What is geoecology. Surface waters have an even greater impact on the HS. Almost all exogenous processes occur with the participation of surface waters, and their intensity, along with the characteristics of the HS itself, depends on the water balance of the territory. Underground

DEFINITION AND CONTENT OF GEOECOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

The term "geoecology" has been used in ecology, geography, geology for more than 80 years to designate a field of interdisciplinary knowledge. However, its universal, generally accepted definition is not yet available.

The keen interest in this science on the part of researchers from various scientific fields, the wide scope of problems predetermine some disagreements in understanding the content of this scientific direction.

Let us turn to the etymology of the term "geoecology", which, in our opinion, is considered in sufficient detail in the textbook by G.N. Golubeva (2006). The word "geoecology" consists of three roots of Greek origin.

The root "geo" comes from the Greek "Gaga", the name of the Greek goddess of the Earth Gaia, traditionally covers the sciences of the Earth, emphasizing their unity and interdependence, and at the same time puts the Earth as a whole in the first place, causing the need to understand, first of all, the general earth, global processes, and then, on this basis, phenomena of a lower hierarchical level related to individual regions and localities.

The root "eco" comes from the Greek "oiKoq" (oikos), i.e. "house". And it means that within the framework of geoecology, the Earth is considered as a home for living beings of different levels: species, their combinations that form ecosystems, biomes as large spatial biological systems, and the entirety of the living matter of the Earth. From this follows the definition of the main task of geoecology: the study of the Earth as a system, with priority attention to global (global) issues. And in such a formulation, the intersection within the framework of geoecology of the spheres of interest of both natural and social sciences is inevitable.

The root "geo" identifies inanimate nature, while the root "eco" denotes its living part. In this combination, the combination of "geoeco" reflects the unity of inanimate and living nature.

The root "log" comes from the Greek "Howos,"(logos) - a word, teaching and is part of compound words, meaning science, knowledge, teaching. This root is used quite widely to denote the name of the sciences of both the natural and social cycles, for example, geology, biology, philology, sociology, etc.

Thus, based on the etymology of the term, geoecology is the science of the unity of animate and inanimate nature, or, in other words, the science of the house called "Earth".

If we consider the meaning of the words that make up the term “geoecology” under consideration, then the term “ecology” originally proposed by Ernest Haeckel in 1866 meant the knowledge of the “economics of nature”, the simultaneous study of all the relationships of living things with organic and inorganic components of the environment. Ecology was understood as a science that studies all the complex relationships in nature, considered as conditions for the struggle of species for existence, and also represents a branch of biology that studies the interdependencies between living beings and their environment. The modern understanding of ecology is somewhat broader.

The first scientist to use the actual term "geoecology" was the German geographer K. Troll, who understood it as one of the branches of natural science that combines ecological and geographical studies in the study of ecosystems. In his opinion, the terms "geoecology" and "landscape ecology" as a branch of geography are synonymous.

Troll Carl - Troll Carl (1899-1975). German physical geographer, since 1930 professor of colonial and "overseas" geography at the University of Berlin, since 1938 professor of geography and director of the Geographical Institute of the University of Bonn (in 1960-1961 rector of the university). President of the International Geographical Union (1960-1964). Participated (since 1926) in expeditions to the mountainous regions of the Northern and South America, Africa, Central Asia. The main works on the study of relief, climate, vegetation and their relationships, especially in mountainous and tropical countries, as well as on the problems of landscape ecology. Founder of landscape ecology (1939), or geoecology (1968), as a study of the interaction of relief, climate, vegetation and human society.

During the period of ecological "alarmism" that began in the 1950s, all the problems of the interaction of technically armed humanity with the environment began to be attributed to the field of ecology. However, the term "ecology", on the one hand, began to denote the scientific direction proposed by E. Haeckel, and on the other hand, the science of the interaction of society and nature. With regard to its second function, it was extremely wrong to attribute ecology to the biological field of knowledge, since the scientific roots of the so-called big ecology were mainly formed outside of biology. In this regard, there is a need to designate a new scientific direction and determine its difference from ecology itself, as a branch of biology. Quite actively, such a process began to occur in the late 60s of the XX century, when the active use of the term "geoecology" began.

In Russia, the widespread use of the term "geoecology" began in the 1970s, after it was mentioned by the famous Soviet geographer V.B. can be reflected (including negatively) on the state of other geospheres of the Earth. In this understanding, the content of geoecology was fundamentally different from that introduced by K. Troll and, in essence, represented a new geological science. However, V.B. Sochava was not destined to further develop this scientific direction.

Viktor Borisovich Sochdva (1905-1978). Russian geographer, geobotanist and landscape scientist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He worked at the Biological Museum, the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Arctic Institute (Leningrad). In 1938-1958. - teacher (since 1944 - professor) of Leningrad State University, in 1959-1976. - Director of the Institute of Geography of Siberia and the Far East of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Irkutsk), in 1976-1978. - Senior Research Fellow at the Institute.

The founder of the Siberian geographical school, the creator of a new direction in geographical science - the doctrine of geosystems. He singled out the topological, regional and planetary scales of geosystems and created their fractional hierarchical classification. The Institute of Geography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Irkutsk bears his name.

And yet, given the urgent need for the emergence of such a science and partly due to the efforts of the scientist-encyclopedist N.F. Reimers, the term "geoecology" began to assert itself especially quickly in the 80-90s of the last century. N. F. Reimers proposed calling classical ecology "bioecology" in order to distinguish it from social ecology and geoecology. Geoecology, according to N.F. Reimers, is a section of ecology that studies ecosystems (geosystems) of high hierarchical levels - up to and including the biosphere.

In the last quarter of the XX century. the term became widely used in almost all natural sciences, lost its clarity and became a term of "free use". The term "geoecology" since the 1980s.

appeared in the names of some departments and even faculties of Russian universities, on the covers of books, magazines, as well as in the titles of lecture courses. It is believed that as a separate science, geoecology finally took shape in the early 90s of the XX century.

During the time that has passed since the beginning of the formation of this scientific direction, a fairly large number of prominent scientists have addressed the definition of its content. However, the meaning of the word "geoecology" is still interpreted differently. To date, the most complete analysis of the formation of the conceptual base of this scientific direction is made in the works of V.T. Trofimov. At one time (2009), the so-called "paradoxes" of this new dynamically developing science were identified, which in a simplified form are reduced to six simple positions, such as:

1) "many-sided" understanding of the content of the term;
2) "multifaceted" understanding of the structure as a science;
3) the absence of clearly defined theoretical tasks;
4) ambiguous attitude to the need to assess the state of biota;
5) ambiguous attitude to the need to study the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors;
6) the lack of development of the question of the interdisciplinary nature of science.

