What the average person needs to know. Everything an educated person needs to know

1. Flowers that can be given to a man:

chrysanthemums, roses, carnations, delphiniums, orchids, bamboo, callas, lilies, anthuriums, gladioli, tulips, irises, gerberas, plumeria, heliconias, daisies, sunflowers.

Don't forget about colors when giving men flowers. Such colors are welcomed in colors: purple, burgundy, white, blue, green.

Cases when it is customary to give flowers to a man:

1) Film premiere;
2) Concert premiere;
3) Publication of the book;
4) Publication of the article;
5) Serious discovery;
6) Birthday;
7) Presentation of the award;
8) Sports record.

It is believed that it is better for the boss to give green or emerald callas. It is better to give composition to professional florists.

2. Handshake

It is not customary to shake hands with women, but if she extends her hand first, you should shake it, but not as hard as men. But your handshake shouldn't be weaker than a woman's or she'll think you're weak.

The eldest gives his hand first, the teacher or mentor - to the student, the boss - to the subordinate. You should not change the rules of the game, even though there are no castes in our society, you can cause rejection and misunderstanding among others.

When shaking hands, look into the eyes and smile a little as a sign of friendly disposition.

3. According to the rules of etiquette, a bowl of soup should be tilted away from you while eating!

Some sources write that it is impossible to tilt at all.

4. Men should ALWAYS get up when a lady leaves the table!

5. There is nothing wrong when a husband calls his wife "bunny", and she is his "bunny".

However, these affectionate nicknames are not meant for prying ears!
When not alone, it is better to call each other by their first names.

6. Sometimes it is very nice to drink a drink through a straw.

But in such cases, you should not suck it out to the last drop, as a piercing gurgle will introduce some dissonance into the general conversation.

7. Here are the basic modern rules of etiquette in a restaurant:

A) Cut large pieces into smaller ones;
b) When a dish is eaten with the hands, there is no need to hunch over and intrude with the elbows into the neighbor's space;
c) You can’t blow on hot food, you need to wait until it cools down;
d) While eating with your hands, it is better to bite off a little bit;
e) Use a tissue and do not lick your fingers;
e) Always blot your mouth with a tissue;
g) Never wipe your mouth with your hand or speak with your mouth full;
h) Even if everyone around eats with their hands, it is quite acceptable to eat with a fork and knife;
i) Never put your phone on the table.

8. Chewing gum in public and during conversation is considered vulgar!

The habit of chewing chewing gum exposes us precisely in ignorance of the rules of decency!

9. It is considered the height of bad manners to be distracted by your watch, mobile phone or notebook during a conversation.

Even if you are tired and bored, don't show it!

10. On the stairs:

If a man and a woman are on the stairs, then when going up, the man must leave the woman behind him, and when going down, it is necessary on the contrary, so that the woman is in front. But if the stairs are too narrow, steep or dark, then the man should go ahead of the woman.

A woman, walking up the stairs, must choose the side with the railing. She may not move away from the railing if she meets a man on the way, even if this is contrary to the rules of right-hand traffic.

A man, while on the stairs, should give way to women, the elderly and children at the railing.

If a man goes up the stairs, holding a woman by the arm, then he should move with his body just enough to serve as a sufficient support for the woman, but at the same time not move impetuously and not pull her forward, the man should behave the same way when going down the stairs with a woman.

Many modern devices are indeed extremely complex, so it would be the height of arrogance to reach into their insides with a hammer and pliers. But this does not apply to all situations. Very often the problem turns out to be so simple, and its solution lies so close to the surface, that only our inner conviction that “I can’t do it” prevents us from seeing and solving it. Many people do not even approximately imagine the device and principles of operation of the things around them and, most importantly, do not even seek to learn them.

The ability to use your memory

Judging by the speed with which note-takers, note-books, telephone books, calendars and planners multiply, the memory of a person of the future will gradually die out as unnecessary. Already now it is rare to find a friend who knows at least a few significant phone numbers from memory. And we are being replaced by a generation unable to learn a simple poem and remember the dates of the most important historical events. And really, why do they need it when there is Google?

