What natural conditions and resources are found on the territory of Russia? Natural conditions and resources of Western Siberia

Western Siberia is the largest plain in the world. It extends from the Kara Sea to the northern slopes of the Kazakh uplands for 2.5 thousand km. In the northern part, the plain stretches from the Urals to the Yenisei for 1,000 km, and in the southern part, for almost 2,000 km. The entire plain lies on the West Siberian Plate with a deeply dipped Paleozoic folded basement. It is covered by sedimentary strata of the Mesozoic, Paleogene and Quaternary age of enormous thickness, reaching 6 thousand m. They are represented by clays, sandstones, sands and shales. Quaternary strata consist of marine, river and glacial deposits: loams, sands and clays. During the revival of the Ural and Altai mountains, loose sedimentary strata West Siberian plate were slightly deformed. Folds appeared in them, which led to the formation of underground domes. In such domes, composed of sands, covered with impenetrable dense clays, oil and gas accumulated. The largest deposits are in the Surgut region, gas fields are in the Urengoy region and on the Yamal Peninsula. In the south of the plain, where the folded basement is elevated, there are deposits of iron ore. The largest of them is Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye.

A powerful horizontally occurring stratum of sedimentary rocks determines the flatness of the modern relief. The northern and central parts of Western Siberia are lowlands, located at an altitude of up to 100 m above sea level. The southern part of the plain rises a little higher. In general, Western Siberia has the shape of a huge bowl, slightly rising to the south, west and east and tilted to the north. The northern most lowered part of the plain is separated from the rest by a narrow, latitudinally elongated upland of the Siberian Ridges.

Rivers flow slowly across the gently sloping plain. They are shallowly incised and form extensive meanders and channels with an unstable channel. During the spring floods, they overflow widely.

The flat surface of the northern half of the territory, poor drainage associated with shallow incision of rivers, excessive moisture, abundance ground water coming from the raised outskirts of the plain - all this led to the formation of vast swamps. Western Siberia is the most swampy plain in the world. The swampiness is 38%.

The inland position of Western Siberia determined the continentality of its climate, especially in the south of the plain. The average January temperature varies from -25°C in the north to -18°C in the south. Middle July - from + 2 ° С on the coast of the Kara Sea to + 22 ° С in the extreme south. In the second half of winter, an area of increased pressure spreads to Western Siberia. At this time windless sunny frosty weather sets in. Little snow falls (with the exception of the northeast), but since there are practically no thaws in Western Siberia, it accumulates and a stable snow cover forms. In the south of the plain, its thickness is 30 cm, in the northeast, in front of the Putorana mountains, it is 80 cm. In summer, arctic air rushes onto the heated surface of the plain, which meets with heated southern air currents. As a result of their interaction, cyclones arise and precipitation falls.

In Western Siberia, latitudinal zonality is clearly expressed. The extreme north on the Yamal, Tazovsky and Gydansky peninsulas is occupied by the tundra zone. The forest-tundra descends to the south almost to the Siberian Ridges. It presents larch and birch crooked forests. In the south of the forest-tundra, pine and cedar appear in larch forests. Forests go far to the north along the rivers, since the river valleys are drier due to better drainage, and from the south with river water heat comes in. In the tundra and forest-tundra zone there are pastures where many thousands of herds of reindeer graze. Commercial hunting (fox skins) and fishing provide rich prey. Gas is being produced.

Sixty percent of the territory of Western Siberia is occupied by the forest-bog zone. Swamps dominate in the interfluve areas. Taiga forests grow mainly on the slopes of river valleys and narrow sandy elevations in the interfluves - manes. Pine forests predominate in the western Cis-Ural part of the zone. In the northern and middle parts of the plain, spruce-cedar and larch forests dominate, in the southern - taiga of spruce, cedar, fir, birch. In the taiga they hunt sable, squirrel, marten, muskrat and mink. To the south, the taiga gives way to birch-aspen forests, which turn into forest-steppe. It consists of grassy steppes with numerous birch-aspen groves in depressions (choppings). The extreme south of Western Siberia is occupied by the steppe zone, where chernozems and dark chestnut soils have formed in an arid climate. They are almost completely open. Fields of spring wheat are located on vast tracts of former virgin lands. The plowing of the steppes led to the emergence of dust storms. At present, in the vast expanses of the south of Western Siberia, special ways non-moldboard tillage, in which the stubble of grain crops is preserved. It contributes to the accumulation of snow, protects the soil from blowing. There are many salt lakes in the steppes, where soda and table salt are mined.

