Human anatomy: the structure of internal organs. Human anatomy. Systems and organs. Behin P

The topographic anatomy of the facial nerve is rather confusing, due to the fact that it passes through the facial receiving and giving processes.

Where does it start?

It departs immediately from three nuclei: motor, secretory and sensory fibers. Then, through the auditory opening, it passes into the thickness of the temporal bone into the internal auditory meatus. Here the intermediate nerve is added to it, and a knee is formed on the bend of the canal, which, taking the form of a knot, gives the intermediate nerve the property of sensitivity. The anatomy of the facial nerve and the scheme will be discussed in this article.

Division into branches

To enter the thickness of the parotid gland, facial nerve it is divided into separate processes: the lingual branch, the posterior auricular nerve, the digastric and stylohyoid branches. The intermediate gives such branches as the stapedial and stony nerves, connective tissue with drum weaving and with the vagus nerve, and the terminal branch (drum string). The diagram of the anatomy of the facial nerve is unique.

branches

Once again, the facial nerve diverges in the thickness of the parotid gland, giving two main branches - a small lower and a powerful upper one, which then also branch out, moreover, radially: up, forward and down to the muscles of the face. As a result, the parotid plexus is formed.

The facial nerve (anatomy diagram will be shown in the photo) consists of the following parts:

nerve trunk (more precisely, its processes);
spaces of the cerebral cortex, which are responsible for the work of mimic muscles;
nuclei located between the bridge and the medulla oblongata;
lymph nodes and a network of capillaries that feed nerve cells.

Functions

Anatomy (the diagram is posted above) is considered. Now let's talk about its functions.

The main task of the facial nerve is to provide faces. However, everything is complicated by the fact that before its branching into small parts, it is intertwined with the intermediate nerve and partially shares duties with it. Through the internal auditory opening, they move into the tunnel of the facial nerve, where a knee is formed from it, providing sensory to the intermediate nerve.

The facial nerve underlies the motor activity of almost all facial muscles, however, in combination with the intermediate nerve, it has taste and secretory fibers.

The course of the fibers of the facial nerve is very interesting and must be carefully considered.

Facial nerve lesions

In case of malfunctions or infringement of the channel, paralysis of the motor muscles of the face may occur. Visually, its asymmetry is observed: the relaxed part has the effect of a mask due to its immobility, the eye on the affected side does not close, there is an increase in lacrimation due to the fact that the mucous membrane is irritated by dust, air, which, in turn, can cause conjunctivitis. Wrinkles on the forehead and the area around the nose and lips straighten out, the corners of the mouth are directed downward, the person cannot wrinkle his forehead himself.

In humans, the facial nerve is often affected (its branches, their anatomy and topography are shown in detail in the photo).

If for any reason the main, motor function, then we are talking about It is characterized by the following external features: paralysis of the muscles responsible for facial expressions, complete asymmetry of the face, speech apparatus impaired, limited fluid intake. If the nerve was affected at the time when it was located in the pyramidal bone, then in addition to the above signs, deafness and lack of taste sensations are also noted.

Neuritis is a neurological disease characterized by an inflammatory process. It can appear on the central part of the face and on the periphery. Symptoms depend on the area of the affected nerve. The disease develops either due to hypothermia (primary neuritis) or as a complication of other diseases (secondary).

It is characterized by an acute onset, pain radiates behind the ear, and asymmetry of the face is observed after a few days. Depending on the affected part, the symptoms may vary. In case of violations of the nucleus of the facial nerve, a person develops muscle weakness faces. When a nerve is pinched in the region of the brain bridge, strabismus occurs, as well as paralysis of almost the entire muscles of the face. If the infringement occurred at the exit, it will result in impaired or short-term hearing loss. The facial nerve of a person is important. The structure, functions and problems have been studied for a long time.

In chronic otitis media, neuritis may be concomitant, arising from inflammation in the middle ear, and therefore may be accompanied by a feeling of backache. If mumps accompanies, then symptoms of general intoxication appear - chills, body aches, high fever.

Principles of therapy

The treatment regimen for the facial nerve in case of infringements and inflammatory processes must necessarily wear complex nature. Therapy includes:

diuretics, which remove fluid from the network of capillaries;
glucocorticosteroid agents;
drugs that dilate blood vessels;
vitamins (usually group B).

Such treatment eliminates the main cause of the disease, since inflammation of the facial nerve is often the result of another disease, a secondary disease. Nervous ailments are most often accompanied by very unpleasant sensations, so the patient is prescribed analgesic drugs. For the treatment to be faster and more effective, the facial muscles need to be completely at rest.

