Timing methods and rates of fertilizer application. Methods for applying organic fertilizers. Determination of application rates for inorganic substances

The effect of fertilizers on plants depends not only on their type and doses, but also on the method of application to the soil. Fertilizers are applied in three major ways.

1. Basic fertilizer. The fertilizer is spread over the field before plowing and is deeply incorporated into the soil with a plow. In this way, almost all organic fertilizers and about two-thirds of mineral fertilizers are introduced into the soil. If all fertilizers are applied finely, for example, when cultivating fallow in the spring, then the plants do not use well. nutrients, because the topsoil dries quickly, and for a full mineral nutrition adequate moisture is required.

The plant uses the main fertilizer for nutrition during the entire growth period. If there is a risk of nutrient leaching through winter period, some of them, especially nitrogen fertilizers, are applied in the spring during pre-sowing treatment.

2. Sowing fertilizer. Fertilizers are applied in small quantities when sowing seeds, planting tubers or seedlings. These fertilizers serve to supply young plants with well-available nutrients. This is especially important at the beginning of the growing season, when root system still weak. The application of fertilizers in the immediate vicinity of the root system makes it possible to fully provide the plant with food at the very beginning of growth. As a result, the root system develops rapidly, and after 2-3 weeks the plants are able to use the elements introduced with the main fertilizer.

For sowing fertilizer, only forms of fertilizer quickly absorbed by plants are suitable. The depth of planting of pre-sowing fertilizer is 2-4 cm deeper than the planting of seeds (or tubers - in potatoes). Some fertilizers, such as granular superphosphate, are even applied together with seeds.

Sowing fertilizer actively contributes to the acceleration of plant growth, increases their resistance to adverse weather conditions, pests and diseases.

Sowing fertilizer is often applied using special (combined) seeders to apply fertilizer in rows, simultaneously with sowing seeds. Therefore, this fertilizer is called rank and file. This method of sowing is very effective and, therefore, widely used, and when sowing sugar beets, row fertilizer is mandatory.

The combination of the main and row fertilizer allows you to place fertilizer in two layers: in the top soil layer and at the depth of the arable layer. This ensures complete nutrition of plants throughout the entire period of life.

3. Top dressing- application of easily digestible fertilizers in dry or dissolved form (liquid top dressing) during plant growth.

Liquid top dressing is usually applied simultaneously with the cultivation of tilled crops. By feeding, you can give those substances that plants especially need at certain periods of life. For example, winter crops are deficient in nutrients, especially nitrogen, in early spring. The introduction of phosphorus and potash fertilizers during top dressing dramatically increases the yield and its quality.

For potatoes, sugar and fodder beets, corn, and other crops, top dressing is applied during the period of active growth of the above-ground plant organs. Feeding is especially effective in irrigated agriculture.

Nai greater effect give organic and mineral fertilizers if their application is in the nature of a scientifically developed fertilizer system. A fertilizer system is a plan for applying direct and indirect fertilizers in a crop rotation. Such a plan in the economy must be developed annually, for each crop, taking into account weather conditions, soil conditions, economic opportunities of the economy. The fertilizer system provides for the methods and timing of fertilizer application, their doses, forms and methods of incorporation. When developing a fertilizer system, it is especially important to know the biological capabilities of the crop, take into account the planned harvest, the content of mobile nutrients in the soil, the features of the predecessor and the nature of the aftereffect of the applied fertilizer.

The main methods of fertilization

The annual rate of fertilizer for individual crops can be applied in different dates and different ways. The timing and methods of fertilization should ensure best conditions nutrition of plants throughout the growing season and obtaining the greatest payback of nutrients in the crop. There are three ways of applying fertilizers: pre-sowing (basic), pre-sowing (in rows, holes) and post-sowing (top dressing during the growing season).

Pre-sowing (basic) application.

Most of the total norm of mineral fertilizers used for this crop is added to the main fertilizer before sowing. Application is carried out in autumn or spring, depending on the soil and climatic conditions, as well as on the characteristics of the fertilized crop and the fertilizers used. The purpose of the basic fertilizer is to provide plant nutrition throughout the growing season.

Pre-sowing (basic) fertilizer is applied scattered or locally.

Fertilization scattered occurs by spreading fertilizers over the surface with their subsequent incorporation into the soil with a plow, cultivator or disc harrows. This method should ensure uniform distribution of fertilizers over the entire field area.

