Geoecology. The most important indicators of the geological environment are those characterizing its composition, structure and dynamics. Their totality determines the nature and extent of changes in the HS as a result of man-made human activities.

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"Kemerovo State University"

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Department of Ecology and Natural Science

COURSE WORK

on the topic: “Geoecology as a science. Basic concepts of the definition and the history of its development "

Completed:

2nd year student

GE groups - 09

Avezov H.S.

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Novokuznetsk 2012

FROMcontent

Introduction

1. History of development

1.1 Milestones

1.2 History of the development of geoecological knowledge
2. Geoecology
2.1 Directions of geoecology
2.2 Basic concepts
2.3 Research area
Conclusion
List of sources used
ATkeeping
The continuing deterioration of the state of the environment, the degradation of natural life support systems, as well as the emergence of negative trends in economic development and slow societal response has led to a real danger of ecological disaster.
Ecological ideas in science and society and the greening of modern society as a whole are penetrating deeper and deeper, covering new areas of human activity and becoming a priority in the development of civilization. Thus, there was a significant need for the emergence of such a new scientific direction as geoecology.
Geoecology is a relatively young discipline that began to take shape in the middle of the 20th century at the intersection of such fundamental and traditional sciences and their subdivisions as biology and geography. However, in its development, this science overcame many transformations, precisely because of the combination of the most important natural science disciplines (geography, biology, ecology, geology, etc.).
1. History of development
The origin of geoecology is associated with the name of the German geographer Carl Troll (German Carl Troll) (1899--1975), who back in the 1930s understood it as one of the branches of natural science, combining ecological and geographical research in the study of ecosystems. In his opinion, the terms "geoecology" and "landscape ecology" are synonymous. In Russia, the widespread use of the term "geoecology" began in the 1970s, after the famous Soviet geographer V. B. Sochava (1905-1978) mentioned it. As a separate science, it finally took shape in the early 90s of the XX century.
However, paradoxically, this term has not yet received a clear and generally accepted definition, the subject and tasks of geoecology are also formulated in different ways, often very heterogeneously. In practice, in the most general case, they are reduced mainly to the study of negative anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment.
Within the framework of the broad concept of "geoecology" there are many very diverse scientific areas and practical problems. Due to the fact that geoecology covers diverse aspects of the interaction between society and nature, there are different interpretations of its subject, object and content, the range of issues of geoecological research is not defined, there is no generally recognized methodology and terminology base.
1.1 Milestones

In the history of the formation and development of geoecology, 4 main stages can be distinguished:

1) geo accumulation stage environmental knowledge and understanding of existing concepts for the emergence of geoecology as a science (from the 27th century to 1939);

2) the classical stage in the development of the ecological approach in geography associated with the emergence of landscape ecology (from 1939 to 1960);

3) the stage of sectoral and complex geoecological research associated with the integration of geographical and environmental knowledge to solve urgent global and regional environmental problems;

4) the stage of generalization of geoecological knowledge and the development of the methodology of geoecology to implement the concept of sustainable development of modern civilization. More details about the main stages in the development of geoecology can be found in the work of V.B. Pozdeeva (2005).

science system geoecology geography biology

1.2 History of the development of geoecological knowledge

Separate geoecological views existed even before the time of the emergence of geoecology. The English economist Adam Smith in his work "On the Wealth of Nations" (1776) spoke of the fact that people are bound into society by the division of labor. He paid little attention to natural resources as a source of wealth. However, he acknowledged that the Earth is extremely rich in natural resources. These provisions formed the basis of the concept of unlimited wealth of the biosphere.

The English priest Thomas Malthus, in his book An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798), spoke of population growing faster than food production. This may further lead to an ecological crisis associated with food shortages. This provision formed the basis of the concept of the limited resources of the biosphere.

The German scientist Eustace Liebig in the book "Chemistry as Applied to Agriculture and Physiology" (1840) substantiated the theory mineral nutrition plants and thereby substantiated the cycle chemical elements.

The American geographer George Perkins Marsh, in Man and Nature (1864), spoke of the increase in environmental problems. He expressed the idea of limiting negative economic activity on the surrounding nature.

In 1866, ecology appeared as a section biological science. The term "ecology" was first introduced into science by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel. By the term "ecology" he meant "the sum of knowledge relating to the economics of nature."

The French geographer Elise Reclus developed this idea in his book Land and People (1876). He spoke about the need to respect the natural forces and natural resources of the Earth.

In 1875, the Austrian geologist Edward Suess first used the term "biosphere", including in this concept the totality of all living organisms on the planet.

Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov in the article "Climate and National economy”(1891) wrote that adverse natural phenomena (drought, dry winds, frosts, etc.) can be overcome by steppe afforestation, water reclamation.

Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev, a professor at St. Petersburg University, developed the doctrine of the soil as a natural historical body (1903). The soil plays a huge role in the life of living organisms and at the same time the soil is a product of the vital activity of living organisms.

In 1922, the English geologist Robert Sherlock published Man as a Geological Agent. It discusses in detail anthropogenic changes in the lithosphere. Mining developments are presented as anthropogenic denudation, the formation of dumps as anthropogenic accumulation.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky made a fundamental contribution to such issues as the doctrine of global biogeochemical cycles, the role of living matter in the development of the biosphere, and human activity as a geological force. The main provisions are set out in the works "Biosphere" (1926) and "Noosphere" (1944).

Academician Alexander Evgenievich Fersman was one of the first to start talking about the problem of geochemical impact on the natural balance. He is the founder of a new scientific direction - the geochemistry of technogenesis.

In 1968, the Italian industrialist Aurelio Pecci assembled a group of scientists who studied global problems. This group of scientists was called the Club of Rome. Since 1968, the reports of the Club of Rome began to be published. The first study for it was carried out by American scientists Dennis and Donella Meadows in 1972 under the title "The Limits to Growth". The authors analyzed the scenario of global development using mathematical modeling. They came to the conclusion that the quantitative growth of the population, production natural resources, the development of production, the increase in production waste and pollutants will come into conflict with the limited possibilities of the Earth. Therefore, humanity must change the strategy of its existence.

The second report "Humanity at the Crossroads" was prepared in 1975 by M. Meserovich (USA) and E. Pestel (Germany). The authors analyzed the regional world problems and came to the conclusion that passive adherence to spontaneous development leads to death, so the world should no longer develop spontaneously. The spontaneous development of the world leads to an ever-widening gulf that underlies the current crisis: between man and nature, between rich and poor. Catastrophe can be avoided only by eliminating these gaps.

The third report "Restructuring the International Order" was prepared by the Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen and co-authors and showed the possibility of combining local and global goals.

The fourth report "Goals for a Global Society" was prepared by the philosopher E. Laszlo and illuminated two fundamental questions: "what are the goals of mankind?" and “do we agree to prefer the development of spiritual human qualities to material growth?”. Thanks to the efforts of the Club of Rome, public awareness of world problems has increased. The club was the first to move from analyzing and diagnosing the state of our civilization to finding and recommending means and ways out of the current crisis situations.

In 1987 Mrs. Prime Minister of Norway Gro Harlem Brutland prepared a report "Our Common Future" to the UN General Assembly. The report proclaimed a strategic course for the sustainable development of society.

It is important to note that representatives of different scientific disciplines consider geoecology from different positions, as a rule, contradictory ones.

In the 1980s, geologists proposed interpreting geoecology as a new field of knowledge that studies regular relationships between living organisms, including humans, man-made structures, and the geological environment (Kozlovsky et al., 1989).

According to S.V. Klubova and L.L. Prozorova (1993), geoecology is a science that studies the laws of interaction between the lithosphere and the biosphere, taking into account the specifics of man and his activities.

A similar point of view is shared by M.M. Sudo (1999): "... Geoecology is a synthetic science that studies the impact on the geological environment of natural geological processes and anthropogenic (technogenic) activities."

According to academician V.I. Osipov (1993), geoecology is an interdisciplinary science about the environmental problems of the geospheres, a "triumvirate" of the Earth sciences - geography, geology and geoecology.

Later, the synthesis of geology and ecology was proposed to be called ecological geology. According to N.A. Yasamanov (2003) “environmental geology is a science that studies the laws of interaction between the lithosphere and the biosphere, reveals the geological role and geoecological specifics of all external geospheres of the Earth, clarifies the ecological role of the mantle and the earth’s core, and takes into account the specifics of the geological role of man and his economic activity.”

Geographers and ecologists adhere to a different point of view.