The complex treatment also includes physiotherapy procedures. From the second week of the disease, it is allowed to apply facial massage and exercise therapy with a gradually increasing load. Surgery is very rarely required. Surgical treatment is indicated when neuralgia is congenital or occurs after a mechanical injury. An operation of this kind consists in the fact that incorrectly fused and torn nerve endings are sewn together. Also, surgical intervention is legitimate in case of inefficiency. drug treatment within six months (maximum - eight months). If you ignore the process and do not use the listed methods of therapy, facial muscles can completely atrophy without the possibility of recovery in the future. The only way out is surgical plastic surgery of the face, the material for which is taken from the victim's leg.

Conclusion

Thus, with timely application for medical care and proper treatment, recovery and recovery will be quite long, but the prognosis remains favorable. To avoid relapse, you need to monitor your health, avoid hypothermia and treat such conditions in a timely manner. inflammatory processes like tonsillitis, SARS, etc.

We examined the facial nerve - anatomy and symptoms of damage, and also described the principles of treatment.

Let's look at the anatomy internal organs a person and his anatomical systems in pictures, as well as a photo of how they look in the human body.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #1.1)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #1.2)

Photo human anatomy, his nervous system. In one day, 3 mld. is delivered and processed to the central nervous system. messages. Our brain is forced to analyze all this and make a choice of what to ignore and what to react to, this happens in less than one second.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.1)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.2)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.3)

Body anatomy, photo circulatory system. During rest, the human heart pumps approximately five liters of blood through the body every minute. To fulfill all that is necessary for life is incredible a complex system The circulation uses about 60,000 miles of vessels.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #3.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #3.2)

Man photo, anatomy of the digestive system. The duodenum is the center of the functioning of digestion, as it receives gastric hummus, as well as bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas. It is impossible for such complex channels to evolve simultaneously.

(Human Anatomy, photo #4.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #4.2)

Human anatomy in pictures, muscular system. About 700 separate muscles are counted in the human body, coordinated with each other without any flaws, such a system could not have arisen gradually during evolution.

(Human Anatomy, photo #5.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #5.2)

Photos anatomy of human bones. A human thigh bone can support one ton of weight, how is that possible? The structure of human bones is hollow inside and arranged the same as in the structures of bridges and buildings in our time.

(Human Anatomy, photo #6.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #6.2)

Human anatomy photo of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are the cleansing centers of the entire human body, they are responsible for transporting toxins and cleaning the internal environment. Did you know that thanks to regular exercise, the lymphatic system will be in order?

(Human Anatomy, Photo #7.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #7.2)

The brain is the general of our body. In pictures Anatomy of the brain, its departments responsible for various functions of the body. The human brain is incredibly complex and weighs only 1kg to 2kg, depending on age.

(Human Anatomy, photo #8.1)

(Human anatomy, photo #8.2)

Anatomy photo of the heart- double pump with autonomic nervous system. The human heart, in order to maintain life, must beat without interruption and stops about 100,000 times a day.

(Human anatomy, photo #9.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #9.2)

Human anatomy, lungs in the photo. In one day, our lungs carry 12,000 liters through them. air and 6.000 l. blood. Interestingly, not a single beneficial mutation was observed in the lungs by humans, but only harmful ones, this indicates the impossibility of lung evolution.

(Human Anatomy, photo #10.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #10.2)

Picture anatomy of the human liver. The liver claims to be the largest glandular organ in the human body.

(Human Anatomy, photo #11.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #11.2)

Digestive tract, anatomy photo. Interestingly, the length of the human intestine is from 7 to 10 meters.

(Human Anatomy, photo #12.1)

(Human anatomy, photo #12.2)

Photo anatomy of the kidney. In 24 hours, the kidneys clear toxins from up to 2 thousand liters of blood, while having 1 million filter elements.

(Human anatomy, photo #13.1)

(Human anatomy, photo #13.2)

Human anatomy, stomach photo. The human stomach can digest a substance that is much denser in composition than it is. It is amazing that he does not digest himself, although he consists of flesh!

(Human anatomy, photo #14.1)

Our nose can recognize a trillion smells. Our ear has 24,000 "hair" cells that convert vibrations into electrical impulses, we can hear sounds very low level acoustics. Our eyes are able to analyze about 50 thousand data at the same time. Our skin is waterproof, antibacterial, antifungal, elastic, flexible, sensitive, self-healing, it is able to absorb only the necessary chemical elements and reject others. It is porous, self-lubricating, produces vitamins, produces odorous substances, and can sense temperature, vibration, and pressure.

All these amazing facts human anatomy simply screams to us not about evolution, but about the existence of an intelligent design of the Super-wise Creator.

