Protecting a person from the danger of fur injury. Presentation on labor protection on the topic "Protection of a person from the danger of mechanical injury and from dangerous factors of a complex nature." Geometric shape, signal color

Protection against injury is achieved by the use of technical means that exclude or reduce the impact on workers of traumatic production factors. They can be collective or individual. The former provide protection for any worker servicing hazardous equipment with the specified protective equipment. The second - only those who use them.

Means of collective protection against mechanical traumania are standardized by GOST 12.4.125-83 and include a number of subspecies (Fig. 11).

Protective devices must meet the following general requirements:

prevent contact of hands and other parts of the body of a person, his clothes and other objects with dangerous moving parts of the machine, do not allow the human operator of the machine or another worker to bring hands and other parts of the body closer to dangerous moving parts;

must be made of durable materials that will withstand normal use and securely attached to the machine;

not create other hazards, not have a cutting edge, burr or surface roughness;

do not interfere with work.

The greatest application for protection against mechanical injury of machines, mechanisms, tools are protective, safety, braking devices, automatic control and signaling devices, remote control.

Protective means of protection most common in industry. They prevent a person from entering the danger zone. All open moving and rotating parts of equipment located at a height of up to 2500 mm from the floor level, if they are sources of danger, must be covered with a solid or mesh fence. Fencing can be complete, covering the traumatic unit as a whole, and partial, excluding access to the most dangerous parts of the equipment (Fig. 12). Full fences, usually made of metal, simultaneously perform the function of a soundproof fence.

Rice. 14. The design of the cold heading machine

Rice. 12. Types of fences:

a - complete enclosure of the machine press; b- partial; 1 - machine cutting area guard

In most cases, fences are stationary (Fig. 13, a). But in metal forming machines and on some types of machine tools, they can be performed movable, interlocked with the working bodies of the equipment (Fig. 13, b). Thus, they close access to the danger zone only at the time of processing (for example, punching a workpiece). Perhaps the device of movable barriers with an individual drive. Movable protective devices with an individual drive are the most promising means of protection that meet modern aesthetic, ergonomic and technical safety requirements. According to the principle of action and In terms of the nature of protection, these devices are similar to devices driven by a working body and differ in that the movable screen (grid) is connected to the control system and is driven by an individual drive (for example, a pneumatic cylinder). Such protective devices provide protection of the dangerous zone of the press when its slider makes 50 single strokes per minute or more, which is impossible when using designs of protective devices driven by the slider. They do not clutter up the workspace and do not make it difficult to install and remove tools.

For ease of use, full fences can be made sliding. On fig. 14 shows the design of the cold heading machine fencing. It has an end fixed wall / with a hole for feeding the workpiece and two movable parts of the body 2 and 3 on wheeled, moving along rail directions. To reduce noise, the casing walls are lined with sound-absorbing material 4.

Most often, the design of the fence is a casing. In the bodies of machines and mechanisms, as well as machine tools, they can be performed as door blocking access to gearboxes,

Rice. 15. Shield mesh fencing of the robotic areaproduction

gearboxes and other drive elements. Guards in the form of shields (including mesh ones) are widely used in robotic production (Fig. 15).

Portable shields are installed during repair and adjustment work to prevent unauthorized persons from entering the area of their implementation, for example, during welding work, work in underground utility wells, and when repairing electrical installations in workshops. Shield fencing can also be included in the design of the equipment (Fig. 16).

On fig. 17 shows a protective canopy type fence, and in fig. 18 - using planks. The latter are used on woodworking machines to protect the cutting tool at idle.

Rice. 13. Types of fences:

a- stationary; 6 - mobile

Rice. 16. Fencing of the working area of the planer woodworkingdrawing machine:

1 - guide line; 2 - table; 3 - fan protection of a working crack; 4- processed material; 5- rack; 6- retainer

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Rice. 17. Fencetype of protectionleg visor(shield):

/ - flange;

Bearing;

Ball heel;

bracket;

ball joint;

Rice. 18. Lamellar protective cutting tool guards for woodworking machines:

a- fan fencing; b- plate fence: 1 - guide line; 2 - table; 3 - fan protection of a working crack; 4 - fencing of a non-working gap

Barriers are often used to prevent access to hazardous stationary equipment. The same principle of ensuring injury safety is used in hand releasers (Fig. 19). The latter are more efficient. When lowering the slider 1 through bracket 5 and connecting elements 4 swivel levers actuated 2, removing the hands of the worker from the danger zone.

