Alloys. The use of manganese and compounds. Manganese structural chemical formula

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What is potassium permanganate? This is the household name for the potassium salt of permanganic acid, which also has the name potassium permanganate or potassium permanganate. Solid in the form of tiny dark crystals purple co glass glitter familiar to almost everyone. The composition of the substance includes manganese, potassium and oxygen. It dissolves well in water and is an excellent oxidizing agent. Possesses a wide range specific properties that are valued and used in medicine (traditional and folk), cosmetology, veterinary medicine and in everyday life.

Potassium permanganate in an aqueous solution decomposes, resulting in a precipitate of dark Brown color- manganese dioxide. When a weakly concentrated sediment interacts with organic proteins, special substances are formed that create a thin film on the wound surface - this is how the astringent effect of potassium permanganate manifests itself.

In high concentration, on the contrary, the irritating and cauterizing effect of manganese on the human body is manifested.

In addition, upon contact with an easily oxidized organic surface, an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate begins to actively release atomic oxygen, known for its ability to kill microbes and bacteria. Therefore, potassium permanganate has long been famous for its antiseptic effect.

The released atomic oxygen also has a deodorizing property - it oxidizes volatile compounds of odorous substances, removing unpleasant odors.

Potassium permanganate is dangerous because excessive concentration or ingestion of crystals can cause severe burns and poisoning.

Application in medicine

Potassium permanganate has found application in medicine. Solutions of potassium permanganate in various dilutions are used by physicians in the complex treatment of many diseases:

Toxicologists with their help neutralize intoxication caused by alkaloids (strychnine, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine). In case of food poisoning, gastric lavage with a weak solution of potassium permanganate is the most the best remedy first aid.
surgeons use freshly prepared solutions of potassium permanganate to treat wounds and abscesses with anaerobic and putrefactive infections. They are also very effective for purulent infections of the soft tissues of the fingers - panaritiums.
Gynecologists and urologists used for the treatment of fungal, bacterial and inflammatory diseases. A good effect will have daily douching procedures for thrush in women, and washing with external inflammatory processes in men.
Dentists carry out irrigation of inflamed places with stomatitis, gingivitis and periodontal disease. In a low concentration, the agent is suitable for rinsing the mouth during dental treatment, which helps to avoid infection.
Dermatologists various skin diseases are treated in this way. Lubrication of rashes with chickenpox, for example, relieves itching and pain, promotes rapid scarring. When burned, the resulting film protects the damaged surface from irritation and reduces pain.

Use in childcare

The question of whether or not to add potassium permanganate when bathing newborns is ambiguous. Doctors, given the disinfecting effect of the substance, recommend such baths while the umbilical wound is fresh. Prolonged bathing in such water can lead to dryness and flaking of the skin, as well as cause an allergic reaction.

It is necessary to prepare the solution very carefully and carefully. It is forbidden to pour permanganate crystals directly into the bath. Some of them may not dissolve and cause skin and eye burns. There is also the danger of making a mistake with the concentration.

Bathing water should be prepared in sequence:

dissolve potassium permanganate in a glass;
strain through a dense gauze filter;
pour into the bath until a light pink color is obtained.

Only by fulfilling such requirements, you will be sure of the complete safety of your baby.

Application in traditional medicine

A jar of potassium permanganate crystals can be found, probably, in every home. The people have long known and appreciated this tool for its availability, effectiveness and broad scope applications. There are many folk, so-called "grandmother's" recipes, passed down from generation to generation, based on the use of a manganese solution:

In case of appearance side effects in the form of edema, unusual coloring of mucous membranes, acute pain or convulsions - treatment with potassium permanganate should be stopped immediately.

Home use

The widespread use of potassium permanganate in everyday life is explained by its many remarkable properties. With her help:

You need to know that potassium permanganate can be explosive when interacting with certain substances (coal, tannin, sugar). Therefore, its crystals should be stored in glass, tightly closed containers, out of the reach of children. Manufacturers indicate the shelf life of potassium permanganate - no more than 5 years in a cool (not higher than 25 0 C) place.

