What are the constituents of the human body. The chemical composition of the human body

If the metabolism is disturbed, then such a violation is expressed in the form of a change in chemical constancy at the level of cells of a tissue, organ, or even the organism as a whole. Accordingly, the manifestations of many diseases can be characterized by their influence on the change of chemical compounds at all these levels. However, before speaking directly about such changes, it is advisable to briefly consider the chemical composition of the organs and tissues of the human body, touching in passing on those sources that building material, from which the body draws resources and energy, that is, nutrients.

continuous wear human body requires constant updating constituent elements. This explains the constant need for an influx of food. For 70 years of life, a person eats more than 2.5 tons of proteins, about 2 tons of fats, about 10 tons of carbohydrates, drinks more than 50,000 liters of water. All living things are characterized organic molecules, and their composition mainly includes carbon, as well as various amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and a small percentage of phosphorus, sulfur, iron and some other elements. Carbon is the most important element in all living systems.

The cells of the human body are built, it would seem, from simple chemical components - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids. However, these components, connecting with each other, can form and form complex complexes. Yes, in many cell structures includes lipoproteins, glucoproteins, etc. An important chemical component of the vital activity of all cells is adenosine triphosphoric acid - universal source energy for various metabolic processes.

"Metabolic Disorders: Prevention",
M.A. Zhukovsky

Proteins are the main component any living cell. Their most important function is catalytic, since any chemical reaction in the cell proceeds with the participation of biological catalysts - enzymes. Any enzyme is a protein. The structural function of proteins is also very important. They ensure the reproduction of the main structural elements of organs and tissues. The problem is that proteins...

Carbohydrates are the main fuel for cells. Oxidized, carbohydrates release energy, which is consumed by the cell for all life processes. Carbohydrates account for about 50-60% of the diet in terms of calories. The human body is unable to synthesize carbohydrates from inorganic substances and receives them with various food products, mainly of vegetable origin. In nutrition, the main carbohydrate that has nutritional value, ...

As a source of energy, cells use not only carbohydrates, but also fats. During the breakdown of fats, a significant amount of it is released. And the energy value fats are much higher than carbohydrates. Fat provides more than 2 times more calories than glucose. Nevertheless, the energy supply of the body is still mainly determined by carbohydrates, since lipids also have a number of ...

Nucleic acids are a relatively recently discovered and studied group of compounds that play an extremely important role. These chemical compounds store and transmit hereditary information. They mediate the synthesis of all body proteins. There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA). DNA is found mainly in the nucleus of the cell, RNA - in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The importance of nucleic acids is...

It must be taken into account that each of the described links of biosynthesis is catalyzed by certain enzymes and is supplied with energy by ATP molecules. Perhaps, here it is immediately worth noting the possible development of deviations in protein synthesis due to a violation in hereditary information. Their causes may be different: the sequence of amino acids in the DNA molecule may be disturbed, another option is this DNA molecule itself ...

Chemical composition The human body includes most of the periodic table: iodine, iron, potassium, calcium and many other elements. These substances enter the organs together with food and air, since they themselves are not produced by our body. With a deficiency of any element in our body, important organs fail, teeth, nails and hair stop growing, bones break, metabolism is disturbed, diseases appear.

The chemical composition of the human body includes two groups of minerals: macroelements and microelements. Macronutrients (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sodium, sulfur, magnesium, chlorine, etc.) are required by the body in relatively large doses. The need for trace elements (manganese, iron, iodine, copper, zinc, cobalt and fluorine) is limited to a negligible amount.

Today we will tell you about the main substances that make up the chemical composition of the human body, their functions and the consequences of their deficiency.

Potassium is necessary to maintain the body's water-salt balance, nourish cells and strengthen the immune system. It also affects the functioning of the muscular, nervous and cardiac systems. AT in large numbers potassium is found in avocados, bananas, raisins, dried apricots, parsley, peas, beans and potatoes.

Iodine tones muscles, ensures the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, supports metabolism, strengthens the immune system, and has a beneficial effect on the nervous system. It is found in large quantities in seaweed, seaweed, fish, other seafood, all types of meat, cottage cheese, cereals, beets, cabbage, potatoes, apples, persimmons, plums and grapes.

