Presentation on the topic of comparison of building materials. Building materials industry. All these materials are made on the basis of polymers.

2. Classification building materials

All Construction Materials and products are classified:

• by appointment;
• by type of material;
• according to the method of receipt.

By appointment on the:

• structural;
• finishing;
• waterproofing;
• heat-insulating;
• acoustic;
• anticorrosive;
• sealing.

By type of material:

• natural stone;
• forest;
• polymeric;
• metal;
• ceramic;
• glass;
• artificial stone, etc.

By way to get:

• natural;
• artificial.

Natural building materials mined in places of their natural formation, usually in the upper layers earth's crust (rocks), or growth (wood). They are used in construction, using mainly mechanical processing (crushing, sawing). The composition and properties of these materials mainly depend on the origin of the original rocks and the way they are processed and processed.

artificial building materials are made from natural mineral and organic raw materials (clay, sand, limestone, oil, gas, etc.), industrial waste (slag, ash) using a special proven technology. The resulting artificial materials acquire new properties that are different from those of the original raw materials.

BY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

STRUCTURE

• Structure - the internal structure of the material, due to the shape, size, mutual arrangement of its constituent particles, pores, capillaries, interfaces, microcracks and other structural elements

STRUCTURE

• Texture - the structure due to the relative location and distribution constituent parts material in the space it occupies.
• macrostructure
• microstructure

Depending on composition microstructure May be:

• unstable coagulation, evaluated by viscosity and plasticity (glue, paints and varnishes, clay and cement dough);
• amorphous(glass, slag), characterized by uniformity and chaotic arrangement of molecules;
• crystalline(metals, natural and artificial stone), which is a crystal lattice with a strictly defined arrangement of atoms.

Macrostructure of materials depends on the technology of obtaining the material and product.

Types of macrostructure:

• dense(glass, metal);
• cellular(foam silicate, gas silicate);
• finely porous(brick);
• fibrous(wood);
• layered(plastics);
• loose-grained(sand).

Compound And structure define material properties, which do not remain constant, but change over time as a result of mechanical, physicochemical, and sometimes biochemical influences of the environment in which the product or structure is operated.

Physical state

• A solid body is any body that has a definite shape.
• Crystalline - a body in which atoms or molecules are arranged in the correct geometric order.
• Amorphous - a body in which the atoms are not arranged in a geometric sequence, randomly.
• Liquid is a state of matter that combines the features of a solid and a gaseous state.

Colloidal-dispersed systems

• Dispersed systems are formations of two or more phases (bodies) with a highly developed interface between them.
• Dispersed phase - distributed in the form of small particles (crystals, drops, bubbles) in another phase - a dispersed medium - gas, liquid, or solid)

Disperse systems

• SUSPENSION - a system in which particles of a solid dispersed phase are suspended in a liquid dispersed medium.

Disperse systems

• EMULSION - a system consisting of two liquids that do not dissolve in each other, one of which (dispersed phase) is distributed in the other (dispersed medium).

Disperse systems

• COLLOIDS are intermediate systems between true solutions and coarse systems.
• Liquid - sols;
• Solid - gels.

True Solution

• A true solution is a molecularly dispersed homogeneous (homogeneous) system of variable composition of two or more components.

General physical properties

Properties characterizing the structure of the material.

These include:

• true density;
• average density;
• emptiness;
• porosity.

True Density ( ) is the mass per unit volume of a substance in an absolutely dense state, without pores, voids and cracks.

Average density ( Wed) - the mass of a unit volume of a material (product) in its natural state with voids and pores.

For bulk materials(sand, cement, crushed stone, gravel) determine the bulk density.

Bulk density ( n) - mass per unit volume of bulk materials in a free (without compaction) bulk state.

The unit volume of such materials includes not only the grains of the material itself, but also the voids between them. The number of voids formed between the grains of loose material, expressed as a percentage of the entire occupied volume, is called emptiness .

The value of the true and average density is calculated total porosity (Pp) material, in%.

The pores in the material may have different shape and sizes.

They can be:

• open, communicating with the environment;
• closed, filled with air.

Hydrophysical properties

Show materials and products in contact with water. The most important ones are:

• hygroscopicity;
• water absorption;
• water resistance;
• water permeability;
• frost resistance;
• air resistance .

Hygroscopicity- the property of a material to absorb water vapor from the air and retain it on its surface. Some materials attract water molecules to their surface (acute contact angle) and are called hydrophilic- concrete, wood, glass, brick; others that repel water (obtuse contact angle), - hydrophobic: bitumen, polymeric materials. The characteristic of hygroscopicity is the ratio of the mass of moisture absorbed by the material from the air to the mass of dry material, expressed in%.

Water absorption- the ability of the material to absorb and retain water.

Moisture return- the ability of the material to give moisture with a decrease in air humidity.

Water permeability- the property of the material to pass water under pressure.

Frost resistance- the ability of the material to maintain its strength during repeated alternate freezing in a water-saturated state and thawing in water.

Air resistance- the ability of the material to withstand repeated wetting and drying for a long time without deformation and loss of mechanical strength.

Thermophysical properties

Properties, evaluating the ratio of the material to thermal effects.

These include:

• thermal conductivity;
• heat capacity;
• heat resistance;
• heat resistance;
• fire resistance;
• fire resistance .

Thermal conductivity- the ability of the material to pass the heat flow under the condition of different surface temperatures.

Heat capacity- the property of a material to absorb a certain amount of heat when heated.

Heat resistance- the ability of a material to withstand without destruction a certain number of sharp temperature fluctuations.

Heat resistance- the ability of the material to withstand operating temperatures up to 1000°C without discontinuity and loss of strength.

fire resistance- the ability of the material to withstand prolonged exposure to high temperatures without deformation and destruction.

According to fire resistance, materials are divided into:

• refractory (t ≥ 1580°C);
• refractory (t = 1350 - 1580°C);
• fusible (t ≤ 1 35 0°C) .

fire resistance- the property of a material to resist the action of fire during a fire for a certain time.

According to flammability, building materials are divided into:

• fireproof;
• slow-burning;
• combustible.

Acoustic properties

When sound acts on a material, its acoustic properties.

According to their purpose, acoustic materials are divided into four groups:

• sound-absorbing;
• soundproof;
• vibration isolation;
• vibration-absorbing.

Sound absorbing materials designed to absorb noise.

Soundproof materials are used to attenuate impact sound transmitted through the building structures of a building from one room to another.

Vibration-isolating and vibration-absorbing materials are designed to eliminate the transmission of vibration from machines and mechanisms to the building structures of buildings.

Chemical properties

Chemical properties characterize the ability of a material to chemical interactions with other substances.

Chemical activity can be positive if the process of interaction leads to strengthening of the structure (formation of cement, gypsum stone), and negative, if the ongoing reactions cause the destruction of the material (corrosive action of acids, alkalis, salts).

Adhesion- connection of solid and liquid materials on the surface, due to intermolecular interaction.

Solubility- the ability of a substance to form homogeneous systems with water and organic solvents - solutions.

Crystallization- the process of formation of crystals from vapors, solutions, melts during electrolysis and chemical reactions accompanied by the release of heat.

Chemical or corrosion resistance- this is the property of materials to resist the destructive action of liquid and gaseous aggressive media.

Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties characterize the behavior of materials under the action of loads of various types (tensile, compressive, bending, etc.).

Depending on how materials behave under load, they are divided into plastic(change shape under load without cracking and retain the changed shape after unloading) and fragile .

Plastic- these are, as a rule, homogeneous materials, consisting of large molecules that can move relative to each other ( organic matter) or consisting of crystals with a lightly deformable crystal lattice (metals).

Fragile materials(concrete, natural stone, brick) resist compression well and are 5 to 50 times worse in tension, bending, impact (glass, granite, respectively).

The strength of building materials is characterized by the tensile strength, which is understood as the stress corresponding to the load that causes the destruction of the material per unit area.

Determine:

• ultimate compressive or tensile strength;
• ultimate bending strength.

Hardness- the ability of a material to resist the penetration into its surface of another more solid body of the correct form.

Abrasion characterized by the loss of the initial mass of the material (g) per unit area (cm 2) of abrasion.