Western Siberia, which occupies 1/10 of the territory of the Russian Federation, is very heterogeneous in terms of natural conditions. Its length along the meridian is about 2800 km, and natural areas have well-defined boundaries here, determined by natural geographical factors. To the east of the Ural Range, the amount of precipitation decreases sharply, winter temperature, the role of the Arctic air masses is increasing and the softening influence of the Atlantic has almost no effect. Almost every year there are frosts down to -50 °C. Frosts stop in the steppe and forest-steppe at the end of May, and in the taiga and tundra - in June. Due to the low flow solar radiation in cold weather, there is a long period of ultraviolet insufficiency.

The depth of snow cover in Western Siberia reaches 60-70 cm by the end of winter, while in Europe - 20, in Eastern Siberia - 30-40 and on the plains of Kazakhstan - 20-30 cm. Average July temperatures do not exceed 5-18 ° C, and January -17-31°С. This climatic background determines the originality of the vegetation cover with a predominance of dark coniferous boreal forest.

The southeast of Western Siberia is characterized by a variety of landscapes. This is due to the influence of the Altai-Sayan mountain system, the altitudinal zonality of which is interspersed various types swamps and anthropogenic cenoses.

The forest zone of the West Siberian Plain, according to the nature of the vegetation cover, is divided into subzones of the northern, middle, southern taiga and birch-aspen forests. The main type of forests in the zone is dark coniferous with a predominance of Siberian spruce, Siberian fir and Siberian cedar. When forming them in clearings and burnt areas, the role of the predecessor conifers birch plays. Dark coniferous trees in the early phases of development are under its canopy, and later they push it back or drown it out. Herbs and shrubs in dark coniferous forests are not numerous, while green mosses are covered in some associations. In the northern taiga forests, the number of moss species is often greater than that of flowering plants.

Along with the dark coniferous taiga, on the territory of the West Siberian Plain, there are forests of Scots pine, confined to sandy deposits of ancient alluvial plains and sandy terraces along river valleys. In addition, pine is a characteristic tree of sphagnum swamps and forms peculiar associations of sphagnum pine forests on swampy soils throughout the forest zone.

The river floodplains of the forest zone do not differ much from the watersheds in terms of the nature of the initial vegetation. Meadows here are preserved as a result of systematic mowing and clearing. The elevated near-terrace parts of the floodplain, free from forests, are occupied by forb-cereal meadows. Sedges predominate in water meadows. Near the water and in the water, communities of reed and water mannik are developed. The near-river parts of the floodplain are characterized by thickets of willows and shrub willows.

A feature of the taiga is a small variety of species, and often the same age of plantations over vast areas. Due to this, the frequency of harvests is sharply expressed, when for several years seed fodder may be absent or be in an insignificant amount, which serves the main reason migration of seed-eating animals. In addition, when moving from south to north, fruiting is not only less common, but also poorer. This explains the absence of mice in the northern forests. On the contrary, voles find sufficient and constant supplies of the main (green) food in the form of mosses, lichens, shrubs and semi-shrubs, and yields of berries and mushrooms in some years help to improve the food supply for many species.

Taiga subzones are somewhat different from each other. Thus, in the middle taiga there are no significant forests with a predominance of Siberian larch, which is found here as an admixture or small areas. Spruce-fir-cedar forests predominate, as well as aspen-birch forests that have arisen on the site of burnt areas and clearings. A significant area is occupied by pine forests, sphagnum and sphagnum-hypnum bogs. The latter cover vast watershed spaces, subdivided into swampy and somewhat convex, forested pine moss bogs (ryams). Pine forests occupy riverine ridges and manes, adjacent from the southwest to the northeast, subdivided into lichen forests-white moss, green moss, lingonberry and blueberry.