According to V.S. Zhekulina (1989), geoecology is the science of territorial ecosystems, just like geography, it is an interdisciplinary science and contains elements of natural and socio-economic sciences.

N.F. Reimers (1990) believes that geoecology is a branch of ecology (according to other views - geography) that studies ecosystems (geosystems) of high hierarchical levels - up to and including the biosphere. Synonyms: landscape ecology, sometimes biocenology.

In the understanding of G.N. Belozersky et al. (1994), geoecology is a science that studies irreversible processes and phenomena in the natural environment and biosphere resulting from intense anthropogenic impact, as well as the consequences of these impacts close and remote in time. This definition of geoecology allows us to consider it a geographical science; moreover, it is one of the most modern sections of geographical knowledge, being, in essence, its integral form.

From the point of view of V.T. Trofimova et al. (1994, 1995), geoecology is a metascience whose object is ecosystems (and not geospheres, as in V.I. Osipov). Somewhat later, in 1997, these authors define geoecology as an interdisciplinary science that studies the composition, structure, patterns of functioning and evolution of natural (natural) and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems. high levels organizations. Along with these approaches, they develop the ideas of ecological geology.

According to A.G. Emelyanova (1995), geoecology is a scientific discipline about the interaction of geographical, ecological and socio-productive territorial systems.

T.A. Akimov and V.V. Haskin (1998) define geoecology as a science that studies the relationship between organisms and the environment in terms of their geographical location. It includes: environmental ecology - air, terrestrial (land), soil, freshwater, marine, transformed by man; ecology of natural and climatic zones - tundra, taiga, steppes, deserts, mountains, other zones and their smaller subdivisions - landscapes (ecology of river valleys, sea coasts, swamps, islands, coral reefs, etc.). Geoecology is also ecological description different geographical areas, regions, countries, continents. The joint field of bioecology and geoecology is the doctrine of the biosphere - biospherology - the main content of global ecology.

G.N. Golubev (1999) defines geoecology as an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies the ecosphere as an interconnected system of geospheres in the process of its integration with society.

According to V.V. Bratkova and N.I. Ovdienko, geoecology is a direction at the intersection of geography and ecology, which explores the natural (natural) environment of a person not in its original form, but in the form in which it currently exists, that is, taking into account the deformations that all private geographic shells, as well as the biosphere and landscape shell as a result of human economic activity. The human-modified environment, in turn, also imposes restrictions on the development of human society, both in terms of the human environment and in terms of the resources used by society.

2. Geoecology

Geoecology is a complex system of sciences about the integration of the geospheres and society, at the intersection of ecology and geography.

Geoecology is divided into general, applied and regional.

General geoecology studies general, global processes and phenomena. It includes ecogeomorphology, subsoil ecology, atmospheric ecology, hydroecology, etc.

Processes and phenomena associated with the formation and change of geoecosystems in certain areas of economic activity are studied by applied geoecology (agroecology, urban ecology, forestry, recreational, water ecology, etc.).

Regional geoecology studies the processes and phenomena occurring in specific territories used in economic activity (geoecology of administrative-territorial formations, geoecology of natural zones, geoecology of hydrogeological and river basins, etc.).

Applied geoecological studies are carried out for the ecological justification of economic activity in the development of investment documentation (programs for sectoral and territorial development, programs for the integrated use and protection of natural resources, engineering protection schemes for the territory, district planning schemes), urban planning documentation (development of general plans for settlements, detailed planning projects) , project documentation(development of projects and working documentation for the construction of buildings and engineering structures, land use projects) and for the organization of environmental monitoring.

2 . 1 Directions of geoecology

It is possible to single out at least two major directions in understanding the term "geoecology", the subject, goals and objectives of this science:

1. Geoecology is considered as the ecology of the geological environment. With this approach, geoecology studies the regular relationships (direct and reverse) of the geological environment with other components of the natural environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, evaluates the impact of human economic activity in all its diverse manifestations and is considered as a science at the intersection of geology, geochemistry, biology and ecology .

2. Geoecology is interpreted as a science that studies the interaction of geographical, biological (environmental) and socio-production systems. In this case, geoecology studies the environmental aspects of nature management, issues of the relationship between man and nature, it is characterized by the active use of systemic and synergetic paradigms, the evolutionary approach. Here, geoecology is considered as a science at the intersection of geography and ecology.

There are a number of other views on geoecology. Thus, one can single out different interpretations depending on what science (geography or ecology) the author takes as the basis of geoecology. A number of authors consider geoecology as an ecologized geography that studies the adaptation of the economy to the enclosing landscape. Others are part of ecology, which studies the consequences of the interaction of biotic and abiotic components.

Many scientists consider geoecology the result of the modern development and synthesis of a number of sciences: geographical, geological, soil, and others. These authors advocate a broad understanding of geoecology as an integral science of ecological orientation, studying the patterns of functioning of anthropogenically modified ecosystems of a high level of organization.

2. 2 Obasic concepts

three roots Greek origin linked together in the word "geoecology": GEO/ECO/LOG/iya. The root of a word can be considered as a hieroglyph denoting a concept. In the middle is a root derived from the Greek “oikos”, i.e. "house".

This is a home for living beings of different levels: species, their combinations that form ecosystems, biomes as large spatial biological systems, and the totality of the living matter of the Earth that makes up the biosphere.

In this case, we mean the relationships and interconnections both within the “house” and between the “house” and the world around it. Hence the basis of geoecology: the study of the Earth as a system, with a special interest in global (global) issues, inevitably located in the overlapping areas of both natural and social sciences.

This is the “home” for human society from the very beginning of its inception. However, in recent times, especially in recent decades, humanity has become such a powerful, elemental, global force that it not only lives in its home, but also transforms it with its actions, up to the destruction of its individual components. The importance of the concepts behind the root “oikos” and related to humanity is exponentially increasing on a historical time scale. Anthropogenic impacts are increasingly becoming irreversible, and even catastrophic. The word "ecology" began to mainly reflect the complex relationship between man and nature. Another meaning of this word, used since 1866 by E. Haeckel, denotes a branch of biology that studies the interdependencies between living beings and their environment.

The root "geo" in the word "geoecology" goes back to the Greek goddess of the Earth Gaia. It traditionally embraces the geosciences, emphasizing their unity and interdependence. The root “geo” puts the Earth as a whole in the first place, emphasizing the need to understand, first of all, general earthly, global processes, and then, on this basis, phenomena of a lower hierarchical level related to individual regions and localities, or processes.

In the simplest case, the root “geo” seems to represent inanimate nature, while the root “eco” denotes its living part. In this sense, the combination of "geoeco" actually reflects the unity of inanimate and living nature. The combination of “geoeco” also reminds us of the dependence of the state of our “home”, that is, the Earth, on human activity.

The root "logos" denotes science, or the study of something, both in the natural and social sciences, and in this sense it is extremely widely used.

Geoecology does not deal with the Earth as a whole, but only with a relatively thin surface shell where the geospheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere) intersect, and where a person lives and works. Of the several names available for this complex shell, the term ecosphere most accurately reflects its essence, and therefore is the most appropriate, although not yet generally accepted.

The ecosphere is a worldwide area of integration of the geospheres and society. The ecosphere is an object of geoecology. Geoecology is an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies the ecosphere as an interconnected system of geospheres in the process of its integration with society. Geoecology appeared when human activity became an essential factor in the transformation of the Earth. It is based on a global, global approach, but on this basis, problems of a regional and local nature are no less important. Within the framework of the broad concept of "geoecology" there are many, very diverse, multidisciplinary scientific areas and practical problems. Not surprisingly, the term "geo-ecology" has not yet received a generally accepted definition. It will take some more, perhaps a considerable time, for geoecology to crystallize as a field of scientific knowledge.

At present, two interdisciplinary scientific directions are being formed, intertwined with each other and still poorly differentiated. This is geoecology and nature management.

Nature management is an interdisciplinary scientific direction that explores the general principles of the use of natural resources and geoecological “services” by society. At the same time, the concept of ecological “services” includes various phenomena, such as the processes of maintaining the sustainability of ecological and other natural systems, as mechanisms for the natural self-cleaning of natural and natural-technogenic systems from pollution, as the complex role of biological systems as a source of renewable resources, a reservoir of biological diversity, the mechanism for maintaining the quality of water and air, the object of enjoying nature, etc. Geoecology and nature management are closely interrelated: without understanding the processes (both natural and anthropogenic) at the global level, sustainable use of natural resources is impossible, while without understanding the problems of using resources, geoecology turns out to be insufficient. The main difference between geoecology and nature management is that the former is more focused on understanding the highly complex system called the ecosphere, while the latter is more focused on the rational use of its resources.