Impact resistance or brittleness is of great importance for materials used for flooring in workshops of industrial enterprises. The ultimate strength of a material upon impact is characterized by the amount of work expended on the destruction of the sample, per unit volume. Testing of materials is carried out on a special device-copra.

Wear- destruction of the material under the combined action of abrasive and shock loads.

Technological properties

Technological properties characterize the ability of a material to undergo a particular type of processing.

Plastic- the ability of a material to deform without discontinuity under the influence of an external mechanical impact and retain the resulting shape when the external force stops.

Viscosity or internal friction called the resistance of a fluid to the movement of one of its layers relative to another.

Ductility- metals (or other substances) can be changed in shape under the influence of hammer blows or rolling, without destruction.

Weldability- the ability of metals to form a high-quality welded joint that meets operational requirements.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Department of Building Materials

ABSTRACT

"Modern Building Materials for Facade Finishing"

Kazan, 2010

Introduction 3

1. Historical background 5

2. Classification 7

3. Raw materials 14

4. Main technological processes and equipment 17

5. Main product properties 23

6. Technical and economic indicators 26

Conclusion 29

References 30

Introduction

The purpose of studying building materials is: obtaining the necessary knowledge about the classification, the physical essence of properties, the basics of production, the nomenclature and characteristics of building materials.

Building materials perform a complex of functions related to the technology of construction work, operation, compositional construction of a building, structure, its cost, including price, application and operation costs. Working with the material involves taking into account the current architectural and construction norms and rules, natural (geography, climate) and social (culturological, national-psychological) factors. No less significant are the aesthetic aspects of the use of materials, certain surfaces of which, called front ones, are perceived visually during operation.

The types of building materials and the technology of their manufacture changed along with the development of production forces and the change of production relations in human society. The simplest materials and primitive technologies were replaced by more advanced ones, hand-made was replaced by machine-made.

Centuries passed, the range of building materials expanded and changed. So, instead of traditional small-piece heavy materials, mass production of relatively light large-sized building parts and structures made of prefabricated reinforced concrete, gypsum, concrete with light aggregates, cellular concrete, and cementless silicate autoclaved concrete was organized. The production of various heat and waterproofing materials. The production and use in construction of polymeric materials for various purposes developed rapidly. Enterprises for the production of heat-insulating materials and lightweight fillers were established.

Large-scale construction, a variety of constructive types of buildings and structures require that raw materials for the production of building materials be massive, cheap and suitable for the manufacture of a wide range of products.

Such requirements are met by many types of non-metallic mineral raw materials, which occupy a significant place among minerals in terms of reserves (silicates, aluminosilicates). The extraction of non-metallic construction raw materials, which occurs mainly in the upper part of the sedimentary cover, is technologically simple. Compared to other manufacturing industries, the level of costs for processing this Raw Material per unit of mass is also low. finished products. However, the resource utilization rate is much lower than optimal. The most effective is the integrated use of one type of extracted non-metallic raw materials for the production of products for various purposes. This is confirmed by the introduction of the method of processing nepheline raw materials into alumina to obtain aluminum, soda products and cement. The complex processing of shale into gasoline, phenols, sulfur and cement also has a significant effect.

The industrial branch of production of building materials is the only branch that does not multiply, but consumes industrial waste (ash, slag, wood and metal waste) to obtain products for various purposes. In the manufacture of building materials, by-products (sand, clay, crushed stone, etc.) obtained during the extraction of ores and coal are also used. The integrated use of raw materials is a non-waste technology that allows you to carry out environmental protection measures and increase production efficiency many times over.

1. Historical background

The following can be said about the facade walls of houses that have been built over the past hundred years: in terms of aesthetics and strength requirements, they have long completed their task. Yes, at one time they gave the building an ideal appearance corresponding to his status. From the end of the 18th century until the Second World War, more than half of the houses of residential and administrative buildings built in Europe had unplastered brick cladding. The Secession, which came into fashion at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, introduced tiled decorative elements into architecture. Despite the high cost, they were often used to decorate and complement buildings, less often for full facade cladding. Distribution of these decorative elements The plant built by Vilmos Zsolnay in Pécs contributed greatly throughout Europe, and at that time at least half a dozen factories specialized in the production of facing bricks.

At the end of the first decade of the massive housing program that unfolded after the Second World War, buildings - partially or completely - were often decorated on the outside. various types ceramics, while the requirements of building physics were not taken into account at all. In the manufacture of facings from non-plastered bricks using small majolica mosaics and other facing ceramic elements the main task was to ensure that the facade wall was strong

Construction technology had a significant impact on the manufacture of facades from non-plastered bricks. At the turn of the century, the enclosing walls of buildings were erected from the outside, standing on scaffolding; since the 1950s, load-bearing walls have already been laid from the inside, and cladding, which was fixed with mortar, was laid by builders standing on simple ladder scaffolding.

The reason for the popularity of bare brick facades in the architecture of England, Holland, Denmark and Northern Germany is not only practical, it is also a forced decision, since the salty, humid sea air quickly destroys plaster with lime binders, and the surface of ceramic elements and stone is only covered with patina (roughens). Facings made of non-plastered bricks are very common in Russia as well. And for some Danish architect, it is completely natural when a brick cladding is made on a house, even if the building itself has a wooden frame or is built from prefabricated elements.

A hundred years ago, when in Russia the walls of village and country houses were traditionally decorated with tow and carved roosters, an enterprising American farmer nailed boards to the walls of his house at such an angle that water falling on them rolled down the cladding. History has not retained the name of the resourceful American, but it has retained the name of the sheathing - for more than a century it has been known as siding panels.

In the middle of the last century, the production of vinyl siding started in Canada. Clean, low maintenance and durable, these panels quickly gained popularity in North America and then around the world. And now everyone who seeks to make his home attractive in the most short terms, seeks to acquire material of this type.

2. Classification

Currently, the building materials market is increasingly used Hi-tech and modern types of facing and facade materials. Of course modern buildings must be durable and beautiful, cozy and warm, fireproof and environmentally friendly, durable and original.

These conditions are met a large number of modern facing and facade materials. Let's consider some of them.

To decorate the facades, a variety of facing materials are provided, among which the most popular are natural and artificial stone, porcelain stoneware, as well as brick.

Facade, lined natural stone slabs, acquires a special architectural expressiveness and monumentality. Durability is another advantage of "stone" facades. However, not every type of stone is suitable for exterior decoration. As a rule, granite and marble are used, less often - travertine, slate, limestone, sandstone. Granites are very strong, hard and dense, have low water absorption, high resistance to frost, temperature extremes, pollution. They have a uniform pattern and a wide range of colors: white, gray, green, red, black, pink, etc. Compared to granite, marble is more porous, so it absorbs more moisture, and therefore less resistant to frost and temperature fluctuations. For cladding, it is recommended to use only high-density marble slabs. Its usual color is white, but often there are pink, gray, green, reddish, black, yellow, blue marbles. Combinations of these colors are possible. It should be noted that if granite is characterized by cold tones, then marble is warm.

The sizes of plates from a natural stone happen different - all depends on the wishes of the customer. Any decorative elements (including panels) can be made from this material. The most widespread today the invoice of a facing stone - polished, giving to a facade a strict look. At the same time, “torn” stones, with chipped edges or an uneven front surface, are increasingly in demand. Probably the main disadvantage of "stone" facades is their high cost.

Modern technologies allow you to accurately copy any natural stone of any size and color. We are talking about artificial stone- concrete products with the addition of various components (dye-pigments, plasticizers, etc.). Compared with natural stone, artificial stone has a number of advantages. First of all, it is much cheaper. Moreover, its laying is simpler: careful trimming and fitting of one tile to another is not necessary, which means that you save money (and time) on the installation of the cladding. Another difference from natural stone: very big choice colors and textures of products (on average, a serious manufacturer has at least 80 solutions for the appearance of tiles). Today you can even buy products with a texture that is not found in natural stones. Corner elements are also produced, which cannot be made of natural stone. Finally, there are many decorative elements made of concrete - curbs, cornices, skirting boards, semi-columns, columns, platbands, etc. In other words, artificial stone fit supporters of any architectural trends.

