals belonging to productive livestock. Productive feeds are feeds that are fed to productive animals in excess of the needs provided by maintenance feeds. Thus, the efficiency of fodder production is the higher, the lower the cost of growing one feed unit, which allows, ceteris paribus, to achieve the same increase in productivity (cattle milk yield, pig livestock gain, etc.).

It hardly makes sense to analyze the economic efficiency of fodder production in terms of supporting feeds for working livestock, since in terms of their economic content these feeds are materials used in the production process, and within one enterprise. Of particular interest may be only an estimate of the labor costs for the production of a unit of such feed over a number of years.

As for the feed used to obtain weight gain and increase milk yield, here the assessment of the economic efficiency of feed production can be very useful for increasing production efficiency in general.

Along with the usual indicators for crop production (yield, cost, labor productivity, etc.), the following indicators are additionally calculated in fodder production:

· technical payback of fodder -- the output of livestock products (in physical terms) per feed unit (in centners);

· economic payback -- the sum of gross livestock production for the total cost of feed production. At the same time, it can be useful to calculate the ratio of sold (or produced) livestock products and the cost of feed without taking into account domestic consumption (for feed of draft animals).

In addition to these indicators, good results are obtained by analyzing the structure of feed - the ratio of coarse and succulent with their detail (hay, silage, fodder beets, etc.). It is very likely that as a result of such an analysis, effective zoo-technical solutions can be developed that allow minimizing costs while increasing the quantity and quality of livestock products.

In general, it should be noted that the production of feed in Russia is still an underdeveloped branch of agriculture. Therefore, when determining the priorities of state support for agriculture, the list of measures for the development of fodder production is the most extensive. The following are defined as the main directions for improving the efficiency of fodder production:

· radical improvement and rational use of natural fodder lands;

· improvement of species and varietal structure of crops of field forage crops and increase in their productivity;

reduction of crop losses due to the introduction progressive technologies fodder preparation;

· strengthening the material and technical base of feed storage;

· Ensuring rapid growth in the production of legumes and oilseeds;

Improving the nutritional value of rough and succulent feed;

· increase in the production of animal feed and premixes;

· Improving the system of commercial seed production of grasses, primarily legumes.

One of the main tasks of fodder production remains the elimination of the imbalance of animal feed rations in terms of protein, which requires the expansion of crops of perennial grasses, annual grass legume grass mixtures, an increase in the crops of legumes and their mixtures, an increase in the crops of early ripening corn hybrids, and an increase in the production of high-protein raw materials (cake, meal, animal feed, etc.), as well as high-protein feed additives.

1. Popov I.A. "The Economics of Agriculture" publishing house: "Business and Service" M.-2001.

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Tyumen State University

Specialty: "Economics"

Test

Economics of an agricultural enterprise

Performed:

Ivanova Tatyana Petrovna

4th year student

code 2003156

Checked:

Petrova Lidia Vasilievna

Moscow - 2010

Bibliography

1. Economic efficiency of the agro-industrial complex

Production efficiency is an economic category that reflects the essence of the process of expanded reproduction.

According to a group of scientists, two types of efficiency should be distinguished: economic and social.

Economic efficiency is determined by comparing the effect (result) obtained with the resources or costs used. The calculation of the economic efficiency of production based on a comparison of its results both with the total costs of living and past labor, and with the volume of production resources used is due to the fact that the result of production is characterized by production costs, as well as the amount of resources involved in the production process.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of effect and economic efficiency. The effect is the result of activities carried out in agriculture. So, the effect of the use of fertilizers is expressed in the form of an increase in yield, but this does not indicate the profitability of the use of fertilizers. The benefit can only be judged on the basis of comparing the effect obtained with the costs of achieving it. Consequently, not the effect, but economic efficiency characterizes the profitability of using fertilizers. For example, in one case, the increase in grain yield per 1 ha from the use of fertilizers amounted to 3 centners, or 225 rubles in monetary terms, in the second - 6 centners and 450 rubles, respectively, and the production costs for their use per 1 hectare were both cases 300 rubles. Consequently, in the first variant it is unprofitable to use fertilizers, and in the second it is profitable, since in the first case the costs exceed the magnitude of the effect, and in the second, on the contrary, the effect obtained exceeds the costs.