It can be said that geoecology is more based on the natural sciences of the Earth, while nature management is based on the economic sciences to the same extent, but in both cases these are interdisciplinary areas related to both natural and social sciences. Along with the concept of "ecosphere" there are several other similar concepts used in the literature. As a rule, they are poorly defined, and the boundaries between them are unclear. These are concepts such as the environment, natural environment, geographic envelope, biosphere, etc. Since the ecosphere is a global area of integration of nature and society, it differs from the concept of “geographical envelope”, in which the interconnection and interaction of various natural spheres, or geospheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere ).

The expression "environment" is used more often than all other similar concepts. It arose in Russian to denote concepts that reflect interdisciplinary areas of knowledge new to science, relating to the relationship of a person with his environment. It corresponds to: “environment” in English and French, “umwelt” in German, “medioambiente” in Spanish, “ambiente” in Italian. Often there is a need to form an adjective from the phrase “environment”. In Russian, the term “environment” and the term “ecology” correspond to the adjective “ecological”. This creates some confusion in terms. In English, the situation is simpler: the word “environment” corresponds to the adjective “environmental”, which differs in meaning from the word “ecological”, which comes from “ecology”.

Like the ecosphere, the term "environment" emphasizes the relationship of society with its natural environment. In contrast to the ecosphere, where the basis is global, and local problems arise on its basis, environmental problems in the concept of “environment” are rather local in nature, and global problems are already being built from them. In addition, human-oriented interests shine through in the name “environment”. Often they even say and write “the human environment”. Thus, the concept of “environment” is anthropocentric, that is, it puts a person at the center of our world, forgetting that a person is a part of nature. The term "ecosphere" is more neutral or even biocentric.

If imagine environment in the form of two main components, natural and social, then the term "natural environment" refers to the first.

Sometimes the Earth's ecosphere is presented in the form of three main components: the geosphere, the technosphere and the sociosphere, reflecting, respectively, the natural, technogenic and social parts of the unified Earth system. Such a division seems to be somewhat artificial, mechanistic.

The term “geological environment”, more often used in geology, reflects the interest and involvement of this science in geoecological problems, especially in the problems of interaction between the upper horizons of the lithosphere and human activity. Hence the more correct term “environmental geology”.

In the literature, especially journalistic and scientifically popular, the concept of “biosphere” is often used in relation to the entire population. natural phenomena and processes interacting with society. The term "biosphere" most closely corresponds to the concept of "natural environment". It became widespread thanks to V.I. Vernadsky, who, using it, rightly emphasized, thus, the exceptional role of living matter in the formation and functioning of the Earth as a system. However, the role of a person in this term is not explicitly defined. In addition, the concept of "biosphere" often also refers to the sphere of living matter as one of the geospheres of the Earth, along with the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere, and confusion in the basic concepts is undesirable. In this book, as in many other publications, the word "biosphere" refers to one of the Earth's geospheres.

2.3 Research area

1) Global geospheric life-supporting cycles - the study of the role of the geospheric shells of the Earth in the global cycles of carbon, nitrogen and water transfer.

2) Global geodynamics and its influence on the composition, state and evolution of the biosphere. Ecological crises in the history of the Earth. Historical reconstructions and forecast of modern changes in nature and climate.

3) Influence of geospheric shells on climate change and ecological state, degassing, geophysical and geochemical fields, geoactive zones of the Earth.

4) Global and regional environmental crises.

5) Interdisciplinary aspects of the survival strategy of mankind and the development of scientific foundations for regulating the quality of the state of the environment.

6) The natural environment and its changes under the influence of urbanization and economic, including mining, human activities: chemical and radioactive contamination of soils, rocks, surface and groundwater, the emergence and development of hazardous industrial processes, induced physical fields, degradation of permafrost, reduction of resources groundwater.

7) Characterization, assessment of the state and management of modern landscapes.

8) Development of scientific bases for the rational use and protection of water, air, land, recreational, mineral and energy resources of the Earth, sanitation and reclamation of land, resource conservation and waste disposal.

9) Geoecological aspects of biodiversity.

10) Geoecological aspects of natural and technical systems. Geoecological monitoring and ensuring environmental safety.

11) Dynamics, mechanism, factors and patterns of development of hazardous natural and techno-natural processes, forecast of their development, hazard and risk assessment, risk management, preventive measures to reduce the consequences of catastrophic processes, engineering protection of territories, buildings and structures.

12) Geoecological substantiation safe accommodation, storage and burial of toxic, radioactive and other wastes.

13) Geoecological aspects of sustainable development of regions.

14) Geoecological assessment of territories: modern methods and techniques of geoecological mapping, modeling, geoinformation systems and technologies, databases; development of scientific bases of the state ecological expertise and control.

15) Theory, methods, technologies and technical (including construction) means of assessing the state, protection, restoration and management of natural and technical systems, including agricultural systems.

16) Special environmentally and technically safe structures, structures, construction technologies and modes of operation of facilities and systems in the field of nature management and environmental protection; environmentally friendly urban development.

17) Technical means, technologies and structures for forecasting changes in the environment and its protection, for localization and elimination of negative natural and man-made impacts on the environment.

18) Technical means of control and monitoring of the state of the environment.

19) Technical methods and means of safe disposal, storage and disposal of industrial, toxic and radioactive waste.

20) Theory and methods for assessing the environmental safety of existing and emerging technologies, structures and facilities used in the process of nature management.

21) Methods and technical means of prompt detection, analysis of causes and prediction of consequences emergencies threatening environmental safety.

22) Development and improvement of state regulation and standards in nature management, in assessing the state of the environment.

23) Development of scientific and methodological foundations and principles of environmental education.

Conclusion

Modern technologies in geoecological research, such as mathematical modeling of natural and natural-anthropogenic systems, the introduction of a fractal approach to their study, automated computer processing of remote sensing data, analytical studies of natural environments, the creation of GIS and other methodological achievements of the Earth sciences of the last few decades have significantly improved possibilities of scientifically substantiated nature management.

There is also an increase in the integration of Earth sciences precisely when it is necessary to solve the problems of environmental management in conditions of excessive anthropogenic pressure on nature. And the formation of such a wide area of knowledge as geoecology greatly facilitates the search for solutions in the field of management of various divisions of the biosphere. Obviously, such components of geoecology as urban geoecology, agrogeoecology, mining geoecology, forestry geoecology, water management geoecology, etc., as well as wider geoecology of arid territories, geoecology of the North, geoecology of mountainous countries, etc., and, finally, planetary geoecology have great prospects. .

So, geoecology:

Integrates data from many, but especially geological and geographical disciplines in order to better understand the laws of functioning of natural and natural-anthropogenic systems;

A new level of interpenetration of previously formed integral sciences that study geosystems of various, but especially high ranks;

Will also address issues related to the seriously affected human activity part of the Cosmos;

This is the science of the organization of the biosphere, the supergeosphere containing it and the near-Earth Space, their anthropogenic change, methods of management for the purposes of survival and sustainable development of civilization;

The science of the mechanism and architecture of the environment, using retrospectives and forecasting when necessary.

The emerging geoecology in many ways begins to reveal previously known laws of nature and has approached the discovery of new ones. Thus, it has a powerful impact on the development of society. Geoecology will be one of the major sciences in the next century.

FROMlist of sources used

1. Akimov T.A. Ecology: a textbook for universities / Akimov T.A., Khaskin V.V. - M.: Unita, 1998. - 340 p.

2. Bratkov V.V. Geoecology: Textbook / V.V. Bratkov, N.I. Ovdienko. - M., 2005. - 313 p.

3. Golubev G. N. Geoecology. Textbook for higher students educational institutions. / G.N. Golubev - M.: Publishing House of GEOS, 1999. - 338 p.

4. Gorshkov S.P. Conceptual foundations of geoecology: Tutorial. / S.P. Gorshkov - Smolensk: Publishing House of the Smolensk University for the Humanities, 1998.

5. Kochurov B.I. Geoecology: ecodiagnostics and ecological and economic balance of territories. / B. I. Kochurov - Smolensk: SGU, 1999. - 154 p.

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The origin of geoecology is associated with the name of the German geographer K. Troll, who, back in the 30s of the last century, understood it as one of the branches of natural science, combining ecological and geographical research in the study of ecosystems. In his opinion, the terms "geoecology" and "landscape ecology" are synonymous. In Russia, the widespread use of the term "geoecology" began in the 1970s, after it was mentioned by the famous Soviet geographer V.B. Sochavoy. As a separate science, it finally took shape in the early 1990s of the twentieth century.