Starting with the last of the "paradoxes" listed, let's characterize the current situation in the development of geoecology as a science. At present, no one doubts that geoecology is an interdisciplinary science. In the development of this scientific direction geography and geology had a certain priority. It is also generally accepted that today stand-alone study phenomena and processes of nature from the standpoint of individual scientific disciplines turns out to be inadequate.

In addition, it should be noted that since geoecology, as a complex interdisciplinary science, considers the environmental consequences of the influence of processes occurring in the Earth’s geospheres on the state of living organisms (which, in fact, gives an answer to the fourth of the above “paradoxes”) inhabiting our planet , then, considering the mutual influence of processes in the geospheres of the Earth on the existence of man as one of the representatives of living beings on the planet, geoecology cannot completely exclude from its consideration socio-economic aspects this influence.

In general, geoecology in many ways begins to reveal previously known laws of nature and has approached the discovery of new ones. Thus, it has a powerful impact on the development of society. Without a doubt, geoecology can be classified as one of the most important areas of knowledge designed to ensure the survival of mankind. And it is not for nothing that in his works one of the prominent contemporary scientists, S.P. Gorshkov (2001), noted that geoecology is becoming one of the main sciences of the 21st century.

Consistent disclosure of the remaining positions associated with the designated V.T. Trofimov "paradoxes" of modern geoecology, will be given in the subsequent presentation of the material of this textbook.

Let us consider the main modern interpretations of the content of geoecology as a science, proposed by various authors.

So, according to V.I. Osipova (1997), geoecology - this is the science that studies the geospheric shells of the Earth as components environment and the mineral basis of the biosphere and the changes taking place in them under the influence of natural and technogenic factors, as well as the inorganic matter of the biosphere and the changes taking place in it. Living matter (including man) is not the object of its study. We cannot fully agree with the last statement, because without considering the impact of changes occurring in the inorganic matter of the biosphere, geoecology loses its ecological orientation and turns into a traditional science of the Earth. However, living matter proper is quite rightly not an object of study of geoecology. The influence of processes in inorganic matter is revealed through the subject of geoecology. It is the system of knowledge about the influence (at the first stages, an elementary assessment of the influence) of these processes on living organisms that should become the subject of study of geoecology.

V.T. Trofimov (2002) geoecology interpreted as an interdisciplinary science that studies the ecological functions of the abiotic spheres of the Earth, the patterns of their formation and spatial and temporal changes under the influence of natural and technogenic causes in connection with the life and activity of biota and, above all, humans. This definition very well reflects all aspects in the content of the concept of geoecology, but it is often difficult for students to understand. The main difficulty is the scope of the concept invested in the idea of "ecological functions of abiotic spheres". However, this definition can be taken as a basis and, as geoecology develops, should become the main one.

G.N. Golubev (2006) geoecology determined as an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies the system of interconnected geospheres of the Earth in the process of their integration with society. Such an interpretation of the content of geoecology, unfortunately, does not remove those indicated above, in the wording of V.T. Trofimov, the "paradoxes" of this science, since it does not disclose positions related to the need to consider the influence of processes occurring in the Earth's geospheres on Yu

living and the need to study the impact of both anthropogenic and natural factors.

In the formulation of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (formula of the scientific specialty "Geoecology" - 25.00.36) (http://vak.ed.gov.ru) Geoecology is an interdisciplinary scientific direction that combines the study of the composition, structure, properties, processes, physical and geochemical fields of the Earth's geospheres as a habitat for humans and other organisms. In the disclosure of the content of this specialty, it is indicated that geoecology orients researchers:

to study biologically significant natural and anthropogenic changes in the natural environment;
study of complex natural processes occurring under various anthropogenic impacts;
identification of limiting anthropogenic loads on natural systems.

And such an interpretation fully satisfies modern ideas about the content of geoecology as a science. In addition, positions that reveal the content of the discipline can be considered as tasks of this science, with one caveat: in the last two positions there is no need to clarify that only anthropogenic impacts and loads are considered (highlighted in italics).

Geoecology is an interdisciplinary branch of knowledge that considers the environmental consequences of natural and anthropogenic processes occurring in the Earth's geospheres.

Of course, as geoecology develops, the definition of this science will improve.

It should also be noted that geoecology appeared when human activity became an essential factor in the transformation of the Earth. It is based on a global, global approach, but on this basis, problems of a regional and local nature are no less important.

Speaking about the content and main attributes of geoecology as a science, namely the object and subject of its study, it should be emphasized that, according to most researchers, this science does not deal with the Earth as a whole, but only with a relatively thin surface shell where the geospheres intersect. (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere) and where a person lives and works. In relation to this complex shell, G. N. Golubev proposed the term "ecosphere", which most accurately reflects its essence. However, this term is not generally accepted. Ecosphere, according to G.N. Golubev, is a worldwide area of integration of geospheres and society. According to this author, the ecosphere is object of study in geoecology.

Along with the concept of "ecosphere" there are several other similar concepts used in the literature. As a rule, they are poorly defined, and the boundaries between them are unclear. These are such concepts as “environment”, “natural environment”, “geological environment”, “geographic shell”, “biosphere”, “sociobiotechnosphere”, etc. Let us briefly consider the content and correlation of these concepts, comparing them with the term “ecosphere” in order to further define the object of study of geoecology as a science.

The term "environment" is used more often than other similar concepts. It arose in Russian to designate concepts that reflect interdisciplinary areas of knowledge new to science, relating to the relationship of a person with his environment. It corresponds to: "environment" in English and French, "umwelt" in German, "medio ambiente" in Spanish, "ambiente" in Italian. Often there is a need to form an adjective from the phrase "environment". In Russian, the term "environment" and the term "ecology" correspond to the adjective "ecological". This creates some confusion in terms. AT English language the situation is somewhat different: the word "environment" corresponds to the adjective "environmental", which differs in meaning from the word "ecological", which comes from "ecology". The term "environment" emphasizes the relationship of society with its natural environment. Environmental problems in the concept of "environment" are still local in nature, and from them already line up global problems. In addition, the term "environment" clearly expresses human-oriented interests. Often they even say and write "the human environment." Thus, the concept of “environment” is anthropocentric, i.e. it places man at the center of our world, forgetting that man is a part of nature.

