Differences between organic and mineral fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizers for plant nutrition

Any gardener knows: to get good harvest plants need to be fed. But what?

Many people think that the most the best top dressing- it's a cow. Like, this is a natural fertilizer, which means that it has everything that plants need.
But this statement is only partly true. Mullein contains a lot of nitrogen, but there are no other nutrients. How to correct this imbalance?

Of course, with the help mineral fertilizers. Feeding "mineral water" can quickly eliminate nutritional deficiencies. But you need to learn how to determine by some symptoms: what exactly is missing for this or that plant.

IF NOT ENOUGH NITROGEN

Nitrogen deficiency is a fairly common situation. In this case, the leaves on the plants are small and pale, and the plants themselves turn yellow and wither. They may bloom prematurely, but the peduncles are weak and there are few flowers.

With a lack of nitrogen, garlic turns yellow ahead of time. lower leaves cabbages turn pinkish-yellow and fall off. At white cabbage an elongated stalk is formed, cauliflower lays weak inflorescences. In cucumbers, the whips become yellow, and the fruits acquire a hooked shape with a pointed tip.

Return plants to life will help 1 tbsp. a spoonful of urea dissolved in 10 liters of water. With this solution, you need to spray the plants, as well as feed them under the root. Literally after three to four days, the signs of nitrogen starvation usually disappear. And to enhance the effect, before the next watering, you need to sprinkle the beds with ammonium nitrate at the rate of 50 g per 1 m2.

IN DEFICIENCY - POTASSIUM

With a lack of potassium in the soil, the edges of the leaves turn white in the plants, and then they become brown and dry. This phenomenon was called marginal burn.

If there is not enough potassium for a long time, the stems of plants become weak and easily fall down. Cucumber leaves become convex, and the edges are bent down.

Potassium starvation is eliminated with a solution of potassium chloride (50 g per 10 liters of water). The plants are sprayed with this solution, and 50-70 g of potassium sulfate are scattered under the root and the beds are well watered.

PHOSPHORUS URGENTLY NEEDED

Phosphorus starvation is not as common as nitrogen or potassium starvation. With a lack of phosphorus, the leaves become dull dark green in color. On their underside, the color becomes bluish-green, purple or purple shades. This is especially noticeable along the veins.

In tomato seedlings, the stems also become bluish-green. Reddish and purple spots may appear. The leaves begin to fall off, dried leaves turn black. In this case, the shoots become thin, and growth slows down.

Plants can be cured by applying double superphosphate(30 g per 1 m2 of beds).

BOR FOR GROWTH AND BEAUTY

The deficiency of this microelement is most often experienced by plants. With a lack of boron, the growth points of the stems are primarily affected. Stems and leaves are twisted. And in cucumbers, the fruits are also bent. Zucchini and zucchini become rough and gritty. In white cabbage, cavities appear in the stalk, and cauliflower inflorescences become loose, turn brown, and small leaves grow through them.

Beetroot loses its ability to store - it rots either in the garden, or already during storage. Carrots are covered with black marks - damage.

All problems are solved by adding 3 g boric acid per 1 m2 of beds.

Mineral fertilizers are not only effective, but also very easy to use. In order, for example, to outside root dressing, just dissolve them in water and let stand. Then pour the solution into plastic bottle with a sprinkler - and you can proceed. Root top dressing is easy to carry out with garden watering can. And in order to measure the right amount of fertilizer, you can use the simplest measuring instruments - a glass and a spoon.

Organic fertilizers for the garden: their types and characteristics, feeding options.

Despite the positive useful features organic fertilizers, non-compliance with the rules and regulations for their application can lead to damage to the soil and plants. The correct approach to this issue will ensure that you get the maximum benefit from such fertilizers.

cow dung

It is one of the most common types of organics, as it can significantly improve the structure of the earth, make it more breathable and moisture-intensive. characteristic feature this fertilizer is considered to be quite long term actions - up to 7 years. Finding such fertilizers is quite easy, unlike, for example, peat. At the same time, many gardeners and gardeners do not know about the insidious side of this fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied no more than 1 time in 4 years. It follows from this that per 1 sq. m plot is made no more than 4 kg. The annual introduction of cow manure leads to an excess of substances in the soil, especially nitrogen. With heavy watering, organic residues decompose more intensively, which leads to the release of large amounts of nitrogen, and this, in turn, oversaturates our vegetables with nitrates.
The introduction of manure is allowed only after it has pereperet well, since fresh manure is a source of various diseases, pests, and it also contains weed seeds, which cause a lot of trouble for gardeners.