Concrete tiles are light (on average 10-11 kg per 1 sq. m) and, moreover, very thin (their minimum thickness about 7 mm), so that they can even be mounted on top of polystyrene foam insulation. Due to their lightness, the tiles do not require additional base. They are quite vapor-permeable, so they do not prevent steam from escaping from the thickness of the wall. It is worth adding: the coefficient of linear expansion / contraction of the tiles with temperature changes is approximately the same as that of the load-bearing wall (concrete, foam concrete, brick), which, combined with good adhesion of the tiles, guarantees the reliability and durability of the cladding. Fake diamond for outdoor work, it must first of all have high frost resistance (according to GOST, 70 cycles are enough, but modern manufacturers it is 100-200 cycles). The frost resistance of a concrete product directly depends on its water absorption, while the tiles contain pores that can absorb moisture. Therefore, as a rule, after installation facade tiles treated with a hydrophobic agent. This is a special silicone-based composition that covers the product with a film that does not let water through, but allows steam to pass through. The frost resistance of the treated tiles is increased up to 500 cycles. In addition, the water repellent protects the product from dirt and dust.

Provides a wide range of opportunities for architects porcelain stoneware. It has a raw mixture similar to conventional ceramics: white clay, kaolin, quartz sand, feldspar, coloring pigments based on metal oxides. However, in porcelain stoneware, these components are mixed in a different proportion, and the process of making tiles is also different: firstly, before firing, the raw material is pressed under enormous pressure - more than 450-500 kg / sq. m, and secondly, the tiles are fired at a very high temperature - up to 1250-1300ºС. The resulting product is absolutely monolithic, without voids, cracks, foreign inclusions. Among the advantages of porcelain stoneware is exceptional strength (impact, bending), exceeding even many breeds of natural stone. In addition, it has extremely low water absorption (up to 0.01-0.05%), it is resistant to frost, temperature extremes, and aggressive chemical substances. Finally, the material does not change color over time (since it is dyed in bulk) and is environmentally friendly.

The appearance and properties of porcelain stoneware differ depending on the type of its surface - glazed and unglazed. In addition, the latter has several varieties: matte, polished, semi-polished, satin, structured. Porcelain stoneware slabs are usually part of a suspended façade, consisting of a wall-mounted substructure and cladding materials.

Brick- traditional building and facing material. However, today it turned out to be a “familiar stranger”: there are products on the market that have the same appearance (rectangular bars), but are made of different materials. Firstly, there is a brick familiar to us, made of molded clay, fired at a temperature of 850 to 1000 (C. It is strong, durable, fire resistant, soundproof, able to retain heat and balance temperature fluctuations. A special face brick is used for facade work, in which, according to GOST, cracks, spalls, lime inclusions, spots, efflorescence and other defects are not allowed.In addition, it must have correct geometry. Varieties of facing bricks - textured (with uneven relief - “turtle”, “oak bark”, etc., or with the correct pattern on the side faces) and shaped (semicircular, angular, beveled, with notches and other shapes) for decorating windows, cornices, vaults , columns. The color of a brick can be practically any, thin-layer coatings - engobe and glaze - give it special decorative properties.

Another type of face brick - clinker. It is obtained as a result of high-temperature firing (1200-1600 (C) of plastic clays of selected quality until complete sintering, without inclusions and voids. It turns out exceptionally strong, low-porous, color-, moisture-, frost-resistant (from 300 to 1000 cycles) and, as a result, , durable product (according to the manufacturers, its service life is more than 150 years without loss of consumer properties. Due to the absence of pores, the material does not rot, is resistant to the formation of fungus. Since the raw mass is completely homogeneous, efflorescence spots are excluded on the surface of the brick. Color range clinker - more than 100 shades (usually it is painted in mass). Bricks are produced, on the surface of which several shades are "mixed". Their texture is smooth, rough, structured ("wavy"), aged (for reconstructed buildings or houses stylized "under antiquity").

We add that thin tiles (about 15 mm thick) are also produced according to the technology for manufacturing clinker bricks, imitating facing bricks. They can be mounted directly on the polystyrene foam insulation.

Finally, on the market there are bricks made from a cement-sand mixture using the vibrocompression method. Thanks to special additives in the raw mix, they have high performance characteristics. The water absorption of such bricks is two times lower than that of conventional clay ones. During rain, they do not become covered with dark spots, efflorescence does not protrude on their surface. In terms of strength, concrete bricks are comparable to granite, only, unlike it, they “breathe”, let steam through. The volumetric weight of the material is slightly lower than the weight of concrete, but the difference is enhanced by the internal voids of the brick, which greatly lighten it and, accordingly, reduce the load on the foundation. Moreover, these voids in no way reduce the strength of the walls. Concrete bricks do not absorb dust, dirt, do not fade over time under the influence of sunlight and precipitation (they are dyed in bulk). The color scheme - more than 200 shades, including blue and green colors, as well as light, pastel colors. Additional elements made of the same material are also of interest, for example, L-shaped profiles, cornice blocks, special blocks that allow the use of non-traditional angles in the facade line.

Siding- not so much the material (as many people mistakenly believe), but the system, the technology of building facade cladding. In English-speaking countries, the word siding (siding) defines the process of facing the facade with panels or simply facade work. Finishing with siding can significantly improve the appearance of the building - thanks to the processing of panels with various paint coatings. Siding is easy to work with, it is able to hide a huge number of defects on the facade of the building. The quality of siding does not change over time, it does not require additional restoration work. Siding is not afraid of either sunlight, or humidity, or wind, or snow and rain, this material is able to withstand temperature fluctuations from -50 to + 50 ° C. The siding will not peel, flake, bulge, split. It does not need to be repainted and replaced over time with a new one, treated with special liquids and products. According to the material of manufacture and technical characteristics, siding panels are divided into vinyl, metal and basement.

facade thermal panels on Russian market appeared relatively recently. Meanwhile, the technology of their production was introduced in Germany more than 20 years ago and during this time has proven its durability and efficiency. The thermal panel performs two essential functions: insulation of the facade and its decorative trim. This system is a "sandwich" of polyurethane foam (expanded polystyrene) and ceramic (clinker) tiles.

Polyurethane foam is one of the best insulators in the world with high resistance to heat transfer. This polymeric insulating material is environmentally friendly, does not absorb water and, accordingly, does not lose its qualities from moisture. Service life of polyurethane foam - not less than 30 years.

The choice of clinker ceramics as a protective and decorative screen is not accidental. Clinker in terms of resistance to environmental influences surpasses most types of natural stone. It is characterized by durability and a variety of natural coloring. Clinker is a 100% natural material, as it is made from shale clay without the use of chemical additives by high-temperature firing.

Block house- This is a type of wall wooden panels that has a semicircular shape. A block house, which is an imitation of round logs, is used for exterior and interior decoration of a house: walls, ceilings, gables, balconies, etc. It is used both in frame and timber construction of houses. The inner side of the block house is made like a lining, and the outer side imitates the crowns of a log house. From afar, a house with such a finish is difficult to distinguish from a log or cobbled one. One of the advantages of the block house is its resistance to cracking, it is able to withstand large temperature changes.

3. Raw materials

Before proceeding to the description of the properties of the material called "siding", it is necessary to define it. The word "siding" is borrowed. In English, more precisely in American English, the word "siding" defines the technology of sewing up the facade with some kind of hanging material. The fact is that traditional American construction technologies imply a frame-and-wire construction method. With this method, first erected load-bearing frame, which was then sheathed with some kind of facade material. Most often, wood, more precisely, boards. At the same time, the boards were sewn with an overlap, herringbone. Thus, due to the absence of a wind seam, additional wind protection and protection from precipitation were not required. It is this technology, i.e. the process of cladding the facade, and is called "siding", and the material used for this is naturally called traditional wooden siding.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) found widest application in all areas of human existence. Excellent durability, manufacturability, chemical inertness led to the widespread use of this material, including in construction. Window and door profiles, fittings, sanitary equipment, all kinds of films and coatings and, finally, panels for facade cladding, called "vinil siding" (vinyl siding).

Vinyl siding appeared in the late sixties and early seventies of the twentieth century. From that moment on, the history of vinyl siding, one of the most popular building materials on the American continent, begins.