If we imagine the environment in the form of two main components, natural and social, then the term "natural environment" refers to the first, i.e. "natural environment" is part of the environment. And for this term, all the same remarks made regarding the term "environment" are valid.

The term "geographical envelope" widely used in geography refers to the integral and continuous shell of the Earth, where its constituent parts - the upper part of the lithosphere (the earth's crust), the lower part of the atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere), the hydrosphere and biosphere, as well as the anthroposphere - penetrate each other. each other and are in close interaction, between them there is a continuous exchange of matter and energy. Proposed by G.N. Golubev, the term “ecosphere” is a global area of integration of nature and society and differs from the concept of “geographical shell”, in which the interconnection and interaction of various natural spheres, or geospheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere) is put in the first place.

The term "geological environment", introduced by E.M. Sergeev (1979) and more often used in geology, reflects the interest and involvement of this science in geoecological problems, especially in the problems of interaction between the upper horizons of the lithosphere and human activity. The geological environment is the upper part of the lithosphere, which is considered as a multicomponent dynamic system that is under the influence of human engineering activities, and which, in turn, determines this activity to a certain extent. Obviously, the geological environment is only one of the parts of the object of study of geoecology as a science.

In literature, especially in journalistic and popular science literature, the concept of "biosphere" is often used as applied to the totality of natural phenomena and processes interacting with society. The biosphere is the shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms and transformed by them. It includes almost the entire hydrosphere, the lower part of the atmosphere and upper part earth's crust. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined by the presence of conditions necessary for the life of various organisms. The term "biosphere" is closest to the concept of "natural environment". This term became widespread thanks to the works of V.I. Vernadsky, who, using it, rightly emphasized the exceptional role of living matter in the formation and functioning of the Earth as a system. However, this term does not explicitly define the role of a person. In addition, the concept of "biosphere" often also refers to the sphere of living matter as one of the geospheres of the Earth, along with the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.

The term “sociobiotechnosphere”, used by M.A. Vodyanova et al. (2010) is not clearly defined, but based on its composition, it is a kind of shell in which three subsystems interact: social, biotic, and technical. In such an interpretation, the natural component is excluded or put into the background from this shell. However, it is quite obvious that the influence of the natural component is decisive in shaping the conditions for the existence of life on Earth.

From the above consideration, we note that to date, an unambiguous idea of the object of study of this science has not been formed. The greatest difficulty, in our opinion, lies in identifying the boundaries of that complex shell, which is the object of study of geoecology. It is quite obvious that the processes taking place in the deep shells of the Earth, as well as the processes of a cosmic nature, have a significant impact on the organisms inhabiting the Earth. Therefore, when solving specific problems, the boundaries of consideration can vary significantly.

Let us present the author's ideas about the main attributes of geoecology as a science, which make it possible to largely avoid the previously discussed uncertainties. We will be as object of study geoecology consider the Earth's ecosystem with all its components. Subject same study define as a system of knowledge about the response of the Earth's ecosystem to the impact of internal and external factors. In turn, the Earth's ecosystem is a combination of three subsystems:

abiotic spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and pedosphere);
living organisms;
sources of impact of natural and man-caused origin.

The peculiarity of the inclusion of a person in the ecosystem of the Earth leads us to the need to include socio-economic aspects in the range of issues considered by geoecology, since a person, unlike other representatives of the biota, is characterized by the presence of moral qualities and a rigid structure of the social system.

In accordance with these ideas, we will try to present in subsequent chapters the substantive part of geoecology as a science.

The origin of geoecology is associated with the name of the German geographer K. Troll, who back in the 30s of the last century understood it as one of the branches of natural science, combining ecological and geographical research in the study of ecosystems. In his opinion, the terms "geoecology" and "landscape ecology" are synonymous. In Russia, the widespread use of the term "geoecology" began in the 1970s, after it was mentioned by the famous Soviet geographer V.B. Sochavoy. As a separate science, it finally took shape in the early 1990s of the twentieth century.

However, this term has not yet received a clear and generally accepted definition, the subject and tasks of geoecology are also formulated in different ways, often very heterogeneously. In the most general case, they are reduced mainly to the study of negative anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment.
Within the framework of the broad concept of "geoecology" there are many very diverse scientific areas and practical problems. Due to the fact that geoecology covers diverse aspects of the interaction between society and nature, there are different interpretations of its subject, object and content, the range of issues of geoecological research is not defined, there is no generally recognized methodology and terminology base.
There are at least two major directions in understanding the term "geoecology", in the vision of the subject, goals and objectives of this science:

Geoecology is considered as the ecology of the geological environment, while the terms "geoecology" and "ecological geology" are considered synonymous. With this approach, geoecology studies the regular relationships (direct and reverse) of the geological environment with other components of the natural environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, evaluates the impact of human economic activity in all its diverse manifestations and is considered as a science at the intersection of geology, geochemistry, and ecology. At the same time, the ecological functions of the lithosphere (the concept was introduced by V.T. Trofimov and D.G. Ziling in 1994) is understood as the whole variety of functions that determine and reflect the role and importance of the lithosphere, including groundwater, oil, gases, geophysical fields and flowing in it are geological processes, in the life support of the biota and, mainly, of the human community.
Geoecology is interpreted as a science that studies the interaction of geographical, biological (environmental) and socio-production systems. In this case, geoecology studies the environmental aspects of nature management, issues of the relationship between man and nature, it is characterized by the active use of systemic and synergetic paradigms, the evolutionary approach. Here, geoecology is considered as a science at the intersection of geography and ecology.

There are a number of other views on geoecology. So, one can distinguish different interpretations depending on what science (geography, geology, geochemistry or ecology) the author takes as the basis of geoecology. A number of authors consider geoecology as an ecologized geography that studies the adaptation of the economy to the enclosing landscape. Others are part of geochemistry, which studies the effects of interactions between biotic and abiotic components.

Many scientists consider geoecology to be the result of modern development and synthesis of a number of sciences: geographical, geological, soil and others. These authors advocate a broad understanding of geoecology as an integral science of ecological orientation that studies the patterns of functioning of anthropogenically modified ecosystems of a high level of organization.