When embedding fertilizers for plowing, their main amount is placed in the soil at a depth of 9-20 cm, as a result of which the fertilizer becomes inaccessible to plants at the beginning of the growing season. When incorporating with cultivators or disc harrows, 50-90% of fertilizers are in a 3-cm layer of soil, which dries quickly and nutrients are poorly used by plants. All this reduces the efficiency of fertilizer.

A more advanced method of fertilizing is local (tape) application . When applied locally, the fertilizer is placed in foci in the zone of development of the root system in order to increase the utilization factor of nutrients. Local (band) fertilization is characterized by a high quality of distribution of nutrients in the soil. The uneven distribution of fertilizers with local application does not exceed 8-10%.

Local application of fertilizers in a certain way affects the formation of the root system of plants, their nutrition, development and creation of a new crop. With the local method, the growth of roots in the area of ​​​​fertilization is enhanced, but their total mass may vary slightly or remain the same, and the development of the root system mainly occurs in nutrient-rich areas. Due to the increase in nutrient utilization rates during band application, the optimal doses of fertilizers are reduced by 25-50%.

Pre-sowing local fertilizer is placed in the soil with ribbons or a solid screen. The fertilizer is embedded into the soil in the form of tapes 2-4 cm wide with an interval of 12-17 cm to a depth of 8-15 cm, depending on the soil and climatic conditions and the cultivated crop. The band of localized fertilizer is below the seedbed. When fertilizing under root crops, the fertilizer placement depth is about 15 cm with an interval of 20-30 cm.

Seeds during germination are adversely affected by the high concentration of nutrients in the tape. It is necessary to prevent contact of seeds with fertilizer, but at the same time not to allow them to be excessively removed from the belt.

Numerous experiments have proven the advantage of arranging the sowing rows of plants across the fertilizer bands compared to the parallel arrangement of rows, with this method of arranging the rows, the root system of plants makes better use of fertilizer.

Sowing fertilizer (starter).

Sowing fertilizer is applied when sowing seeds or planting seedlings directly into rows (holes, nests) or covered with ribbons at some distance from them. Sowing fertilizer provides nutrition to young plants during the period when they do not yet have a powerful root system and poorly use nutrients from the soil. Usually, a minimum dose of fertilizer is applied to avoid a high concentration of nutrients in the soil (in the area of ​​\u200b\u200byoung roots). Superphosphate or ammophos can be used as a seed fertilizer.

Nutrients from fertilizers applied in rows or nests to the seed sowing depth are used by most plants only in the first period of growth, so their dose should be low. Sowing fertilizer, designed mainly to provide plants with readily available forms of nutrients in initial period their lives, has great importance and for the subsequent development of plants. favorable conditions nutrition from the beginning of the growing season contribute to the formation of a more powerful root system in young plants, which ensures further best use nutrients from soil and basic fertilizer. Thanks to row fertilizer, plants develop faster and tolerate temporary drought more easily, are less damaged by pests and diseases, and better suppress weeds.

Sowing row application of small doses of mineral fertilizers is the most effective method their application, providing higher yield increases for each unit of fertilizer applied.

Sowing fertilizer is effective in all soil and climatic zones for most crops. The greatest efficiency is manifested on soils of low fertility with low reserves of nutrients. Row fertilizer reduces the negative effect of the diversity of the soil cover and the uneven application of the main fertilizer.

Post-sowing fertilization (top dressing).

Top dressing during the growing season is used in addition to the main and sowing fertilizer in order to enhance the nutrition of plants during periods of the most intensive consumption of nutrients by them, with their help eliminate the lack of macro- and microelements. The role of top dressing increases if, for some reason, fertilizers were not applied before sowing or were applied in insufficient quantities.

Fertilizers are applied randomly to top dressing (early spring top dressing of winter crops), between the rows of tilled and vegetable crops with incorporation into the soil during subsequent inter-row cultivation or foliar (for example, trace elements in the form of a salt solution).

The general provisions for top dressing are:

1) when root dressing - the placement of fertilizers in the immediate vicinity of the root system (in the grooves along a row of plants or around them), followed by irrigation after application and incorporation (fertilizers that are highly soluble in water are used);

2) for foliar top dressing - spraying plants with low concentration solutions to avoid leaf burns (only water-soluble fertilizers are used).

Each method of fertilization has its purpose. For the most complete supply of plants with nutrients throughout the entire growing season, it is necessary to correctly combine various ways fertilizer application. The combination of application methods is determined by the characteristics of the development and nutrition of crops, agricultural technology and soil and climatic conditions. It is also economically advantageous to combine fertilization with other agrotechnical methods of crop cultivation.