Calcium, which is part of the chemical composition of the human body, is necessary for strengthening bones, developing teeth, normal activity of the heart muscle and to ensure proper blood clotting. Found in dairy products, salmon, sardines, white bread and green vegetables.

Magnesium is useful for nerve, energy and muscle functions, for the normal development of bone structure. Its deficiency is typical for people leading a sedentary lifestyle, and causes "chronic fatigue syndrome". Found in bananas, wheat bran, peas, soybeans, nuts, brown rice and seeds.

Phosphorus is needed for bone development and for the normal absorption of fats, protein and carbohydrates by the body. Lack of phosphorus is fraught with weakness and pain in the bones, anxiety and irritability. A lot of phosphorus is contained in milk, fish, meat, potatoes baked in their skins, and ginseng.

Iron, which is part of the chemical composition of the human body, has a general strengthening effect, participates in blood formation and supplies cells with oxygen. Iron deficiency causes anemia and fatigue in a person. Iron is found in the liver, kidneys, bran of all cereals, black caviar, prunes, dried apricots, wholemeal bread, pomegranates, and pure chocolate.

Zinc plays an important role in the development of the reproductive system, the activity of the digestive organs, in the implementation of hormonal functions and promotes wound healing. Found in mushrooms, sprouted wheat, nuts, seeds and oysters.

Selenium is needed by the body in very small doses, however, it is necessary to protect cells from destruction, to prevent premature aging, to slow down the growth of cancer cells. Found in coconut, fish and seafood, Brazil nuts, sunflower seeds and wholemeal bread.

We examined the basic chemical composition of the human body. We hope this information will help you stay healthy.

The human body is very complex. Functions within us clearly organized system where everything is connected. In order to figure out what a person consists of, you need to know and understand a lot, but everything is in order.

What is the human skeleton made of?

From bones - you will say, and you will be right. In general, our "base", from head to toe, consists of a complex of skeletons, its different parts, having the following structure:

The bones of the skull are distributed between the brain, including the frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal, and the facial, composed of the jaws, zygomatic, as well as nasal, lacrimal, palatine and sublingual, lobes;
The spinal column is divided into five sections, starting with the cervical, then the thoracic (with the sternum and ribs) and lumbar, and ending with the vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx, which are directly related to our upright gait;
The “belts” that attach our arms and legs to the axis with the help of the clavicles and shoulder blades, respectively, as well as the pelvic bones, are called, respectively, the shoulder and pelvic;
The bones of the shoulder, forearm and hand make up the skeleton of the upper limbs, and the thighs, lower legs and feet - the lower ones.

In total, the human skeleton includes more than two hundred bones (more precisely 206) that provide our support and protection internal organs and the bone marrow performs the function of hematopoiesis.

What is blood made of?

Being a liquid tissue, it circulates through the vessels, and is also "in the storerooms" of the body, amounting to 4.5 to 6 liters, or 6-8% of a person's body weight.

Composition of the blood:

The plasma, or liquid part, consists mainly of water, and a 10% solution is represented by proteins "in the face" of albumins, globulins and fibrinogen, and mineral salts, as well as hormones and enzymes;
Formed elements in the plasma in the form of a suspension. It:

Erythrocytes, the basis of which is hemoglobin - a protein containing iron. It also forms complexes with oxygen or carbon dioxide as a result of their transfer from the lungs to the tissues and vice versa, from which the color of the blood changes from bright scarlet (in the arteries) to dark red (in the veins);
Leukocytes perform a protective role in absorbing and destroying foreign bodies, and also produce antibodies, participating in the work of immunity;
Platelets contribute to the process of blood clotting, saving us from excessive blood loss.

According to the antigenic properties of erythrocytes, the blood is divided into 1-4 groups according to the "AB0" system and into positive and negative - according to the Rh factor. This is a constant value throughout a person's life.

What is the human nervous system made of?

All nerves are united into a single tissue of the body, which is "responsible" for a person's contact with the outside world. Consists of two main departments:

Central nervous system(CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord;
Peripheral, having cranial and spinal nerves with their nodes and branches.