Vinyl siding is a panel molded from polyvinyl chloride with a thickness of about one millimeter, imitating overlapping plank sheathing. The texture of the surface most often imitates wood. The dye is introduced into the mass of the material before molding. The shape of the panels is slightly different for different manufacturers and in different series from the same manufacturer. The length of the panels is most often about 300 - 400 cm, the width is only from 20 to 25 cm.

On one side, the panels have a number of holes for nailing and a protrusion of the locking part, which ensures the fastening of the panels to each other. On the other hand, the panel is bent inward, this bend is the counterpart of the lock. The panels are mounted with an overlap, the lock part of the top engages with the protrusion on the bottom. Then the panel is attached to the base with nails or self-tapping screws.

For the manufacture of hinged facades widely used steel and aluminum. Since the surface of the metal is covered with a polymer film or painted, outwardly metal and polymer siding differ little from each other. However, compared to vinyl clapboard, steel and aluminum panels are more durable (service life is 20–50 years), strong, heat and fire resistant. That is why metal siding is used to decorate buildings in which various industries or services associated with increased danger are located, for example gas stations. Due to the high cost in private construction, steel and aluminum siding is rarely used.

Recently, wood and cement siding have appeared on sale. In the production of wood panels, modified wood fibers, dyes and binders. Unfortunately, this material is combustible and less resistant to adverse external factors than, say, vinyl siding. Warranty service life of wooden hinged facades is 15–20 years. Cement siding is made from cement mixture, reinforced with cellulose fiber, while its surface is trimmed under a tree or covered acrylic paint. Cement siding is durable, temperature resistant and chemically inert; its service life is 50 years. Cement-cellulose panels weigh three to four times more than PVC panels, so a more massive crate is required for their installation.

4. Main technological processes and equipment

Vinyl siding is produced by extrusion. The essence of this method is that the molten compound, consisting of vinyl powder (powder) and the necessary additives, is pressed through the profiling hole, after which, while cooling, it retains the shape given to it.

Rice. 1. Scheme of a single screw extruder: 1- hopper; 2- auger; 3- cylinder; 4- cavity for water circulation; 5- heater; 6- lattice with grids; 7- forming head.

The technological process of extrusion consists of the successive movement of the material by a rotating screw in its zones (see Fig. 1): feeding (I), plasticizing (II), dosing the melt (III), and then advancing the melt in the channels of the forming head.

The division of the screw into zones I-III is carried out according to the technological feature and indicates what operation this section of the screw mainly performs. The division of the screw into zones is conditional, since, depending on the nature of the polymer being processed, the temperature and speed conditions of the process, and other factors, the beginning and end of certain operations can be shifted along the screw, capturing various zones or moving from one area to another.

The cylinder also has certain lengths of heating zones. The length of these zones is determined by the location of the heaters on its surface and their temperature. The boundaries of the zones of the screw I-III and the heating zones of the cylinder may not coincide.

Consider the behavior of the material sequentially at each stage of extrusion.

The feedstock for extrusion fed into the hopper can be in the form of powder, granules, ribbons. Uniform dosing of material from the hopper ensures good quality extrudate.

Processing of polymer in the form of granules - the best option extruder power supply. This is because polymer granules are less prone to "arching" in the hopper than powder, therefore, flow pulsations at the exit of their extruder are excluded.

The flowability of the material depends to a large extent on the humidity: the higher the humidity, the lower the flowability. Therefore, the materials must first be dried.

To increase the productivity of the machine, the pellets can be preheated.

Using devices for forced supply of material from the hopper to the auger, it is also possible to significantly increase the productivity of the machine (3-4 times). When the material is compacted in the interturn space of the screw, the displaced air exits back through the hopper. If the removal of air is incomplete, then it will remain in the melt and form cavities in the product after molding, which is a product defect.

Changing the filling level of the hopper with material in height also affects the completeness of filling the auger. Therefore, the bunker is equipped with special automatic level gauges, at the command of which the bunker is loaded with material to the desired level. Loading of the extruder hopper is carried out using pneumatic transport.

At long work extruder, overheating of the cylinder under the funnel of the bunker and the bunker itself is possible. In this case, the granules will begin to stick together and their supply to the auger will stop. To prevent overheating of this part of the cylinder, cavities are made in it for the circulation of cooling water (see Fig. 1, item 4).

Food zone (I). The granules coming from the hopper fill the interturn space of the zone I screw and are compacted. The compaction and compression of the granules in zone I occurs, as a rule, due to a decrease in the cutting depth h of the screw. The advancing of the granules is carried out due to the difference in the values ​​of the friction force of the polymer on the inner surface of the cylinder body and on the surface of the screw. Since the contact surface of the polymer with the surface of the screw is larger than with the surface of the cylinder, it is necessary to reduce the coefficient of friction of the polymer on the screw, since otherwise the material will stop moving along the axis of the screw, but will begin to rotate with it. This is achieved by increasing the cylinder wall temperature (heating) and lowering the screw temperature (the screw is cooled from the inside with water).

Heating of the polymer in zone I occurs due to dissipative heat released during friction of the material and due to additional heat from heaters located along the perimeter of the cylinder.

Sometimes the amount of dissipative heat can be sufficient to melt the polymer, and then the heaters are turned off. In practice, this rarely happens.

At the optimum process temperature, the polymer is compressed, compacted, and forms a solid plug in the interturn space (see Fig. 2). It is best if such a sliding plug is formed and maintained at the border of zones I and II. The properties of the cork largely determine the performance of the machine, the stability of polymer transportation, the maximum pressure, etc.

Rice. Fig. 2. Scheme of material plug melting in zone II in the interturn section of the screw: 1 - cylinder wall; 2- auger comb; 3 - polymer melt flows; 4- pressed solid polymer (cork) in an extruder.

Plastication and melting zone (II). At the beginning of zone II, the polymer adjacent to the surface of the cylinder melts. The melt gradually accumulates and acts on the cork decreasing in width. Since the depth of the screw thread decreases as the material moves from zone I to zone III, the resulting pressure causes the plug to be pressed tightly against the hot cylinder wall, and the polymer melts.

In the plasticization zone, the cork also melts under the action of heat released due to internal, viscous friction in the material in a thin layer of the melt (item 3 in Fig. 2), where intense shear deformations occur. The latter circumstance leads to a pronounced mixing effect. The melt is intensively homogenized, and the components of the composite material are mixed.

The end of zone II is characterized by the breakdown of the cork into separate fragments. Further, the polymer melt with the remains of solid particles enters the dosing zone.

The main rise in pressure P of the melt occurs at the boundary of zones I and II. At this boundary, the resulting plug of compressed material, as it were, slides along the screw: in zone I it is a solid material, in zone II it is melting. The presence of this plug creates the main contribution to the increase in melt pressure. Also, an increase in pressure occurs due to a decrease in the depth of the screw thread. The pressure stored at the exit from the cylinder is used to overcome the resistance of the grids, the flow of the melt in the channels of the head and the molding of the product.

Dosing zone (III). The advancement of a heterogeneous material (melt, solid polymer particles) continues to be accompanied by the release of internal heat, which is the result of intense shear deformations in the polymer. The molten mass continues to homogenize, which is manifested in the final melting of the remains of the solid polymer, the averaging of the viscosity and temperature of the molten part.

Immediately after the panel leaves the extruder, its surface is additionally processed - it is given a certain texture that imitates one or another type of wood.

Then the edges of the panel are cut off and holes necessary for fastening to the wall sheathed with panels are stitched in its upper part.

Monoextrusion

With monoextrusion, the panel is formed from a mass of homogeneous composition. This technology is simpler and cheaper.

This technological process for the production of siding is carried out using extruders, the principle of which is as follows - one or more screws rotate in a heated cylinder and continuously feed a mixture (molten compound consisting of vinyl powder (powder) and necessary additives) into the die, which becomes more more plastic due to increased heating.

The profiles are then cooled in vacuum calibrators, where they are given their final shape and surface quality.

It is argued that the mono-extrusion method is gradually becoming a thing of the past (due to the inefficient use of expensive components), and recycled products are gradually no longer in demand due to a decrease in the cost of quality materials.

But there is also the opposite view. It claims that only the mono-extrusion method makes it possible to obtain high-quality siding, and co-extrusion was invented only so that secondary raw materials could be used as part of the compound for the inner layer.

co-extrusion

Co-extrusion is the result of simultaneous extrusion of two layers - the lower one - 80% of the profile thickness and the upper one - 20% of the profile thickness.