Nitrogen fertilizers.

Introduction.

Nitrogen fertilizers are highly soluble and easily move with soil moisture. Application options nitrogen fertilizers:

Scattering,

Entering in a row

tape application,

Foliar application.

The efficiency of application depends on many factors. Broadcast application may be less effective than band or seed application. The maximum dose that can be safely placed in a row application depends on:

culture,

soil moisture,

Soil type (clay and organic matter content),

type of fertilizer,

Row interval,

Distances between seeds.

Tape entry.

Band fertilization is a common nitrogen fertilization technique. Given insufficient rainfall during the season, deeper application of nitrogen into dry soil is problematic. In moist soil (during and after the spring snowmelt), the applied nitrogen fertilizer may be partly lost (denitrification process). Applying ammonium nitrogen in the fall will help reduce these losses.

Application time.

Autumn is usually the right time for the application of nitrogen fertilizers. However, on excessively wet soils, significant losses of nitrogen applied in autumn can occur. Scattered fertilizer application early autumn can also cause nitrogen losses. The introduction of nitrogen in the form of ammonium in late autumn will significantly reduce losses. In the course of studies conducted in areas with high rainfall, the application of nitrogen fertilizers randomly in the spring showed nice results within a short period of time. At the same time, the possibility of losses of nitrate nitrogen of fertilizers (as well as nitrates formed during the nitrification of ammonium, ammonia forms of nitrogen fertilizers and urea) due to leaching and migration from the root layer of the soil is limited. On heavy soils in areas with limited rainfall in the autumn-winter period, ammonium solid, liquid ammonia fertilizers and urea can be applied from autumn.

Soil moisture.

Fertilizers must be placed in the soil so that they are in the moist soil layer in the zone of active activity of the root system of plants (15-25 cm), since with shallow incorporation of fertilizers and with surface application without incorporation (0-5 cm), they will be in the upper dried soil layer above the root system of plants and will not give the expected effect.

In addition, you need to know that mineral fertilizers applied to the soil can remain in it at the place of their application (embedding) and move in different directions. Fertilizer nutrients typically move in the soil with water, and their movement is influenced by both the properties of the soil and the nature of the fertilizer itself. So, on heavy clay and su clay soils fertilizers move much more slowly than on light sandy soils, therefore, on the latter, there is a greater risk of leaching of nutrients beyond the root layer. Given this, clay soils are fertilized less frequently than sandy soils, while using the maximum recommended doses. Light soils are fertilized more often, but in smaller doses, that is, the same dose of fertilizer is applied on clay soils in one go, and on sandy soils in two or three doses.

Field variability (relief conditions)

On hilly terrain, dry and eroded areas are common. low soil moisture, low level organic matter and the presence of free lime make these areas very sensitive to the application of nitrogen to the row at planting. The dose of nitrogen fertilizers in such areas is often less than in the rest of the field. Accordingly, the optimal dose for the entire field will depend on the dose of fertilizer for the most sensitive areas of the area.

Culture.

Cereal crops respond better to the application of nitrogen in the seed row than canola, mustard and flax. Oats respond better to nitrogen additions than barley, which in turn responds better than wheat. Rapeseed responds better to the introduction of nitrogen than flax.

Seeding depth and seed quality

Poor quality seeds and excessive planting depth make the crop more vulnerable to nitrogen fertilization. Using seeds with a high germination rate results in faster germination and reduces the potential for damage from fertilization.

Types of nitrogen fertilizers

Ammonium nitrate (34-0-0)

Contains nitrogen in ammonium and nitrate form,

Subject to less evaporative loss than urea,

It is used with ammonium phosphate to obtain a general (mixed) fertilizer of the form 23-23-0 and 26-13-0.

Ammonium sulfate (21-0-0-24S; 20-0-0-24S; 19-3-0-22S)

Contains sulfur in the form of sulfate (22-24%), which is a form available to the plant,

Used for direct application,

Granular fertilizers like 20-0-0-24S or 19-3-0-22S are more suitable for mixing than 21-0-0-24S,

Less prone to volatilization loss when applied to soils with an acidity of 7.5 or higher.