In agriculture, the following types of economic efficiency are distinguished: economic; industry; individual branches of agriculture; production in various forms of management; on-farm subdivisions of links, brigades, etc.; production of certain types of products of grain, vegetables, milk, etc.; individual economic activities - agrotechnical, zootechnical, veterinary, economic, organizational.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production is assessed from the point of view of satisfying the needs of the population for foodstuffs, industry for raw materials, as well as the financial contribution of the industry to the solution of national economic problems.

Sectoral efficiency reflects the effectiveness of the use of resource potential and consumed resources in agriculture.

Other types of efficiency are similar to sectoral ones, but they characterize the effectiveness of various forms of organization of production, on-farm divisions, the production of certain types of products and activities carried out in agriculture by comparing the effect obtained with resources or costs.

The essence of the economic efficiency of agricultural production can be expressed through criteria and indicators. The criterion is a sign on the basis of which the performance is evaluated.

The criterion of economic efficiency of social production in general terms can be formulated as the maximum effect per unit of social labor costs or the minimum cost of social labor per unit of effect. For individual producers, the criterion for the economic efficiency of economic activity is the maximum profit. This criterion meets the objectives of agricultural production in a market economy.

Indicators of economic efficiency serve as a means of quantitative measurement of its level.

Increasing the economic efficiency of agriculture makes it possible to increase agricultural production with the same resource potential and reduce labor and material costs per unit of output.

In a market economy, the efficiency of agriculture largely depends not only on production, but also on distribution, exchange and consumption.

The level of economic efficiency is also affected by weather conditions, therefore, one of the obligatory moments in determining the efficiency of agricultural production is the analysis of actual indicators that reflect the dynamics for at least 3-5 years. This makes it possible to objectively identify trends and patterns in the development of agriculture and, to a certain extent, smooth out the influence of weather conditions on the result of production.

There are two ways to calculate economic efficiency indicators: efficiency is expressed as a fraction, in the numerator of which indicate the effect (result), in the denominator - resources; subtract the cost of achieving it from the effect.

To determine the economic efficiency of agricultural production, it is advisable to use a system of indicators, which is due to both different character measure the effect, and different types production resources that differ in economic nature and are not always comparable.

Given that economic efficiency is determined in one case by comparing the effect and resources, in the other - the effect and costs, all indicators characterizing its level can be divided into two groups. One group of indicators characterizes the economic efficiency of the use of resources used, the other - current production costs. The first group includes land yield, capital productivity, labor productivity, resource efficiency, etc., the second group includes cost, material intensity, labor intensity, profitability level, etc. Depending on the purpose and objects of study, indicators of both the first and second can be used simultaneously. groups.

Indicators of economic efficiency of agricultural production are divided into private and general.

Private characterize the effectiveness of the use of certain types of resources or costs, generalizing give the most complete assessment of the economic efficiency of the use of resource potential and current production costs.

Private indicators of the efficiency of resource use include land productivity, capital productivity, etc., general indicators - resource productivity, and among the indicators of cost efficiency, private ones include cost, material intensity, labor intensity, generalizing - the level of profitability.

The efficiency of the use of production resources is determined by the ratio of production results to resources.

The economic efficiency of land use is characterized by land yield, land intensity; production assets - capital productivity, capital intensity, turnover ratio of working capital, the duration of one turnover of working capital, material consumption; labor resources - indicators of labor productivity.

Generalizing indicators of the economic efficiency of the use of all production resources are resource productivity (Rot) and resource intensity (Rem):

Mouth = VP / RP; Rem \u003d RP / VP,

where VP is the value of gross agricultural output, rubles; RP - the value of the resource potential, rub.

A general indicator of the effectiveness of the use of production resources.

where VP is actually received gross agricultural output per 1 ha of agricultural land, rub.; H is the normative level of gross output, reflecting the production potential of an agricultural enterprise, rub./ha.

The normative level of production is calculated by the multiple regression equation, taking into account the provision of the economy with production resources. The resource potential of an agricultural enterprise is a set of labor, natural and material resources, which is determined by the quantity, quality, and internal structure of each resource. The calculation of the resource potential consists in their total assessment.