Middle taiga dark coniferous forests are developed on podzolic and podzolic marsh soils. Their tree stand consists mainly of spruce and cedar, and on poor soils - of fir. They are characterized by greater tree canopy density and higher quality than northern taiga forests /2, 3, 4, 5/.

3 AnnStar
03/15/2017 left a comment:

natural conditions Siberia is diverse - from arctic tundra to dry steppes and semi-deserts. In most of the territory, they are severe and unfavorable for human life and economic activity due to the sharp continentality of the climate and its inherent large amplitude of annual and daily temperatures, openness to the influence of cold air masses of the Northern Arctic Ocean, widespread permafrost. The relief of the region is diverse: the southern part of the West Siberian Plain, the mountains of Altai, the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Salair Ridge are located here, the Central Siberian Plateau occupies a vast territory, which is replaced by the North Siberian Lowland to the north, and to the south by the system of mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Sayan. , mountains of Transbaikalia. The basis of the economic complex of the region is its unique natural resource potential, and primarily the reserves of hard and brown coal, oil and gas, hydropower, coniferous wood. A significant part of the ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and large reserves of chemical raw materials are also concentrated here.

Siberia, which seems so distant, harsh and cold, of course, is actually quite inhabited. To live here, you have to adapt to many things. Snow in Siberian cities lies from the beginning of November (sometimes October), becoming a familiar and integral part of the landscape until April itself. Summer seems to be successful if there were at least a dozen hot days, which usually fall on July, and in September people already put on hats.

2 Pilat

The most developed industries in Western Siberia are mining (oil, gas, coal) and forestry. Currently, Western Siberia provides over 70% of the total Russian oil production and natural gas, about 30% of coal mining, about 20% of timber harvested in the country.

A powerful oil and gas production complex is currently operating on the territory of Western Siberia. The largest deposits of oil and natural gas are associated with a thick layer of sedimentary rocks of the West Siberian Plain. The area of oil and gas bearing lands is about 2 million km2. Forest and marsh landscapes, until the 1960s, completely untouched by industrial development and practically unexplored, are dissected for hundreds of kilometers by pipelines, roads, power lines, dotted with drilling sites, oiled with oil spills and oil products, covered with burnt areas and soaked forests that appeared as a result of the use obsolete technologies for the production and transportation of oil and gas.

It should be noted that Western Siberia, like no other region in the world, is replete with rivers, lakes and swamps. They contribute to the active migration of chemical pollutants entering the Ob River from numerous sources, which carries them into the Gulf of Ob and further into the Arctic Ocean, endangering the destruction of ecosystems remote from the areas of the oil and gas complex.

Unlike the West Siberian Plain, the Kuznetsk mountain region is distinguished by coal reserves: the Kuznetsk basin hard coal accounts for 40% of the industrial coal reserves of the country. The main production centers are the cities of Leninsk-Kuznetsky and Prokopyevsk.

1 Lussy
03/29/2017 left a comment:

The climate in Western Siberia is very severe. Because the living conditions there are incredibly difficult. Also, the climate is not conducive to maintaining Agriculture. Because of this, most products have to be imported from other regions of the Russian Federation. But at the same time, Western Siberia is rich in underground minerals, forests and valuable breeds of fur-bearing animals. And this makes it attractive and promising in economic terms.

0 Tammy
03/29/2017 left a comment:

Even the southern part of Western Siberia, which is most suitable for human life, is a zone of risky agriculture.

You can live more or less comfortably in Western Siberia only in the very south of the region, along the border with Kazakhstan. The climate here is sharply continental - winters are cold, and summers, most often, are moderately hot. For Russian Siberians, this is a familiar climate. In the southern part of Western Siberia, quite acceptable conditions for agriculture. Although, of course, the harvests here are not as rich as in some Krasnodar Territory. But there is good conditions for dairy and beef farming.
In the northern part of the region, natural conditions for life and agriculture, one might say, are completely absent. But the main oil and gas bearing provinces of Russia are concentrated there. So the people in these parts live solely at the expense of mining. Indigenous people engaged in reindeer herding.