Urea (46-0-0)

Contains the highest concentration of nitrogen among all dry nitrogen fertilizers,

Used for direct application in combination with phosphate,

More susceptible to volatilization loss than ammonium nitrate. Significant losses may occur when applied under warm dry conditions on sandy soils and on alkaline soils (soil pH 7.5 or higher).

Anhydrous ammonia (82-0-0)

Suitable for autumn or spring application for annual crops,

It is introduced into the soil to a depth of 8-15 cm,

Physical state - liquid under pressure. Losses are possible when applied to the soil.

Ammonium nitrate (28-0-0)

An aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) and urea (46-0-0),

Can be applied with a sprinkler.

Phosphate fertilizers

Phosphorus fertilizers are less mobile in the soil than nitrogen fertilizers. The application of phosphate to the root zone of developing annual crops is the most effective. Broadcast application is less effective than seed application. Broadcast application should be divided into two to four doses of the total recommended dose. The main phosphorus potash fertilizer they are applied mainly in autumn and closed up under deep autumn plowing. At the same time, fertilizers fall into a more humid and less drying layer of soil, where the bulk of active roots develop. With deep incorporation, nutrients from fertilizers are better used by plants and give a greater effect. Of particular importance is the deep incorporation of pre-sowing phosphate fertilizer, since phosphorus practically does not move in the soil due to chemical binding.

Response to applied phosphorus fertilizer may not be as fast due to the slow movement of phosphorus in the root zone. Usually, the positive effect of phosphorus fertilizers is manifested a year after application.

Types of phosphate fertilizers

Monoammonium phosphate (11-51-0, 12-51-0, 11-55-0)

One of the simplest and most affordable phosphorus fertilizers,

It is used as a single fertilizer, and mixed with nitrogen fertilizers, to obtain various fertilizers species 16-20-0, 23-23-0, 27-27-0, and 26-13-0.

There are also other phosphate fertilizers, such as: diammonium phosphate (18-46-0), monocalcium phosphate or triple superphosphate (0-45-0), ammonium polyphosphate solution (10-34-0), monoammonium phosphate solution (10-30-0), etc. .

potash fertilizers

Potassium is more available to the plant in the soil than phosphorus, but for annual crops, potassium fertilizers are more effective when applied to the row at planting. Maximum amount, which can be introduced when sowing for cereals - 40 kg/ha. For crops such as rapeseed or flax, the maximum safe dose is 20 kg/ha. Scattering can be done in autumn or spring. On light soils with a low absorption capacity, it is advisable (in order to avoid losses of potassium from leaching) to apply potash fertilizers together with nitrogen fertilizers in the spring for cultivation, and transfer some of these fertilizers to top dressing for tilled crops.

Types of potash fertilizers

Potash (0-0-60, 0-0-62)

the most commonly used potash fertilizer,

used for direct application or in mixtures with phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, to obtain fertilizers of the type 10-30-10, 8-24-24, 13-13-13, etc.

Sulfur fertilizers

Sulfur in the form of sulfate becomes available quite easily in moist soil. Therefore, sulfur fertilizers can be applied both randomly and tape method. Elemental sulfur and gypsum can also be used as sulfur fertilizers.

Sources of sulfur fertilizer

Ammonium sulfate (21-0-0-24S, 20-0-0-24S, 19-3-0-22S)

contains 22-24% sulfur in the form of sulfate,

· Usually used in mixture with nitrogen fertilizers, combined with ammonium phosphate to obtain a fertilizer of the form 16-20-0-14S or with urea - 34-0-0-11S.

A mixture of urea and ammonium sulfate (34-0-0-11S)

contains 11% sulfur in the form of sulfate,

preferred for use on acidic soils that are likely to be deficient in sulfur.

A mixture of ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate (16-20-0-14S, 17-20-0-15S)

Produced from ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate,

· it is applied as single introduction of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in one fertilizer.

Sulfur Bentonite (90% S)

elemental sulfur fertilizer,

a granular product that can be mixed with other fertilizers (except ammonium nitrate),

· elemental sulfur must be converted to sulfate (plant-available form). Conversion to the sulfate form is done by soil bacteria and takes several months in warm, moist soils.

Gypsum (CaSO 4 * 2H 2 O)

contains 18% sulfur in the form of sulfate

Not as soluble as ammonium sulfate

used as a single application of calcium and sulfur in one fertilizer

If a farmer or gardener adds mineral fertilizers in combination with agricultural technology and sufficient watering, then the growth of plants, the formation of useful root crops, fruits and the quality of grown fruit and berry and vegetable products are accelerated. The use of top dressing allows you to get a crop of vegetables twice or thrice during the growing season.