Practice shows that potassium permanganate can retain its properties in dry form for much longer, while the shelf life of the finished solution does not exceed two days.

Potassium permanganate is a unique tool, the scope and popularity of which is only growing over the years. It will bring many more benefits to people, subject to proper storage and use.

Every person in his life at least once heard about such a tool as potassium permanganate. Its use is widespread in medicine.

It is an excellent antimicrobial agent for external use, as it has a disinfecting property. This substance has official name- "potassium permanganate" and is used as an antiseptic. Manufacturers of the product in question produce it in the form of a powder (very small crystals), and its shelf life is not limited.

How does potassium permanganate work?

If the solution of potassium permanganate is highly concentrated, it has a dark purple color, but with a small dose of the drug in water, it becomes light pink. As long as the potassium permanganate solution is fresh, it has a very strong oxidizing activity.

For these properties, it is highly valued in medicine. The solution applied to the surface of the body is able to destroy the pathogenic pathogens that are on it. However, it is worth knowing: only a freshly prepared solution of potassium permanganate is capable of this. How to determine his "age"? fresh and old mortars differ in color. If the water has brown-red or brown-brown hues, then such a medicine has already become unusable. The fresh solution is colored Crimson. It should be noted that only it is recommended to be used for external use.

Preparation of potassium permanganate solution

Not everyone knows that crystals dissolve in water, so there is a risk of getting a burn of the gastric mucosa or skin from undissolved crystals. To avoid such complications, first prepare
concentrated solution. Only then is it used to add to the water they drink. It is important to know that potassium permanganate is diluted in warm or hot water, in cold it will not dissolve completely. If the medicine is prepared in tap water, then its shelf life is about a day, but the distilled liquid increases its shelf life up to six months. It is important to remember that the solution is stored in jars with tinted glass, away from sun rays.

How to get rid of stains?

It is worth noting that potassium permanganate, the use of which in many cases leaves behind dark spots on the skin or clothes, is often called the "savior". But getting rid of stains is not easy: simple detergents won't help. What then to do? The answer is simple: oxalic or vitamin C. If you apply one of them, then you will spend a minimum of effort. The whole secret lies in chemical reaction that occurs when substances come into contact. Very quickly, the spots will disappear by themselves.

Potassium permanganate: application

Potassium permanganate crystals and a concentrated solution can be used to cauterize warts and corns. The diluted drug has found wide application.
It is used for washing wounds of burn and ulcer etiology. Also, the medicine is used for such procedures: rinsing the larynx and mouth, douching the vagina and treating the penis in men, washing the stomach in case of poisoning with drugs and other substances (for this, a freshly prepared solution of potassium permanganate with a concentration of 0.01 - 0.5%) is used. . Often potassium permanganate saves in case of poisoning with toxic substances or drugs. Whenever there is a need to use the drug, you need to know a simple rule. Since the antiseptic effect of the solution is short in time, the microbes disappear only for the duration of the wound treatment. In other words, it is not suitable for a longer exposure.

Potassium permanganate: use at home

Very often, young mothers use potassium permanganate when bathing newborns. This procedure is done very carefully! Firstly, in the water in which the baby is bathed, in no case should potassium permanganate be added in the form of undissolved crystals. Secondly, a solution is first prepared, undissolved crystals are removed, and only then a little of the resulting liquid is added to the water bath. It is important to remember that the solution should be of low concentration so as not to dry the baby's skin. Potassium permanganate is an excellent conjunctivitis fighter. Treatment is carried out by washing the eyes with a very weak solution. It also helps to cope with sore throat and stomatitis. Simply rinse the mouth with a weak solution. However, potassium permanganate not only helps with diseases of the eyes or throat, but also saves from such a common problem as diarrhea.