Upper acrylic coating on the front side of the siding can be made in various colors (with inside profiles have White color). It is resistant to scratches, as the specific properties of acrylic give the surface of the profile an extraordinary hardness, and forms a single unit with the base.

If scratches still occur on such a surface, they can be easily removed by grinding. Such a surface is not threatened by local heating, including under intensive solar radiation, peeling or cracking.

5. Main properties of products

According to the material of manufacture and technical characteristics, siding panels are divided into vinyl, metal and basement.

Vinyl (plastic) siding is a plastic wall panel about 1 mm thick. The surface of this material, which is also called PVC lining, resembles the texture of wood. Vinyl siding will not rot, corrode, or require maintenance. additional painting, and the color retains saturation, uniformity and depth of color over the entire surface of the panel. The service life of high-quality vinyl siding is 30-40 years. Performing a protective and decorative function, vinyl siding also allows you to hide the heat-insulating material placed on the outside of the building. This helps to retain heat and save energy. In addition, with new construction, this measure leads to savings in bricks and lighter construction.

The profile, or fracture of the siding, can be single - "herringbone" (traditional for the United States, the form of the finishing board) or double - "ship board" (traditional for European countries).

Vinyl siding is resistant to natural aging factors. The material easily tolerates such influences as high humidity, moderately acidic or alkaline environment, temperature fluctuations. It does not absorb moisture, does not warp under the influence of sunlight and does not rot. It can be used in the temperature range from -50 to +50C. In addition, the material is environmentally friendly and biologically inert.

Vinyl siding is less durable than metal siding, but despite this it can withstand large temperature changes and strong winds. To ensure that the demand for vinyl siding does not fall, manufacturers continue to improve the quality of the material. Improve its fire resistance, durability, decorative qualities. Improved siding costs a little more than standard PVC siding.

Metal siding (metal siding) are metal panels with polymer coated imitating wood paneling. Metal siding can be with a smooth or profiled surface. Depending on the material from which it is made, metal siding subdivided into copper, steel and aluminum. Based on the decorative properties, there are such types of metal siding as vertical, "ship board", "herringbone" and others. Decorative types of metal siding improve the appearance of the facade, in addition to providing hidden fastening of panels and components. Such siding costs from 250 rubles. for 1 m².

Metal siding appeared on the Russian market relatively recently, but has already become very popular. Compared to vinyl siding, it has several advantages:

environmental friendliness;

· high strength characteristics;

Color fastness

· durability;

· incombustibility;

resistance to sudden changes in temperature;

· improves the appearance of the facade, providing a hidden fastening of panels and accessories.

A feature of metal siding with a polymer coating is its resistance to temperature extremes, humidity, as well as to acidic and alkaline environments. It does not rot and does not warp under the influence of sunlight. Its service life is 50 years.

Plinth siding is plinth panels that are made of polyvinyl chloride, which is massive and incredibly durable, about 3 mm thick. The texture and design of the basement siding resembles natural Decoration Materials: facing brick and natural stone. At the same time, basement siding is environmentally friendly. facing material.

Recently, wood and cement siding have appeared on the market. In the production of wood panels, modified wood fibers, dyes and binders are used. This material is combustible and less resistant to adverse external factors than vinyl siding. Warranty service life of wooden hinged facades is 15–20 years.

Cement siding is made from a cement mixture reinforced with cellulose fiber, while its surface is finished with a wood effect or covered with acrylic paint. Cement siding is durable, temperature resistant and chemically inert; its service life is 50 years.

6. Technical and economic indicators

There are no special requirements for the installation of aluminum and steel siding. these materials do not react as significantly to temperature fluctuations in the air as vinyl siding. But, at the same time, they do not have the same flexibility as plastic. For example, if an aluminum panel is bent, it will no longer be able to restore its original shape and will have to be replaced.

At the price of steel and aluminum panels, they practically do not differ: the difference is no more than 7%. However, compared to plastic, metal siding is 2-2.5 times more expensive.

Steel siding is stronger and more durable than aluminum and therefore more expensive. First of all, it is used in the decoration of facades of public and administrative buildings.

Aluminum siding is lighter than steel and slightly inferior to it in strength, but due to its lightness and elegance, it has become more widely used in cottage construction.

Metal siding is widely used for cladding the facades of public buildings (cafes, shopping pavilions, etc.), as well as buildings industrial use(factory buildings, warehouse complexes, terminals, etc.). Steel siding is used for special construction where there are increased requirements for fire safety, corrosion resistance, resistance to aggressive

environments, etc. (for example, nuclear power plants, car service stations, car washes, spray booths, etc.).

Despite the great strength of the metal, the most common and popular type of siding in private construction is vinyl siding. It is resistant to atmospheric and physical influences: it does not crack, does not crumble, does not fade in the sun, does not rot, does not corrode, and resists impact. The panels have special holes for nails and reliable system latches, so the work on their installation is quick and simple and does not require high performing qualifications.

Comparing metal siding with vinyl siding, we note the following: metal siding has a brighter color, higher mechanical strength and heat resistance, it is more fireproof and durable (it lasts up to 50 years). But vinyl siding is easier to maintain and install and much cheaper.

Advantages of siding

· The siding is nontoxical and nonflammable, resistant to various atmospheric phenomena and chemicals.

· The siding does not change color, does not give in to corrosion and does not burst under the influence of low temperature.

Siding is easy to operate. The siding does not require any painting or renovation during its entire service life. It is enough to rinse dirty siding panels with water from a hose, and the house will look like new. The wide range of colors of siding, the versatility of combining profiles and finishing elements, the presence of various siding accessories - all this makes it possible to radically update the facades of any building in compliance with a single style, to create modern architectural projects.

Siding does not close the walls of the house tightly and allows the facade to "breathe". In the lower edges of the siding panels there are holes for ventilation and condensate drainage.

Cost-Effectiveness of Siding

· Due to the ease of installation, light weight, convenient transportation, you can install siding at any time of the year on your own.

Siding is much cheaper than other finishing materials for

building facades.

· High reliability and durability of a siding allows to avoid

expensive and troublesome repairs.

Siding can also significantly reduce heating costs

Houses. Thermal insulation material can be laid between the frame rails.

Conclusion

The facade is the architectural and style element of the house, which we pay attention to first of all. This fact opens up immense possibilities in the artistic sense. Here, an important task is to create an image of the house, using elements of architectural decoration, finding optimal solution in shape and color for each object, giving a modern look to the building.

At present, advanced technologies and modern types of facing and facade materials are increasingly being used in the building materials market.

One of the most economical, aesthetically pleasing and effective types building decoration is facade cladding with vinyl siding. This material is functional, easy to install, available in a wide range of colors, durable. That is why so many owners individual houses and commercial real estate choose it for the design of facades. Using vinyl siding, you can not only significantly reduce construction costs, but also reliably protect structural materials from the aggressive effects of the external environment - hail, snow, rain, wind, ultraviolet radiation. Siding can be installed not only directly on the wall, but also on top of the insulation layer, which allows you to save on heating intensity by improving thermal insulation. Vinyl siding is lightweight, does not weigh down the structure and does not require additional reinforcement of the foundation.

In addition to traditional vinyl siding, plinth panels and metal siding are used to decorate the facades of buildings.

Siding is much cheaper than other finishing materials for building facades.

List of used literature:

1. A. A. Kalgin “Finishing construction works”, 2005.

2. Bayer V.E. Building materials: Textbook. – M.: Architecture-S, 2005.

3. "Building materials", textbook for universities / ed. G.I. Gorchakov.

4. "Building materials and products", textbook. for universities, L.N. Popov

5. Kireeva, Yu.I. Building materials: textbook. allowance / Yu.I. Kireeva. - Minsk: New knowledge, 2005.

6. Building materials: educational and reference manual / G.A. Airapetov and others; ed. G.V. Nesvetaeva. – Ed. 3rd, revised. and additional - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2007.