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Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested this work please download the full version.

Target: to study the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain and their influence on the life and life of the population.

Tasks:

Educational:
- expand knowledge about the West Siberian Plain as a large natural complex;
- to form knowledge about the originality of the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain.
Developing:
- continue shaping
- skills of working with various sources of information;
- critical thinking, the ability to develop, formulate and defend one's own point of view, back it up scientific knowledge;
- value-worldview, socio-cultural and informational competencies;
- develop independent thinking.
Educational:
- to cultivate geographical culture and aesthetic perception of geographical objects, a feeling of love for native nature;
- promote spiritual formation, harmonization of the child's personality;
- to form the ecological consciousness of schoolchildren;
- educating the skills of creative assimilation of knowledge (the use of certain logical techniques and methods creative activity);
- fostering the skills of creative application of knowledge (application of acquired knowledge in a new situation).

Methods according to the nature of cognitive activity: explanatory and illustrative, partially exploratory.

Forms of organization of cognitive activity: individual and frontal work.

Ways organization of cognitive activity: conversation, discussion - verbal (audio), analysis of various sources of information.

Equipment: physical map of Russia, computer, projector, presentation prepared with the Mouse Mischief program, video film Galileo.vipysk.729.(2011.04.14.) about the Khanty.

Lesson type: learning new material.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

II. Setting learning objectives

Reveal the features of the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain.
Consider the features of the life and way of life of the indigenous population - the Khanty.

III. Updating students' knowledge. Motivation for learning activities

– Today we will talk about the natural features of the West Siberian Plain. Show on the map the West Siberian Plain? (The student shows the West Siberian Plain on the map).
The plain has an exceptionally flat relief with heights of no more than 100 m above sea level. Only in the south and east the height above sea level reaches 250 meters. The climate of the region is from arctic in the north to temperate continental in the south.

AT: And what are the reasons for the continental climate of Western Siberia?

O: The position predominantly in temperate latitudes determined the amount of solar radiation received by the territory. The remoteness from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans determined the continentality of the climate. The flatness of the territory, which allows cold masses of Arctic air to freely penetrate far to the south from the Kara Sea, and warm air masses from Kazakhstan and Central Asia - far to the north. The mountains on the periphery fenced off the West Siberian Plain from the Atlantic air masses from the west and Central Asian ones from the southeast.
Due to the flatness of the region and its large extent from north to south, natural zonality is clearly expressed on the territory of Western Siberia. In the north, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, there is a zone of arctic deserts, it is replaced by a zone of tundra and forest-tundra, and then the widest zone in the region - taiga. Taiga dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar, fir, larch with islands of pine-larch forests pass to the south into a narrow strip of deciduous forests, forest-steppe and steppe. Soils vary from arctic to chernozem steppes. Forest-steppe and steppe with fertile gray and brown forest, chestnut and chernozem soils heavily plowed. The West Siberian Plain is densely covered with rivers, the largest of which originate in the mountains. Southern Siberia. The main river of the region is the Ob, which flows into the Kara Sea. It is navigable throughout. About 30% of the area is occupied by swamps.
The West Siberian Plain is the richest territory in Russia with natural resources. Here for a long time locals hunted fur-bearing animals and game. The taiga has valuable wood, there are a lot of fish in the rivers. The tundra is pasture for deer. But the main wealth of Western Siberia is its mineral resources.
The main resources are oil and gas, peat, coal, iron ores. The West Siberian Plain is a unique oil and gas province of the Earth. Industrial deposits of oil and gas are distributed here almost throughout the 2000-meter section of Mesozoic deposits. The average depth of oil and gas bearing formations in it ranges from 1500m to 2500-3000m. Western Siberia is the main oil-producing base of the country, it provides over 70% of the total Russian oil and natural gas production.
Searches in the bowels of Western Siberia for "black gold" and "blue fuel" made it possible to discover large reserves of iron ore in the north of the Novosibirsk region.
The minerals of the Mesozoic deposits also include hot waters with a temperature of 40 to 120 ° C and containing dissolved salts of chlorides and carbonates, as well as iodine and bromine. They form a huge artesian basin at a depth of 1000 to 3000m on the territory of the Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions.
Thus, the West Siberian Plain is a province rich in water, territorial resources, vast reserves of oil, gas, and iron ores.
However, despite the fact that Western Siberia is rich in natural resources, their development is difficult.