In addition, during the initial decomposition of fresh manure, gas and heat are released in large quantities, which, combined with nitrogen, push the plant that has not yet had time to mature to increased growth. This leads to its weakening and inability to form suitable for long-term storage harvest.
When fertilizing acidic soils with cow dung, it should be remembered that it acidifies the earth even more. In such cases, it is preferable horse dung, or cow dung should be combined with liming.
If manure is applied to landing pit, you need to ensure that there is no contact of manure with the root of the plant in order to avoid a burn that will slow down the development of the seedling.

Bird droppings.

In terms of its nutritional value, bird droppings are compared with complex mineral fertilizers. It contains nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus, as well as bacteriophages, which allows you to simultaneously fertilize and disinfect the earth, since bacteriophages successfully suppress many pathogens. At the same time, there are a number of rules for the use of this type of fertilizer:

Bird droppings contain uric acid in large quantities, so they do not bring it into fresh, and in combination with turf or peat. You can also prepare a tincture of litter on the water, which must be kept for 10 days. The mixture is applied to well-moistened soil and begins to act no earlier than a week later. Therefore, it is recommended to sprinkle a small layer of earth on top.
Like many organic fertilizers, bird droppings can be applied as the main fertilizer. In this case, the application rate is up to one and a half kg per 1 sq. m. Such a filling is valid for up to 3 years. In spring and summer, you can feed the plants three times a season.

Peat.

Peat is not particularly popular among gardeners, although it can loosen the soil and improve its water-absorbing properties just as well as manure. Peat differs in its sufficient poverty of nutrients and stinginess in the return of nitrogen. In this regard, it is used as compost, adding it to organic mineral additives.

Peat is rarely brought in fresh - it must first be weathered (3 weeks) in order to transfer harmful oxide compounds of aluminum and iron into neutralized oxide forms in air. To prevent moisture withdrawal from the soil, it is recommended to apply peat moistened up to 60%.

If for some reason you do not have additional organic fertilizers for the garden and you decide to use peat as the main fertilizer, then in this case it is necessary to close it up with a full bayonet of a shovel. You can make peat both in spring and in autumn time of the year. You should know that peat is of three types: high, intermediate and lowland. The last two are used as fertilizer, and the horse is used to shelter plants in winter.

Peat has important feature: it tends to acidify the soil. When introducing it into acidic soil, it is recommended to use ash, dolomite flour or lime for deoxidation.

Compost.

At home, you can harvest organic fertilizers with your own hands. So, for example, to prepare compost, you will need a compost pit and vegetable garden waste.

This organic fertilizer can rightfully be considered a full-fledged replacement for humus. Compost contains nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, and various trace elements. It has a positive effect on the vital activity of beneficial microflora.

In no case should semi-mature compost be introduced into the soil due to the content of pathogens and weed seeds in it. However, it is allowed to feed seedlings with semi-ripe compost.

This type of fertilizer in the first year of maturity is rich in nitrogen. It is not recommended to sow plants that tend to accumulate nitrates during the first few years after its introduction. These plants include radishes, beets, lettuce. You should be aware that the compost is not rich in magnesium and calcium, which it is desirable to use additionally.

Also likes to live in compost harmful insect Medvedka and, if it is imported from someone else's garden, you should find out if there are such pests there.

Ash.

It's no secret that ash is an excellent organic fertilizer. However, not everyone knows that it has some features, ignorance of which can harm the soil on your site.

Ash is rich in potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, boron, molybdenum, manganese and other elements, however, it does not contain nitrogen. In this regard, fertilizers that contain nitrogen must be applied to the soil. It should be remembered that the simultaneous application of ash and nitrogen-containing fertilizers provokes the formation of ammonia harmful to plants.

Ash is a powerful soil deoxidizer, and therefore, when it is introduced into slightly acidic soil, it must be done very carefully. Also, you can not add ash to feed young seedlings, which do not yet have 3 leaves.

Top dressing with organic fertilizers.

For each type of plant, fertilizing with organic fertilizers has its own individual characteristics:

Cucumbers respond gratefully to fertilizing with dung mash, that is, water with manure fermented in the sun.

Cabbage during the growing season requires two feeding with wood ash.

Carrots in the case of poorly developing crops respond gratefully to fertilizing with solutions bird droppings or slurry. Moreover, the first top dressing should be carried out in the phase of 3-4 leaves.

Tomatoes. The first top dressing with organic fertilizers is carried out 20 days after the seedlings were planted, the second - during the blooming of flower brushes, and the third - with a general abundant flowering bushes. Liquid mullein is excellent as a fertilizer.