Varieties of fertilizers include an unequal number of nutrients. The proportion of inorganic substance absorbed by plants is called "active substance". The designation of this indicator is expressed as a percentage. The use of mineral fertilizers is advisable for top dressing root and foliar.

The effectiveness of fertilizers depends on the moisture content of the soil. With poor watering, “fertility granules” will only harm the green mass of plants.

Mineral fertilizers are divided into the following types:

• potassium;
• nitrogen;
• phosphoric;
• microfertilizers.

Inorganic compounds, especially nitrogen ones, are usually used, given established rules. It is also necessary to monitor the balance of all the above types of feeding. Fertilizers are embedded in the ground with a chopper.

Terms of application of "fertility granules"

Vitaminize the earth annually or every other year. At the same time, the increase in the number of born fruits or grains is taken into account and appearance plants.

"Vitamins for the Earth": application rates

The amount of trace elements required depends on the type of soil and its moisture content. With optimal irrigation, it is necessary to introduce organic compounds by 25-30% more. If there is not enough moisture, then the feeding rate should be reduced.

For plantations of four to five years, they are limited to microelements in the amount of 1.5 - 2 kg per 100 m². For more "adult" plants, the following standards are followed: nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus are introduced, taking into account the ratio 1:2:2.5. For "mature" garden plantations on podzolic soils, the introduction of trace elements is allowed:

• urea, superphosphate 3 kg each (respectively 20% and 46%);
• potassium - 2 kg (60%).

If mineral fertilizers with other percentages, then another calculation should be made. On chernozems, it is advisable to comply with such norms: potassium is introduced twice as much, and nitrogen is 25-30% less.

Varieties of microelements for the soil

Nitrogen is a fundamental element for the full development of plants. Chemical compound is a component of proteins with a simple and complex structure. And these are parts of plant cells. In order to collect beautiful harvest, it is necessary to provide plants nitrogen fertilization affecting their development and growth. With this "nutrition" take into account the following: ammonium nitrate suitable for neutral soil. On acidic soils, it is recommended to use urea.

Nitrogen fertilizers: timing of application

Inorganic compounds are characterized by a mobile state. Because of this, getting into the lung sandy soil, they are washed out during the season to a depth of 1 meter or more. They enrich the earth in summer and spring. And in the fall, on clay soils, urea is introduced for digging.

In ammonium nitrate, the percentage content of the active substance is 33-35%. The solubility of the dressing is excellent, and the friability is satisfactory. The amount of active substance in carbamide is 45-46%. Water solubility and friability are good.

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Phosphate fertilizers

The chemical element phosphorus is part of organic matter. An inorganic compound, getting into the ground, changes the redox processes and improves the regenerative properties of vegetation tissues. The trace element also accelerates the development of plants. Nutrition with phosphorus helps the "greens" adapt to low temperatures. However, an excess of trace elements can lead to rapid aging of vegetation.

Phosphorus mineral fertilizers are suitable for digging in the fall. The older the plants, the deeper it is necessary to bring "fertility granules" into the ground. The main thing is to prevent injury to the root system.

Granular superphosphate contains 16% of the active ingredient. The solubility of the inorganic compound is satisfactory, and the friability is good.

Potassium trace elements

There is no potassium in the organic compounds of cells. Part chemical element found in cell sap. It comes out with water. That is why the presence of potassium in plants allows them to retain moisture, which is especially important in arid conditions. With poor potassium supply, the "greens" age prematurely, lose their resistance to diseases. The productivity of photosynthesis also decreases. The lack of an element slows down the activity of enzymes, leads to a lack of sugars and a failure in the metabolism of carbons and proteins. A microelement is introduced for digging in the fall.

The percentage of the active substance is 37.6. Looseness and solubility of potassium nitrate is good.

There are also complex fertilizers. They are also called complex. These include nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium, nitrogen-potassium, nitrogen-phosphorus. There is little or no ballast in these mixtures. And the content of nutrients is significant. Complex microelements enrich the soil in summer and spring.

Options for the balance method

There are several options for the balance method. The following varieties are considered the most common.