However, this term has not yet received a clear and generally accepted definition, the subject and tasks of geoecology are also formulated in different ways, often very heterogeneously. In the most general case, they are reduced mainly to the study of negative anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment.
Within the framework of the broad concept of "geoecology" there are many very diverse scientific areas and practical problems. Due to the fact that geoecology covers diverse aspects of the interaction between society and nature, there are different interpretations of its subject, object and content, the range of issues of geoecological research is not defined, there is no generally recognized methodology and terminology base.
There are at least two major directions in understanding the term "geoecology", in the vision of the subject, goals and objectives of this science:

Geoecology is considered as the ecology of the geological environment, while the terms "geoecology" and "ecological geology" are considered synonymous. With this approach, geoecology studies the regular relationships (direct and reverse) of the geological environment with other components of the natural environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, evaluates the impact of human economic activity in all its diverse manifestations and is considered as a science at the intersection of geology, geochemistry, and ecology. At the same time, the ecological functions of the lithosphere (the concept was introduced by V.T. Trofimov and D.G. Ziling in 1994) is understood as the whole variety of functions that determine and reflect the role and significance of the lithosphere, including The groundwater, oil, gases, geophysical fields and the geological processes occurring in it, in the life support of the biota and, mainly, the human community.
Geoecology is interpreted as a science that studies the interaction of geographical, biological (environmental) and socio-production systems. In this case, geoecology studies the environmental aspects of nature management, issues of the relationship between man and nature, it is characterized by the active use of systemic and synergetic paradigms, the evolutionary approach. Here, geoecology is considered as a science at the intersection of geography and ecology.

There are a number of other views on geoecology. Thus, one can single out different interpretations depending on what science (geography, geology, geochemistry or ecology) the author takes as the basis of geoecology. A number of authors consider geoecology as an ecologized geography that studies the adaptation of the economy to the enclosing landscape. Others are part of geochemistry, which studies the effects of interactions between biotic and abiotic components.

Many scientists consider geoecology the result of the modern development and synthesis of a number of sciences: geographical, geological, soil, and others. These authors advocate a broad understanding of geoecology as an integral science of ecological orientation that studies the patterns of functioning of anthropogenically modified ecosystems of a high level of organization.

The extensive development of industry in the second half of the 20th century led to the intensive accumulation of chemical elements in the near-surface part of the lithosphere in concentrations that are not typical for the environment for the existence of living organisms. The problem of their diagnostics and identification was successfully solved in the collective work of the Institute of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Crystal Chemistry of Rare Elements (IMGRE). Simultaneously with this school, approaches to diagnosing and ranking anomalies of lack of vital elements in the "soil-plant" system developed in Russia. The leading role in the formation of this direction belongs to the team of the Geochemical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. V.I.Vernadsky and employees of his regional centers. In the works of V.V. Kovalsky, V.V. Ermakov, M.A. Risha, B.A. Aidarkhanov, A.M Khakimova. and others. Much attention is paid to the study and mapping of biogeochemical provinces of deficiency and imbalance of biophilic ones, i.e. vital elements. The leading parameters for diagnosing the quality of lithogeochemical anomalies are biogeochemical indicators, including biosubstrates of plants and animals. School of Ecological and Geochemical Research, Lomonosov Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov is represented by the works of creative teams led by N.S. Kasimov, (urbanized territories), I.A. Avessalomova (mining regions), N.P. Solntseva (oil-producing regions), etc., the main basis for constructing ecological and geochemical maps is the doctrine of landscape geochemistry. A series of calculated indicators reflecting the intensity of migration in the "soil-plant" system is widely used. A variety of approaches to ecological and geochemical assessments of territories, on the one hand, made it possible to develop a basis for integrated research, and on the other hand, at the present stage, it began to introduce a certain dissonance into the docking and comparison of the results obtained by various creative teams. An analysis of the modern criteria base indicates the need for active implementation of the methodology of various natural science schools into the practice of ecological and geochemical research. Only their integrated use makes it possible to objectively identify the entire range of geochemical environmental risk factors that reduce the comfort of the territory for the existence of an ecosystem and human habitation.

Geoecology studies the relationship between organisms and the environment in terms of their geographical location and the influence of geographical factors. It includes: the ecology of the inhabitants of different environments (terrestrial, soil, freshwater, marine, transformed by man); natural and climatic zones (tundra, taiga, steppes, deserts, tropical forests, etc.); landscapes (river valleys, seashores, swamps, islands, mountains, coral reefs, etc.). Geoecology also includes an ecological description of various geographical areas, regions, countries, continents.[ ...]

Geoecology. Textbook for students of higher educational institutions. - M.: Publishing House of GEOS, 1999. - 338 p.[ ...]

Geoecology and nature management are closely interconnected: without understanding the processes (both natural and anthropogenic) at the global level, sustainable use of natural resources is impossible, while without understanding the problems of resource use, geoecology is insufficient. The main difference between geoecology and nature management is that the former is more focused on understanding the highly complex system called the ecosphere, while the latter is more focused on the rational use of its resources. It can be said that geoecology is more based on the natural sciences of the Earth, while nature management is based on the economic sciences to the same extent, but in both cases these are interdisciplinary areas related to both natural and social sciences.[ ...]

Geoecology studies the biospheric shells of the Earth, including the underground hydrosphere, as components of the environment, mineral base biosphere and the changes taking place in them under the influence of natural and man-made processes.[ ...]

Geoecology as an interdisciplinary scientific direction is still being formed, and the activity of mankind, transforming the ecosphere, will inevitably require further development of this direction.[ ...]

GEOECOLOGY - a practical section of ecology that studies ecosystems of hierarchical levels - from the landscape to the biosphere inclusive; engaged in the study of regional and global changes in the components of the natural environment due to technogenic impact; in concrete practice, the object of study is ecosystems or their constituent parts: soils, surface and underground waters, surface atmosphere, and rocks.[ ...]

Geoecology (geographical, or landscape, ecology) is a branch of ecology based on the application of ecological laws to geographical processes, in relation to ecosystems of high levels of hierarchy. The subject of study of geoecology are large ecosystems - biogeocenoses, biosphere.[ ...]

Geoecology is the science of the interaction of geographical, biological and socio-production systems. G. pays special attention to the anthropogenic processes of environmental destabilization and devastation of land, the development of recommendations for rational environmental management and nature protection.[ ...]

Geoecology is the science of spatio-temporal patterns of interaction between communities and the natural environment.[ ...]

In geoecology, we can observe all the above types of behavior of natural-social systems.[ ...]

Often, geoecology is considered as a kind of receptive discipline that provides scientific justification and recommendations for adapting the economy to natural conditions. In this case, the subject of geoecology can be considered the problem of macroorganization of the biosphere, the issues of hierarchical subordination of its macrosystems in connection with the need for scientifically based use of natural resources and nature protection (Gorshkov, 1992).[ ...]

Fundamentals of Geoecology: Textbook / Ed. V.G. Morachevsky. SPBU, 1994.352 p. Environmental Protection: Textbook / A.M. Vladimirov, Yu.I. Lyakhin, A.T. Matveev, V.G. Orlov.[ ...]

The term "geoecology" began to be approved especially quickly for these reasons and partly thanks to the efforts of the encyclopedic scientist N.F. Reimers. He suggested calling classical ecology bioecology in order to distinguish it from social ecology and geoecology.[ ...]

Osipov V.I. Geoecology is an interdisciplinary science about the environmental problems of the geospheres. Geoecology, 1993, N 1, p. 4-18.[ ...]

Engineering geoecology is one of the sciences of the ecological cycle, which studies and evaluates the interactions between structures and the environment. Each structure under construction - ground, underground or above ground during the period of construction and operation violates the natural balance of the geological environment, a new ecosystem is formed, which positively or negatively affects the environment.[ ...]

Gavrilov V.P. Geoecology - a new branch of geological and environmental knowledge//Materials of the Scientific and Technical Council of JSC "Gazprom" "Main directions for creating a system of industrial environmental monitoring of RAO" Gazprom ", its development and pilot implementation." - Saratov, July 1998 / IRC Gazprom. - 1998. - S. 167-175.[ ...]

From the point of view of geoecology, consumption is understood as the use by society of the resources of the ecosphere: a) physical resources (mineral raw materials, products of the functioning of the biosphere, water, air, etc.), b) the “services” of its life support systems (absorption and processing of waste), c) “ services” to ensure the basic mechanisms of the biosphere (global biogeochemical cycles). Consumption is aimed at satisfying material and, indirectly, some spiritual needs. Other concepts used to indicate the degree of use of resources and systems of the ecosphere are wealth, or prosperity, or standard of living.[ ...]