AT: What is it connected with?

O: The main problem in the development of gas and oil in Western Siberia is the difficult natural conditions. The living and working conditions of people are complicated by severe frosts, in the north with hurricane winds. Soils in the north are bound by permafrost, which complicates construction. In summer, a lot blood-sucking insects- the midge does not allow people to work in peace, they pester animals. But the main problem development of Siberia are huge areas of marshy swamps.

AT: What do you think is the reason for the high waterlogging of the area?

Weakly dissected topography with low relative heights leads to difficulty in the runoff surface.
The rivers have a slow flow and strong meandering (meanders are radiated in the riverbeds, lengthening the path of the river). In spring, the water level in the rivers flowing from south to north rises significantly. In the upper reaches it is warm, there is a lot of water, and the lower reaches are ice-bound. At low banks, the rivers overflow for tens of kilometers and serve as a waterway for swamping.
Peat contains up to 90% of water and contributes to an even greater accumulation of water in the swamp, and this leads to a rise in groundwater in the territories adjacent to the peat bog and their waterlogging.
Little evaporation due to low solar radiation.

Before the development of the resources of Western Siberia, the peoples of the North lived here for centuries - Selkups, Nenets, Khanty. They hunted, fished and lived in harmony with nature. The indigenous population of Western Siberia was engaged in hunting and fishing. The inhabitants of the north - the Nenets - roamed with deer. Nomadic reindeer breeding made it possible to preserve pastures, which were restored only after 10-15 years. Tundra plants grow slowly, summer is too short and cold. The Khanty and the Selkups cared for the nature around them, which provided them with food, clothing, and housing. Hunters and fishermen lived in low huts, the roof was insulated with earth from above. Ice floes served as glass in winter. With the help of a bow, the Selkups hunted squirrels, geese, and ducks. Served as food salty fish and dried yukola. From dried fish grind flour - porsa. Waste (fish entrails, head bones) was not thrown away, but fat was drowned out of them. Their gallbladders stoked the bile and used it to process suede. Glue was boiled from sturgeon bubbles. The glue was used to make a valuable hunting tool - a bow, as well as in the manufacture of skis. Fish skins were used to make sacks in which food was stored. That is, the economy of the indigenous population was non-waste, and there were more fish in the rivers before than now. Oil workers came and disturbed pastures with caterpillars of all-terrain vehicles, there were fewer fish in the rivers, oil poisoned the fish. Now 2/3 of the population of the entire Eastern macroregion lives in the district, average density– 6 people per 1 km 2.

The residents are very unevenly distributed. The most densely populated southern regions along the Trans-Siberian. In the taiga, mainly river valleys are populated, the population density of the tundra is only 0.6 people. per 1 km 2. More than 90% of the population are Russians, there are also representatives of indigenous nationalities, but their share is small, for example, the Khanty and Mansi make up only about 1.5% in their national-territorial formations. The urbanization coefficient is 71%. The large cities of Western Siberia are located mainly at the intersection of railway and shipping routes. The largest of these millionaire cities are Novosibirsk and Omsk.

IV. Learning new material

- And now let's see a short story about the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia - the Khanty. When viewing, pay attention to the following aspects:

1. What are the features of the life and way of life of the indigenous small peoples of Siberia?
2. What is the main food of small nations?
3. What impact does the development of industry have on the life of small peoples?

Watching a video Galileo.vipysk.729.(2011.04.14.) about Khanty .