Functionally, the CNS is divided into:

Somatic, which regulates the work of skeletal muscles and sensory organs and can be controlled by the human mind (to bend and unbend a limb);
Vegetative, whose business is the management of cellular processes, metabolism, and the functioning of internal organs.

The main element of the system is nerve cell, or a neuron consisting of a body and processes along which they spread "back and forth" nerve impulses, and the mechanism of activity - reflex. Its stages:

Receiving an external signal;
Sending it "to the center";
Transfer to the central nervous system and from it - to the "performer";
The response of the relevant body is its action.

The work of the reflex arc involves receptors, neurons different types: sensory, intercalary, motor, as well as the "responder" muscle - our reaction.

What is the skin made of?

The skin is our cover, the most big organ with an area of 1.5-2 m 2 and it is arranged as follows:

The multilayered epidermis, consisting of five layers, is the upper one and is updated in different areas with a frequency of 1 time in 10-30 days;
The connective tissue, or dermis, has papillary and reticular layers through which blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve endings pass;
The structure of the subcutaneous fat is built on the basis of loose fibers with fat accumulations between them.
According to the chemical composition, the skin consists of proteins (collagen - up to 70% in dehydrated and fat-free skin, elastin and reticulin in the sebaceous and sweat glands, keratin - in the stratum corneum), their decay products in the form of urea, ammonia, creatine, amino acids; as well as from carbohydrates (glucose, glycogen, etc.) and lipids
In human subcutaneous tissue, up to 70% of fats are represented by a low-melting fraction (triolein) with a melting point of plus 15 ° C;
The amount of water in the composition of the skin is 60-70%.

The skin has appendages, which include hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands.

What is hair made of?

Being part of the skin, hair also serves as a protective cover for a person. The growth process is divided into three stages:

Active - lasts 2-4 years. On the head of such hair is approximately 93% of the total;
Intermediate has the most short term A: 15 to 20 days, it accounts for only 1%;
The cessation of hair growth occurs within three to four months and accounts for 6% of their number;

The structure of the hair is:

The germ is a hair follicle located under the epidermis and surrounded by a follicle or hair follicle. Hair grows by dividing its cells;
The hair that everyone sees on our head is called rods and consists of three layers of keratinized cells;
In the center of them is the medulla, formed by keratin cells and air cavities and having a loose structure;
The middle layer is called the cortical or cortex. It gives the hair strength and determines their natural color due to the melanin pigment included in its composition;
The outer layer is formed by a cuticle, or an organic film that looks like scales and performs a protective role.

The type of hair (straight, curly) depends on the shape of the follicle.

What are human muscles made of?

A muscle is a muscle. It consists of muscle tissue and belongs together with the skeleton to the human musculoskeletal system. There are different classifications of muscles:

By structure, they are divided into smooth and striated:

The former are formed by myocyte cells and are characteristic of internal organs and vessels. Their contraction is called involuntary;
The latter consist of a muscle fiber of a complex structure and are divided into skeletal and myocardial muscles. Skeletal muscles are called voluntary muscles, because. they provide the movement of limbs at the will of a person. The heart consists of the same muscle, but is a special organ, because it contracts involuntarily, and the autonomic nervous system controls this;

Muscles belong to different organs (head, torso, etc.), can be long or short and different shapes: flat, square, have the shape of a spindle, rhombus or trapezoid;
In the direction of the fiber bundles, they are classified as straight, oblique, circular, transverse and their varieties;
Functionally, the division is divided into flexors and extensors, as well as rotators, levators, abductors and their antagonists.

According to various signs, a muscle can simultaneously belong to several types.

A joke song for children says what boys and girls are made of, but says nothing to serious adults about what a person is made of. They solve this problem themselves.

Video: does a person consist of emptiness?

In this video, Evgeny Rogozin will tell you why, in fact, the bodies of all people are 90% filled with emptiness, from the point of view of physics:

The main components of the chemical composition of the human body are proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water and minerals, with the largest part being water.

WATER. This is the most common and most anomalous connection on the globe. Water is an eternal mineral, because is a very stable compound and its quantity on the globe does not change. Water can be in various states of aggregation:

Solid;

gaseous.