Of particular importance in geoecology is the section, the subject of which is the oil and gas resources and the consequences caused by their development.[ ...]

Most of the problems of geoecology are connected in one way or another with the pedosphere. Chemical changes in the atmosphere and the resulting consequences depend on the participation of soil in the global biogeochemical cycles of matter. The state of the oceans, marginal and inland seas and, in particular, coastal zones is largely determined by the removal of sediments, dissolved and suspended chemicals with runoff from the continents. And in the formation of the runoff of all these substances, as well as the actual liquid runoff, the soil cover and its condition play a very important role.[ ...]

N.M. Frolov believes that geoecology is one of the parts of ecology that studies the consequences of the interaction of living things with the environment, and in terms of volume it is divided into the ecology of the geographic shell and the ecology of the Earth's interior.[ ...]

However, it would be better to say: geoecology is the science of the natural environment in connection with its anthropogenic changes.[ ...]

The first scientist who used the word "geoecology" was the German geographer K. Troll, and in Russia - VB Sochava, who wrote about it in 1970. Our compatriot explained the appearance of the new term by the desire of K. Troll to reflect the ecological orientation of landscape science. VB Sochava emphasized that the typology of forests, pastures and other agricultural lands would greatly benefit if it were built on a landscape-ecological basis. Thus, the term widely used today by naturalists was originally purely geographical.[ ...]

But there is also a second one. We read on p. 60 that geoecology "is an interdisciplinary geological science aimed at solving environmental problems of various levels and scales that manifest themselves in the lithosphere or in processes caused by the interaction of the lithosphere with the deep spheres of the Earth, in particular with the asthenosphere".[ ...]

The joint field of bioecology and geoecology is the doctrine of the biosphere - biospherology.[ ...]

Thus, in all definitions of geoecology, the main idea is to focus on the close relationship between human economic activity and the bowels of the Earth and the need to study the consequences of anthropogenic impact on the geological environment.[ ...]

The purpose of the course is to give a holistic view of geoecology as an integration of two sciences - geography and ecology, which studies the spatial and temporal features of the interaction between society and nature, and to show a geographical picture of the manifestation of environmental problems and situations on the territory of Russia and the CIS countries. In addition, it is important to show that environmental assessment and mapping is the information basis for sustainable environmentally sound development.[ ...]

V.M. Shestakov sees the natural scientific content of geoecology in the study of processes in the natural and technical system “geosphere - biosphere” during human economic activity. Geological and geographical approaches, in his opinion, are the main ones in geoecology. given.[ ...]

The book presented to the reader by the team of the laboratory of geoecology of the Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources sums up the results of many years of research into environmental problems in Central Siberia. It is devoted to the assessment of the ecological aspect of the sustainable development of the region, which, as is known, along with the socio-economic, ensures the balanced coexistence of man and nature.[ ...]

To assess the state of the environment, the staff of the Department of Geoecology and Nature Management of St. Petersburg University conducted bioindicative studies. On the territory of Monchegorsk in 2002, a monitoring network of 40 sites, approximately equal in area, was laid. Borders are drawn along the streets and avenues. Along the main street - Metallurgov Ave. - 15 reference areas (EP) have been laid. On each section, a description was made according to the plan: building characteristics, traffic intensity, road width, road surface, availability of public gardens, household plots, type of green spaces, characteristics of woody, shrubby vegetation and grass-shrub layer. In the presence of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), the age and class of needle chlorosis, the condition of the pine, and the height of the peeled off crust were determined. Soil sampling was carried out at a depth of 0-10 cm using the envelope method in accordance with GOST 17.4.4.02-84. On the territory of the city, samples were taken of the bark and needles of Scots pine, blueberries (Vaccinium myrtillus), lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and mushrooms (boletus Leccinum auranticum and boletus L. scabrum). When assessing the condition of the needles, the following scale was used: 6 points - 100%, healthy needles, 5 points - damage to the tips of the needles by chlorosis, 4 points - yellowed ends and necrotic points, 3 points - threads of chlorosis along the entire length of the needles, 2 points - almost all surface, 1 point - necrosis.[ ...]

Let's try to understand whether such an unusual interpretation of "geoecology" can be used. We are talking about the interaction of the lithosphere with the system upper lithosphere - hydrosphere - lower atmosphere. We see that the lithosphere (1st object) is top forms the lower level of the biosphere. Consequently, a part of the 2nd object is at the same time a share of the 1st. It turns out a paradox, as if it were necessary to study the interaction of the rider and the horse, but instead of them there would be a centaur. This is a commentary on the first definition of "geoecology" by the mentioned authors.[ ...]

At the same time, one cannot fail to note the mutual enrichment of ideas in the field of geoecology of the Russian and German schools of landscape science. So in 1967, the book by E. Neef was published in the German Democratic Republic “ Theoretical basis Landscape Science” (published in Russian in 1974). This work, as well as studies in the field of landscape ecology (geoecology) by K. Troll and landscape culture by G. Richter, very clearly defined the tasks and approaches to research natural complexes and their anthropogenic modifications. Thus, domestic anthropogenic landscape science received an additional impetus for development thanks to the knowledge of the experience and theoretical developments of German scientists.[ ...]

The textbook is compiled in accordance with the standard university program of the discipline "Geoecology". The foundations of geoecology, an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies the ecosphere as an interconnected system of geospheres in the process of its integration with society, are outlined. The natural and socio-economic factors of the ecosphere, the problems of global changes, geoecological problems of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere are considered. Geoecological aspects of natural-technogenic systems are given. In the light of the problem of the survival of mankind, interconnected global problems of a crisis nature (geoecological, demographic, water, energy, food, mineral resources) are considered.[ ...]

In the collective monograph "Fundamentals of Geoecology" (1994) we read: "Geoecology is a science that studies irreversible processes and phenomena in the natural environment and biosphere, arising as a result of intense anthropogenic impact, as well as the consequences of these impacts close and remote in time." Apparently, here we are talking about nature in general and living nature (the biosphere in the understanding of E. Suess) - in particular. Thus, geoecology is understood as the science of anthropogenic changes in living and inanimate nature.[ ...]

Distinctive feature The geoecological view of PTS lies in the fact that the main object of geoecology is the study of the relationship between the actual technical system and the nature penetrating it, while the analysis of environmental processes in an enterprise (transport system, settlement, agricultural field, etc.) refers to engineering, agronomy, architecture and other applied fields of knowledge. The object of geoecology can be the interaction of oil pipelines and the environment in the Arabian Desert or the Siberian swampy forest-tundra on permafrost, while the issues of the functioning of mechanisms and engineering systems in these specific natural conditions belong to the category of engineering ecology. However, it is difficult to draw a clear boundary between engineering ecology and geoecology of natural-technogenic systems.[ ...]

In connection with the sharp deterioration of the ecological situation in the world, the solution of the problems of geoecology, the science of the interaction of the technosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and biota, has acquired particular importance (Fig. 1). The most important element This interaction is a biological factor that determines the state of the biota and is the subject of biogeoecology. Below, within the framework of bioecology, mathematical models of the state of biological populations in conditions of environmental pollution during oil and gas production will be considered.[ ...]

In the most complete and systematized form, this approach was reflected in the publication of V.I. Osipov. By geoecology, he understands the science that studies the geospheric shells of the Earth as components of the environment under the influence of natural and man-made factors. At the same time, he notes that specialists are interested in the role of the geological environment in the development of the biosphere, i.e. ecological aspects of the geological environment.[ ...]

The same is noted, albeit with a reservation in N.F. Reimers's (1990) reference dictionary "Nature management", where we read: "Geoecology is a section of ecology (according to other views - geography), exploring ecosystems (geosystems) of high hierarchical levels - up to biosphere inclusive" (p. 95). It is very important in the quote that the study of geosystems, especially at the regional and global level, is the prerogative of geoecology. This means that two large branches modern natural science- geography and geology can claim the role of basic geoecological disciplines, since the first deals with geosystems of the earth's surface - territorial and aquatic, and the second - with geosystems of the lithosphere.[ ...]