1. Calculation of doses of microelements for the planned harvest based on the elemental balance. By using this method determine the difference between the removal of nutrients from crops and their potential consumption from the soil by replacing the removal. The accuracy of the method is low due to the fact that all indicators vary.
2. The calculation of the number of "fertility granules" for the planned increase in the gross harvest of crop production is based on obtaining a part of useful root crops or fruits thanks to the nutrients already in the ground. The crop becomes more voluminous due to inorganic compounds introduced with the fertilizer. Doses of mineral fertilizers are determined based on the number of nutrients consumed by the planned increase in grain, herbs or fruits. This calculation is the most reliable, since the yield without fertilizers is taken as the basis. Variable parameters do not matter.
3. Application of compensation coefficients for batteries.

If minerals are applied without measure, then the entire crop can be lost. That is why every inexperienced gardener must use a special calculation.

Determination of application rates for inorganic substances

When buying mineral vitamins for the soil, you should pay attention to the packaging. It indicates the name of the mineral fertilizer, the content of nutrients in%. This indicator is called useful or effective. In phosphorus inorganic compounds, the useful substance is phosphorus, or rather phosphoric acid oxide, denoted (P2O5), in nitrogen - nitrogen (N), in potassium - potassium oxide (K2O). The calculation of the input norms of one or another mineral fertilizer is made on the basis of the indicator of the active substance.

Let's consider such an example. Ammonium nitrate includes 34% nitrogen. With the introduction of 100 g of vitamins for the soil, only 34 g of useful nitrogen enters it. If, after soil analysis, the recommended dose of the active substance (N) is 5 g per m² (5 g a.i. / 1 ​​m²), then how much ammonium nitrate should be spent? To do this, carry out the following calculation:
(5 × 100) / 34 \u003d 14.7 or 15 g of ammonium nitrate

If urea (carbamide) containing 46% useful nitrogen is used for administration, then a little less mineral fertilizer will be required according to the formula:
(5×100)/46= 10.86 or 11 g urea

In some calculations, it should also be taken into account that complex fertilizers consist of several batteries. For example, nitrophoska consists of 11% N, 10% P2O5 and 11% K2O.
If you need to keep 60 g of active trace elements, phosphorus and nitrogen, then the calculation is made for the element that is in excess. Ammophos is composed of 40% phosphorus and 12% nitrogen. The calculation is made for phosphorus. So how much ammophos is needed to have 60 g of phosphorus in it? Let's use the formula:

60x100/40=150 g

After that, it is necessary to determine how much N is available in 150 g of mineral fertilizer:

(150×12)/100 = 18 g

Next, we make the following calculation: 60-18 = 42 g of nitrogen. Granules must be applied in the form of a conventional nitrogen fertilizer. If there is urea, then 91 g will be required for application to the ground based on the formula: (42 x 100) / 46.

The introduction of such norms should be followed in order to improve the yield.

When you want to mix simple inorganic compounds or add them to complex ones, you should be careful, since not all elements can be combined. Indeed, between elements there may be chemical reactions, which will lead to the loss of nitrogen, the transformation of phosphorus into complex shapes; increase in hygroscopicity, caking of the mixture.

What standards should be followed if it is necessary to introduce ammonium nitrate into the soil? Approximately 15-25 g is introduced per m². It is strongly not recommended to mix top dressing with straw, sawdust, peat and other organic matter, since fire, self-ignition is likely.

Keep the following standards when introducing such mineral elements as carbamide or urea in order to increase the yield - about 10-20 g are applied per m². If liquid top dressing is required, then prepare a solution: 50 g of urea per 10 l of liquid.

Dissolved fertilizers are applied no more than once every 10 days.

They adhere to such standards if they want to “feed” the soil and plants by introducing ammonium sulfate - they take 30-40 g per m². The substance has a high solubility and has an oxidizing effect.

Calcium nitrate is alkaline, it does not acidify the soil. In order for the harvest to please, strict adherence to the norms for introducing a substance into the soil is necessary - about 30-50 g per m².

Such mineral elements as superphosphate and potassium chloride are introduced in the following proportions: phosphate - 40-60 g, potassium - 15-20 g. Quantity per m² - 12-25 g, potassium sulfate - 20-25 g.

Potassium nitrate - complex inorganic compound with 14% nitrogen and 44% potassium oxide. Substance is introduced in the amount of 30-40 g.

Ash is rich in trace elements. It not only neutralizes the soil, but also destroys pathogens of various bacteria and fungi. different types ash is applied in the following amount per m²:

• peat ash requires 1 kg;
• vegetable - 300 g;
• wood - 700 g.