The study of the complex structure of the human body and the layout of internal organs - this is what human anatomy takes. Discipline helps to understand the structure of our body, which is one of the most complex on the planet. All its parts perform strictly defined functions and all of them are interconnected. Modern anatomy is a science that distinguishes both what we observe visually and the structure of the human body hidden from the eyes.

What is human anatomy

This is the name of one of the sections of biology and morphology (along with cytology and histology), which studies the structure of the human body, its origin, formation, evolutionary development at a level above the cellular level. Anatomy (from the Greek Anatomia - incision, opening, dissection) studies how the external parts of the body look. It also describes the internal environment and the microscopic structure of organs.

The selection of human anatomy from the comparative anatomy of all living organisms is due to the presence of thinking. There are several main forms of this science:

Normal, or systematic. This section studies the body of the "normal" i.e. of a healthy person by tissues, organs, their systems.
Pathological. This is an applied scientific discipline that studies diseases.
Topographic, or surgical. It is so called because it has applied significance for surgery. Complements the descriptive human anatomy.

normal anatomy

Extensive material has led to the complexity of studying the anatomy of the structure of the human body. For this reason, it became necessary to artificially divide it into parts - organ systems. They are considered normal, or systematic, anatomy. She breaks down the complex into the simpler. Normal human anatomy studies the body in a healthy state. This is its difference from the pathological. Plastic anatomy studies appearance. It is used when depicting a human figure.

topographic;
typical;
comparative;
theoretical;
age;
X-ray anatomy.

Pathological human anatomy

This kind of science, along with physiology, studies the changes that occur with the human body in certain diseases. Anatomical studies are carried out microscopically, which helps to identify pathological physiological factors in tissues, organs, and their aggregates. The object in this case are the corpses of persons who died from various diseases.

The study of the anatomy of a living person is carried out using harmless methods. This discipline is mandatory in medical schools. Anatomical knowledge is divided into:

general, reflecting methods of anatomical studies of pathological processes;
private, describing the morphological manifestations of certain diseases, for example, tuberculosis, cirrhosis, rheumatism.

Topographic (surgical)

This kind of science has developed as a result of the need for practical medicine. Its creator is the doctor N.I. Pirogov. Scientific human anatomy studies the arrangement of elements relative to each other, the layered structure, the process of lymph flow, blood supply in a healthy body. This takes into account gender characteristics and changes associated with age-related anatomy.

The anatomical structure of a person

The functional elements of the human body are cells. Their accumulation forms the tissue that makes up all parts of the body. The latter are combined in the body into systems:

Digestive. It is considered the most difficult. The organs of the digestive system are responsible for the process of digestion of food.
Cardiovascular. The function of the circulatory system is to supply blood to all parts of the human body. This includes the lymphatic vessels.
Endocrine. Its function is to regulate the nervous and biological processes in the body.
Urogenital. In men and women, it has differences, provides reproductive and excretory functions.
Cover. Protects the insides external influences.
Respiratory. Saturates the blood with oxygen, converts it into carbon dioxide.
Musculoskeletal. Responsible for the movement of a person, maintaining the body in a certain position.
Nervous. Includes the spinal cord and brain, which regulate all body functions.

The structure of human internal organs

The branch of anatomy that studies internal systems man is called splanchnology. These include respiratory, genitourinary and digestive. Each has characteristic anatomical and functional connections. They can be combined according to the general property of the exchange of substances between the external environment and man. In the evolution of the organism, it is believed that the respiratory system buds from certain sections of the digestive tract.

organs of the respiratory system

They provide a continuous supply of oxygen to all organs, the removal of the resulting carbon dioxide. This system is divided into upper and lower airways. The first list includes:

Nose. Produces mucus that traps foreign particles when inhaled.
Sinuses. Air-filled cavities in the lower jaw, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal bones.
Throat. It is divided into the nasopharynx (provides air flow), oropharynx (contains tonsils that have a protective function), laryngopharynx (serves as a passage for food).
Larynx. Does not allow food to enter the respiratory tract.

Another part of this system is the lower respiratory tract. They include the organs of the thoracic cavity, presented in the following small list:

Trachea. It starts after the larynx, stretches down to the chest. Responsible for air filtration.
Bronchi. Similar in structure to the trachea, they continue to purify the air.
Lungs. Located on either side of the heart in the chest. Each lung is responsible for the vital process of exchanging oxygen with carbon dioxide.