Cooking at home skill

I firmly believe that the harm to humanity from cheap fast food and the presence in our kitchens can be commensurate with the damage from the last few wars. Yes, it is very convenient and fast, but then you don’t have to complain about obesity, diabetes, stomach ulcers and a whole bunch of related diseases. The ability to cook for yourself is not a matter of taste or economy, it is a matter of survival.

The ability to let go of excess

The ability to give up unnecessary purchases, the insane and thoughtless pursuit of new models and brands is not so much a sign of a lack of financial resources, but a sign of mental maturity. Tell all those who change the model of their smartphone and car every time, was it really necessary? And maybe it would be better to spend these funds on more pleasant and useful things? For example, to attend a foreign language course or travel.

The less money we spend on junk, the more we can then spend on the people around us and getting new experiences.

Ability to expand your horizons

"I'm a programmer, I don't need it." "I'm an athlete, this is too much for me." "I'm a musician, I'm only interested in music."

Have you ever heard such statements? Yes, our century is the century of narrow specialists. But you can’t artificially limit the scope of your interests only to what is necessary for professional growth. After all, work is only a part of life, and not the biggest one either. Try to always strive to learn as much as possible new things, even when it seems to you not very useful at the moment. You never know what will come in handy tomorrow.

survival skill

We live in such a calm time that the ability to independently light a fire, navigate the stars and find water may seem like a monstrous anachronism. However, these and other survival skills may well come in handy one day. And it doesn’t have to be somewhere on a camping trip or travel. Non-standard situations happen to people quite often, and sometimes quite unpredictably. You can get lost on a walk, your car can stall on a winter night road, and no one is safe from natural disasters. It is always better to be prepared for emergency situations in advance than to shrug helplessly later.

Ability to handle long tasks

The frantic pace of modern life dictates its own rules to us. We try to react quickly, make decisions quickly and want to see immediate results of our work. However, there are often problems in life that can take months or even years of persistent effort to resolve. The ability to work “in the long run”, to patiently wait for the sprouts of your business to sprout, is far from being inherent in all people today. No, there is nothing wrong with a quick reaction and focus on results here and now, but sometimes it is patience and perseverance that is the main condition for achieving success in life.

What important qualities and skills would you add to this list? What does a modern person need to know and be able to do in order not to be branded as a slob and clumsy?

List of required knowledge

1.Time

Time is a huge value for any person. Unfortunately, we are not taught this at school and higher educational institutions, so we have to rely only on self-development. In the process of which it is possible to learn how to properly distribute it so that it works for you. After all, those people who learned how to manage it became successful. They broke away from the daily routine, set up a workflow and at the same time have time to relax.

In life, it is important to appreciate every moment, because time flows irrevocably, and the inability to manage it is reflected in the form of unfulfilled needs and desires. Tell me, having spent minutes of your life aimlessly watching TV, what do you get? If nothing useful and resourceful, then I recommend reading my article. It describes in detail how to use every minute effectively to reach your goals and reach your potential.

2.Money

What else should a modern person understand? And how to use money properly. It is thanks to this skill that it is possible to accumulate a fortune, or at least reach the desired financial level. Have you heard the stories that when a poor person won a million in the lottery, for example, then after a year or two he again became a beggar? And all because he does not know how to handle money.

If you read the article, then you know that almost all of them were in great need in childhood. They starved and sometimes slept just on the floor, not having a bed. They managed to achieve tremendous success, taking a leading position in the list of the richest people in the world. Thanks to the fact that they had information about what to do with money, where to invest and how to save what they earned.

3.Health

To realize your needs, develop and advance in life, it is important to know how to maintain your health. In order not to spend the accumulated capital and free time on treatment, but to use all your possibilities in order to prevent the development of any diseases, to keep the body in good shape, to save and increase the flow of energy.

Unfortunately, it often happens that people notice the value of health only when they encounter some physiological difficulties and limitations. Therefore, a modern person is simply obliged to know how to maintain his health, in addition to a healthy lifestyle, taking various vitamin complexes and playing sports, it is also important to undergo medical examinations on time in order to be aware of the state of your body.

4.Communication

Also for the overall development is a very important, but at the same time very complex and capacious point - the psychology of communication, which is also not taught at school. I have already said in the article “What are human communication skills and why they are vital” that we are social creatures. Without communication, they simply would not be able to survive. Especially in the modern world, when the ability to formulate one's point of view, to be clear, interesting and active is the key to success and advancement.