V. Consolidation

Students' answers to questions:

1. The need for self-sufficiency. Food is obtained by hunting and fishing; clothes and household items are created independently.
2. The main food of small peoples is fish and venison.
3. Mining mineral resources reduces the territories inhabited by small peoples, but makes it possible to use some of the benefits of civilization, for example, snowmobiles.

Questions:

AT: What natural resources are rich in the West Siberian Plain?

O: The West Siberian Plain is rich in water, territorial resources, oil, gas, peat, and iron ores.

AT: Is it possible to fully use the potential of Western Siberia and what is the reason for this?

O: It is impossible to use the entire resource potential of Western Siberia, since this is prevented by the high swampiness of the region, permafrost in the northern part, the harsh climate in winter, and the presence of blood-sucking insects in summer.

VI. Homework

The territory of the district is divided into two unequal parts. Most of it is occupied by the West Siberian Plain, located on a young Paleozoic platform. This is one of the largest accumulative plains in the world with heights of up to 200 m, a uniform, slightly rugged relief, and significantly waterlogged. In the south lies the Altai mountainous country, which belongs to the Caledonian and Hercynian folding. This is the highest part of the region. highest point- Belukha (4506 m).

The climate of the region is from arctic in the north to temperate continental in the south. Due to the flatness of the region and its large extent from north to south, natural zonality is clearly expressed on the territory of Western Siberia. In the north, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, there is a zone of arctic deserts, it is replaced by a zone of tundra and forest tundra, and then the widest zone in the region - taiga. Taiga dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar, fir, larch with islands of pine-larch forests pass to the south into a narrow strip of deciduous forests, forest-steppe and steppe. Soils vary from arctic to chernozem steppes. The forest-steppe and steppe with fertile gray and brown forest, chestnut and chernozem soils are heavily plowed.

The West Siberian Plain is densely covered with rivers, the largest of which originate in the mountains of Southern Siberia. The main river of the region is the Ob, which flows into the Kara Sea. It is navigable throughout. About 30% of the area is occupied by swamps. They, as well as permafrost, impede the construction of transport routes and the extraction of minerals.

Western Siberia is rich in natural resources. The main resources are oil and gas, peat, coal, iron ores. Huge reserves of oil and gas are located in hard-to-reach areas, in the deaf swampy taiga. To the north of Altai is the Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass). On South Kemerovo region(Gornaya Shornya region) iron ores are being developed, but they are significantly depleted. The main iron ore basin of the region, which has not yet been developed, is located in the Tomsk region. Altai contains reserves of mercury and gold, lakes in the Kulunda steppes are deposits of various salts.

The south of Western Siberia is a very attractive region in terms of recreation.

Indigenous people northern regions- Nenets, Khanty, Mansi lived for centuries by reindeer breeding, hunting, fishing, and the indigenous peoples of the south - Altaians, Shors, Kazakhs - by sheep breeding, horse breeding.

The network of cities that became the base for settlement appeared in the region during the Russian colonization of Western Siberia in the 16th-17th centuries. (Tomsk, Tyumen, Tobolsk). After the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway crowds of peasants liberated from serfdom moved to the fertile southern regions of Siberia. Western Siberia has become the largest producer of agricultural products, primarily dairy products and wheat. The rapid growth of the region's population is associated with industrialization during the years of Soviet power.

Now 2/3 of the population of the entire Eastern macroregion lives in the district, the average density is 6 people. per 1 km2. The residents are very unevenly distributed. The most densely populated southern regions along the Trans-Siberian. The taiga is inhabited mainly by river valleys, the population density of the tundra is only 0.6 people. per 1 km2.

More than 90% of the population are Russians, there are also representatives of indigenous nationalities, but their share is small, for example, the Khanty and Mansi make up only about 1.5% in their national-territorial formations.

Urbanization coefficient - 71%. The large cities of Western Siberia are located mainly at the intersection of railway and shipping routes. The largest of them are the "millionaire" cities of Novosibirsk and Omsk.

AT last years in the north of the region and in the LLA in the Middle Ob region, modern cities have grown up on the basis of a growing oil and gas industry.