Eggplants are fed two weeks after the seedlings were planted, and then during the flowering period. Such a fertilizer vegetable crops, like slurry and chicken manure, is great for eggplant.

Have a generous harvest!!!

Fertilizing the soil requires certain knowledge. Everything matters here: the timing, the amount and type of nutrients, the needs of the plants that will be planted in the beds. An excess of fertilizers, as well as a deficiency, leads to a decrease in yield and a deterioration in product quality. This applies not only to vegetable crops, but also to ornamental crops, the beauty of which largely depends on the composition of the soil. The first thing a beginner gardener needs to know is the difference between organic and mineral fertilizers.

Organic fertilizers are waste products of plant and animal origin. This is, first of all, manure, bird droppings, infusions of mullein and nettle, compost and peat. They contain large amounts of phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and potassium, as well as other elements necessary for the normal development of plants. Any organic materials can be used as such fertilizers:

sawdust;
grass;
river silt;
green manure plants;
vegetable and fruit peelings;
straw;
feces.

Before being introduced into the soil, organic matter must be sufficiently rotted, so all waste should be composted in advance, and the duration of this process directly depends on the type organic materials. On average, it takes 4 to 8 months to overheat. Slurry and bird droppings are preliminarily diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10, and only then they are used to feed plants.

pros	Minuses
Organic contains many useful trace elements	A high concentration of fertilizer negatively affects plants, saturates them with nitrates
Improves soil structure, makes it looser	Danger of soil contamination by nematodes, fungi or helminths
Organic fertilizers are available and inexpensive	The distribution of organic matter over the site requires some effort and time.
Slowly decompose in the soil, which provides a longer effect	Strong and very unpleasant odor

Preparation of organic fertilizers practically does not require material costs. For example, to make compost, you just need to choose a flat area on the site. small size(1x2 m, 1.5x1.5 m) and for convenience, protect it with slate or boards.

After that, the space is gradually filled with plant residues - weeds, straw, peelings, fallen leaves. Periodically, the compost heap is watered with water so that its contents overripe, and do not dry out in the sun, and shovel every 3-4 months. Thanks to such actions, the compost acquires uniformity, beneficial worms and microorganisms multiply in it.

Nutrients, getting into the soil, contact with particles of humus and penetrate into root system during complex metabolic reactions. Thanks to this, plants absorb only what they need, and grow strong, resistant to adverse weather and diseases. The harvest in such conditions may not be maximum, but it is environmentally friendly, well stored, the fruits are tasty and fragrant, with a high content of vitamins and microelements.

Inorganic compounds that contain nutrients have long been used in agriculture and have surpassed organics in some ways. Depending on the composition, these fertilizers are usually divided into complex and simple. If they contain at least two main elements, this complex fertilizers: ammophos, nitrophos, potassium nitrate and others. If there is only one nutrient, the fertilizer belongs to the second type (urea, ammonium nitrate, phosphate rock, superphosphate).

Mineral fertilizers go on sale in concentrated form - granules, powder, liquid solutions. This greatly facilitates the work with them, but at the same time requires great care, because the slightest excess of the dosage can adversely affect the future harvest. The use of such fertilizers makes it possible to grow different cultures not only on the ground, but also on soilless substrates - sawdust, coconut fiber, perlite, vermiculite and others. These substrates are more porous than soil, which means that plant roots receive more oxygen and grow more easily.

When top dressing, the roots get quick access to the nutrients that come with the water. In this case, the plant cannot regulate absorption and absorbs everything that is given to it. If an excess of mineral salts is formed in the tissues, it is compensated by the increased growth of the aerial part. That is why crops on mineral fertilizers develop much faster than on organic. At the same time, plants become watery and very susceptible to various infections, which requires additional protective measures.

The use of mineral fertilizers allows you to collect record harvests not only in quantity, but also in size. In spite of attractive appearance, such fruits contain less vitamins and are stored worse. If during cultivation it is allowed to exceed the norm of dressings, mineral salts accumulate in the fruits and harm human health, causing severe poisoning. But subject to the feeding technology negative consequences is not observed, and stable yields can be achieved even on poor soils.

If you choose fertilizers depending on the needs of a particular crop and correctly calculate the dose, the plant will receive all the necessary nutrients.

There is another type of fertilizer that successfully combines all the advantages of organics and mineral salts, and their disadvantages are practically absent. These are organomineral mixtures consisting of recycled organic waste and enriched with potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen and other components. This composition allows you to improve the soil, contributing to the development of microflora, as well as accelerate the ripening of fruits and increase yields. Since the concentration of mineral salts in these mixtures is quite low, plants receive only the necessary elements and do not accumulate harmful substances.