No matter what sphere of life we pay attention to, relationships with other people are everywhere, and the functionality of this sphere depends on the quality of their construction.

5. Self-awareness

Self-awareness is also important, because in order to set goals and achieve success, build collegiate or, for example, family relationships, and generally live well, it is important to develop awareness in yourself. Understand why and what exactly I do, what I am and how I react to various situations.

And if a person understands himself, has information about his resources, opportunities and limitations, he will better understand other people and how to deal with them. Recognize their intentions, and, for example, lies.

Conclusion

That's all, dear reader! I spoke about the main stages of development of modern man. They will help improve the quality of life, fill it with pleasure and achievements. Develop, take care of yourself and remember that you should never stop there. The acquisition of knowledge is a continuous process that should accompany us every day, regardless of the level of education and lifestyle.

Don't forget to subscribe to blog updates. New articles will help, on the way of your self-development. See you soon.

There is no creature on the planet more mysterious and unique than man. We are all impossibly different, but still some common features that unite us can be identified. Let's talk about them.

1. The feeling of constant employment makes people, helps them feel useful to others and maintain a positive attitude. Keep this in mind the next time you feel like complaining to someone about a ton of current affairs.

2. Everyone knows about the seven deadly sins, which cannot be said about the six universal emotions that all people experience without exception. These are happiness, anger, sadness, fear, disgust and surprise.

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3. It is not in vain that those with a sweet tooth are ready to sell their soul, kidney, and even their beloved cat for a plate. And all because when it is used, dopamine enters the body, a substance that causes sensations similar to the feeling of falling in love. Feel free to eat grief with chocolate to compensate for the absence of a loved one nearby.

4. Tired people tend to be more honest. If you feel that your strength is at the limit, then it is better to tactfully keep your mouth shut, otherwise you never know what.

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5. A typical 20-second hug releases a special chemical into your body that helps you trust more in the person you're hugging. It seems that there was another reason to hug more often.

6. “Oh my God, where is he, where is he, where!” - you probably exclaimed in panic more than once, not finding it in the usual place. And for good reason: scientists say that the emotions experienced when losing a gadget are similar to near-death experiences.

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7. Logic works better when we think in another language. Remember how your brain strains when you try to find a word in your vocabulary that most accurately characterizes what you are trying to say. Exactly.

21. Hooligans are more likely to be people with low self-esteem.

22. 80% of all our conversations are complaints about a hard life. And someone and all 100%.

23. Volunteers, as well as people who volunteer to help others, are more satisfied with their lives.

24. Another fact about: you become much more creative when you feel that your strength is leaving you. Still, you need to come up with a worthy excuse for your idleness.

25. Over time, memories become distorted. As sad as it may be, each of us has at least one deliberately false memory.

Cover design Rezko I. V.

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1. Ten commandments according to the Synodal translation of the Bible:

"one. I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage; Thou shalt have no other gods before Me.

2. Do not make for yourself an idol or any image of what is in heaven above, and what is on the earth below, and what is in the water below the earth; do not worship them and do not serve them, for I am the Lord your God, a jealous God, punishing the children for the guilt of the fathers to the third and fourth generations that hate Me, and showing mercy to thousands of generations of those who love Me and keep My commandments.

3. Do not pronounce the name of the Lord your God in vain, for the Lord will not leave without punishment the one who pronounces His name in vain.

4. Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy; work for six days and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord your God: do not do any work on it, neither you, nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male servant, nor your maidservant, nor your livestock, nor the stranger who is in your dwellings; for in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them; and rested on the seventh day; wherefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it.

5. Honor your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land which the Lord your God is giving you.

6. Don't kill.

7. Do not commit adultery.

8. Don't steal.

9. Do not bear false witness against your neighbor.

10. Do not covet your neighbor's house; Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything that is thy neighbor's.