The extensive development of industry in the second half of the twentieth century led to intensive accumulation in the near-surface part of the lithosphere chemical elements in concentrations not typical for the environment of existence of living organisms. The problem of their diagnostics and identification was successfully solved in the collective work of the Institute of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Crystal Chemistry of Rare Elements (IMGRE). Simultaneously with this school, approaches to diagnosing and ranking anomalies in the lack of vital elements in the "soil-plant" system developed in Russia. The leading role in the development of this direction belongs to the team of the Geochemical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. V.I. Vernadsky and his staff regional centers. In the works of V.V. Kovalsky, V.V. Ermakov, M.A. Risha, B.A. Aidarkhanov, A.M Khakimova. and others. Much attention is paid to the study and mapping of biogeochemical provinces of deficiency and imbalance of biophilic ones, i.e. vital elements. The leading parameters for diagnosing the quality of lithogeochemical anomalies are biogeochemical indicators, including biosubstrates of plants and animals. School of Ecological and Geochemical Research, Lomonosov Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov is represented by the works of creative teams led by N.S. Kasimov, (urbanized territories), I.A. Avessalomova (mining regions), N.P. Solntseva (oil-producing regions), etc., the main basis for constructing ecological and geochemical maps is the doctrine of landscape geochemistry. A series of calculated indicators reflecting the intensity of migration in the "soil-plant" system are widely used. A variety of approaches to ecological and geochemical assessments of territories, on the one hand, made it possible to develop a basis for integrated research, and on the other hand, at the present stage, it began to introduce a certain dissonance into the docking and comparison of the results obtained by various creative teams. An analysis of the modern criteria base indicates the need for active implementation of the methodology of various natural science schools into the practice of ecological and geochemical research. Only their integrated use makes it possible to objectively identify the entire range of geochemical environmental risk factors that reduce the comfort of the territory for the existence of an ecosystem and human habitation.

Geoecology emerged as a separate science about a hundred years ago, when the German geographer Karl Troll described the field of study of landscape ecology. From his point of view, this should also unite ecological principles in the study of ecosystems.

Geoecology developed slowly, in the Soviet Union this term was first announced in the 70s. To beginning of XXI centuries, both adjacent areas - and - have become accurate enough to predict how nature and the various shells of the Earth will change depending on human influence. Moreover, scientists can already find ways to solve problems associated with negative impact man-made activities on nature. Therefore, geoecology in the new millennium began to develop rapidly, the scope of its activities expanded.

geoecology

Despite the fact that this is becoming more and more popular, with scientific point vision, it is described insufficiently. Researchers more or less agree on the tasks of geoecology, but they do not give a clear subject of study of this science. One of the most common assumptions about the subject is as follows: these are processes occurring in the environment and in various shells of the Earth - the hydrosphere, atmosphere and others, which arise as a result of anthropogenic interference and entail certain consequences.

In the study of geoecology, there is a very important factor - it is necessary to take into account both spatial and temporal relationships in research. In other words, for geoecologists, both the influence of man on nature in various geographical conditions and the changes in these consequences over time are important.

Geoecologists study the sources that affect the biosphere, study their intensity and reveal the spatial and temporal distribution of their action. They create special Information Systems, with which you can ensure constant control over the natural environment. Along with environmentalists, they consider levels of pollution in various areas: in the World Ocean, in the lithosphere, in inland waters. They try to discover the influence of man on the formation of ecosystems and their functioning.

Geoecology deals not only with the current situation, but also predicts and models the possible consequences of ongoing processes. This allows you to prevent unwanted changes, rather than deal with their consequences.

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on the topic: “Geoecology as a science. Basic concepts of the definition and the history of its development "

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FROMcontent

Introduction

1. History of development

1.1 Milestones

1.2 History of the development of geoecological knowledge
2. Geoecology
2.1 Directions of geoecology
2.2 Basic concepts
2.3 Research area
Conclusion
List of sources used
ATconducting
The continuing deterioration of the state of the environment, the degradation of natural life support systems, as well as the emergence of negative trends in economic development and slow societal response led to real danger ecological disaster.
Ecological ideas in science and society and the greening of modern society as a whole are penetrating deeper and deeper, covering new areas of human activity and becoming a priority in the development of civilization. Thus, there was a significant need for the emergence of such a new scientific direction as geoecology.
Geoecology is a relatively young discipline that began to take shape in the middle of the 20th century at the intersection of such fundamental and traditional sciences and their subdivisions as biology and geography. However, in its development, this science overcame many transformations, precisely because of the combination of the most important natural science disciplines (geography, biology, ecology, geology, etc.).
1. History of development
The origin of geoecology is associated with the name of the German geographer Carl Troll (German Carl Troll) (1899--1975), who in the 1930s understood it as one of the branches of natural science, combining ecological and geographical research in the study of ecosystems. In his opinion, the terms "geoecology" and "landscape ecology" are synonymous. In Russia, the widespread use of the term "geoecology" began in the 1970s, after the famous Soviet geographer V. B. Sochava (1905-1978) mentioned it. As a separate science, it finally took shape in the early 90s of the XX century.
However, paradoxically, this term has not yet received a clear and generally accepted definition, the subject and tasks of geoecology are also formulated in different ways, often very heterogeneously. In practice, in the most general case, they are reduced mainly to the study of negative anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment.
Within the framework of the broad concept of "geoecology" there are many very diverse scientific areas and practical problems. Due to the fact that geoecology covers diverse aspects of the interaction between society and nature, there are different interpretations of its subject, object and content, the range of issues of geoecological research is not defined, there is no generally recognized methodology and terminology base.
1.1 Milestones

In the history of the formation and development of geoecology, 4 main stages can be distinguished:

1) geo accumulation stage environmental knowledge and understanding of existing concepts for the emergence of geoecology as a science (from the 27th century to 1939);

2) the classical stage in the development of the ecological approach in geography associated with the emergence of landscape ecology (from 1939 to 1960);

3) the stage of sectoral and complex geoecological research associated with the integration of geographical and environmental knowledge to solve urgent global and regional environmental problems;

4) the stage of generalization of geoecological knowledge and the development of the methodology of geoecology to implement the concept of sustainable development of modern civilization. More details about the main stages in the development of geoecology can be found in the work of V.B. Pozdeeva (2005).

science system geoecology geography biology

1.2 History of the development of geoecological knowledge

Separate geoecological views existed even before the time of the emergence of geoecology. The English economist Adam Smith in his work "On the Wealth of Nations" (1776) spoke of the fact that people are bound into society by the division of labor. He paid little attention to natural resources as a source of wealth. However, he acknowledged that the Earth is extremely rich in natural resources. These provisions formed the basis of the concept of unlimited wealth of the biosphere.