Combined fertilizers - description

What fertilizer to choose, each gardener decides for himself, depending on the desired results. But it is best to be able to find a balance between chemistry and organics and know the measure in everything. Inept handling also makes its own adjustments, so before using fertilizers, carefully study how it is done.

Video - What is the difference between organic and mineral fertilizers

Mineral fertilizers (tuks) are the source of plant nutrition and soil fertility. They are used not only by summer residents and gardeners, but also by owners of farmland to obtain a rich harvest, enrich the soil and feed plants. In this article we will talk about the types, composition and methods of applying mineral fertilizers.

Types, composition, application of mineral fertilizers

Depending on their composition, mineral fertilizers are divided into two main types: simple and complex. Simple ones contain only one component, while complex ones have 2 or more. In terms of efficiency, complex fertilizers have an advantage over simple ones. Their advantage is associated not only with the characteristics of different acidity and the presence of substances in the soil, but also with the ease and simplicity of application (it is not necessary to independently determine the characteristics of the soil).

Simple fertilizers (single-sided)

Simple (another name is one-sided) fertilizers contain one nutrient.

Urea (urea)

the most concentrated nitrogen fertilizer containing 46% nitrogen. Low hygroscopic, soluble in water. It is used when embedding into the soil and for non-root top dressing. With surface application, nitrogen losses reach 20%. Acidifies the soil. Urea cannot be mixed with lime, superphosphate.

Ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate)

contains 34-35% nitrogen in ammonium and nitrate forms. It is hygroscopic, dissolves well in water, acidifies the soil, therefore it is applied on limed soils. It can be mixed with potassium salts and before being applied with superphosphate, it is not mixed with lime and manure.

Ammonium sulfate (ammonium sulphate)

contains 20% nitrogen, dissolves well in water, strongly acidifies the soil, therefore, it is applied on limed soils or in combination (not in a mixture) with lime or phosphate rock. Ammonium sulfate is well retained in the soil, unlike other nitrogen fertilizers, it is most effective when the soil is strongly moistened.

sodium nitrate

contains 16% nitrogen, alkaline fertilizer, used on acidic, non-calcified soils. Easily soluble in water. It is possible to mix with superphosphate and fertilizers only before entering into the soil.

Calcium nitrate (calcium nitrate, calcium nitrate)

contains 15% nitrogen, alkalizes the soil. It is very hygroscopic, so store it in a package in a dry place. Highly soluble in water; do not mix with superphosphate.

Nitrogen

it moves well in the soil in depth and along the radius from the point of application to 40 cm. Nitrogen enters plants in the form of nitrates and ammonia. Soil acidity plays a major role in the assimilation of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen by plants. Ammonia (urea, ammonium sulfate) is the best source of nitrogen in neutral soils, and nitrates (sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate) in acidic soils. Without the application of nitrogen fertilizers, the amount of nitrogen in the soil is rarely sufficient.

Ammonia

reduces the intake of potassium into the plant and increases the intake of phosphorus, therefore, with the systematic application of fertilizers such as urea and ammonium sulfate, it is necessary to apply a sufficient amount of potassium fertilizers. Excess nitrogen is harmful not only to plants: being washed out of the soil, it penetrates into ground water by polluting them.

Superphosphate powder

contains plant-assimilable phosphorus oxide 20%, water-soluble. It does not acidify the soil, quickly binds to the soil and slowly turns into an inaccessible form. Suitable for all soils, it works better on acidic soils after liming. Superphosphate can be mixed with nitrogen and potash fertilizers only before being applied to the soil; they are not mixed with lime.

Superphosphate granulated

contains phosphorus oxide up to 22%, binds to the soil less quickly than powder.

Double superphosphate (granular)

contains 42-49% soluble phosphorus oxide.

Phosphorite flour

crushed natural phosphorites, contains 14-30% soluble phosphorus oxide. Does not dissolve in water. Weakens acidity, effective on acidic soils, it is not used on carbonate soils. It is not mixed with lime and manure, it is mixed with other fertilizers only before being applied to the soil. They are brought in for autumn digging, the efficiency increases with simultaneous application with potash fertilizers. Used for composting.
With the systematic introduction of high doses phosphate fertilizers the need of plants for micronutrient fertilizers increases. Phosphorus moves poorly in the soil, so it can accumulate over time. In this regard, the introduction of phosphorus fertilizers can be periodically (not every year) in high doses.