Human abdominal organs

The abdominal cavity has a complex structure. Its elements are located in the center, left and right. According to human anatomy, the main organs in the abdominal cavity are as follows:

Stomach. It is located on the left under the diaphragm. Responsible for the primary digestion of food, gives a signal of satiety.
The kidneys are located at the bottom of the peritoneum symmetrically. They perform a urinary function. The substance of the kidney is made up of nephrons.
Pancreas. Located just below the stomach. Produces enzymes for digestion.
Liver. It is located on the right under the diaphragm. Removes poisons, toxins, removes unnecessary elements.
Spleen. It is located behind the stomach, is responsible for immunity, provides hematopoiesis.
Intestines. Located in the lower abdomen, absorbs all the nutrients.
Appendix. It is an appendage of the caecum. Its function is protective.
gallbladder. Located below the liver. Accumulates incoming bile.

genitourinary system

This includes the organs of the human pelvic cavity. There are significant differences between men and women in the structure of this part. They are in organs that provide reproductive function. In general, a description of the structure of the pelvis includes information about:

Bladder. Accumulates urine before urination. It is located below in front of the pubic bone.
Genital organs of a woman. The uterus is located under the bladder, and the ovaries are slightly higher above it. They produce eggs that are responsible for reproduction.
Male genitals. The prostate gland is also located under the bladder, responsible for the production of secretory fluid. The testicles are located in the scrotum, they form sex cells and hormones.

Human endocrine organs

The system responsible for the regulation of activity human body through hormones - endocrine. Science distinguishes two devices in it:

diffuse. Endocrine cells here are not concentrated in one place. Some functions are performed by the liver, kidneys, stomach, intestines and spleen.
Glandular. Includes thyroid, parathyroid glands, thymus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands.

Thyroid and parathyroid glands

The largest endocrine gland is the thyroid. It is located on the neck in front of the trachea, on its side walls. Partially, the gland is adjacent to the thyroid cartilage, consists of two lobes and an isthmus, necessary for their connection. The function of the thyroid gland is the production of hormones that promote growth, development, and regulate metabolism. Not far from it are the parathyroid glands, which have the following features buildings:

Quantity. There are 4 of them in the body - 2 upper, 2 lower.
Place. They are located on the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland.
Function. Responsible for the exchange of calcium and phosphorus (parathyroid hormone).

Anatomy of the thymus

The thymus, or thymus gland, is located behind the handle and part of the body of the sternum in the upper anterior region of the chest cavity. It consists of two lobes connected by loose connective tissue. The upper ends of the thymus are narrower, so they go beyond the chest cavity and reach the thyroid gland. In this organ, lymphocytes acquire properties that provide protective functions against cells that are foreign to the body.

The structure and functions of the pituitary gland

A small gland of spherical or oval shape with a reddish tint is the pituitary gland. It is directly related to the brain. The pituitary gland has two lobes:

Front. It affects the growth and development of the whole body as a whole, stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and sex glands.
back. Responsible for strengthening the work of vascular smooth muscles, increases blood pressure, affects the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

Adrenal glands, gonads and endocrine pancreas

The paired organ located above the upper end of the kidney in the retroperitoneal tissue is the adrenal gland. On the anterior surface, it has one or more furrows that serve as gates for outgoing veins and incoming arteries. Functions of the adrenal glands: production of adrenaline in the blood, neutralization of toxins in muscle cells. Other elements endocrine system:

Sex glands. The testicles contain interstitial cells responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The ovaries secrete folliculin, which regulates menstruation and affects the nervous state.
Endocrine part of the pancreas. It contains pancreatic islets, which secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood. This ensures the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.

Musculoskeletal system

This system is a set of structures that provide support to parts of the body and help a person move in space. The whole apparatus is divided into two parts:

Bone-articular. From the point of view of mechanics, this is a system of levers, which, as a result of muscle contraction, transmit the effects of forces. This part is considered passive.
Muscular. active part musculoskeletal system - these are muscles, ligaments, tendons, cartilaginous structures, synovial bags.

Anatomy of bones and joints

The skeleton is made up of bones and joints. Its functions are the perception of loads, the protection of soft tissues, the implementation of movements. Bone marrow cells produce new blood cells. Joints are the points of contact between bones, between bones and cartilage. The most common type is synovial. Bones develop as a child grows, providing support for the entire body. They make up the skeleton. It includes 206 individual bones, consisting of bone tissue and bone cells. All of them are located in the axial (80 pieces) and appendicular (126 pieces) skeleton.

Bone weight in an adult is about 17-18% of body weight. According to the description of the structures of the skeletal system, its main elements are:

Scull. Consists of 22 connected bones, excluding only the lower jaw. The functions of the skeleton in this part: protecting the brain from damage, supporting the nose, eyes, mouth.
Spine. Formed by 26 vertebrae. The main functions of the spine: protective, depreciation, motor, support.
Rib cage. Includes sternum, 12 pairs of ribs. They protect chest cavity.
Limbs. This includes the shoulders, hands, forearms, thigh bones, feet, and lower legs. Provides basic mobility.