The production potential of an agricultural enterprise is the objective ability of an enterprise to produce agricultural products, depending on the quantity, quality and ratio of material, labor and natural resources, as well as the level of their return, determined by the objective conditions for the functioning of the economy. The calculation of the production potential is to determine the potential volume of production that the enterprise can produce with the help of these resources.

Comparing the production potential with the resource one, we will obtain an assessment of the influence of objective natural and economic factors on the level of production. The ratio of production to resource potential characterizes the full efficiency of resource use, including both its objective and subjective aspects.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production is characterized by profitability, which is an economic category that reflects the profitability of an enterprise or industry.

The profitability of agricultural production is characterized by gross and net income, profit, level of profitability, cost recovery, rate of return.

Gross income (VD) is equal to the difference between the cost of gross output (GRP) and material costs (MZ):

VD = VP - MZ.

Net income (NP) - the difference between the cost of gross output and all costs of its production (PZ):

BH = VP - PZ, or BH = VD - FROM,

economic agro-industrial integration rural

where OT is labor costs.

Gross profit is the total profit of the enterprise from all types of activities: sales of products and services; sale of fixed assets and other property; non-operating income and expenses (income from leasing property; dividends; interest on shares and other securities owned by the enterprise, fines, penalties, forfeits).

Profit from the sale of products and services (P) is calculated by subtracting from the cash proceeds (C) the full (commercial) cost (PS):

The net profit of the enterprise is the gross profit minus taxes not included in the cost price.

However, the absolute amount of profit does not yet indicate the efficiency achieved. It is characterized by the level of profitability, which is one of the main indicators of the economic efficiency of production. The level of profitability (UR) is the percentage of profit (P) to the total cost (PS):

Ur \u003d P / PS * 100.

This indicator characterizes the amount of profit attributable to each unit of consumed resources. For example, with a profitability level of 30%, for each ruble of costs, a profit of 30 kopecks was received, or for 100 rubles. costs received 30 rubles. arrived.

If the production of products is unprofitable (unprofitable), instead of the level of profitability with negative sign(unprofitability) another indicator can be used - the level of cost recovery (Oz), which is the ratio of cash proceeds (B) to the commercial (full) cost (PS),%:

Oz \u003d V / PS * 100

This indicator characterizes cash receipts per unit of costs. Production is profitable only if the level of cost recovery exceeds 100%.

An indicator of the profitability of production is also the rate of return (N), which is understood as the percentage of profit to the average annual cost of fixed (Fo) and working capital (FOB) funds:

N \u003d P / (Fo + Fob) * 100

This indicator characterizes the amount of profit received per unit of production (fixed and circulating) funds -

The considered system of indicators makes it possible to comprehensively characterize the economic efficiency of agricultural production.

2. Horizontal and vertical integration, forms of integration

Horizontal integration, vertical integration (natural integration, "forward" integration with the sales stage, combination, "backward" integration). An increase in the size of capital due to non-market relations (intra-company hierarchy). Definitions and character traits natural integration, "forward" integration with the marketing stage, "backward" integration, combination, diversification. Russian practice. Advantages and disadvantages of horizontal and vertical integration.

Distinguish integration "back", when the company expands its business at the expense of, for example, the stage of production of raw materials. good example the situation that has arisen around the Lebedinsky mining and processing plant can serve. In this story, the desire of the Oskol Electro-Metallurgical Plant to take control of the supplier of raw materials is most clearly visible. If this happens, then there is a real example of backward integration. Another example is the Russian metal trader MIKOM, which has included the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works in its business.

The next type of vertical integration is forward integration. In this case, the firm seeks to expand its business through subsequent stages of production and marketing. Russian examples of this kind of integration are associated, for example, with the desire of oil companies to create their own networks of gas stations, i.e. bring your business to the end consumer. Recall that the network of petrol stations is being created not only in Russia. The most striking example is the construction by LUKoil of a network of gas stations in the United States.

In the economic literature, natural vertical integration is sometimes specially distinguished when it comes to a process covering adjacent stages united by a core technology. There are also mixed forms (actually including both horizontal and vertical integration at the same time), forms of enlargement of the scale of firms - combination and diversification.