Potassium chloride

the main concentrated potash fertilizer containing 53-60% potassium oxide. It is low hygroscopic, contains chlorine, which, when applied in autumn, is washed out into the deep layers and does not harm plants. Leaching of chlorine occurs in conjunction with calcium, the loss of calcium in the soil can be compensated by the introduction of superphosphate.

Potassium salt

a mixture of potassium chloride with sylvinite and kainite is similar in properties to potassium chloride, but contains more chlorine and sodium. Digestible potassium oxide is 40%.
Chlorine-containing fertilizers should not be used for raspberries, currants, strawberries, gooseberries, as these crops are sensitive to chlorine and high doses of it in the soil reduce productivity.

Potassium carbonate (potash)

contains 55-60% potassium oxide, does not contain chlorine, good source potassium for plants sensitive to chlorine. Apply on acidic soil types.

Potassium-magnesium concentrate (kalimag)

contains 19% potassium oxide and 9% magnesium, non-hygroscopic, non-caking. Recommended for light soils.

Potassium-magnesium sulfate (potassium magnesia)

chlorine-free fertilizer, contains 30% potassium oxide and 10% magnesium oxide, recommended for use on light soils poor in magnesium.

Potassium saltpeter

does not contain chlorine, it contains 44% potassium oxide and 14% nitrogen, it is recommended for application in the spring due to the content of easily soluble nitrogen.

Dolomite flour

contains 20% magnesium and 28% potassium, applied primarily on light soils as a magnesium fertilizer and as a calcareous material.

Magnesium sulfate

contains 16% magnesium, it is highly soluble in water, it passes into the exchange state in the soil. Nice results gives spraying after flowering trees 2-3 times at intervals of 10 days with a 1-2% solution of magnesium sulfate (200-250g / 10l of water).

Complex fertilizers (multilateral)

Complex fertilizers are called fertilizers containing 2 or 3 main nutrients. They may also include manganese, magnesium and trace elements. They are divided into double (phosphorus-potassium, nitrogen-phosphorus, nitrogen-potassium) and triple nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium.

Compound

Fertilizer	Approximate nitrogen content,%	Approximate phosphorus content,%	Approximate potassium content,%
Ammophos	10-12	40-50	—
Diammophos	19	49	—
Nitroammophos	16-25	20-24	—
Nitroammophoska	14-16	14-16	16-18
Nitrophos	24	14-17	—
Nitrophoska	11-17	9-17	10-17
Carboammophos	19-32	16-29	—
Carboammophoska	14-24	12-21	10-17

The labels accompanying each package of fertilizers indicate the content of the elements in them. Fertilizers that do not contain potassium (ammophos, diammophos, etc.) are used on soils rich in potassium. They are characterized by high solubility of the phosphorus component. Three-component fertilizers contain all three nutrients in different ratios.

For example, in nitrophoska, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can be as follows:

1:1:1;
1:1,5:1;
1:1,5:1,5;
1:2:1, etc.

In their effect, these fertilizers can be superior to mixtures of simple fertilizers.

Fertilizer mixtures are produced by the industry for fertilizing the soil in gardens. Mixtures are prepared from different forms of mineral fertilizers with different compositions of the main nutrients and the addition of microelements. Mixtures of three grades are produced depending on the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in them:

garden - 1: 1.6: 1.5;
fruit and berry - 1:1.6:1.25;
flower - 1:1.5:1.

Such fertilizers are used in the spring and summer.

It should be noted that for all fertilizers attached detailed instructions, we emphasize general rules that are important to keep in mind while working.

Do not dilute fertilizers in dishes that are used for cooking.
It is most safe to store fertilizers in vacuum packaging, which will further increase the shelf life.
If the fertilizers are caked, grind them before applying, passing through a 3-5 mm sieve.
When applying, do not exceed the manufacturer's recommended dosage.
If top dressing is carried out through the soil, the solution should not fall on the vegetative mass of the fertilized crop. Alternatively, spray the plants with water after feeding.
Fertilizers in dry form, as well as nitrogen-containing and potash fertilizers, should be immediately embedded in the topsoil. Not very deep so that they are available to the root system.
Wet the beds before applying mineral fertilizers to the soil. This will soften the concentrate.
For achievement best result, phosphorus and potash fertilizers, apply to nitrogen-depleted soil only in combination with this element.
For clay soil increase the dose of applied fertilizers. From phosphorus, we recommend superphosphate.
For sandy - reduce the amount of fertilizer, but increase the amount of top dressing. Any phosphate fertilizer is better suited.
AT middle lane In Russia, abundant in rainfall, apply 30% of the main fertilizer in the process of sowing seeds or planting seedlings in the soil in planting holes and grooves. To prevent root burns, mix well with soil.
To increase soil fertility, alternate mineral and organic top dressings.
If the plants in the beds have grown too large, use foliar top dressing (for foliage). In fruit and berry plants, spend it in spring on young, formed foliage.
Carry out root dressing with potash fertilizers in the fall, planting them to a depth of 8-10 cm.
If you apply as the main mineral fertilizers, scatter them on the ground with subsequent embedding in the soil.
Most effective method- apply mineral and organic fertilizers together. At the same time, reduce the dose of mineral by 30%.
The most practical of fertilizers are granular. They are brought in for autumn digging.