To complex top dressing include ammofoska, nitrofoska, nitroammophoska and diammophos. The first fertilizer is introduced in such a volume - about 20-30 g, the second - 70-80 g.

Gardeners should remember that young plants need phosphorus and nitrogen to a greater extent, during the period of active growth they need to be fertilized with potassium and nitrogen. During flowering and budding, phosphorus becomes an important mineral fertilizer.

In order to raise the yield, you should know that without key nutrients (phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen), not a single plant will be able to fully develop. It is necessary to adhere to the norms for applying fertilizers, based on self-made calculations. The planned harvest will exceed all the expectations of the farmer if he uses the above tips and correct calculations.

mineral supplement. Principles of introduction into the soil.

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The efficiency of agriculture is inextricably linked with the rational use of fertilizers, i.e. with exact observance of technologies of their introduction.

There are three types of fertilizer application: basic(pre-sowing, pre-sowing), pre-sowing(row) and top dressing(post-sowing application). Fertilizers can be applied at different times: autumn, spring, summer, etc.

Methods for applying mineral fertilizers are usually divided into scattered followed by plow, harrows or cultivators and local with the help of machines that apply fertilizer to a given depth in the form of tapes, nests, foci, etc. Effective reception application of mineral fertilizers is also reserve application.

When choosing the time, method and method of applying fertilizers, the following goals are pursued: to create conditions for maximum availability of nutrients to plants, to provide plants with nutrition throughout the entire growth period and especially during critical periods, i.e. during periods of greatest need for fertilizers; reduce the loss of nutrients from leaching, reduce the chemical non-exchange absorption of elements and their transition into forms inaccessible to plants. The biological characteristics of crops, their root systems, and the distribution of moisture along the soil profile are also taken into account, since fertilizers are poorly used in drying and waterlogged layers, and with excess moisture they can be washed out.

Fertilizers should be in the zone of development of the root system and minimally fixed by the soil. Embedded in a moist layer of soil, they are well used by plants during almost the entire growing season. On light soils, the sowing depth should be greater than on heavy soils. When fertilizing, it must be taken into account that nutrients in the soil can move with soil water and as a result of diffusion. The diffusion movement of nutrients is rather weakly expressed, especially phosphorus, the transport of fertilizer nutrients by descending and ascending water currents is of greater importance. First of all, nitrogen fertilizers (nitrates) are subjected to leaching, which, in addition, is dangerous for environment. Under the leaching water regime, a significant amount of nitrate nitrogen (20 kg/ha or more) is washed out only from light soils and on fallow fields; on loamy soils, the loss of nitrogen from leaching at average doses of fertilizers is lower (6–16 kg/ha).

Washing out of batteries is typical for early spring and late autumn when the fields are not occupied by crops. Therefore, it is important to choose the right time to apply nitrogen fertilizers. The accumulation of nitrates in the soil can also lead to significant losses of nitrogen as a result of denitrification, which reach 10–35% of the applied amount. Moreover, much more nitrogen is lost from nitrate fertilizers than from ammonia. Therefore, whenever possible, the intensity of nitrification should be reduced, including reducing the time from applying nitrogen fertilizers to sowing. According to the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, of the applied organic and mineral fertilizers, gaseous losses on average in the Republic of Belarus amount to 25%.

With the surface application of solid ammonium and amide fertilizers or their shallow incorporation, the amount of ammonia loss directly depends on the pH and moisture content of the soil, as well as the dose of fertilizers. If no more than 1–3% N is lost during the surface application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, then when using high doses of urea, 20–30% is lost. The loss of nitrogen from liquid ammonia fertilizers is the smaller, the greater the depth of their application and soil moisture. As already noted, on loamy soils, losses are practically not observed when ammonia water is incorporated to a depth of 10–12 cm (minimum application depth is 7–8 cm), and anhydrous ammonia is 16 cm (minimum depth is 12–14 cm).

Phosphorus fertilizers remain at the place of their application and migrate very weakly along the soil profile even on light soils. Therefore, the probability of phosphorus leaching from the root layer is negligible.

Potassium is absorbed by the soil mainly in exchange, is well retained, especially in cohesive soils, and is slightly washed out from sandy, sandy loam and peat soils. The fixation of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by the soil mainly occurs immediately after application (within a day), but no later than a month. Phosphorus passes into inactive compounds much more (50-70%) than potassium. Phosphorus is most strongly fixed on acidic soddy-podzolic soils with a high content of iron and aluminum sesquioxides, potassium - in humus-rich calcareous soils. Alternate drying and moistening of the soil significantly enhances the fixation of potassium, but does not affect the fixation of phosphorus by the soil.