The structure of the muscular skeleton

The muscle apparatus also studies human anatomy. There is even a special section - myology. The main function of the muscles is to provide a person with the ability to move. About 700 muscles are attached to the bones of the skeletal system. They make up about 50% of a person's body weight. The main types of muscles are as follows:

Visceral. They are located inside the organs, provide the movement of substances.
Cardiac. Located only in the heart, it is necessary for pumping blood through the human body.
Skeletal. This type of muscle tissue is controlled by a person consciously.

Organs of the human cardiovascular system

Part of cardio-vascular system includes the heart, blood vessels and about 5 liters of transported blood. Their main function is to carry oxygen, hormones, nutrients and cellular waste. This system works only at the expense of the heart, which, remaining at rest, pumps about 5 liters of blood through the body every minute. It continues to work even at night, when most of the rest of the elements of the body are resting.

Anatomy of the heart

This organ has a muscular hollow structure. The blood in it is poured into the venous trunks, and then driven into the arterial system. The heart consists of 4 chambers: 2 ventricles, 2 atria. The left parts are the arterial heart, and the right parts are the venous. This division is based on the blood in the chambers. The heart in human anatomy is a pumping organ, since its function is to pump blood. There are only 2 circles of blood circulation in the body:

small, or pulmonary, transporting venous blood;
large, carrying oxygenated blood.

Vessels of the pulmonary circle

The pulmonary circulation carries blood from the right side of the heart towards the lungs. There it is filled with oxygen. This is the main function of the vessels of the pulmonary circle. Then the blood returns back, but already to the left half of the heart. The pulmonary circuit is supported by the right atrium and right ventricle - for it they are pumping chambers. This circle of blood circulation includes:

right and left pulmonary arteries;
their branches are arterioles, capillaries and precapillaries;
venules and veins that merge into 4 pulmonary veins that flow into the left atrium.

Arteries and veins of the systemic circulation

The bodily, or large, circle of blood circulation in human anatomy is designed to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all tissues. Its function is the subsequent removal of carbon dioxide from them with metabolic products. The circle begins in the left ventricle - from the aorta, which carries arterial blood. It is further divided into:

arteries. They go to all the insides, except for the lungs and heart. Contains nutrients.
Arterioles. These are small arteries that carry blood to the capillaries.
capillaries. Gives blood to them nutrients with oxygen, and in return takes away carbon dioxide and metabolic products.
Venules. These are reverse vessels that provide the return of blood. Similar to arterioles.
Vienna. They merge into two large trunks - the superior and inferior vena cava, which flow into the right atrium.

Anatomy of the structure of the nervous system

Sense organs, nervous tissue and cells, spinal cord and brain - this is what the nervous system consists of. Their combination provides control of the body and the interconnection of its parts. The central nervous system is the control center, consisting of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for evaluating the information coming from outside and making certain decisions by a person.

The location of organs in the human CNS

Human anatomy says that the main function of the central nervous system is the implementation of simple and complex reflexes. The following important bodies are responsible for them:

Brain. Located in the brain region of the skull. It consists of several sections and 4 communicating cavities - cerebral ventricles. performs higher mental functions: consciousness, voluntary actions, memory, planning. In addition, it supports breathing, heart rate, digestion and blood pressure.
Spinal cord. Located in the spinal canal, is a white cord. It has longitudinal grooves on the front and back surfaces, and the spinal canal in the center. The spinal cord consists of white (a conductor of nerve signals from the brain) and gray (creates reflexes to stimuli) matter.

Watch a video about the structure of the human brain.

Functioning of the peripheral nervous system

This includes elements nervous system located outside the spinal cord and brain. This part is allocated conditionally. It includes the following:

Spinal nerves. Each person out of 31 couples. The posterior branches of the spinal nerves run between the transverse processes of the vertebrae. They innervate the back of the head, deep muscles of the back.
cranial nerves. There are 12 pairs. They innervate the organs of vision, hearing, smell, glands of the oral cavity, teeth and skin of the face.
Sensory receptors. These are specific cells that perceive the irritation of the external environment and convert it into nerve impulses.

Human anatomical atlas

The structure of the human body is described in detail in the anatomical atlas. The material in it shows the body as a whole, consisting of individual elements. Many encyclopedias were written by various medical scientists who studied the course of human anatomy. These collections contain visual layouts of the organs of each system. This makes it easier to see the relationship between them. In general, the anatomical atlas is a detailed description of the internal structure of a person.