Interesting on the topic

Not everyone knows what types of fertilizers exist today. But in order to understand the types of fertilizers and their classification, you do not need to be a certified agronomist at all.

In nature, since ancient times, there has been a natural process of filling the earth with elements useful for plants. But a man appeared and made his own adjustments - he began to intensively exploit plots of land suitable for crops and seize more and more plots in order to increase the amount of agricultural products received.

During this process, there were practically no undeveloped lands left, and those on which crops took place began to be depleted.

The old method - to leave the land fallow (let it rest and gain strength) turned out to be ineffective, but a solution was found. Organic and mineral fertilizers appeared.

Separation of fertilizers by characteristics

Fertilizers are classified according to the following criteria:

Mineral, chemical and organic fertilizers

Organic and mineral fertilizers differ in their origin:

mineral, or chemical fertilizers- the result of the work of chemical enterprises that use inorganic substances, mainly mineral salts, in their production.
Organic - obtained from the components of vital activity. Therefore, they are a product of natural origin.

Further, the classification of fertilizers occurs according to the types of nutrients that they contain.

For example, chemical fertilizers are based on nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium.

According to the agrochemical significance, fertilizers are divided into direct and indirect. The former are a source of nutrition for plants, the latter improve soil properties. But such a division is very conditional, because. direct fertilizers are also involved in indirect interaction.

Direct fertilizers necessarily contain the main nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are added to the soil for crops in large quantities. Moreover, if chemical fertilizers contain only one element, then they are called simple. If two or more - complex.

Complex fertilizers can be double or triple (full). Such terms are introduced solely for the purpose of determining the presence of the main elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), since. in absolutely pure form they do not apply.

The division of fertilizers into simple, mixed and complex indicates the way they are obtained:

Simple, have only one element in their composition.
Mixed, receive in process mechanical impact(fermenter mixing).
Complex, are the result of chemical reactions.

Also, in order to increase the efficiency of transportation and storage, concentrated and ballast-free fertilizers are produced.

Those fertilizers that are created for a specific soil and a specific crop are called balanced.

Mineral fertilizers

They are produced in three types - ammonia, contain ammonium sulfate, nitrate, the presence ammonium nitrate and amide, urea is present.

Ammonia nitrogen introduced into the soil with weak acidity is well absorbed by plants through the root system and can be in it for quite a long time. Apply before sowing (in spring) and after harvest (in autumn).
Nitrate nitrogen is introduced into the soil in the form of a solution, so its duration is limited. Applied with the beginning of spring. It is easily absorbed by plants and can be used in the summer as top dressing.
Amide nitrogen is a fast-acting, soil-acidifying fertilizer. At high temperatures environment changes to the ammonia form. Mainly used for top dressing.

Based on phosphorus (phosphoric).

They are divided into water-soluble, semi-soluble and sparingly soluble.

Superphosphate simple and double - easy soluble fertilizer, which is used on any type of soil. Careful mixing with water does not require, because. the dissolution process is easy and without mechanical action.
The precipitate is a semi-soluble fertilizer. Insoluble in water, weak acids are used for this. Used on acidic soils.
Phosphorite flour is a sparingly soluble fertilizer. Available to plants only on acidic soils. When making, requires thorough mixing with the soil.

Based on potassium (potassium).

They are concentrated chloride and sulfate salts.

Potassium chloride is highly soluble in water. Penetration into the soil is somewhat slowed down. It is used on clay and loamy soils, taking into account that the roots of plants are poorly developed and require a quick supply of nutrients.
Potassium salt - easily soluble in water. Mostly used on sandy soils to compensate for the lack of potassium. In autumn, the use of this fertilizer is not desirable, because. rapidly washed out by groundwater.

Based on lime (lime).

Used to eliminate excessive acidity of the soil and enrich it with calcium.

Chlorinated fertilizers.

organic fertilizers

Biohumus, sapropel, humus, peat, manure, bird droppings, guano, compost are fertilizers that have organic basis. You can also add complex organic fertilizers to them.