When heated, water boils, turning into steam, which does not noticeably decompose even at a temperature of 1000 ° C, when cooled, it again gives water, and if the temperature is lowered further, ice is formed, which, when melted, again gives water.

Water has extraordinary physical and chemical properties that distinguish it from all other substances. Water is taken as the standard of physical constants for all other substances.

Water has the following properties necessary for biological objects:

1. Large heat capacity. This means that a significant increase in thermal energy causes only a relatively small increase in its temperature. Due to this, biochemical processes proceed in a smaller temperature range;

2. Great heat of evaporation. The energy required for water molecules to evaporate is drawn from their environment, so evaporation is accompanied by cooling;

3.Large heat of fusion;

4. The only substance that has a higher density in the liquid state than in the solid state;

5. Large surface tension and cohesion (the so-called adhesion of molecules);

b. Variety of participation in metabolic processes as a reagent:

Serves as a universal solvent in the extracellular, cellular spaces, in all biological media of the body;

Participates in hydrolytic reactions of decomposition of biopolymers;

Serves as a reagent in anabolic processes;

Performs an electron-donor function for reactions.

In humans and animals, water is distributed in several liquid phases. In an adult, the amount of water is about 60% of body weight, in men, compared to women, the water content is higher due to less fat. Of the total amount of water taken as 100%, 55% is located inside the cells, and 45% is in the extracellular fluid. The latter includes water contained in blood plasma, intercellular fluid, bones and dense connective tissue. Part of the water is part of the fluids secreted by special cells. These are, for example, cerebrospinal, intraocular fluids, as well as secrets secreted by glands into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption of water from food occurs throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Most of it is reabsorbed in the small intestine.

Excretion of water from the body is carried out with urine, feces, sweat and breathing.

The kidneys are the main organ for removing water and electrolytes from the body. About 1.5 liters of water per day is lost in the urine. These losses are conditionally divided into mandatory and optional. Mandatory - make up the smallest amount of liquid (0.5 l), with which metabolic products are removed in the maximum concentration. This amount does not depend on the degree of hydration of the body. Facultative or manageable losses (0.8 - 1.3 l) vary depending on the degree of hydration of the body and the state of neuroendocrine mechanisms of regulation of diuresis. The loss of water through the gastrointestinal tract does not exceed 0.1 liters per day. The loss of water through sweat and breathing is about 1 liter per day. Depends on the degree of hydration of the body, temperature environment, physical activity.

The regulation of water-salt metabolism is provided by the central nervous system, endocrine system and kidneys with the leading role of the central nervous system. An increase in plasma osmolarity through the central nervous system causes an increased release of the posterior pituitary hormone, vasopressin, which reduces the excretion of water from the body due to water reabsorption in the renal tubules. Water, lingering in the body, reduces the osmotic pressure, as a result of which the secretion of vasopressin stops. Hyperproduction of the hormone leads to the accumulation of fluid in the body and edema, and hypoproduction causes an increased release of fluid from the body, up to diabetes ( diabetes insipidus). Water metabolism is also influenced by the hormone aldosterone secreted by the glomerular layer of the adrenal cortex. Its action is associated with an effect on the level of sodium in the blood plasma. A decrease in the sodium concentration leads to a drop in the osmotic pressure of the plasma and to an increase in the loss of water from the body. Hyponatremia stimulates the secretion of aldosterone, it enhances the reversible absorption of sodium in the kidneys and, therefore, contributes to the retention of water in the body. Hypernatremia inhibits the release of aldosterone. The kidneys are involved in the regulation of the volume of water in the body with their physiological functions - the processes of filtration and reabsorption of water and mineral salts, the synthesis and secretion of a number of substances. The kidneys produce the hormone renin. Its secretion increases with a decrease in the volume of intravascular fluid and a decrease in blood pressure. Renin contributes to the mobilization of tissue fluid into the vascular bed and the normalization of blood pressure, which is necessary for the physiological course of urine filtration processes in the nephron.

The total concentration of solutes that determine the osmolality of the fluid (or its osmotic pressure) is almost the same in cells and in the extracellular fluid surrounding them. However, these liquids fundamentally differ from each other in the concentration of individual ions, which has great importance for the normal functioning of living cells.