As doctors recommend in such cases, you need to drink one glass of a weak solution of potassium permanganate twice a day. This is really capable of letting you forget about indigestion for a long time. There are people who suffer from ingrown toenails. And here potassium permanganate comes to the rescue. It is enough to take baths filled with a weak solution. However, treatment with the drug in question will help only at the initial stage of the disease. In order not to start the disease, it must be treated on time. So, if you feel discomfort in the finger area, then immediately start using this method of therapy. After all, if you start the process, you may need surgical intervention. Potassium permanganate with thrush was widely used about two years ago. However, it has now been scientifically confirmed that such treatment harms the microflora of the vagina. Also, many gardeners use this substance to combat various pests.

Complications and contraindications

Complications can occur when applying a high concentration of potassium permanganate solution to the surface of the body or when the crystals have not completely dissolved. All this can irritate the skin or cause it to burn. A solution of potassium permanganate is used very carefully! If crystals of the drug come into contact with very rapidly oxidizing substances of organic origin, a fire or even an explosion may occur. Therefore, this product is considered flammable.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

National Mining University

Department of Ecology

Search and analytical work

By discipline: "Human Ecology"

On the topic: "Manganese"

Performed:

Art. group GEK-02-1

Filonenko E. S.

Checked:

Bogdanov V.K.

Dnepropetrovsk

Introduction

1. Historical background ............................................... ..........................four

2. The use of manganese............................................... ..........................5

3. Obtaining manganese ............................................... .............................5

4. Manganese compounds in biological systems...............................................5

5. The volume of production of manganese ore by enterprises ............... 6

6. Manganese fertilizers............................................... .......................6

7. Disease caused by manganese toxin .............................................. 7

Bibliography

Introduction

In the second half of the 20th century, the main danger to public health and the problem for public health began to pose noncommunicable diseases, primarily diseases of the central nervous system, and the cardiovascular system.

In this search and analytical robot, we will talk about chemical element Manganese .

I took this topic because today it is relevant. Every third person is sick with some kind of disease associated with some elements periodic system Mendeleev.

Manganese

History reference

Manganese minerals have been known for a long time. The ancient Roman naturalist Pliny mentions a black stone, which was used to decolorize a liquid glass mass; it was about the mineral pyrolusite MnO 2 . In Georgia, pyrolusite has served as a filler material in the production of iron since ancient times. For a long time, pyrolusite was called black magnesia and was considered a type of magnetic iron ore. In 1774, K. Schelle proved that this was a compound of an unknown metal, and another Swedish scientist, J. Gai, by strongly heating a mixture of pyrolusite with coal, obtained carbon-contaminated manganese. The name Manganese is traditionally derived from the German Marganerz- manganese ore.

Manganese- silvery-white hard brittle metal. Four crystalline modifications of manganese are known, each of which is thermodynamically stable in a certain temperature range. Below 707 0 C, a-manganese is stable, having a complex structure - its unit cell includes 58 atoms. The complexity of the structure of manganese at temperatures below 707 0 С causes its fragility.

Some physical constants of manganese are given below:

Density, g / cm 3 .............................. ........... 7.44

T. pl., 0 C .................................. ...................... 1245

Boiling point, 0 С............................... ................... ~2080

S 0 298 , J / deg mol .......................................... ................. 32.0

DH air 298, kJ / mol ............................................... ......... 280

E 0 298 Mn 2+ + 2e = Mn, V .............................. ..... -1.78

Manganese is a d-element of group VII of the periodic system, with a configuration of valence electrons 3d 5 4s 2 .

Some information about this item is given below:

Atomic mass................................................ .... 54.9380

Valence electrons.............................................. 3d 5 4s 2

Metallic atomic radius, nm ............................. 0.130

Conditional radius of the Mn 2+ ion, nm .............................. 0.052

Conditional radius of the Mn 7+ ion, nm .............................. 0.046

Ionization energy Mn 0 ® Mn + , eV ........................ 7.44

Application of manganese

Manganese belongs to very common elements, accounting for 0.03% of total number atoms of the earth's crust. Among heavy metals(atomic weight greater than 40), which include all elements of the transition series, manganese occupies the most common in earth's crust third place behind iron and titanium. Small amounts of manganese contain many rocks. At the same time, there are also accumulations of its oxygen compounds, mainly in the form of the mineral pyrolusite - MnO 2.