2 To design and build a building, you need to know well the properties of the materials used for construction, since the quality of construction depends on this. Any material in the structures of buildings and structures perceives certain loads and is exposed to the environment. Loads cause deformations and internal stress in the material. Building materials must have stamina, i.e. the ability to resist the physical and chemical influences of the environment: air and the vapors and gases contained in it, water and substances dissolved in it, fluctuations in temperature and humidity, the combined action of water and frost during repeated freezing and thawing, exposure, exposure to chemically aggressive substances - acids, alkalis and etc.

3 Knowledge of the structure of the material is necessary to understand its properties and, ultimately, to solve the practical question of where and how to apply the material in order to obtain the greatest technical and economic effect. The structure of the material is studied at 3 levels: 1 - macrostructure - the structure visible to the naked eye (conglomerate , cellular, finely porous, fibrous, layered, loose-grained (powdery)); 2 - microstructure - structure visible in an optical microscope (crystalline and amorphous); 3 - the internal structure of the substances that make up the material, at the molecular-ionic level, studied by the methods of X-ray structural analysis, electron microscopy, etc. (crystals, covalent bond, ionic bonds, silicates)

4 Building material is characterized by material, chemical, mineral and phase compositions. The material composition is the totality chemical elements, constituting the substance The chemical composition is a combination of oxide components. The chemical composition makes it possible to judge a number of material properties: fire resistance, biostability, mechanical and other technical characteristics Mineralogical composition is a combination of natural or artificial chemical compounds (minerals), which shows what minerals and in what quantity are contained in the binder or in the stone material Phase composition is a set of homogeneous parts of the system, i.e. homogeneous in properties and in physical structure, affecting all the properties and behavior of the material during operation. isolated in the material solids, which form the pore walls, i.e. framework of the material, and pores filled with air and water.

5 Physical properties and structural characteristics of building materials, their effect on structural strength True density (g / cm 3, kg / m 3) is the mass of the volume of an absolutely dry material: ρ \u003d m / Vа Average density is the mass of the volume of the material in its natural state. The density of porous materials is always less than their true density. For example, the density of lightweight concrete is kg / m 3, and its true density is 2600 kg / m 3. The density of building materials varies widely: from 15 (porous plastic - mipora) to 7850 kg / m 3 (steel) The structure of the porous material characterized by total, open and closed porosity, pore distribution by radii, average pore radius and specific internal pore surface.

6 Porosity - the degree of filling the volume of the material with pores: P = (1- ρ cf / ρ ist) * 100 The porosity of building materials ranges from 0 to 98%, for example, the porosity of window glass and fiberglass is about 0%, granite -1.4%, ordinary heavy concrete - 10%, ordinary ceramic brick - 32%, pine - 67%, cellular concrete - 81%, fiberboard - 86%. Open porosity is the ratio of the total volume of all pores saturated with water to the volume of the material. Open pores increase the water absorption of the material and impair its frost resistance. Closed porosity - P s \u003d P - P from. The increase in closed porosity due to open increases the durability of the material. However, in sound-absorbing materials and products, open porosity and perforation are deliberately created to absorb sound energy. The density and porosity of building materials significantly affect their strength: the higher the porosity, the lower the density and, accordingly, the lower the strength. The strength of building materials increases with decreasing porosity and density.

7 Hydrophysical properties Hygroscopicity is the property of a capillary-porous material to absorb water vapor from the air. Wood, heat-insulating, wall and other porous materials have a developed inner surface of the pores and therefore a high sorption capacity. Sorption moisture characterizes the ability of a material to absorb water vapor from the surrounding air. Humidification greatly increases the thermal conductivity of thermal insulation, therefore, they seek to prevent moisture by covering the insulation boards with a waterproofing film. Capillary absorption of water by a porous material occurs when part of the structure is in water. So, groundwater can rise through the capillaries and moisten the lower part of the building wall. In order to avoid dampness in the room, a waterproofing layer is arranged. Water absorption (%) is determined according to GOST, keeping the samples in water, characterizes mainly open porosity.

8 Water absorption by mass is determined in relation to the mass of dry material: W m \u003d (m in - m s) / m s * 100 Water absorption various materials varies widely: granite - 0.02-0.07%, heavy concrete - 2-4%, brick -%, porous heat-insulating materials - 100% or more. Water absorption negatively affects the basic properties of the material, increases the density, the material swells, its thermal conductivity increases, and the strength and frost resistance decrease Softening factor - the ratio of the strength of a material saturated with water to the strength of a dry material: K p = R in / R s , it varies from 0 (soaking clays, etc.) to 1 (metals, glass, bitumen) Natural and artificial stone materials are not used in building structures in water if their softening coefficient is less than 0.8 Frost resistance - the property of a material saturated with water to withstand alternate freezing and thawing. The durability of building materials in structures exposed to atmospheric factors and water depends on frost resistance. Lightweight concrete, brick, ceramic stones for external walls are marked according to this property MPZ 15, 25, 35. Concrete for the construction of bridges and roads - 50, 100 and 200, hydraulic concrete - up to 500.

9 Thermal properties Thermal conductivity is the property of a material to transfer heat from one surface to another. This property is the main one both for a large group of heat-insulating materials and for materials used for the construction of external walls and building coverings. The heat flow passes through the solid frame and air cells of the porous material. Increasing the porosity of the material is the main way to reduce thermal conductivity. They strive to create small closed pores in the material in order to reduce the amount of heat transferred by convention and radiation. Moisture flowing into the pores of the material increases its thermal conductivity, since the thermal conductivity of water is 25 times greater than the thermal conductivity of air. Heat capacity is a measure of the energy required to increase the temperature of a material. The heat capacity depends on the method of communicating heat to the body when heated, on the microstructure, chemical composition, state of aggregation of the body

10 Fire resistance - the property of a material to withstand prolonged exposure high temperature(from 1580 Co and above) without softening or deforming. It is used for lining furnaces Fire resistance - the property of the material to resist the action of fire during a fire for a certain time. It depends on combustibility, i.e. the ability of the material to ignite and burn. Fireproof materials - concrete and other materials based on mineral binders, ceramic bricks, steel, etc. However, it should be borne in mind that in case of fire, some fireproof materials crack or become severely deformed. Slow-burning materials under the influence of fire or high temperature smolder, but do not burn with an open flame. combustible organic materials must be protected from fire with flame retardants thermal expansion- this is a property of a substance or material, characterized by a change in the size of the body in the process of heating it. It is quantitatively characterized by the coefficient of linear (volumetric) thermal expansion. Thermal expansion depends on chemical bonds, the type of structure of the crystal lattice, its anisotropy and the porosity of the solid.

11 Basic mechanical properties Strength - the property of a material to resist destruction under the action of internal stresses caused by external forces or other factors (shrinkage, uneven heating, etc.). The strength of the material is estimated by the compressive strength (for brittle materials). Depending on the strength (indicated by kgf / cm 2 or MPa), building materials are divided into grades that are key indicators its qualities, for example, the brand of Portland cement is 400, 500, 550, 600. The higher the brand, the higher the quality of the structural building material. Axial tensile strength - used as a strength characteristic of steel, concrete, fibrous materials.

12 Bending strength - strength characteristic of brick, gypsum, cement, road concrete Stress - a measure of internal forces arising in a deformable body under the influence external forces Dynamic (impact) strength - the property of a material to resist destruction under shock loads. The strength of a material of the same composition depends on its porosity. An increase in porosity reduces the strength of the material Hardness is the property of a material to resist local plastic deformation that occurs when a more solid body is introduced into it. Their abrasion depends on the hardness of materials: the higher the hardness, the lower the abrasion.

13 Abrasion is estimated by the loss of the initial mass of the sample, referred to the surface area of ​​abrasion Wear - the property of a material to resist the simultaneous effects of abrasion and impacts Durability - the property of a product to maintain performance to the limit state with the necessary breaks for repairs. The durability of the material is measured by the service life without loss of quality during operation and in specific climatic conditions. For example, three degrees of durability are established for concrete: 100, 50, 20 years Reliability consists of durability, failure-free operation, maintainability and storage

The main sources of raw materials for the production of building materials: MAIN SOURCES OF RAW MATERIALS FOR
OBTAINING BUILDING MATERIALS:
Sand
Limestone
Clay
silicates
Aluminosilicates

Ceramic materials

CERAMIC MATERIALS
Ceramics
non-metallic
polycrystalline
Material
(usually received
powder sintering)
"non-metallic" -
oxides, carbides, nitrides, etc.
"polycrystalline"
- grains of micron size
(otherwise, the area
nanomaterials),
"material" - the presence of connections
(isthmuses, borders) between
grains defined
mechanical properties (usually, but
not always - hardness, fragility,
fairly high density)
"sintered" sintering is just one of the
ways (traditional),
use is possible
crystallization, shock
pressing

TYPES OF CERAMIC PRODUCTS

Building brick.
Tiling.
Refractory
materials.
Facing
materials: various
types of tiles.