Organic fertilizers are produced from substances that are formed as a result of the natural process of life of plants, animals and birds.

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of its state - slightly decomposed, semi-decayed, rotted and humus.

The amount of nutrients in manure can vary depending on which animal it is derived from. In the manure of horses and sheep, for example, less water and more organic and inorganic substances than in cow and pig.
The effectiveness of manure application depends on its quality, applied volumes and soil and climatic conditions. It is used in spring and autumn, depending on the stage of its condition. Fresh - better not to use.
Manure increases productivity not only in the year it is applied to the soil, but also for several years after that.
Depending on the technology of its production, there is bedding (semi-liquid) and bedding-free (liquid) manure. They have some differences in composition, methods of use and storage.

Bird droppings - is considered the best organic fertilizer.

Especially chicken and pigeon. This fertilizer is best used in the fall, evenly distributed over the entire area. land plot, due to high content nitrogen in the nitrate form. The use of bird droppings in liquid dressings is the most effective.

Peat - contains not very many nutrients. But its use can improve the structure of the soil by increasing the humus content.

Peat fertilizer is distinguished by the degree of decomposition - high and lowland. Horse has the remains of vegetation and high acidity.

Peat is brought in almost at any time of the year. A prerequisite for application is the addition of lime.

Silt - is deposited at the bottom of water bodies (ponds, lakes, rivers). It contains a lot of humus and mineral elements in its structure. Before applying to the soil, it must be well ventilated (withstand some time in the open air). Successfully used on sandy soils.

Sawdust and tree bark are an inexpensive way to increase soil fertility and improve its moisture capacity and breathability. It is introduced into the soil in a rotted form or with other components.
Siderates are tall plants plowed into the soil. They act on the soil in much the same way as fresh manure.
Complex organic fertilizers - consist of organic matter and minerals that are combined with chemical or mechanically. The result of processing bird droppings or manure by biofermentation.

Physical properties

The types of fertilizers and the classification of fertilizers also take into account the aggregate (physical) state. They can be solid, liquid or even gaseous. The use of gaseous fertilizers, for example - carbon dioxide, is carried out in complete isolation from the atmosphere.

After manufacture and transportation, before application, the physical properties of fertilizers can be changed.

A very important component physical properties, is the ability of the initial product to dissolve, because Plants get all their nutrients from water.

The types of fertilizers in this regard are diverse, but coarse-grained and granular ones are in the first place. This is due to the fact that with local application to the soil, the process of natural leaching slows down, and the period of action increases with minimal loss of useful components.

And some secrets...

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Video - Fertilizer classification

Mineral fertilizers- fertilizers of industrial or fossil origin, usually containing nutrients in the form of mineral salts. One of the main sources of replenishment of soil fertility in conditions of intensive agriculture.

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Properties of mineral fertilizers

Mineral fertilizers

are industrial or fossil products that contain elements required to nourish plants and increase soil fertility. They are obtained from minerals by mechanical or chemical processing. Nutrients in mineral fertilizers are mainly in the form of mineral salts, but there are also organic compounds, in particular, urea.

Classification

Mineral fertilizers are classified according to several parameters.

By the amount of nutrients

simple (one-sided, one-component) - contain only one nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium);
complex (multilateral) - contain two or more nutrients (potassium nitrate, nitrophoska, diammophoska, etc.).

Physical and mechanical properties of fertilizers

Fertilizer moisture

varies widely depending on the fertilizer production technology. For each fertilizer, GOSTs (state standards) and specifications regulating, among other things, the moisture content. Deviation from these indicators leads to significant changes physical and mechanical properties of fertilizers, which makes them unsuitable for practical use.

Hygroscopicity of the fertilizer

- the ability to absorb moisture from the surrounding air. The assessment of the hygroscopicity of fertilizers is carried out on a ten-point scale. Highly hygroscopic fertilizers include calcium (9.5 points) and ammonium (9.3 points) nitrate.

potash fertilizers have much lower hygroscopicity: potassium chloride - 3.2-4.4 points, potassium sulfate - 0.2 points.

Hygroscopicity determines the conditions for storage, transportation and packaging of fertilizers. Highly hygroscopic fertilizers (7-10 points) are stored and transported only in hermetically sealed containers. Usually these are plastic bags.

Flowability of fertilizers

shows their suitability for mechanical application by fertilizer seeding units and depends on the moisture capacity.

Maximum moisture capacity

mineral fertilizer - the maximum humidity at which it retains the ability to satisfactorily disperse fertilizer seeders.