Manganese in in large numbers It is used in metallurgy in the process of obtaining steels to remove sulfur and oxygen from them. However, not manganese is added to the melt, but an alloy of iron and manganese - ferromanganese, which is obtained by reducing pyrolusite with coal. Additives of manganese to steels increase their resistance to wear and mechanical stress. In non-ferrous alloys, manganese increases their strength and resistance to corrosion.

Manganese dioxide is used as a catalyst in the oxidation of ammonia, organic reactions and decomposition reactions of inorganic salts. In the ceramic industry, MnO 2 is used to color black and dark brown enamels and glazes. Highly dispersed MnO 2 has a good adsorption capacity and is used to purify the air from harmful impurities.

Potassium permanganate is used for bleaching linen and wool, bleaching technological solutions, as an oxidizing agent for organic substances.

Some salts of manganese are used in medicine. For example, potassium permanganate is used as an antiseptic in the form of an aqueous solution, for washing wounds, gargling, lubricating ulcers and burns. A solution of KMnO 4 is also used orally in some cases of poisoning with alkaloids and cyanides. Manganese is one of the most active trace elements and is found in almost all plant and living organisms. It improves the processes of hematopoiesis in organisms.

Do not forget that manganese compounds can have toxic action on the human body. The maximum permissible concentration of manganese in the air is 0.3 mg/m 3 . In severe poisoning, damage to the nervous system is observed with a characteristic syndrome of manganese parkinsonism .

Obtaining manganese

Pure manganese can be obtained by electrolysis of solutions of its salts. However, since 90% of all manganese production is consumed in the manufacture of various iron-based alloys, it is usually smelted directly from ores into its high-percentage alloy with iron - ferromanganese.

Manganese compounds in biological systems

Manganese is very interesting in biochemical terms. Accurate analyzes show that it is present in the organisms of all plants and animals. Its content usually does not exceed thousandths of a percent, but sometimes it is much higher.

Manganese is one of the few elements that can exist in eight different oxidation states. However, only two of these states are realized in biological systems: Mn (II) and Mn (III).

Production volume of manganese ore by enterprises

- Marganetsky GOK
- Ordzhonikidzevsky GOK

Marganetsky GOK

The deposit of manganese ores was discovered in 1883. In 1985, the Pokrovsky mine began mining ore on the basis of this deposit. With the development of the mine and the emergence of new quarries and mines, the Marganetsky GOK was formed.

As part of the production structure of the plant: two open pits for open mining of manganese ore, five mines for underground mining, three enrichment plants, as well as the necessary auxiliary shops and services, incl. repair and mechanical, transport, etc.

Ordzhonikidzevsky GOK

The main type of manufactured products is manganese concentrate different varieties with pure manganese content from 26% to 43% (depending on grade). By-products - expanded clay and sludge.

The enterprise extracts manganese ore from the ore fields assigned to it. The ore reserves will last for more than 30 years. Reserves of manganese ore in Ukraine in total for Ordzhonikidzevsky and Manganese mining and processing plants make up one third of all world reserves.

Manganese fertilizers

Manganese fertilizers are manganese slags containing up to 15% manganese, as well as manganese sulfate. But the most widely used is manganese superphosphate containing about 2-3% manganese.

Microfertilizers are also used in the form of foliar dressings, spraying plants with an appropriate solution or soaking seeds in it before sowing.

Manganese actively affects the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The ability of manganese to enhance the action of insulin and maintain a certain level of cholesterol in the blood is also considered important. In the presence of manganese, the body uses fats more fully. Relatively rich in this trace element are cereals (primarily oatmeal and buckwheat), beans, peas, beef liver and many bakery products, which practically replenish daily requirement human in manganese - 5.0-10.0 mg.