The line between them is most likely conditional. By the way, O. Williamson also draws attention to this. An important point is the simultaneous use of horizontal and vertical integration methods. At the same time, the firm can expand its activities as much as possible within the framework of the main and directly related industry (combination) or expand the list of the main branches of its activity themselves (diversification).

A conditional example of a combination is the coverage by an oil company of all stages of production and marketing with the simultaneous expansion of the main business (type of activity).

A conditional example of diversification is an oil company's involvement in other types of activities related to the production, sale of other energy resources (gas, coal, hydropower, uranium), or its transformation into a diversified energy concern through, for example, the production of energy equipment.

Now let's talk about the effect that the use of horizontal, vertical integration (in various forms), combination and diversification can bring to a company.

The "pros" seem obvious and lie on the surface: either the acquisition of monopolistic power, which makes it possible to regulate activities in a particular industry, or an increase in business efficiency by reducing costs (savings in transaction costs, eliminating "bottlenecks", reducing losses at the "junctions"). "technological chain, etc.).

"Cons" are less noticeable, but they are available. First of all, the firm can pass the threshold optimal size business, which is followed not by an increase in efficiency, but by a decrease. The second is the complication of the management structure, which can bring to life the "dormant virus" of bureaucratization. The third is the loss of dynamism and a decrease in susceptibility to scientific and technical progress. Fourth, the possibility of becoming an object of antimonopoly persecution by the state.

The effectiveness of the use of forms of business consolidation is also related to the life cycle of the industry. Western practice shows that vertical and horizontal integration give the greatest effect at the early and late stages of the development of the industry, a smaller effect - at the intermediate stages of development of a particular sphere of human activity.

Thus, already established industries such as automotive, aircraft, oil, etc., provide an excellent opportunity to use all the "pluses" of vertical and horizontal integration. These industries have accounted for most of the mergers and acquisitions in recent years.

3. Ecology and environmental sustainability of agriculture

A combination of policies can improve the environmental sustainability of agriculture.

The large impact of agriculture on natural resources is still pervasive, but there are many opportunities to reduce it. For solutions various kinds problems require a specific policy response, as well as joint action at the appropriate level, depending on whether the source environmental issues predominantly internal or external factors.

Removing policy distortions and other obstacles to the implementation of socially best agricultural practices. The widespread adoption of more sustainable approaches is often hindered by inappropriate pricing and subsidy policies, or by factors such as unreliable guarantees of land use rights, limited access to inputs, marketing problems and lack of credit. For example, canal irrigation and electricity subsidies in northwestern India, coupled with guaranteed price government purchases, have led to overproduction of rice (a crop that requires a lot of water to grow) and overconsumption of rice. groundwater.

As a result, 60 percent of groundwater aquifers are being used beyond their natural recovery levels in Punjab, the state leading the Green Revolution. But it turned out to be difficult to refuse subsidies for political reasons. Improving the quality of irrigation services, improving control over the use of water and electricity, combined with building institutional mechanisms with the involvement of the population to actively participate in their work, can facilitate the process of reducing subsidies from a political point of view. Farmer participation in irrigation system management through water user associations, community cost sharing, and other innovative institutional arrangements and technologies (such as remote sensing of water levels) help achieve at least partial cost recovery and improve the quality of irrigation services.

In the presence of environmental problems caused by internal factors, such as mineral depletion or depletion of soil in farmers' own fields, addressing policy distortions can create sufficient incentives for farmers to choose appropriate water management technologies and practices and move towards environmentally friendly water management. sustainable resource management (for example, through crops and technologies that conserve water). To solve many external problems (arising from external factors), additional intervention is required through regulatory or market transfers, because both positive and negative effects of the activities of farmers extend beyond the fields and pastures of these farmers.

The choice between market approaches and regulation. Regulation can be an obvious solution to external environmental impacts such as pesticide and animal waste pollution and deforestation to expand agricultural land. But in developing countries, where the system of state institutions and control mechanisms are usually weak, it is difficult to ensure compliance with environmental requirements. If complemented with innovative technologies and institutional approaches, some environmental regulatory systems may be more successful. For example, using satellite technology, the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil has been able to effectively combine the procedure for licensing the conversion of forests to agricultural land with the monitoring of this process.