Plumbing
equipment:
bathtubs, sinks, etc.
Crockery and household
containers.
Items
interior.
laboratory
dishes.

CERAMIC MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Raw material preparation
Preparation of ceramic mass
Product molding
Drying
Burning
produced at temperatures around 1000ºС
Frosting, if needed

Binder building materials

BINDING BUILDING MATERIALS
are substances or mixtures of substances capable of
mixing
with water
form a viscous mass, which gradually
hardens.

silicate industry

SILICATE INDUSTRY
The word comes from lat.
silex - flint.

Lime as a binding material

LIME AS A BINDER
MATERIAL
"Quick lime" (calcium oxide, CaO)
obtained by roasting various natural
calcium carbonates.
CaCO3 ↔ CaO + CO2

USE OF LIME

slaked
lime mixed with sand
use the mixture as a binder
building material.
Lime hardens because:
evaporation of the added
extinguishing water;
calcium hydroxide crystallizes
sand particles;
Calcium hydroxide interacts with
carbon dioxide in the air and forms
calcium carbonate:
Ca (OH) 2 + CO2 \u003d CaCO3 + H2O.

Red clay brick

RED CLAY BRICK
Red clay bricks are made from
clay mixed with water, followed by
shaping, drying and firing.

silicate brick

SILICATE BRICK
Silicate brick is mainly used in
as a wall material for construction
above-ground parts of buildings. It cannot be used for
foundations exposed to
ground water.

Cement

CEMENT
The word cement comes from lat.
caementum, which means broken stone.

CEMENT

Obtained by sintering
special rotating
limestone kilns CaCO3
and clay.
sintered mass
grind into powder
grey.
use
for the preparation of binders
bonding solutions
structural elements in
construction;
as a basis for cooking
leveling compounds;
for the manufacture of various
types of concrete and from it
structural elements
buildings.

Mortars

BUILDING SOLUTIONS
Mortars are used
for tying bricks, stones and
blocks for building walls.

Asbestos cement products

ASBO-CEMENT PRODUCTS
Asbestos-cement roof coverings durable,
frost-resistant, fireproof, do not require painting and
rarely need repair.

Building plaster products

BUILDING GYPSUM PRODUCTS
Around the third millennium BC. V
construction instead of clay as a binder
material began to use gypsum.

GYPSUM

Also used as a binder
alabaster (semiaquatic gypsum). When mixed with water
semi-aqueous gypsum absorbs it and turns into gypsum:
CaSO4 0.5H2O + 1.5H2O \u003d CaSO4 2 H2O.
Used for the manufacture of dry plaster, slabs,
panels for partition walls, architectural details, mixtures
for plastering and leveling surfaces.

Concrete

CONCRETE
Concrete is a type
artificial stone materials.
Undoubtedly, this is the most important
modern construction industry, although
known for about 2 thousand years.

Soluble (liquid) glass

SOLUTION (LIQUID) GLASS
Liquid glass is made by fusing sand with
soda, followed by digestion of the resulting and
crushed glass in water.

Glass

GLASS
It is an alloy of several
substances.
To obtain silicate glass in
quality source materials use
SiO2 (sand), Na2CO3 (soda), CaCO3 (chalk or
limestone).
The initial mixture is heated to
temperature 800-1400ºС and get glass
Na2O CaO 6SiO2.
6SiO2 + Na2CO3+ CaCO3=
\u003d Na2O CaO 6 SiO2 + 2CO2.

Wood

WOOD
The forest is a source of wood - a unique
building material.

Particle boards

Particle boards
Instead of wood, they are made
interior partitions, doors,
window sills, floor and other details. These plates
also used to make furniture.

Brick production in Russia Kazan Voronezh Lipetsk Tyumen Vladimir Rostov Tver Nizhny Novgorod Sverdlov The ten largest brick factories include: In 2005, economic regions were distributed as follows in brick production: economic regions were distributed as follows: (in million conventional bricks) Central - 2467 Volga - 1855 Ural - 1657 North Caucasian - 1387 Volga-Vyatka - 938 Central Black Earth - 889 West Siberian - 853 Northwestern - 558 East Siberian - 335 Northern - 212 Far East - 143 In 2006, the leader in the production of bricks in the country there was OAO Pobeda LSR with 257 thousand conventional units. bricks. Despite internal reshuffles in the ranking, in general, the composition of the top ten enterprises has been stable over the past 2-3 years. LLC "Kazan plant of silicate wall materials" - 235 thousand conventional units. bricks in 2007 Pobeda LSR OJSC - 215 thousand CJSC Voronezh Building Materials Plant - 209 thousand Lipetsk Plant of Silicate Products OJSC - 167 thousand LLC Invest-Silicate-Stroyservice - 140 thousand CJSC " Kovrov Silicate Brick Plant - 138 thousand St. Petersburg Silikatchik CJSC - 133 thousand Tver Construction Materials Plant CJSC - 131 thousand Borsky Silicate Plant CJSC - 121 thousand Revdinsky Brick Plant OJSC - 116 thousand JSC "Revdinsky brick factory" - 116 thousand rubles.

15 Mt 10-15 Mt 8-10 Mt 6-8 Mt 5-6 Mt 4-5 Mt 3-4 Mt 2-3 Mt 0-2 Mt .t In 1990, cement production in the Russian Federation by economic regions looked like this: By 2005, the following and "title="Cement production in the Russian Federation tons 6-8 million tons 5-6 million tons 4-5 million tons 3-4 million tons 2-3 million tons 0-2 million tons : By 2005, the following and" class="link_thumb"> 3 !} Cement production in Russia >15 Mt Mt 8-10 Mt 6-8 Mt 5-6 Mt 4-5 Mt 3-4 Mt 2-3 Mt 0- 2 million tons In 1990, cement production in the Russian Federation by economic regions looked like this: By 2005, the following changes are taking place: These are the main regions for the production of cement Together they produce 2/3 of all products. Bryansk Voskresensk The largest cement production companies: Belgorod Stary Oskol Mikhailovka Volsk Zhigulevsk Novorossiysk Emanzhelinsk Magnitogorsk Iskitim Novokuznetsk Achinsk Krasnoyarsk - V central area- In the central black earth region - In the Volga region Podolsk - In the North Caucasus - In the Urals - In Western Siberia - In Eastern Siberia 15 Mt 10-15 Mt 8-10 Mt 6-8 Mt 5-6 Mt 4-5 Mt 3-4 Mt 2-3 Mt 0-2 Mt .t In 1990, the production of cement in the Russian Federation by economic regions looked like this: By 2005, the following occur: t 4-5 million tons 3-4 million tons 2-3 million tons 0-2 million tons for the production of cement Together they produce 2/3 of all products Bryansk Voskresensk The largest enterprises for the production of cement: Belgorod Stary Oskol Mikhailovka Volsk Zhigulevsk Novorossiysk Yemanzhelinsk Magnitogorsk Iskitim Novokuznetsk Achinsk Krasnoyarsk - In the central region - In the central black earth region - In the Volga region Podolsk - In the North Caucasus - In the Urals - In Western Siberia - In Eastern Siberia "> 15 million tons 10-15 million tons 8-10 million tons 6-8 million tons 5-6 million tons 4-5 million tons 3- 4 million tons 2-3 million tons 0-2 million tons In 1990, cement production in the Russian Federation by economic regions looked like this: Mt 10-15 Mt 8-10 Mt 6-8 Mt 5-6 Mt 4-5 Mt 3-4 Mt 2-3 Mt 0-2 Mt tons In 1990, the production of cement in the Russian Federation by economic regions looked like this: By 2005, the following and"> title="Cement production in Russia >15 Mt 10-15 Mt 8-10 Mt 6-8 Mt 5-6 Mt 4-5 Mt 3-4 Mt 2-3 Mt tons 0-2 mln. tons In 1990, cement production in the Russian Federation by economic regions"> !}