The English priest Thomas Malthus, in his book An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798), spoke of population growing faster than food production. This may further lead to an ecological crisis associated with food shortages. This provision formed the basis of the concept of the limited resources of the biosphere.

The German scientist Eustace Liebig in the book "Chemistry as applied to agriculture and physiology" (1840) substantiated the theory of mineral nutrition of plants and thereby substantiated the cycle of chemical elements.

The American geographer George Perkins Marsh, in Man and Nature (1864), spoke of the increase in environmental problems. He expressed the idea of limiting negative economic activity on the surrounding nature.

In 1866, ecology appeared as a section biological science. The term "ecology" was first introduced into science by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel. By the term "ecology" he meant "the sum of knowledge relating to the economics of nature."

The French geographer Elise Reclus developed this idea in his book Land and People (1876). He spoke about the need to respect the natural forces and natural resources of the Earth.

In 1875, the Austrian geologist Edward Suess first used the term "biosphere", including in this concept the totality of all living organisms on the planet.

Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov in the article "Climate and National economy”(1891) wrote that adverse natural phenomena (drought, dry winds, frosts, etc.) can be overcome by steppe afforestation, water reclamation.

Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev, a professor at St. Petersburg University, developed the doctrine of the soil as a natural historical body (1903). The soil plays a huge role in the life of living organisms and at the same time the soil is a product of the vital activity of living organisms.

In 1922, the English geologist Robert Sherlock published Man as a Geological Agent. It discusses in detail anthropogenic changes in the lithosphere. Mining developments are presented as anthropogenic denudation, the formation of dumps as anthropogenic accumulation.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky made a fundamental contribution to such issues as the doctrine of global biogeochemical cycles, the role of living matter in the development of the biosphere, and human activity as a geological force. The main provisions are set out in the works "Biosphere" (1926) and "Noosphere" (1944).

Academician Alexander Evgenievich Fersman was one of the first to start talking about the problem of geochemical impact on the natural balance. He is the founder of a new scientific direction - the geochemistry of technogenesis.

In 1968, the Italian industrialist Aurelio Pecci assembled a group of scientists who studied global problems. This group of scientists was called the Club of Rome. Since 1968, the reports of the Club of Rome began to be published. The first study for it was carried out by American scientists Dennis and Donella Meadows in 1972 under the title "The Limits to Growth". The authors analyzed the scenario of global development using mathematical modeling. They came to the conclusion that the quantitative growth of the population, the extraction of natural resources, the development of production, the increase in production waste and pollutants will conflict with the limited capabilities of the Earth. Therefore, humanity must change the strategy of its existence.

The second report "Humanity at the Crossroads" was prepared in 1975 by M. Meserovich (USA) and E. Pestel (Germany). The authors analyzed the regional world problems and came to the conclusion that passive adherence to spontaneous development leads to death, so the world should no longer develop spontaneously. The spontaneous development of the world leads to an ever-widening gulf that underlies the current crisis: between man and nature, between rich and poor. Catastrophe can be avoided only by eliminating these gaps.

The third report "Restructuring the International Order" was prepared by the Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen and co-authors and showed the possibility of combining local and global goals.

The fourth report "Goals for a Global Society" was prepared by the philosopher E. Laszlo and illuminated two fundamental questions: "what are the goals of mankind?" and “do we agree to prefer the development of spiritual human qualities to material growth?”. Thanks to the efforts of the Club of Rome, public awareness of world problems has increased. The club was the first to move from analyzing and diagnosing the state of our civilization to finding and recommending means and ways out of the current crisis situations.

In 1987 Mrs. Prime Minister of Norway Gro Harlem Brutland prepared a report "Our Common Future" to the UN General Assembly. The report proclaimed a strategic course for the sustainable development of society.

It is important to note that representatives of different scientific disciplines consider geoecology from different positions, as a rule, contradictory ones.

In the 1980s, geologists proposed to interpret geoecology as a new field of knowledge that studies regular relationships between living organisms, including humans, man-made structures, and the geological environment (Kozlovsky et al., 1989).

According to S.V. Klubov and L.L. Prozorova (1993), geoecology is a science that studies the laws of interaction between the lithosphere and the biosphere, taking into account the specifics of man and his activities.

A similar point of view is shared by M.M. Sudo (1999): "... Geoecology is a synthetic science that studies the impact on the geological environment of natural geological processes and anthropogenic (technogenic) activities."

According to academician V.I. Osipov (1993), geoecology is an interdisciplinary science about the environmental problems of the geospheres, a "triumvirate" of the Earth sciences - geography, geology and geoecology.

Later, the synthesis of geology and ecology was proposed to be called ecological geology. According to N.A. Yasamanov (2003) “environmental geology is a science that studies the laws of interaction between the lithosphere and the biosphere, reveals the geological role and geoecological specifics of all external geospheres of the Earth, clarifies the ecological role of the mantle and the earth’s core, and takes into account the specifics of the geological role of man and his economic activity.”

Geographers and ecologists adhere to a different point of view.

According to V.S. Zhekulina (1989), geoecology is the science of territorial ecosystems, just like geography, it is an interdisciplinary science and contains elements of natural and socio-economic sciences.

N.F. Reimers (1990) believes that geoecology is a branch of ecology (according to other views - geography) that studies ecosystems (geosystems) of high hierarchical levels - up to and including the biosphere. Synonyms: landscape ecology, sometimes biocenology.

In the understanding of G.N. Belozersky et al. (1994), geoecology is a science that studies irreversible processes and phenomena in the natural environment and biosphere resulting from intense anthropogenic impact, as well as the consequences of these impacts close and remote in time. This definition of geoecology allows us to consider it a geographical science; moreover, it is one of the most modern sections of geographical knowledge, being, in essence, its integral form.