But there was the first with the inclusion of the entire biosphere in the object of study. And for all its odiousness, it clearly elevates geoecology to an interdisciplinary level. In short, according to S.V. Klubov and JI.JI. Prozorov, geoecology studies the interaction of the lithosphere and the biosphere to solve environmental problems associated either with the use of the first (i.e., the earth's firmament - S.G.), or - with interaction of the lithosphere with deeper depths. Therefore, the main object of geoecological research is not even the entire lithosphere, but only part of it - the geological environment, which can be "every territory on Earth, represented by a complex set of rocks and creating geological conditions for the life of flora and fauna (including humans), with its relief, processes and phenomena that arise and change in interaction with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and internal spheres of the Earth, as well as under the influence of anthropogenic (technogenic) processes" (pp. 83-84).[ ...]

The fourth position on the geospheres expands our interpretation and it is necessary to agree with it. V.T. Trofimov, D.G. Ziling, T.I. Averkina are in favor of a broad understanding of the term "geoecology". They consider it as an integral science of ecological orientation, studying the patterns of functioning of anthropogenically modified ecosystems of high levels of organization. The focus of geoecology on the study of fairly large geosystems, one way or another connected with human activity, is the undoubted core of this science, which is emphasized by the co-authors.[ ...]

In this part, we will consider the main geoecological problems of individual geospheres of the Earth. But since all the major problems of geoecology go far beyond the scope of one geosphere, the distribution of material among geospheres is largely due to the convenience of presentation.[ ...]

Underground monitoring is more strictly called geoecological M (GEM). The first scientist to use the word "geoecology" was the German geographer K. Troll, who wanted to use this term to reflect the ecological orientation of landscape science. Thanks to the efforts of the encyclopedist N.P. Reimers, classical ecology was often called bioecology in order to distinguish it from social and geoecology.[ ...]

So, unfortunately, we have to evaluate the main conclusions of an interesting and very informative book by S.V. Klubov, JI.JI. Prozorov (1993). The authors write that "geoecology is a science that studies the laws of interaction between the lithosphere and the biosphere, taking into account the specifics of man and his activities (p. 60). The definition is such that it is necessary to inform: they interpret the biosphere according to V.I. Vernadsky, i.e. ... as an area covered by active life, which includes the lower atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper lithosphere.[ ...]

Such areas of geography as botanical and zoological geography are developing independently. A specific section of geographic ecology has been formed, which is otherwise called geoecology or landscape ecology.[ ...]

Another positive point is the strengthening of the integration of the Earth sciences precisely when it is necessary to solve the problems of environmental management in conditions of excessive anthropogenic pressure on nature. And the formation of such a wide area of knowledge as geoecology greatly facilitates the search for solutions in the field of management of various divisions of the biosphere. Obviously, such components of geoecology as urban geoecology, agrogeoecology, mining geoecology, forestry geoecology, water management geoecology, etc., as well as wider geoecology of arid territories, geoecology of the North, geoecology of mountainous countries, etc., and, finally, planetary geoecology have great prospects. .[ ...]

In connection with the foregoing, the author proposes a method for studying and optimizing cellulose sulphate technologies, in which there is a redistribution of pollutants between the liquid, solid and gas phases. The developed approach is quite universal and can be recommended for wide application in geoecology in order to optimize the technological cycles of various industries.[ ...]

Without taking into account the above-grounded principle in the name of the sciences, contradictions arise in their content. One of the applicants for the degree of candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences proposed a "geoecological method" of mapping, with the help of which "ecological and geological maps" are created. Moreover, the scientific specialty 250036 "Geoecology", according to the title, should refer to biology, not geology.[ ...]

In universities, the natural and humanitarian faculties teach various environmental disciplines, students are trained in the specialty "geoecology". In schools, curricula include environmental courses (“Fundamentals of Ecology”, “Ecology of Russia”, “Ecology of the City”, etc.). All this was the main reason for writing this ecological dictionary-reference book.[ ...]

QUALITY OF LIFE - 1) a set of natural and social conditions that provide (or do not provide) a complex of human health. i.e., the correspondence of the living environment to the needs of people, integrally reflected by the average life expectancy, measure of health and the level of morbidity (physical and mental), standardized for a given population group; 2) compliance of the living environment with the socio-psychological attitudes of the individual. In the social sense, the concept expresses such aspects as the degree of social and spiritual freedom, political relations, the nature of property, the characteristics of the economy, ideologies, the attitude of the individual to work, etc. The systematizing factor K. Zh. is health (individual, public, family, professional), which is determined by six main components: morbidity and associated life expectancy (mortality), consumption (geoecology and production hygiene are associated with it), risk as a socio-biological phenomenon, offspring ( family), medical and sanitary state of health care) and, finally, information support of a person (press, radio, television, communication). Consumption and healthcare are socio-economic indicators.[ ...]

Market principles of environmental management represent the introduction of mechanisms based on the distribution of rights (quotas) for pollution, compensation payments between natural and subsoil users and are essentially economic methods, but quite organically related to administrative and legal ones. As the experience of many industrialized countries has shown, the user of natural resources, the culprit of the violation of the natural balance, must pay for pollution and restoration of the environment. The scheme can be something like this: the state only sets the limits of the permissible technogenic load on specific territories and regions in accordance with their ability to self-recovery and self-regulation, i.e. evaluates the value of their natural resource, and thus determines environmental quotas (“pollution quotas”). Further, these quotas are sold as securities on the exchange and over-the-counter markets. In countries with developed market economies, there is a whole network of special environmental exchanges and banks for this purpose.

- a branch of science that studies the interaction between man and the environment, but this definition was not immediately formed. The term " geoecology"was first introduced into geography in 1966, and this was done by the German scientist K. Troll.

A separate existence sciences - geoecology dates back to the beginning of the nineties of the 20th century. Despite the lack of a generally accepted clear definition of this term, all variations of the wording - geoecology come down to negative influence anthropogenic impacts on the environment.

The concept of " geoecology» includes a large number of various scientific directions and practical problems. This is due to the fact that geoecology considers various aspects of the interaction between nature and society, and two main directions can be distinguished from a variety of areas:

as the ecology of the geological environment. This approach makes it possible to study the relationship between the geological environment and its natural components - the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, as well as to assess the impact of various human activities. This direction is considered from the point of view of biology, geology, geochemistry, ecology.
, as a science that studies the interaction of systems: biological, geographical, social and industrial. This direction geoecology considers issues of nature management, the relationship between man and nature in the form of a symbiosis of geography and ecology.

The task of geoecology consists in finding an acceptable and reasonable compromise for categories that are constantly in conflict, like nature, population, production.

Problems of geoecology

Global geoecological problems are the result of a change appearance Earth vigorous activity person. The modern period is characterized by a significant intensity human impact, if we evaluate the scale and depth of changes in landscapes and natural components. The influence of man on nature and the processes occurring in it, landscapes is manifested in the movement of huge masses, the violation of the heat and water regime of the surrounding territories, the migration of chemical elements and biological balance. For example, hundreds of billions of tons of rocks are annually mined from the bowels of the Earth, the atmosphere loses 16 billion tons of oxygen, household needs require more than 3.5 thousand cubic meters of water, more than 9 billion tons of bioproducts are produced.

Here are some facts of geoecology for 2012:

intimidating

Every hour, the population of the earth increases by 9100 people, which requires significant raw materials.
The intensive development of agriculture has led to the deforestation of 80% of the tropical forests of the entire planet.
More than 43% of the Earth's ice-free surface has been transformed due to anthropogenic activities (construction, industry, Agriculture and etc.).
The Intergovernmental Committee that studies climate change predicts that by 2030 more than 3.9 billion people on the planet will experience an acute lack of water, and by 2050 their number will exceed 2/3 of the world's population.
Over the past forty years, the number of vertebrate populations has decreased by almost a third. Such frightening figures were the result of a study of just over 9,000 populations of 2,688 species of birds, fish, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.
Water resources around the world are actively used by man. And out of 177 rivers, the length of which is more than 1000 kilometers, only one third is not spoiled by hydraulic structures.
Employees of the Economic Cooperation Organization in their report noted that by 2050 humanity will receive most of the energy (85%) from fossil fuels, and greenhouse gas emissions in volume will increase by 50%.
Russia in the world ranking in terms of associated gas flaring and irrational use of natural resources has overtaken even Nigeria. Russia's share is one third of the annual flaring of associated natural gas. It's about 15 billion cubic meters, for 20 billion US dollars.
Since 1970, the area covered by arctic ice decreased by 13% every decade.
The Potsdam Institute published data that the annual rise in the level of the World Ocean, according to research, is 3.2 millimeters.

encouraging

Renewable energy sources in Scotland provide a third of the energy needed by the country.
By 2027, the European Union, actively developing the direction of alternative energy, plans to increase the share of energy generated from alternative sources to 20%.
The Russian North is an untouched protected area and so far continues to be a "world ecological reserve" and a "civilization reserve". Anthropogenic change in the territory of the North in terms of area ranges from 3 to 10%.
University of Vermont specialist Austin Troy established the relationship between green space and crime in the city of Baltimore. The study found that a 12% increase in green urban areas resulted in a decrease in crime.