On cohesive soils, during the autumn application, the degree of fixation of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is almost the same. On acidic soddy-podzolic soils, the earlier phosphate rock is applied before sowing, the more phosphorus available to plants is formed. Granular superphosphate, on the contrary, is better to apply closer to or during sowing in order to reduce the fixation of phosphorus in the soil. Granulation reduces the contact area of ​​the fertilizer and thus the fixation of phosphorus, but when applied long before sowing, the granules dissolve and the fixation of phosphorus by the soil increases.

With shallow incorporation of phosphorus and potash fertilizers, phosphorus and potassium will not be used by plants due to very low mobility in dry soil. When fertilizing with a cultivator-plant feeder, these fertilizers also often fall into the dry soil layer and have a lesser effect than when plowed with a skimmer before sowing into the zone of the root system of plants.

Thus, by adjusting the timing and choosing a specific method of applying fertilizers, it is possible to achieve their maximum payment by increasing the yield of crops with a high quality of crop products.

Choice best way application of mineral fertilizers is one of the important points affecting the availability of nutrients to the root system of plants. Usually this process is done in conjunction with others (eg plowing, sowing, etc.), which reduces labor and energy costs.

Conventionally, the methods of applying mineral fertilizers are divided into two groups: scattered and local. In addition, in horticultural practice, the main application, pre-sowing and top dressing are distinguished, which differ in the time of application.

Broadcast and local methods of applying mineral fertilizers

Mineral fertilizers are, for the most part, soluble ammonia, potassium, and phosphorus salts. The scattered (otherwise continuous) method involves the distribution of preparations over the surface, after which the substances are incorporated into the soil. For quality processing land by this method, especially on large areas, it is necessary to use agricultural machinery. If the application process is carried out not at the stage of top dressing, but as a pre-sowing treatment, then plowing, disking, and cultivation are done after it.

AT agriculture There are many types of agricultural machinery (other than machines designed to apply ammonia to the soil) that can be used for this type of treatment. it different kind fertilizer seeders, spreaders. The use of machines allows for high productivity, and also reduces the energy and labor costs of the process. The most effective is the use of fertilizer seeders, which allow you to evenly apply nutrients over the soil surface.

Speaking about what methods of applying mineral fertilizers exist, it is important to note the local ones. This group includes sowing, tape, focal and other techniques.

The local method differs in that fertilizers are mixed with a small amount of soil in some limited area. This method is more often used in home gardens when growing shrubs and fruit trees.

Basic application of mineral fertilizers

The features of the main application of mineral fertilizers are influenced by their form, as well as the time of application. The basic fertilizer application method can be used for most crops and fertilizers. It is used in the fall after harvesting when plowing the soil. It should be borne in mind that in the main application, as a rule, it is not recommended to use easily soluble types of fertilizer, including ammonium and sodium nitrate.

Sowing application of mineral fertilizers

The pre-sowing method of applying mineral fertilizers is carried out in the spring. Mineral fertilizers are applied to the soil simultaneously with sowing seeds or planting seedlings. In sowing application, only those mineral fertilizers are used, the elements of which are easily soluble. These are ammonium nitrate, ammophos, superphosphate in powder or granules, azophoska, different composition nitroammophoski.

top dressing

Top dressing is carried out during the growing season of plants. It is necessary for crops to receive the necessary nutrients during their intensive growth and development.

In the agricultural sector, non-root and root dressing. In the first case, crops are sprayed with a solution, while the necessary elements penetrate the plant through the leaves or stem. With root top dressing, mineral fertilizers are distributed into the soil, and useful macro and microelements from them are absorbed directly by the root system itself.

There are several ways to apply this fertilizer:

Substances in dry form are scattered over the soil without incorporation or with incorporation;
- Liquid fertilizers are applied along with watering.

Application Method liquid fertilizer considered more effective, especially in dry weather. In this case, mineral fertilizers are used that are highly soluble in water.

Effective for growing plants spraying with microfertilizers, which contain boron, molybdenum and other trace elements.

When choosing fertilizer application methods and their timing, it is important to consider that crops receive the necessary nutrients at all stages of growth and development. Only compliance given condition will help to get a high and high-quality harvest. All methods, though interconnected, are not interchangeable. Only them optimal combination will give you the best effect.