From the point of view of V.T. Trofimova et al. (1994, 1995), geoecology is a metascience whose object is ecosystems (and not geospheres, as in V.I. Osipov). Somewhat later, in 1997, these authors define geoecology as an interdisciplinary science that studies the composition, structure, patterns of functioning and evolution of natural (natural) and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems of high levels of organization. Along with these approaches, they develop the ideas of ecological geology.

According to A.G. Emelyanova (1995), geoecology is a scientific discipline about the interaction of geographical, ecological and socio-productive territorial systems.

T.A. Akimov and V.V. Haskin (1998) define geoecology as a science that studies the relationship between organisms and the environment in terms of their geographical location. It includes: environmental ecology - air, terrestrial (land), soil, freshwater, marine, transformed by man; ecology of natural and climatic zones - tundra, taiga, steppes, deserts, mountains, other zones and their smaller subdivisions - landscapes (ecology of river valleys, sea coasts, swamps, islands, coral reefs, etc.). Geoecology also includes an ecological description of various geographical areas, regions, countries, continents. The joint field of bioecology and geoecology is the doctrine of the biosphere - biospherology - the main content of global ecology.

G.N. Golubev (1999) defines geoecology as an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies the ecosphere as an interconnected system of geospheres in the process of its integration with society.

According to V.V. Bratkova and N.I. Ovdienko, geoecology is a direction at the intersection of geography and ecology, which explores the natural (natural) environment of a person not in its original form, but in the form in which it currently exists, that is, taking into account the deformations that all private geographic shells, as well as the biosphere and landscape shell as a result of human economic activity. The human-modified environment, in turn, also imposes restrictions on the development of human society, both in terms of the human environment and in terms of the resources used by society.

2. Geoecology

Geoecology is a complex system of sciences about the integration of the geospheres and society, at the intersection of ecology and geography.

Geoecology is divided into general, applied and regional.

General geoecology studies general, global processes and phenomena. It includes ecogeomorphology, subsoil ecology, atmospheric ecology, hydroecology, etc.

Processes and phenomena associated with the formation and change of geoecosystems in certain areas of economic activity are studied by applied geoecology (agroecology, urban ecology, forestry, recreational, water ecology, etc.).

Regional geoecology studies the processes and phenomena occurring in specific territories used in economic activity (geoecology of administrative-territorial formations, geoecology natural areas, geoecology of hydrogeological and river basins, etc.).

Applied geoecological research is carried out for the ecological justification of economic activity in the development of investment documentation (programs for sectoral and territorial development, programs for the integrated use and protection of natural resources, engineering protection schemes for the territory, district planning schemes), urban planning documentation (development of general plans for settlements, detailed planning projects) , project documentation (development of projects and working documentation for the construction of buildings and engineering structures, land use projects) and for the organization of environmental monitoring.

2 . 1 Directions of geoecology

It is possible to single out at least two major directions in understanding the term "geoecology", the subject, goals and objectives of this science:

1. Geoecology is considered as the ecology of the geological environment. With this approach, geoecology studies the regular relationships (direct and reverse) of the geological environment with other components of the natural environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, evaluates the impact of human economic activity in all its diverse manifestations and is considered as a science at the intersection of geology, geochemistry, biology and ecology .

2. Geoecology is interpreted as a science that studies the interaction of geographical, biological (environmental) and socio-production systems. In this case, geoecology studies the environmental aspects of nature management, issues of the relationship between man and nature, it is characterized by the active use of systemic and synergetic paradigms, the evolutionary approach. Here, geoecology is considered as a science at the intersection of geography and ecology.

There are a number of other views on geoecology. Thus, one can single out different interpretations depending on what science (geography or ecology) the author takes as the basis of geoecology. A number of authors consider geoecology as an ecologized geography that studies the adaptation of the economy to the enclosing landscape. Others are part of ecology, which studies the consequences of the interaction of biotic and abiotic components.

Many scientists consider geoecology the result of the modern development and synthesis of a number of sciences: geographical, geological, soil, and others. These authors advocate a broad understanding of geoecology as an integral science of ecological orientation, studying the patterns of functioning of anthropogenically modified ecosystems of a high level of organization.

2. 2 Obasic concepts

Three roots of Greek origin are linked together in the word "geoecology": GEO / ECO / LOG / iya. The root of a word can be considered as a hieroglyph denoting a concept. In the middle is a root derived from the Greek “oikos”, i.e. "house".

This is a home for living beings of different levels: species, their combinations that form ecosystems, biomes as large spatial biological systems, and the totality of the living matter of the Earth that makes up the biosphere.

In this case, we mean the relationships and interconnections both within the “house” and between the “house” and the world around it. Hence the basis of geoecology: the study of the Earth as a system, with a special interest in global (global) issues, inevitably located in the overlapping areas of both natural and social sciences.

This is the “home” for human society from the very beginning of its inception. However, in recent times, especially in recent decades, humanity has become such a powerful, elemental, global force that it not only lives in its home, but also transforms it with its actions, up to the destruction of its individual components. The importance of the concepts behind the root "oikos" and related to humanity, on a historical time scale, increases exponentially. Anthropogenic impacts are increasingly becoming irreversible, and even catastrophic. The word "ecology" began to mainly reflect the complex relationship between man and nature. Another meaning of this word, used since 1866 by E. Haeckel, denotes a branch of biology that studies the interdependencies between living beings and their environment.

The root "geo" in the word "geoecology" goes back to the Greek goddess of the Earth Gaia. It traditionally embraces the geosciences, emphasizing their unity and interdependence. The root “geo” puts the Earth as a whole in the first place, emphasizing the need to understand, first of all, general earthly, global processes, and then, on this basis, phenomena of a lower hierarchical level related to individual regions and localities, or processes.

In the simplest case, the root “geo” seems to represent inanimate nature, while the root “eco” denotes its living part. In this sense, the combination of "geoeco" actually reflects the unity of inanimate and living nature. The combination of “geoeco” also reminds us of the dependence of the state of our “home”, that is, the Earth, on human activity.

The root "logos" denotes science, or the study of something, both in the natural and social sciences, and in this sense it is extremely widely used.

Geoecology does not deal with the Earth as a whole, but only with a relatively thin surface shell where the geospheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere) intersect, and where a person lives and works. Of the several names available for this complex shell, the term ecosphere most accurately reflects its essence, and therefore is the most appropriate, although not yet generally accepted.