Encouraging and frightening data is far from complete, and, probably, it makes no sense to enumerate the entire list of negative factors of human influence on the environment. Much more important for future generations is the second list, which can prove to the inhabitants of the planet that the time for reckless, spontaneous use of the planet's resources has already passed. Nature management can be carried out using scientific methods geoecology, taking into account the complex processes that occur in the natural environment without the participation, or with the participation of man. Since we are an integral part of nature and are increasingly influencing it, the rational use and protection of natural resources is an important environmental direction.

DEFINITION AND CONTENT OF GEOECOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

The term "geoecology" has been used in ecology, geography, geology for more than 80 years to designate a field of interdisciplinary knowledge. However, its universal, generally accepted definition is not yet available.

The keen interest in this science on the part of researchers from various scientific fields, the wide scope of problems predetermine some disagreements in understanding the content of this scientific direction.

Let us turn to the etymology of the term "geoecology", which, in our opinion, is considered in sufficient detail in the textbook by G.N. Golubeva (2006). The word "geoecology" consists of three roots of Greek origin.

The root "geo" comes from the Greek "Gaga", the name of the Greek goddess of the Earth Gaia, traditionally covers the sciences of the Earth, emphasizing their unity and interdependence, and at the same time puts the Earth as a whole in the first place, causing the need to understand, first of all, the general earth, global processes, and then, on this basis, phenomena of a lower hierarchical level related to individual regions and localities.

The root "eco" comes from the Greek "oiKoq" (oikos), i.e. "house". And it means that within the framework of geoecology, the Earth is considered as a home for living beings of different levels: species, their combinations that form ecosystems, biomes as large spatial biological systems, and the entirety of the living matter of the Earth. From this follows the definition of the main task of geoecology: the study of the Earth as a system, with priority attention to global (global) issues. And in such a formulation, the intersection within the framework of geoecology of the spheres of interest of both natural and social sciences is inevitable.

The root "geo" identifies inanimate nature, while the root "eco" denotes its living part. In this combination, the combination of "geoeco" reflects the unity of inanimate and living nature.

The root "log" comes from the Greek "Howos,"(logos) - a word, teaching and is part of compound words, meaning science, knowledge, teaching. This root is used quite widely to denote the name of the sciences of both the natural and social cycles, for example, geology, biology, philology, sociology, etc.

Thus, based on the etymology of the term, geoecology is the science of the unity of animate and inanimate nature, or, in other words, the science of the house called "Earth".

If we consider the meaning of the words that make up the term “geoecology” under consideration, then the term “ecology” originally proposed by Ernest Haeckel in 1866 meant the knowledge of the “economics of nature”, the simultaneous study of all the relationships of living things with organic and inorganic components of the environment. Ecology was understood as a science that studies all the complex relationships in nature, considered as conditions for the struggle of species for existence, and also represents a branch of biology that studies the interdependencies between living beings and their environment. The modern understanding of ecology is somewhat broader.

The first scientist to use the actual term "geoecology" was the German geographer K. Troll, who understood it as one of the branches of natural science that combines ecological and geographical studies in the study of ecosystems. In his opinion, the terms "geoecology" and "landscape ecology" as a branch of geography are synonymous.

Troll Carl - Troll Carl (1899-1975). German physical geographer, since 1930 professor of colonial and "overseas" geography at the University of Berlin, since 1938 professor of geography and director of the Geographical Institute of the University of Bonn (in 1960-1961 rector of the university). President of the International Geographical Union (1960-1964). Participated (since 1926) in expeditions to the mountainous regions of North and South America, Africa, and Central Asia. The main works on the study of relief, climate, vegetation and their relationships, especially in mountainous and tropical countries, as well as on the problems of landscape ecology. Founder of landscape ecology (1939), or geoecology (1968), as a study of the interaction of relief, climate, vegetation and human society.

During the period of ecological "alarmism" that began in the 1950s, all the problems of the interaction of technically armed humanity with the environment began to be attributed to the field of ecology. However, the term "ecology", on the one hand, began to denote the scientific direction proposed by E. Haeckel, and on the other hand, the science of the interaction of society and nature. With regard to its second function, it was extremely wrong to attribute ecology to the biological field of knowledge, since the scientific roots of the so-called big ecology were mainly formed outside of biology. In this regard, there is a need to designate a new scientific direction and determine its difference from ecology itself, as a branch of biology. Quite actively, such a process began to occur in the late 60s of the XX century, when the active use of the term "geoecology" began.

In Russia, the widespread use of the term "geoecology" began in the 1970s, after it was mentioned by the famous Soviet geographer V.B. can be reflected (including negatively) on the state of other geospheres of the Earth. In this understanding, the content of geoecology was fundamentally different from that introduced by K. Troll and, in essence, represented a new geological science. However, V.B. Sochava was not destined to further develop this scientific direction.

Viktor Borisovich Sochdva (1905-1978). Russian geographer, geobotanist and landscape scientist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He worked at the Biological Museum, the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Arctic Institute (Leningrad). In 1938-1958. - teacher (since 1944 - professor) of Leningrad State University, in 1959-1976. - Director of the Institute of Geography of Siberia and the Far East of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Irkutsk), in 1976-1978. - Senior Research Fellow at the Institute.

The founder of the Siberian geographical school, the creator of a new direction in geographical science - the doctrine of geosystems. He singled out the topological, regional and planetary scales of geosystems and created their fractional hierarchical classification. The Institute of Geography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Irkutsk bears his name.

And yet, given the urgent need for the emergence of such a science and partly due to the efforts of the scientist-encyclopedist N.F. Reimers, the term "geoecology" began to assert itself especially quickly in the 80-90s of the last century. N. F. Reimers proposed calling classical ecology "bioecology" in order to distinguish it from social ecology and geoecology. Geoecology, according to N.F. Reimers, is a branch of ecology that studies ecosystems (geosystems) of high hierarchical levels - up to and including the biosphere.

In the last quarter of the XX century. the term became widely used in almost all natural sciences, lost its clarity and became a term of "free use". The term "geoecology" since the 1980s.

appeared in the names of some departments and even faculties of Russian universities, on the covers of books, magazines, as well as in the titles of lecture courses. It is believed that as a separate science, geoecology finally took shape in the early 90s of the XX century.

During the time that has passed since the beginning of the formation of this scientific direction, a fairly large number of prominent scientists have addressed the definition of its content. However, the meaning of the word "geoecology" is still interpreted differently. To date, the most complete analysis of the formation of the conceptual base of this scientific direction is made in the works of V.T. Trofimov. At one time (2009), the so-called "paradoxes" of this new dynamically developing science were identified, which in a simplified form are reduced to six simple positions, such as:

1) "many-sided" understanding of the content of the term;
2) "multifaceted" understanding of the structure as a science;
3) the absence of clearly defined theoretical tasks;
4) ambiguous attitude to the need to assess the state of biota;
5) ambiguous attitude to the need to study the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors;
6) the lack of development of the question of the interdisciplinary nature of science.

Starting with the last of the "paradoxes" listed, let's characterize the current situation in the development of geoecology as a science. At present, no one doubts that geoecology is an interdisciplinary science. In the development of this scientific direction geography and geology had a certain priority. It is also generally accepted that today stand-alone study phenomena and processes of nature from the standpoint of individual scientific disciplines turns out to be inadequate.

In addition, it should be noted that since geoecology, as a complex interdisciplinary science, considers the environmental consequences of the influence of processes occurring in the Earth's geospheres on the state of living organisms (which, in fact, gives an answer to the fourth of the above "paradoxes") that inhabit our planet , then, considering the mutual influence of processes in the geospheres of the Earth on the existence of man as one of the representatives of living beings on the planet, geoecology cannot completely exclude from its consideration socio-economic aspects this influence.

In general, geoecology in many ways begins to reveal previously known laws of nature and has approached the discovery of new ones. Thus, it has a powerful impact on the development of society. Without a doubt, geoecology can be classified as one of the most important areas of knowledge designed to ensure the survival of mankind. And it is not for nothing that in his works one of the prominent contemporary scientists, S.P. Gorshkov (2001), noted that geoecology is becoming one of the main sciences of the 21st century.