MINERALS, The elements necessary for the construction and vital activity of various cells and organisms are called biogenic elements. The basis of living systems is only seven elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, called organogens. These elements make up 97.4% in the body. Of all the currently known elements, only 24 have been found to be biogenic.

All minerals contained in the human body can be divided into 4 groups:

1.Macrobiogenic- the content of which in the body is higher 1 % (O, C, N, H, Ca, R);

2.Oligobiogenic- the content of which is from 0.1 to 1% (K, Na, Cl, S, Mg, Fe);

3. Microbiogenic- the content of which is below 0.1% (Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, F, Br, I);

4.Ultramicrobiogenic- the content of which is 10 4 - 10 "6%.

Human organs concentrate various chemical elements in themselves in different ways, they are unevenly distributed over different organs and tissues. In the body, elements can be both in a bound state and in the form of free ionic forms.

Biological role chemical elements in the human body is extremely diverse.

The main function of macrobiogenic elements:

Building tissues;

Maintaining a constant osmotic pressure;

Ionic and acid-base composition.

Oligobiogenic and microbiogenic elements, being part of enzymes, hormones, vitamins, biologically active substances, as complexing agents or activators, participate in the reproduction processes; in metabolism, including:

tissue respiration,

Neutralization of toxic substances; affect the processes of hematopoiesis; oxidation - recovery, permeability of blood vessels and tissues.

Calcium, phosphorus, fluorine, iodine, aluminum, silicon determine the formation of bone and dental tissues.

The content of some elements in the human body changes with age. Many diseases associated with a lack or excess accumulation of various biogenic elements have been identified. Fluorine deficiency causes caries, iodine deficiency - endemic goiter, excess molybdenum - endemic gout. Such patterns are connected with the fact that the balance of optimal concentrations of biogenic elements is maintained in the human body - chemical homeostasis.

The lack of minerals in the diet leads to serious consequences for human health. However, not only a deficiency, but also an excess of biogenic elements is harmful to the body, since this disrupts chemical homeostasis. Mineral components, which are vital in negligible amounts, become toxic at higher concentrations. Along with diseases caused by environmental pollution, there are diseases associated with the abnormal content of certain elements in one or another geographical area called endemic. There are biogeochemical provinces with low and high content of any element in them.

general characteristics s-elements. The block of s-elements includes 13 elements, common to which is the building up in their atoms of the s-sublevel of the external energy level. As follows from the electronic formulas, the elements of the IA group (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) have one s-electron at the external energy level, and the elements of the PA group (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) - two electrons each. Chemical properties elements of IA and PA groups are similar. They are strong reducing agents. Elemental substances are typical metals with brilliance, high electrical conductivity, and chemically very active.

Each educated person must know, what is the human body made of. At least in in general terms. After all, everyone has their own attraction, since it is information about us.

human tissue

Cells that are identical in structure and function form tissues. In total, there are four types of tissues in our body.

epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissue (integumentary) forms the skin and mucous membranes of internal organs.

Its main function is to protect the body and individual organs from external influences actively participate in the metabolic process.

Epithelial tissue cells in the intestine, for example, absorb nutrients.

Connective tissue

Connective tissue is made up of blood, lymph, bones and fat. Some cells of this type of tissue carry nutrients throughout our body, others (osteocytes) serve as a support for the body, and others form the basis protective system person.

Muscle

The name of muscle tissue speaks for itself. The word "muscle" comes from the Latin "musculis", and it, in turn, from the word "mus", which means mouse.

Indeed, when contracting, our muscles seem to run under the skin. Long cells (up to 12 cm) contain the thinnest filaments that can contract - these are myofibrils and myofilaments.

nervous tissue

Nervous tissue is made up of very special cells called neurons.

They distinguish the body, where the nucleus is located, and processes (axons and dendrites). The length of the axon - a long process, can reach 1.5 meters.

A weak electric discharge passes through it from cell to cell. It's called a nerve impulse.

Did you know that the smallest cell in the human body is the red blood cell? Its diameter is about 7 microns (1 micrometer is 0.0001 centimeters).

And the largest cell is the egg. Its diameter is about 0.1 mm. It can be seen even with the naked eye.

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