2. One of the seven wonders of the world - the pyramid of Cheops. It is considered the oldest miracle on the list - its construction is estimated around the XXVI century. BC e. Despite its antiquity, this is the only building of the seven old wonders of the world that has come down to our times. Its height is 137.2 m (originally - 146.6 m), the length of each side at the base is 230.38 m, it is composed of 2,340,000 limestone blocks, each of which weighs more than 50 centners and is supported by its own gravity, without any fasteners. During the construction, primitive tools were used (diorite hammers, copper saws and axes, tools made of polished stone), but the blocks were so skillfully processed that the gaps between them did not exceed 0.5 mm.

Location: Egypt, the city of Giza, the cemetery of ancient Memphis on the left bank of the Nile. Today it is part of Greater Cairo.

3. The Nobel Prizes are awarded according to the will of Alfred Nobel, drawn up on November 27, 1895, which provided for the allocation of capital for the award of prizes in five areas: physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and contribution to world peace.

For this purpose, in 1900, the Nobel Foundation was created - a private, independent, non-governmental organization with an initial capital of 31 million Swedish kronor. The first prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901. Since 1969, on the initiative of the Swedish Bank, a prize in economics has also been awarded (the official name is the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, awarded by the decision of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences).

4. Cyrillic (Cyrillic script) - the alphabet used to write the words of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian languages, as well as many languages \u200b\u200bof non-Slavic peoples inhabiting Russia and neighboring states. In the Middle Ages, it was also used to write numbers. The Cyrillic alphabet is named after Cyril, the creator of the Glagolitic alphabet, the first Slavic alphabet. The authorship of the Cyrillic alphabet belongs to missionaries - followers of Cyril and Methodius. The oldest monuments of Cyrillic writing date back to the turn of the 9th–10th centuries. Most likely, this letter was invented in Bulgaria. At first, it was the Greek alphabet, to the 24 letters of which 19 letters were added to indicate the sounds of the Slavic languages that were absent in the Greek language. From the 10th century Cyrillic began to write in Russia.

5. Anthem of the Russian Federation

Music by A. Alexandrov. Words by S. Mikhalkov.

Russia is our sacred power,
Russia is our beloved country.
Mighty will, great glory -
Yours forever!

From the southern seas to the polar region
Our forests and fields are spread out.
You are the only one in the world! One you are -
Protected by God native land!
Hail, our free Fatherland,
Fraternal peoples age-old union,
Ancestors given the wisdom of the people!
Hail country! We are proud of you!
Wide scope for dreams and for life
The coming years open up to us.
Our loyalty to the Motherland gives us strength.
So it was, so it is, and so it will always be!
Hail, our free Fatherland,
Fraternal peoples age-old union,
Ancestors given the wisdom of the people!
Hail country! We are proud of you!

6. Researchers are sure that the cosmos was formed after the so-called Big Bang, before which nothing existed: neither time, nor matter, nor light. And then an inexplicable expansion of energy (an explosion) happened, and the greatest mystery was formed - the Universe. This explosion occurred in a matter of seconds, after which the Universe, which at first was a fireball, began to rapidly grow and cool. Since the Universe came into being as a result of an explosion, the most likely demise for it is the Big Freeze, scientists believe. And it will happen as a result of the fact that due to the constant movement and expansion of many galaxies, the Universe will eventually lose heat, that is, useful energy.

7. The most widespread of the world's religions is Christianity, whose followers are considered to be 1.6 billion people. It retains the strongest positions in Europe, America and Australia.

Christianity appeared at the beginning of our era as a development of biblical wisdom that had been built up over the previous 2000 years. The Bible teaches us to understand and fulfill the meaning of life. Biblical thinking gives decisive importance to the issue of life and death, the end of the world. Jesus Christ preached the ideas of brotherhood, diligence, non-acquisitiveness and peacefulness. The service to wealth was condemned and the superiority of spiritual values over material ones was proclaimed. The First Ecumenical Council, which met in Nicaea in 325, laid the dogmatic foundations of the One Holy Catholic Apostolic Church for many centuries to come.

8. The human body consists of various chemical elements, and the amount of these elements produced over a lifetime is amazing. So, the chlorine in our bodies is enough to disinfect six huge pools, and more than 200 matchboxes can be made from phosphorus. The strongest part of the human body is hair, it takes the longest time to break down. Archaeologists have found mummies buried millennia before the beginning of our era, and the only thing that has survived from living tissues, in addition to the skeleton, is hair. The human body produces a lot of thermal energy every day: for example, the heat generated by our body in a day is enough to boil 30 liters of cold water.