Caking

is evaluated on a seven-point scale and is evaluated by the resistance of the compacted fertilizer to destruction. For example, simple powdered superphosphate cakes very strongly (7 points), fine-grained potassium chloride is somewhat less (6 points). Ammonium sulfate is weakly caking (2-3 points) and potassium magnesia is practically not caking (1 point).

Grading

(fertilizer particle size) is determined by all of the above physical and chemical properties mineral fertilizers. It is determined by mechanical sieve analysis of the fertilizer.

Granule strength

characterized by the mechanical strength of the granules and the reaction to crushing (kgf / cm 3) and abrasion (%). It is determined on special devices.

Dissipation

- the mobility of granulometric particles of fertilizer when they are applied by fertilizer seeders. Dissipation is assessed on a 12-point scale in ascending order.

Fertilizer density

- mass per unit volume. The lightest of solid mineral fertilizers are ammonium chloride and urea (0.58-0.65 t / m 3), the heaviest are tomasslag, phosphate rock (2.01-1.62 t / m 3). (a photo)

Mineral fertilizers

Assortment of mineral fertilizers

nitrogen fertilizers- fertilizers containing in various chemical compounds. Their production is based on the production of synthetic ammonia from the molecular nitrogen of the air and hydrogen. The source of hydrogen is natural gas, coke oven and petroleum gases. This process requires significant energy consumption. The production of 1 ton of nitrogen consumes energy equivalent to processing 4 tons of oil.

Depending on the form of nitrogen content and state of aggregation, nitrogen fertilizers are divided into:

Complex fertilizers - fertilizers containing two, three or more nutrients:, and.

By the number of batteries are distinguished

double(nitrogen-phosphorus, nitrogen-potassium, phosphorus-potassium) complex fertilizers;
triple(nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) complex fertilizers.

According to the method of production, complex fertilizers are divided into

Complex- complex mineral fertilizers, solid or liquid, all particles of which have the same or similar chemical composition.
Complex-mixed- complex fertilizers. Obtained by mixing ready-made one-component and complex fertilizers and introducing gaseous and liquid products into the mixture.
mixed- complex mineral fertilizers, which are obtained by mechanical mixing of ready-made fertilizers of various forms.

By release form

Magnesium fertilizers

Magnesium fertilizers are complex mineral fertilizers containing magnesium. The main source of production is natural magnesium compounds. They are used both as direct sources of magnesium and for processing into magnesium-containing fertilizers. This group of fertilizers includes dolomite flour, half-baked dolomite, magnesite, magnesium sulfate.

Microfertilizers

Microfertilizers are mineral fertilizers containing trace elements. The most common are boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and zinc microfertilizers.

Microfertilizers according to the active substance are distinguished into:

The value of mineral fertilizers

You can often find arguments about the dangers of mineral fertilizers for the environment. However, the most developed and economically prosperous countries use them in the largest quantities. An example is Japan, where human life expectancy is one of the largest in the world.

Indeed, the main problems of environmental troubles are associated not so much with chemical pollution due to the use of mineral fertilizers, but with the predominance of an extensive form of management and insufficient or illiterate use of mineral fertilizers and other chemicals.

Numerous studies show that the use of mineral fertilizers is one of the main factors in obtaining high yields of agricultural crops and improving soil fertility.

In world practice, there is a tendency to increase the production and use of mineral fertilizers. In terms of the intensity of the use of mineral fertilizers per 1 ha of arable land, the top ten countries include Malaysia, Holland, Korea, Jordan, Belgium, Egypt, New Zealand, Japan, Great Britain and Colombia.

There is a clear relationship between the doses of applied fertilizers per 1 ha and the yield. It has been established that the highest doses of mineral fertilizers are used in France, the Netherlands and Great Britain. The average grain yield in France is 73.2 c/ha, the Netherlands - 82.9 c/ha, Great Britain - 70.8 c/ha. These are the highest rates in the world.

Mineev V.G. Agrochemistry: Textbook. - 2nd edition, revised and supplemented. - M .: MGU Publishing House, KolosS Publishing House, 2004. - 720 p., L. ill.: ill. - (Classic university textbook).

Muravin E.A. Agrochemistry. - M. KolosS, 2003.- 384 p.: ill. - (Tutorials and study guides for secondary school students).

Yagodin B.A., Zhukov Yu.P., Kobzarenko V.I. Agrochemistry / Edited by B.A. Yagodina. - M.: Kolos, 2002. - 584 p.: silt (Textbooks and teaching aids for students of higher educational institutions).

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