The ecosphere is a worldwide area of integration of the geospheres and society. The ecosphere is an object of geoecology. Geoecology is an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies the ecosphere as an interconnected system of geospheres in the process of its integration with society. Geoecology appeared when human activity became an essential factor in the transformation of the Earth. It is based on a global, global approach, but on this basis, problems of a regional and local nature are no less important. Within the framework of the broad concept of "geoecology" there are many, very diverse, multidisciplinary scientific areas and practical problems. Not surprisingly, the term "geo-ecology" has not yet received a generally accepted definition. It will take some more, perhaps a considerable time, for geoecology to crystallize as a field of scientific knowledge.

At present, two interdisciplinary scientific directions are being formed, intertwined with each other and still poorly differentiated. This is geoecology and nature management.

Nature management is an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies general principles society's use of natural resources and geo-environmental "services". At the same time, the concept of ecological “services” includes a variety of phenomena, such as the processes of maintaining the sustainability of ecological and other natural systems, as mechanisms for the natural self-purification of natural and natural-technogenic systems from pollution, as the complex role of biological systems as a source of renewable resources, a reservoir of biological diversity, the mechanism for maintaining the quality of water and air, the object of enjoying nature, etc. Geoecology and nature management are closely interrelated: without understanding the processes (both natural and anthropogenic) at the global level, sustainable use of natural resources is impossible, while without understanding the problems of using resources, geoecology turns out to be insufficient. The main difference between geoecology and nature management is that the former is more focused on understanding the highly complex system called the ecosphere, while the latter is more focused on the rational use of its resources.

It can be said that geoecology is based to a greater extent on the natural sciences of the Earth, while nature management is based to the same extent on economic sciences, but in both cases these are interdisciplinary areas related to both natural and social sciences. Along with the concept of "ecosphere" there are several other similar concepts used in the literature. As a rule, they are poorly defined, and the boundaries between them are unclear. These are such concepts as the environment, natural environment, geographic shell, biosphere, etc. Since the ecosphere is a global area of integration of nature and society, it differs from the concept of “geographical shell”, which puts the interconnection and interaction of various natural spheres in the first place, or geospheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere).

The expression "environment" is used more often than all other similar concepts. It arose in Russian to designate concepts that reflect interdisciplinary areas of knowledge new to science, concerning the relationship of a person with his environment. It corresponds to: “environment” in English and French, “umwelt” in German, “medioambiente” in Spanish, “ambiente” in Italian. Often there is a need to form an adjective from the phrase “environment”. In Russian, the term “environment” and the term “ecology” correspond to the adjective “ecological”. This creates some confusion in terms. In English, the situation is simpler: the word “environment” corresponds to the adjective “environmental”, which differs in meaning from the word “ecological”, which comes from “ecology”.

Like the ecosphere, the term "environment" emphasizes the relationship of society with its natural environment. Unlike the ecosphere, where the basis is global, and local problems arise on its basis, environmental problems in the concept of “environment” are rather local in nature, and global problems are already being built from them. In addition, human-oriented interests shine through in the name “environment”. Often they even say and write “the human environment”. Thus, the concept of “environment” is anthropocentric, that is, it puts a person at the center of our world, forgetting that a person is a part of nature. The term "ecosphere" is more neutral or even biocentric.

If we imagine the environment as two main components, natural and public, then the term “natural environment” refers to the first.

Sometimes the Earth's ecosphere is presented in the form of three main components: the geosphere, the technosphere and the sociosphere, reflecting, respectively, the natural, technogenic and social parts of the unified Earth system. Such a division seems to be somewhat artificial, mechanistic.

The term “geological environment”, more often used in geology, reflects the interest and involvement of this science in geoecological problems, especially in the problems of interaction between the upper horizons of the lithosphere and human activity. Hence the more correct term “environmental geology”.

In the literature, especially journalistic and scientifically popular, the concept of "biosphere" is often used in relation to the totality of natural phenomena and processes interacting with society. The term "biosphere" most closely corresponds to the concept of "natural environment". It became widespread thanks to V.I. Vernadsky, who, using it, rightly emphasized the exceptional role of living matter in the formation and functioning of the Earth as a system. However, the role of a person in this term is not explicitly defined. In addition, the concept of "biosphere" often also refers to the sphere of living matter as one of the geospheres of the Earth, along with the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere, and confusion in the basic concepts is undesirable. In this book, as in many other publications, the word "biosphere" refers to one of the Earth's geospheres.

2.3 Research area

1) Global geospheric life-supporting cycles - the study of the role of the geospheric shells of the Earth in the global cycles of carbon, nitrogen and water transfer.

2) Global geodynamics and its influence on the composition, state and evolution of the biosphere. Ecological crises in the history of the Earth. Historical reconstructions and forecast of modern changes in nature and climate.

3) Influence of geospheric shells on climate change and ecological state, degassing, geophysical and geochemical fields, geoactive zones of the Earth.

4) Global and regional environmental crises.

5) Interdisciplinary aspects of the survival strategy of mankind and the development of scientific foundations for regulating the quality of the state of the environment.

6) The natural environment and its changes under the influence of urbanization and economic, including mining, human activities: chemical and radioactive contamination of soils, rocks, surface and groundwater, the emergence and development of hazardous industrial processes, induced physical fields, degradation of permafrost, reduction of resources groundwater.

7) Characterization, assessment of the state and management of modern landscapes.

8) Development of scientific bases for the rational use and protection of water, air, land, recreational, mineral and energy resources of the Earth, sanitation and reclamation of land, resource conservation and waste disposal.

9) Geoecological aspects of biodiversity.

10) Geoecological aspects of natural and technical systems. Geoecological monitoring and ensuring environmental safety.

11) Dynamics, mechanism, factors and patterns of development of hazardous natural and techno-natural processes, forecast of their development, hazard and risk assessment, risk management, preventive measures to reduce the consequences of catastrophic processes, engineering protection of territories, buildings and structures.

12) Geoecological substantiation of safe placement, storage and disposal of toxic, radioactive and other wastes.

13) Geoecological aspects of sustainable development of regions.

14) Geoecological assessment of territories: modern methods and methods of geoecological mapping, modeling, geoinformation systems and technologies, databases; development of scientific bases of the state ecological expertise and control.

15) Theory, methods, technologies and technical (including construction) means of assessing the state, protection, restoration and management of natural and technical systems, including agricultural systems.