In an adult of average build, the skin is about 2 m 2. The skin is constantly renewed throughout life, our body sheds about 18 kg of skin in a lifetime in the form of keratinized and dead cells, which are replaced by new cells.

9. The first feat of Heracles was accomplished by strangling the huge Nemean lion, which was born by the monsters Typhon and Echidna and devastated Argolis. The arrows of Hercules bounced off the thick skin of a lion, but the hero stunned the beast with a club and strangled it with his hands. In memory of his first feat, Hercules established the Nemean Games, which were held in the ancient Peloponnese every two years.

10. Countries of the world and their capitals

11. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) - the great German composer and organist, a representative of the Baroque era. One of the greatest composers in the history of music. During his life, Bach wrote more than 1000 works. All significant genres of that time, except for opera, are represented in his work. He summarized the achievements of the musical art of the Baroque period. He is the ancestor of the most famous musical dynasty.

12. The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. e. It is believed that Egyptian astronomers developed it. And it was named after the Roman emperor. It acquired its final form in 8 AD. e.

The year began on January 1, since it was on this day that the elected consuls took office, and consisted of 12 months or 365 days, sometimes 366. It is this “sometimes” that distinguishes it from the Gregorian calendar.

The problem was that a full revolution around the Sun - a tropical year - the Earth makes in 365.24219878 days. The calendar has an integer number of days. It turns out that if there are 365 days in a year, then every year the calendar will go astray - go ahead by almost a quarter of a day. In the Julian calendar, they acted simply - to correct the discrepancy, it was assumed that every fourth year would become a leap year (annus bissextus) and would have 366 days. Thus, the average length of the year in the Julian calendar is 365.25 days, which is already much closer to the real tropical year. However, the calendar began to lag behind every year by 11 minutes 14 seconds. For 128 years, it will be a day. This led to the fact that some dates associated with astronomical phenomena began to shift. As a result, there was a need for calendar reform.

13. Ten masterpieces of world cinema (according to directors):

1. "Tokyo Tale" - Yasujiro Ozu, 1953

2. 2001: A Space Odyssey - Stanley Kubrick, 1968

3. "Citizen Kane" - Orson Welles, 1941

4. "8 and a half" - Federico Fellini, 1963

5. "Taxi Driver" - Martin Scorsese, 1976

6. Apocalypse Now - Francis Ford Coppola, 1979

7. The Godfather - Francis Ford Coppola, 1972

8 Vertigo - Alfred Hitchcock, 1958

9. "Mirror" - Andrei Tarkovsky, 1974

10 Bicycle Thieves - Vittorio De Sica, 1948

14. Darwinism is criticized by a number of representatives of religion, who believe that it contradicts the divine creation of man. The fact is that Darwinism explains the origin of man by a long evolution, and this, according to the literal reading of the sacred texts, runs counter to the relatively recent formation of the world. At the same time, the Catholic Church, in a special papal encyclical - Humani generis - recognized that the theory of evolution does not contradict the teachings of the Church and "can be considered as a hypothesis in the question of the origin of the human body."

15. Tsars and emperors of Russia:

Mikhail Fedorovich Krotkiy (1613–1645)

Alexey Mikhailovich the Quietest (1645–1676)

Fedor Alekseevich (1676–1682)

Sofia Alekseevna (1682–1689)

Peter I Alekseevich the Great (1689–1725)

Catherine I Alekseevna (1725–1727)

Peter II Alekseevich (1727–1730)

Anna Ioannovna (1730–1740)

Ivan VI Antonovich (1740–1741)

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741–1761)

Peter III Fedorovich (1761–1762)

Catherine II Alekseevna the Great (1762–1796)

Pavel I Petrovich (1796–1801)

Alexander I Pavlovich the Blessed (1801–1825)

Konstantin Pavlovich (1825)

Nicholas I Pavlovich (1825–1855)

Alexander II Nikolaevich (1855–1881)

Alexander III Alexandrovich (1881–1894)

Nicholas II Alexandrovich (1894–1917)

16. The Vatican is a dwarf state, the smallest in the world, located in Rome, the capital of Italy. In international law, the Vatican itself is only the territory on which the Holy See is currently located - the collective name of the Pope and the Roman Curia, one of the main administrative bodies of the Catholic Church. Thus, the embassies of other countries are not accredited to the Vatican, but to the Holy See. A significant part of the territory is occupied by St. Peter's Cathedral and the square of the same name, which are the center of worship for Catholics around the world. Almost the entire perimeter of the country (about 3,200 m) is limited by a wall preventing illegal entry. As befits a real state, the Vatican has everything: a railway and a telegraph, a telephone and television, a radio station and a treasury, rulers and subjects, a border guarded by guards.