Consistent disclosure of the remaining positions associated with the designated V.T. Trofimov "paradoxes" of modern geoecology, will be given in the subsequent presentation of the material of this textbook.

Let us consider the main modern interpretations of the content of geoecology as a science, proposed by various authors.

So, according to V.I. Osipova (1997), geoecology - this is a science that studies the geospheric shells of the Earth as components of the environment and the mineral basis of the biosphere and the changes taking place in them under the influence of natural and technogenic factors, as well as the inorganic matter of the biosphere and the changes taking place in it. Living matter (including man) is not the object of its study. We cannot fully agree with the last statement, because without considering the impact of changes occurring in the inorganic matter of the biosphere, geoecology loses its ecological focus and turns into a traditional science of the Earth. However, living matter proper is quite rightly not an object of study of geoecology. The influence of processes in inorganic matter is revealed through the subject of geoecology. It is the system of knowledge about the influence (at the first stages, an elementary assessment of the influence) of these processes on living organisms that should become the subject of study of geoecology.

V.T. Trofimov (2002) geoecology interpreted as an interdisciplinary science that studies the ecological functions of the abiotic spheres of the Earth, the patterns of their formation and spatio-temporal changes under the influence of natural and technogenic causes in connection with the life and activity of the biota and, above all, humans. This definition very successfully reflects all aspects in the content of the concept of geoecology, but it is often difficult for students to understand. The main difficulty is the scope of the concept invested in the idea of "ecological functions of abiotic spheres". However, this definition can be taken as a basis and, as geoecology develops, should become the main one.

G.N. Golubev (2006) geoecology determined as an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies the system of interconnected geospheres of the Earth in the process of their integration with society. Such an interpretation of the content of geoecology, unfortunately, does not remove those indicated above, in the wording of V.T. Trofimov, the "paradoxes" of this science, since it does not disclose positions related to the need to consider the influence of processes occurring in the Earth's geospheres on Yu

living and the need to study the impact of both anthropogenic and natural factors.

In the formulation of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation(formula of the scientific specialty "Geoecology" - 25.00.36) (http://vak.ed.gov.ru) geoecology is an interdisciplinary scientific direction that combines the study of the composition, structure, properties, processes, physical and geochemical fields of the Earth's geospheres as a habitat for humans and other organisms. In the disclosure of the content of this specialty, it is indicated that geoecology orients researchers:

to study biologically significant natural and anthropogenic changes in the natural environment;
study of complex natural processes occurring under various anthropogenic impacts;
identification of limiting anthropogenic loads on natural systems.

And such an interpretation fully satisfies modern ideas about the content of geoecology as a science. In addition, positions that reveal the content of the discipline can be considered as tasks of this science, with one caveat: in the last two positions there is no need to clarify that only anthropogenic impacts and loads are considered (highlighted in italics).

Geoecology is an interdisciplinary branch of knowledge that considers the environmental consequences of natural and anthropogenic processes occurring in the Earth's geospheres.

Of course, as geoecology develops, the definition of this science will improve.

It should also be noted that geoecology appeared when human activity became an essential factor in the transformation of the Earth. It is based on a global, global approach, but on this basis, problems of a regional and local nature are no less important.

Speaking about the content and main attributes of geoecology as a science, namely the object and subject of its study, it should be emphasized that, according to most researchers, this science does not deal with the Earth as a whole, but only with a relatively thin surface shell where the geospheres intersect. (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere) and where a person lives and works. In relation to this complex shell, G. N. Golubev proposed the term "ecosphere", which most accurately reflects its essence. However, this term is not generally accepted. Ecosphere, according to G.N. Golubev, is a worldwide area of integration of geospheres and society. According to this author, the ecosphere is object of study in geoecology.

Along with the concept of "ecosphere" there are several other similar concepts used in the literature. As a rule, they are poorly defined, and the boundaries between them are unclear. These are such concepts as “environment”, “natural environment”, “geological environment”, “geographic shell”, “biosphere”, “sociobiotechnosphere”, etc. Let us briefly consider the content and correlation of these concepts, comparing them with the term “ecosphere” in order to further define the object of study of geoecology as a science.

The term "environment" is used more often than other similar concepts. It arose in Russian to designate concepts that reflect new interdisciplinary areas of knowledge for science, relating to the relationship of a person with his environment. It corresponds to: "environment" in English and French, "umwelt" in German, "medio ambiente" in Spanish, "ambiente" in Italian. Often there is a need to form an adjective from the phrase "environment". In Russian, the term "environment" and the term "ecology" correspond to the adjective "ecological". This creates some confusion in terms. In English, the situation is somewhat different: the word "environment" corresponds to the adjective "environmental", which differs in meaning from the word "ecological", which comes from "ecology". The term "environment" emphasizes the relationship of society with its natural environment. Environmental problems in the concept of "environment" are still local in nature, and global problems are already being built from them. In addition, the term "environment" clearly expresses human-oriented interests. Often they even say and write "the human environment." Thus, the concept of “environment” is anthropocentric, i.e. it puts man at the center of our world, forgetting that man is a part of nature.

If we imagine the environment in the form of two main components, natural and social, then the term "natural environment" refers to the first, i.e. "natural environment" is part of the environment. And for this term, all the same remarks made regarding the term "environment" are valid.

The term “geographical envelope”, widely used in geography, is understood as an integral and continuous shell of the Earth, where its constituent parts - the upper part of the lithosphere (the earth's crust), the lower part of the atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere), the hydrosphere and biosphere, as well as the anthroposphere - penetrate into each other. each other and are in close interaction, between them there is a continuous exchange of matter and energy. Proposed by G.N. Golubev, the term "ecosphere" is a global area of integration of nature and society and differs from the concept of "geographical shell", in which the interconnection and interaction of various natural spheres, or geospheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere) is put in the first place.

The term "geological environment", introduced by E.M. Sergeev (1979) and more often used in geology, reflects the interest and involvement of this science in geoecological problems, especially in the problems of interaction between the upper horizons of the lithosphere and human activity. The geological environment is the upper part of the lithosphere, which is considered as a multicomponent dynamic system that is under the influence of human engineering activities, and which, in turn, determines this activity to a certain extent. Obviously, the geological environment is only one of the parts of the object of study of geoecology as a science.

In the literature, especially in journalistic and popular science literature, the concept of "biosphere" is often used as applied to the totality of natural phenomena and processes interacting with society. The biosphere is the shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms and transformed by them. It includes almost the entire hydrosphere, the lower part of the atmosphere and the upper part of the earth's crust. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined by the presence of conditions necessary for the life of various organisms. The term "biosphere" most closely corresponds to the concept of "natural environment". This term became widespread thanks to the works of V.I. Vernadsky, who, using it, rightly emphasized the exceptional role of living matter in the formation and functioning of the Earth as a system. However, this term does not explicitly define the role of a person. In addition, the concept of "biosphere" often also refers to the sphere of living matter as one of the geospheres of the Earth, along with the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.

The term “sociobiotechnosphere”, used by M.A. Vodyanova et al. (2010) is not clearly defined, but based on its composition, it is a kind of shell in which three subsystems interact: social, biotic, and technical. In such an interpretation, the natural component is excluded or put into the background from this shell. However, it is quite obvious that the influence of the natural component is decisive in shaping the conditions for the existence of life on Earth.

From the above consideration, we note that to date, an unambiguous idea of the object of study of this science has not been formed. The greatest difficulty, in our opinion, lies in identifying the boundaries of that complex shell, which is the object of study of geoecology. It is quite obvious that the processes taking place in the deep shells of the Earth, as well as the processes of a cosmic nature, have a significant impact on the organisms inhabiting the Earth. Therefore, when solving specific problems, the boundaries of consideration can vary significantly.

Let us present the author's ideas about the main attributes of geoecology as a science, which make it possible to largely avoid the previously discussed uncertainties. We will be as object of study geoecology consider the Earth's ecosystem with all its components. Subject same study define as a system of knowledge about the response of the Earth's ecosystem to the impact of internal and external factors. In turn, the Earth's ecosystem is a combination of three subsystems:

abiotic spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and pedosphere);
living organisms;
sources of impact of natural and man-caused origin.

The peculiarity of the inclusion of a person in the ecosystem of the Earth leads us to the need to include socio-economic aspects in the range of issues considered by geoecology, since a person, unlike other representatives of the biota, is characterized by the presence of moral qualities and a rigid structure of the social system.

In accordance with these ideas, we will try to present in subsequent chapters the substantive part of geoecology as a science.