16) Special environmentally and technically safe structures, structures, construction technologies and modes of operation of facilities and systems in the field of nature management and environmental protection; environmentally friendly urban development.

17) Technical means, technologies and structures for predicting changes in the environment and its protection, for localizing and eliminating negative natural and man-made impacts on the environment.

18) Technical means of control and monitoring of the state of the environment.

19) Technical methods and means of safe disposal, storage and disposal of industrial, toxic and radioactive waste.

20) Theory and methods for assessing the environmental safety of existing and emerging technologies, structures and structures used in the process of nature management.

21) Methods and technical means prompt detection, analysis of the causes and forecast of the consequences of emergencies that threaten environmental safety.

22) Development and improvement of state regulation and standards in nature management, in assessing the state of the environment.

23) Development of scientific and methodological foundations and principles of environmental education.

Conclusion

Modern technologies in geoecological research, such as math modeling natural and natural-anthropogenic systems, the introduction of a fractal approach to their study, automated computer processing of remote sensing data, analytical studies of natural environments, the creation of GIS and other methodological achievements of the Earth sciences of the last few decades have significantly improved the possibilities of scientifically based nature management.

There is also an increase in the integration of Earth sciences precisely when it is necessary to solve the problems of environmental management in conditions of excessive anthropogenic pressure on nature. And the formation of such a wide field of knowledge as geoecology greatly facilitates the search for solutions in the field of management of various divisions of the biosphere. Obviously, such components of geoecology as urban geoecology, agrogeoecology, mining geoecology, forestry geoecology, water management geoecology, etc., as well as wider geoecology of arid territories, geoecology of the North, geoecology of mountainous countries, etc., and, finally, planetary geoecology have great prospects. .

So, geoecology:

Integrates data from many, but especially geological and geographical disciplines in order to better understand the laws of functioning of natural and natural-anthropogenic systems;

A new level of interpenetration of previously formed integral sciences that study geosystems of various, but especially high ranks;

It will also deal with problems connected with the part of the Cosmos seriously affected by human activity;

This is the science of the organization of the biosphere, the supergeosphere containing it and the near-Earth Space, their anthropogenic change, methods of management for the purposes of survival and sustainable development of civilization;

The science of the mechanism and architecture of the environment, using retrospectives and forecasting when necessary.

The emerging geoecology in many ways begins to reveal previously known laws of nature and has approached the discovery of new ones. Thus, it has a powerful impact on the development of society. Geoecology will be one of the major sciences in the next century.

FROMlist of sources used

1. Akimov T.A. Ecology: a textbook for universities / Akimov T.A., Khaskin V.V. - M.: Unita, 1998. - 340 p.

2. Bratkov V.V. Geoecology: Textbook / V.V. Bratkov, N.I. Ovdienko. - M., 2005. - 313 p.

3. Golubev G. N. Geoecology. Textbook for higher students educational institutions. / G.N. Golubev - M.: Publishing House of GEOS, 1999. - 338 p.

4. Gorshkov S.P. Conceptual foundations of geoecology: Tutorial. / S.P. Gorshkov - Smolensk: Publishing House of the Smolensk University for the Humanities, 1998.

5. Kochurov B.I. Geoecology: ecodiagnostics and ecological and economic balance of territories. / B. I. Kochurov - Smolensk: SGU, 1999. - 154 p.

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Definition, object, subject, research tasks

Ecological geology is considered as a new direction that studies the relationship between the lithosphere, biota, population and economy (Garetsky, Karataev, 1995; Teoriya…, 1997; Bgatov, 1993).

The object of study of ecological geology is the near-surface part of the earth's crust - the lithosphere, located mainly in the zone of anthropogenic impact. The lithospheric block includes rocks, relief and geodynamic processes. In the structure of ecological geology, two areas are distinguished - subject and information and methodological.

The subject of ecological geology is the ecological functions of the lithosphere.

Like most geological sciences, ecological geology explores, according to V.T. Trofimov and D.G. Seeling (2000, 2002), three types of problems: morphological, retrospective and predictive.

Morphological tasks are tasks related to the study of the composition, state, structure and properties of the analyzed system, its ecological and geological conditions as a whole. Solving problems of this type allows answering the question: “What kind of system is this, and what qualities does it have?”, As well as obtaining qualitative and quantitative indicators characterizing the current ecological and geological conditions (environments) of the object under study.

Retrospective tasks - tasks facing the past and related to the study (more precisely, restoration) of the history of the formation of the object of study, its formation modern quality. Solving problems of this type allows you to answer the questions: “Why is the object like this? How was it formed?

Predictive tasks - tasks related to the study of behavior, development trends of the system under study in the future under the influence of various reasons natural and man-made origin. Solving problems of this type allows answering the question: “How will the object behave in the future under certain influences?”

As in engineering geology, in environmental geology one has to solve the problems of spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal forecasting of changes in the ecological-geological system under the influence of natural (natural), man-made, or their combined effects. The methodology for solving predictive problems has been developed much less than morphological and retrospective ones.

It has already been shown earlier that ecological geology studies ecological-geological systems. There are four types of these systems (Trofimov and Seeling, 2002):

* natural ecological-geological system is real;

* natural ecological and geological system is ideal;

* natural and technical ecological and geological system is ideal;

* natural and technical ecological and geological system is real.

Relationship of ecological geology with natural sciences

Environmental geology is at the intersection of environmental and geological disciplines

Fig.1

Environmental geology is a synthesis of two interrelated sciences: geological and environmental, which also includes natural, exact, medical and socio-economic disciplines. The central part in it is occupied by geoecology - an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies the environmental aspects of the interaction between nature and society (Yasamanov, 2003)

Structure of geoecology

Ecological geology is developing according to the principle of "greening" the main sections of geology and includes disciplines that study from an ecological point of view:

· composition and properties of the Earth (ecological petrology, geochemistry, hydrogeology, geophysics);

Geological processes (environmental geodynamics);

· the role of organic life in the formation of the lithosphere and mineral deposits (ecology of lithogenesis and ecology of minerals);

geological environment (engineering ecological geology);

· disciplines of methodical content (environmental cartography and geoinformatics).

The main sections of ecological geology are:

· ecological petrology;

ecological geodynamics;

· ecological geomorphology;

· ecological geochemistry;

· ecological geophysics;

· ecological hydrogeology;

special ecological geology, including ecological and geological aspects of design and construction. It can include recreational ecological geology.