Market-based instruments, including fees for environmental services, environmental certification, and investment incentives through taxation and subsidies, can be more effective ways to deal with environmental impacts caused by external factors. Thus, in Thailand, tax refunds have effectively created incentives for poultry farmers to relocate their farms outside the urban areas, where the population is particularly hard hit by increased disease claims. Ecological certification of products (for example, fair trade certification or tree-grown coffee) is another market instrument that allows consumers to pay a premium for products produced in accordance with sustainable management standards.

Watershed and forest protection generates environmental services (net drinking water, constant flow of water to irrigation systems, carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation), for which their suppliers may be compensated in the form of a fee. Under this approach, environmental service providers (e.g., hydropower producers, irrigation service providers, and other water users) can pay farmers and community organizations for clean water or other environmental services provided through forest conservation, watershed protection and sustainable agricultural practices. Pilot projects using such payments in Colombia, Costa Rica and Nicaragua have led to significant changes in land use, with depleted pastures being converted to sustainable pastures with a significant proportion of forest cover remaining (when livestock production is accompanied by tree cultivation). With the wider use of payment schemes, a long-term sustainable funding base needs to be secured. This will require creating a direct link between service users and their providers.

Investment in technology. Many promising innovative technologies can make agriculture more sustainable without having to choose between growth and poverty reduction. Examples include erosion control tillage, improved fallow, the introduction of green manure cover crops, soil conservation and management, and pest management that focuses more on biodiversity and biological agents than on pesticides. One of the main examples of the success that agriculture has achieved over the past two decades is the widespread adoption of erosion control (or no-till) tillage. Because most of these technologies are location-based, their development and deployment require more decentralized and participatory approaches, coupled with collaborative action by farmers and communities.

New technologies can also help improve the management and control of natural resource use. Remote sensing technology, which has been used in Thailand, has helped address environmental and health concerns in intensive poultry and livestock systems. Such technologies can also facilitate the regulation of surface and groundwater use in regions with limited water resources, such as the Republic of Yemen.

Development of institutional mechanisms and approaches based on joint actions. The adoption of sustainable technologies depends on the adequate development of institutions, such as well-defined and secure property rights and, especially in the case of externalized impacts, some level of joint action. In Niger, secure ownership of trees has reversed desertification in some regions of the Sahel through agro-forestry activities. The introduction of participatory approaches to natural resource management (eg the successful watershed management program in Turkey's Eastern Anatolia) has helped control severe soil erosion. But participatory approaches are not a panacea, and much remains to be learned about the conditions necessary for the successful implementation and expansion of such programmes.

Based on the material studied, the following conclusions can be drawn about agriculture and the environment: features and ways to solve environmental problems.

The negative consequences of agricultural activities are:

* pollution surface water and degradation of aquatic ecosystems through eutrophication;

* deforestation and degradation of forest ecosystems (deforestation);

* Violation of the water regime in large areas;

* desertification;

* Destruction of natural habitats.

Changes in management practices and political management measures are considered as solutions.

A combination of policies, innovative institutional solutions and investments can help reduce the significant impact of agriculture on the environment and harness its potential to provide environmental services. Managing the relationship between agriculture, natural resource conservation and the environment must become an integral part of using agriculture for development in order to increase the sustainability of agricultural production systems.

Bibliography

1. Borodin A.I. Agriculture and the environment / A.I. Borodin // Scientific notes of the Sakhalin State University. - 2005. - No. 5. - S. 40-42.

2. Kovalenko N.Ya. Economics of agriculture. Lecture course. - M.: Tandem, 1998.

3. Mishchenko V.I. Economic turnover and efficiency of agro-industrial complex resources - Kharkov, 1996.

4. Organizational forms materially - technical support// Organization of agricultural production: Textbook / Ed. F. K. Shamirova. - M., 2000.

5. Organization and planning of agricultural production. / Ed. L.Ya. Zribnyak - M.: Kolos, 1992.

6. Popov N.A. Organization of agricultural production: Textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2000.

7. Popov N.A. Economics of agricultural production: Textbook. - M.: Tandem, 1999.

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