17. Abstractionism (Latin abstractio - “removal, distraction”) is a direction of art that has abandoned the depiction of forms close to reality in painting and sculpture. By creating certain color combinations and geometric shapes, the viewer evokes a variety of associations. The main representatives of abstract art were: V. V. Kandinsky (1866-1944), P. Picasso (1881-1973).

18. A continent (mainland, part of the world) is a large piece of land or the earth's crust. Much of it is above sea level.

There are seven continents on Earth - Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica. However, one can often find other opinions about the number, because in different traditions a different number of continents is accepted, hence the periodic confusion with numbers. For example, sometimes North and South America are considered to be the single continent of America, since they are not, in fact, separated by water (the artificial Panama Canal is not taken into account). This interpretation is popular in Spanish-speaking countries. There is also an opinion that Europe, Asia and Africa are one continent - Afro-Eurasia - because they occupy an undivided landmass. Europe and Asia, which have an extremely implicit distinction, are often called Eurasia. Hence the results of the calculation, when there are from four to seven continents on Earth.

Asia is the largest continent. This applies both to the area (29 %), as well as the population (60 %). The smallest continent is Australia (5.14% and 0.54% respectively). Antarctica is not on the list because this icy continent is unsuitable for a comfortable life and is practically uninhabited.

19. Atlantis, according to the ancient Greeks, is a continent that allegedly occupied part of the Atlantic Ocean to the west of the Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar), and later sank into the sea without a trace.

The idea of the legendary Atlantis most likely developed from the stories of Phoenician and Carthaginian merchants who sailed far to the west, but numerous attempts to geographically fix Atlantis have so far been unsuccessful. If we collect all the data on where Atlantis could be located, we would get a fascinating book in which we would have to tell about South America, with which the famous philosopher Francis Bacon identified Atlantis in the utopia "New Atlantis", and about the North Sea, where not far from Helgoland Island, according to the German pastor Jürgen Spanut, was a mysterious continent, and about the search for it at the beginning of the 19th century. from Yucatan to Mongolia and from Svalbard to Saint Helena. Atlantis was "registered" in Brazil, Scandinavia, Palestine, in the Pas de Calais, etc.

20. American astronauts July 20, 1969 landed on the surface of the moon. The first person to walk on the moon was Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong.

6 hours after the "landing" astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin put on spacesuits with a knapsack system, opened the hatch and descended to the lunar surface. Television broadcasts about landing a man on the moon were carried out by all countries except the USSR and China.

The first people on the moon paid tribute to all American and Soviet fallen colleagues: their medals, as well as a capsule with messages from the heads of 74 states (the USSR was not among them) were left on the moon. Attached to the landing stage was a map of the Earth and a sign that read: “Here, people from planet Earth first set foot on the moon. We come in peace from all mankind." These words were signed by the astronauts and the President of the United States.

After the flight, the crew members and samples of lunar rock underwent strict quarantine, which did not reveal any lunar microorganisms.

The successful completion of the Apollo 11 flight program meant the achievement of the national goal set by US President John F. Kennedy in May 1961 - to land on the moon before the end of the decade, and marked the victory of the United States in the "moon race" with the USSR.

21. The Gregorian calendar was the result of the reform of the Julian calendar by Pope Gregory XIII. The project was developed by Luigi Lilio, and according to this project, in the future, only those century years were to be considered leap years, the number of hundreds of years of which is divisible by 4 (1600, 2000, 2400), while others will be considered simple. Also, the accumulated from 8 AD was eliminated. e. an error of 10 days, and according to the papal decree of February 24, 1582, it was established that for October 4, 1582, October 15 should immediately come.