Disease caused by manganese toxin

As mentioned above, manganese compounds cause toxic effects on humans. The most common disease is Parkinson's syndrome. Also, a consequence of these toxins are diseases: Central - Nervous System, pneumonia, stomach cancer and lethargy.

Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease- this is a hereditary disease in connection with the defeat (degeneration of neurons) of the subcortical formation of the brain - the "black substance" due to the lack of an enzyme (L-tyrosine hydrogenase) and a decrease in dopamine. Suffering from "trembling paralysis" James Parkinson, a doctor, described "his disease" in the literature in 1818, and one of the most famous neuropathologists, Charcot, called it "Parkinson's disease." The frequency of the disease up to 70 years is 180 patients per 100,000 population. after 70 years - 1800 patients per 100,000 population. Men get sick 1.6 times more often than women.

Potassium permanganate. The use of potassium permanganate solutions at home for disinfecting and washing wounds, gargling, douching, in case of poisoning with certain substances requires basic knowledge properties of this agent, its mechanisms of action and dilution rules.

Potassium permanganate or potassium permanganate is a potassium salt of permanganic acid with chemical formula KMnO 4 . Outwardly, it looks like dark purple crystals, which, when dissolved in water, form a brightly colored solution from light pink to deep purple, depending on the concentration.

It is the strongest oxidizing agent. When interacting with reducing agents, it releases atomic oxygen, oxidizing metals, sulfur, phosphorus, and organic matter.

A solution of potassium permanganate oxidizes many organic substances, including proteins. Due to this, potassium permanganate has a strong destructive effect on organic molecules, such as poisons and toxins, and an antiseptic effect on all microorganisms. When rinsing and douching in small concentrations, solutions of potassium permanganate have an astringent effect, a concentrated solution has a cauterizing effect.

Potassium permanganate. Application for medical purposes.

In addition, explosive mixing of potassium permanganate and active metals, sulfur, phosphorus, sugar, glycerin, hydrogen peroxide and other substances is not allowed.

Potassium permanganate in pharmacies

The sale of potassium permanganate in Russia is limited because it is a precursor. In Bulgaria, potassium permanganate can be bought at any pharmacy without a prescription. Here is the link:

Potassium permanganate, potassium salt of permanganic acid, or colloquially - potassium permanganate - is a potent oxidizing agent and is a purple (almost black) crystals with metallic sheen, which, when dissolved in water, form an antiseptic solution of varying degrees of color intensity (depending on the amount of the substance, from faded pink to deep crimson).

It is the oxidizing ability of potassium permanganate that provides the antiseptic and antimicrobial qualities of this salt. The disinfecting effect of potassium permanganate is due to the ability of the powder to oxidize various organic compounds, during which oxygen is released. During the years of the Great Patriotic War potassium permanganate crystals were always present in paramedic bags of doctors, nurses and orderlies. A solution of potassium permanganate was widely used to treat wounds and treat all kinds of injuries in hospitals.

Therapeutic properties of an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate:

antimicrobial;
antiseptic;
anti-inflammatory;
disinfectant;
disinfectant;
antitoxic;
emetic.

What is useful potassium permanganate for a person

The range of application of the composition is quite wide, even despite the availability of newfangled medicines synthetic origin. In various concentrations (depending on medical recommendations), a solution of potassium permanganate is used in the following cases:

Washing wounds.
Skin burns.
Rinse mouth, throat infectious diseases mucous and inflammatory phenomena, including angina.
Treatment of burn surfaces of wounds.
Lubrication of ulcerative surfaces and infected wounds.
Douching for gynecological and urological diseases, in particular, for colpitis and urethritis.
Gastric lavage in case of various poisonings provoked by the ingestion of alkaloids (nicotine, morphine, etc.), phosphorus, quinine and other substances poisonous to humans.
Disinfection of the digestive tract in diarrhea.
Washing the mucous membrane of the eyes when they are damaged by insects with poisonous properties.
Washing the skin in case of contact with a poisonous substance - aniline.
Washing the bite and lotion when attacking poisonous snakes, tarantula, scorpion, karakurt.