The largest brick manufacturers in Russia LLC "Kazan plant of silicate wall materials" - 235 thousand conventional units. bricks in 2007 LLC "Kazan plant of silicate wall materials" - 235 thousand conventional units. bricks in 2007 Pobeda LSR OJSC - 215 thousand Pobeda LSR OJSC - 215 thousand Voronezh Building Materials Plant CJSC - 209 thousand Voronezh Building Materials Plant CJSC - 209 thousand products” – 167 thousand OJSC “Lipetsk plant of silicate products” – 167 thousand LLC “Invest-Silicate-Stroyservice” – 140 thousand LLC “Invest-Silicate-Stroyservice” – 140 thousand CJSC “Kovrovsky plant of silicate brick” – 138 CJSC Kovrov Silicate Brick Plant - 138 thousand CJSC Silikatchik - 133 thousand CJSC Silikatchik - 133 thousand CJSC Tver Construction Materials Plant - 131 thousand Borsky Silicate Plant CJSC - 121 thousand Borsky Silicate Plant CJSC - 121 thousand Revdinsky Brick Plant OJSC - 116 thousand Revdinsky Brick Plant OJSC - 116 thousand Kazan St. Petersburg Voronezh Lipetsk Tyumen Vladimir Rostov Tver Nizhny Novgorod Sverdlov

general characteristics production of wall building materials in Russia Modern construction technologies allow the use of a variety of materials for the construction of foundations and walls of buildings. Society has always been interested in speeding up and simplifying (as well as reducing the cost) the construction process. In this regard, the demand for building materials of larger sizes, which are often more profitable than traditional bricks, does not disappear. Modern construction technologies allow the use of a variety of materials for the construction of foundations and walls of buildings. Society has always been interested in speeding up and simplifying (as well as reducing the cost) the construction process. In this regard, the demand for building materials of larger sizes, which are often more profitable than traditional bricks, does not disappear. However, under the conditions currently domestic producers building materials is an actively developing construction industry, the production of all types of wall materials demonstrates a positive trend. Therefore, brick is still a popular building material. However, in the conditions that the actively developing construction industry is currently providing to domestic manufacturers of building materials, the production of all types of wall materials is demonstrating a positive trend. Therefore, brick is still a popular building material. The output of wall building materials in 2007 amounted to 18.5 billion conventional bricks, while the output of building bricks (including stones) was 13.05 billion conventional bricks. The absolute production of wall materials (without reinforced concrete wall panels) and building bricks (including stones) is growing, but the share of building bricks is declining, which indicates the growing popularity of alternative wall materials, such as cellular concrete. The output of wall building materials in 2007 amounted to 18.5 billion conventional bricks, while the output of building bricks (including stones) was 13.05 billion conventional bricks. The absolute production of wall materials (without reinforced concrete wall panels) and building bricks (including stones) is growing, but the share of building bricks is declining, which indicates the growing popularity of alternative wall materials, such as cellular concrete.

The volume of industrial production in the industry (through 2004) in the Russian Federation. In million rubles, the value of the indicator for the year Construction materials industry The volume of industrial output is the totality of material goods and services of an industrial nature produced by an enterprise. It is calculated in value terms for a certain period and includes finished products, semi-finished products, works (services) of an industrial nature manufactured by the enterprise as a result of industrial activity, intended for sale to the outside, as well as for the needs of capital construction and non-industrial facilities of this enterprise. At enterprises with a long production cycle, the volume of industrial output may also include a change in the balance of work in progress. The volume of industrial output is the totality of material goods and industrial services produced by the enterprise. It is calculated in value terms for a certain period and includes finished products, semi-finished products, works (services) of an industrial nature manufactured by the enterprise as a result of industrial activity, intended for sale to the outside, as well as for the needs of capital construction and non-industrial facilities of this enterprise. At enterprises with a long production cycle, the volume of industrial output may also include a change in the balance of work in progress.

Dynamics Russian production construction bricks (including stones) in comparison with the production of wall building materials in 1998–2007, bln cond. brick Source. ABARUS Market Research according to the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. This figure shows that since about 2004, the rate of brick production began to lag behind the overall rate of growth in the production of all wall building materials. But it was during this period that the domestic brick industry finally entered a positive stage after a long period of stagnation.

Dynamics of brick production The volume of production of building bricks (including stones) in Russia in 2007 amounted to 3 million cond. brick The volume of production of building bricks (including stones) in Russia in 2007 amounted to 3 million cond. brick Recovery in the domestic brick industry began in 2004, when the result exceeded the previous year by 1.8%. After that, the "pendulum" of loading the production capacities of brick factories swung, and the growth rates began to noticeably alternate with an interval of one year from high (13-16%) to moderate (2-3%). According to the forecasts of ABARUS Market Research, the current 2008 should be just "moderate" in terms of the increase in brick output, and with a high degree of probability it will be limited to an annual production volume of 13.5-13.7 billion cond. bricks. Recovery in the domestic brick industry began in 2004, when the result exceeded the previous year by 1.8%. After that, the "pendulum" of loading the production capacities of brick factories swung, and the growth rates began to noticeably alternate with an interval of one year from high (13-16%) to moderate (2-3%). According to the forecasts of ABARUS Market Research, the current 2008 should be just "moderate" in terms of the increase in brick output, and with a high degree of probability it will be limited to an annual production volume of 13.5-13.7 billion cond. bricks.

Production of bricks of all types in the Russian Federation in 2000–2007, mln. brick Brick production, like the production of most building materials, is endowed with signs of seasonality. The main reasons for the uneven workload of factories throughout the year are, first of all, the energy intensity of the process, as well as the seasonality of product consumption. Therefore, the most active are the summer months and the beginning of autumn. Brick production, like the production of most building materials, is endowed with signs of seasonality. The main reasons for the uneven workload of factories throughout the year are, first of all, the energy intensity of the process, as well as the seasonality of product consumption. Therefore, the most active are the summer months and the beginning of autumn.

Brick manufacturers in Russia official statistics 1059 manufacturers of wall materials (without reinforced concrete wall panels) and 560 manufacturers of building bricks were registered. Below are the data on the activities of the ten largest domestic enterprises producing bricks for 20071. Official statistics recorded 1059 manufacturers of wall materials (excluding reinforced concrete wall panels) and 560 manufacturers of building bricks. Below are the data on the activities of the ten largest domestic enterprises producing bricks for 20071 * LLC Kazan Plant of Silicate Wall Materials - 235 thousand conventional units. bricks in 2007 * OAO Pobeda LSR - 215 thousand * CJSC Voronezh Plant of Building Materials - 209 thousand * OAO Lipetsk Plant of Silicate Products - 167 thousand * LLC Invest-Silicate-Stroyservis - 140 * CJSC Kovrov Silicate Brick Plant - 138 thousand * CJSC Silikatchik - 133 thousand * CJSC Tverskoy Plant of Building Materials - 131 thousand * CJSC Borsky Silicate Plant - 121 thousand * OJSC Revdinsky brick factory” - 116 thousand. In 2006, Pobeda LSR OJSC was the leader in the production of bricks in the country with 257 thousand conventional units. bricks. Despite internal reshuffles in the ranking, in general, the composition of the top ten enterprises has been stable over the past 2-3 years. * LLC "Kazan plant of silicate wall materials" - 235 thousand cond. bricks in 2007 * OAO Pobeda LSR - 215 thousand * CJSC Voronezh Plant of Building Materials - 209 thousand * OAO Lipetsk Plant of Silicate Products - 167 thousand * LLC Invest-Silicate-Stroyservis - 140 * CJSC Kovrov Silicate Brick Plant - 138 thousand * CJSC Silikatchik - 133 thousand * CJSC Tverskoy Plant of Building Materials - 131 thousand * CJSC Borsky Silicate Plant - 121 thousand * OJSC Revdinsky brick factory” - 116 thousand. In 2006, Pobeda LSR OJSC was the leader in the production of bricks in the country with 257 thousand conventional units. bricks. Despite internal reshuffles in the ranking, in general, the composition of the top ten enterprises has been stable over the past 2-3 years.