In the new Gregorian calendar, the average length of the year was 365.2425 days. The error was only 26 s, and the discrepancy per day accumulated over about 3300 years. In the future, it will be possible to declare every year divisible by 4000 without a remainder as non-leap years, and then the average value of the year will be 365.24225 days, with an even smaller error.

22. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are included in the list of seven wonders of the world. Created in the VI century. BC e. by order of the king of the desert Babylon Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife, these gardens were supposed to console her and remind her of her distant homeland. The name of Semiramis, the Assyrian queen, appeared here by mistake, but nevertheless firmly entrenched in history.

The tiers of gardens rose in ledges and were interconnected by staircases lined with slabs of pink and white stone. For watering the plants, water was pumped from the Euphrates all day long. Plants of near and far countries, trees, palm trees, flowers raised to great heights by complex structures - all this made an indelible impression on the people of that time, gardens in dusty, arid Babylon seemed a miracle. Location: Babylon, Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia), approximately 50 km south of modern Baghdad.

23. UNESCO World Heritage - natural or man-made objects, the priority tasks in relation to which, according to UNESCO, are their preservation and promotion due to their special cultural, historical or environmental significance. As of 2016, there are 1,031 properties on the World Heritage List, of which 802 are cultural, 197 are natural and 32 are mixed.

24. The most ancient of the world religions is Buddhism, which arose in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. in India. After more than 15 centuries of dominance in India, Buddhism gave way to Hinduism. However, Buddhism spread widely throughout the countries of Southeast Asia, penetrated into Sri Lanka, China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, and Mongolia. The number of its adherents is estimated at about 500 million people.

In Buddhism, all the social and moral tenets of Hinduism are preserved, but the requirements of caste and asceticism are weakened. Buddhism pays more attention to the current life.

25. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) - the great Austrian composer, instrumentalist and conductor, representative of the Viennese classical school, virtuoso violinist, harpsichordist, organist, conductor. He had a phenomenal musical ear, memory and ability to improvise. As a composer who excelled in every genre, Mozart is rightfully considered one of the greatest composers in the history of classical music.

26. Avant-gardism (French avant-garde - "vanguard") - a set of experimental, emphatically unusual, exploratory undertakings in the art of the 20th century. The avant-garde areas of painting include fauvism, cubism, futurism, expressionism, abstractionism, surrealism, actionism, pop art, and conceptual art.

27. The second feat of Hercules is the destruction of the Lernean hydra. This monster with the body of a snake and nine heads of a dragon crawled out of the swamp near the city of Lerna, killed people and destroyed entire herds. Hercules found the hydra in a cave and fought with her. In place of each hydra's head cut off by the hero, two new ones grew, until Hercules' assistant, Iolaus, began to burn the necks of the hydra with burning tree trunks. He also killed a giant cancer that crawled out of the swamp to help the hydra. In the poisonous bile of the Lernean hydra, Hercules soaked his arrows, making them deadly.

28. The holy book of Christians - the Bible - consists of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament was borrowed from Judaism and compiled over several centuries. He describes those events and facts that, in fact, led to the appearance of Jesus Christ. The texts of the New Testament tell about his life. They were combined into one book only at the beginning of the II century. The authorship of portions of the Testament is currently a moot point. The texts of the Bible differ depending on the branches of Christianity, for example, the Protestant Bible contains several additional books of the Old Testament.

29. The statue of Zeus at Olympia is one of the seven wonders of the world. It was created for the temple in the large religious center of Ancient Greece - Olympia. The giant Zeus by the sculptor Phidias amazed the locals so much that they decided that the god himself personally posed for the master. Time of creation - 440-435 years. BC e. Location: Greece, the ancient city of Olympia on the western coast of the Peloponnese, about 300 km west of Athens.

30. Cubism (fr. cube - “cube”) is a modernist trend in painting of the early 20th century, which highlighted the formal task of constructing a three-dimensional form on a plane, minimizing the figurative and cognitive functions of art. The name "Cubists" was first used in 1908 and 1909. by the French critic L. Vossel as a derisive nickname for a group of artists who depicted objects as a combination of geometric bodies or figures. The most famous artist of this trend is P. Picasso (1881–1973).