Dilution of potassium permanganate for various purposes: dosage and method of application

To obtain a 1% solution of potassium permanganate in 99 ml of clean, slightly warmed ( optimum temperature 35-40°C) water dissolves 1 g of crystals. Do not use kitchen utensils made of metals, plastic, etc. to prepare the solution. Remember that potassium permanganate is salt, chemical compound, which reacts quite actively to contact with various elements. In addition, reddish traces of potassium permanganate are difficult to remove from various surfaces, for example, from the walls of an enameled ladle or bowl. It is best to use a glass container of the required volume to prepare the solution, for example, a juice bottle or a jar.

An aqueous solution of potassium permanganate 0.02-0.1% (red color, high degree transparency) drink when poisoned(from 0.5 l of liquid), after which they induce vomiting to free the stomach from the contents and detoxify it. The liquid of the same concentration is used in urological and gynecological practice in the form of douching.

A slightly pink solution of potassium permanganate (0.01-0.1%) is used for rinsing the mouth and throat. When diarrhea the same solution to take 1 cup of the composition in the morning and evening. After two doses, diarrhea should stop.

A solution with a percentage of potassium permanganate of 0.1-0.5% (red wine color) is used for outdoor treatment and disinfection of wounds.

A rich red solution (2-5%) is prepared for outdoor processing skin in the treatment of long-term non-healing ulcers and burns. The affected areas are gently lubricated with the composition. The same concentration of the solution is prepared for cold lotions with fresh burns.

A strong solution of potassium permanganate - 10% is used to detoxify and treat wounds received bitten by a venomous snake.

What is useful potassium permanganate for plants

In addition to being used in medicinal purposes, potassium permanganate, due to its disinfecting effect, is actively used by summer residents in the garden.

Disinfection of seeds with potassium permanganate

Most often, in a weak solution of a pale pink color (0.5%), disinfect planting material(seeds and bulbs) of most flower and vegetable crops, soaking them, depending on the recommendations of agronomists, for a period of 20 minutes to several hours. In addition to disinfection, this procedure accelerates seed germination, increasing the germination of plantings, provides the need for manganese at the initial stage of the growing season, and enhances plant immunity to various infectious diseases.

The benefits of potassium permanganate for the soil

A solution of potassium permanganate (0.2%) is used for tillage as on open beds, and in greenhouses, in order to destroy pathogens of many plant diseases. For this purpose, the ground is shed on the beds with the prepared solution, or 1 liter of such a composition is poured into each well before planting seedlings.

Potassium permanganate in the fight against diseases of horticultural crops

A 3% solution of potassium permanganate is actively used to combat powdery mildew in cucumber plantings. Plants are treated every 3 days. To get rid of powdery mildew on berry bushes (gooseberries, currants) a slightly different composition is prepared: 50 g of potassium nitrate and 3 g of potassium permanganate are diluted in a standard bucket of water. Treatment of plants with a solution significantly stops the development of diseases.

Caution when using potassium permanganate:

It should be understood that such a potent substance, if the recommended dosages are not observed, can cause significant harm to health. High concentrations of potassium permanganate, when ingested, can cause swelling of the mucous membranes of all organs of the gastrointestinal tract, mouth and throat, as well as increased vomiting and indigestion. Therefore, be very careful when using potassium permanganate. Be sure to store potassium permanganate out of the reach of children.

Keep in mind that potassium permanganate, when interacting with some organic substances, can form explosive mixtures. This is why crystals should only be stored in glass containers with tightly ground stoppers. The solution prepared for the future is recommended to be stored in a shaded place in dark glass bottles, since when exposed to sunlight and when daylight the composition quickly decomposes, losing all its properties.