On metal-cutting machines, fences, as a rule, are made in the form of protective screens (Fig. 20). For ease of maintenance, the latter can be hinged (Fig. 21).

Metals and plastics are used as materials for the manufacture of screens. It is also convenient to make screens from transparent materials (safety glass, plastic, triplex). Protective screens should not limit the technological capabilities of the machine and cause inconvenience during operation, cleaning, adjustment, and also lead to contamination with lubricant and coolant. If necessary, protective screens should be

Rice. 20. Metal protective screenRice. 21. Safety fence

cutting machine:milling machines:

1 - rotary axes; 2 - frame / - loop; 2- bracket; 3 -

screen; 3- viewing window screen; 4- blind

provide handles, brackets for ease of movement and installation. The fastening of protective devices must be reliable, excluding cases of self-opening.

Guards must be sufficiently strong and well attached to the foundation or parts of the machine to withstand the loads from particles flying off during processing and accidental impacts of operating personnel. Fences are hung on hinges, hinges, etc.; blind hanging (on bolts, studs, etc.) is allowed if there is a window in the fence with a movable cover for access to parts that require maintenance.

Fencing weighing more than 5 kg must have handles, brackets and other devices to hold them when opening or removing them. When calculating the strength of fences used in the processing of metals and wood, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of flying out and hitting the fence with workpieces and cutting tools. The thicknesses of protective barriers made of various materials and their schemes for different sizes of grinding wheels are determined by GOST 12.3.028-82* depending on the operating circumferential speed.

When installing the fence, the reach zone for the hands of the worker must be safe from the point of view of mechanical injury. The minimum height of fences such as shields and barriers is chosen taking into account the height of the hazardous element (Fig. 22). The higher the screen and the greater its distance to the hazardous element b, the lower the risk of injury. Screen height selection a produced in accordance with GOST 12.2.062-81. Distance from the screen

Rice. 19. Hand-vodchik for two- rack presses:

/ - slider;

Swivel arm;

Bosses;

Connecting element; 5- brackets; 6 - rubber rings

Rice. 22. Scheme for definitionthe height of the protectivefencing:

/ - fence;

2 - hazardous element

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Rice. 25. Diagram of bursting disc:

1 - membrane; 2, 3 - flange

to the traumatic element With should be taken into account when choosing a mesh or lattice for a fence in terms of their cell size. They can pass the fingers and even the hands of the worker only at a sufficiently large distance from the source of injury-hazard. Guards should not worsen the operating conditions of the machine, its repair and adjustment.

Safety devices can be of two types: restrictive and blocking. Restrictive ones are triggered when any parameter characterizing the operation of the system of a mechanism or machines is exceeded. For example, shear pins and keys are triggered when the permissible torque is exceeded, safety valves - working pressure, stops - when elements go beyond the permissible limits in space. Thus, emergency modes of operation of the equipment are excluded, and, consequently, its possible breakdowns and accidents; and ultimately injury. There are safety guards with automatic restoration of the kinematic chain after the controlled parameter has returned to normal, and devices that, after operation, require the equipment to be stopped to replace them. An example of the former are safety valves, friction clutches, pressure regulators, the latter are fuses for electrical installations, bursting discs of systems operating under pressure.

On fig. 23 shows the most common designs of direct acting safety valves in mechanical engineering.

To exclude the reverse flow of the flow of the working fluid in the event of back pressure, check valves are used (Fig. 24).

On fig. 25 shows the design of the bursting disc.

To protect acetylene generators and pipelines from explosions when the flame of a gas burner flashes, as well as pipelines and apparatuses filled with combustible gases when oxygen or air penetrates into them, water safety locks are used. According to the principle of action and pressure

Rice. 23. Schematic diagrams of direct acting safety valves:

a- magnetic spring; b - spring with ejector device; in- with differential piston

Rice. 26. Schemes of safety water locks:

a, b- open type low pressure; c, d, e - closed medium pressure (a - during normal operation; b - on reverse impact; d - diaphragmless medium pressure valve): 1 - valve; 2 - gas supply tube; 3 - funnel; 4 - outer tube; 5- body; b- nipple; 7- control valve; 8- divider; 9- check valve; 10 - disk

working gas, there are safety water valves of open (low pressure) and closed (medium pressure) types (Fig. 26).

To prevent breakdowns of individual parts of the equipment, which are possible due to going beyond the established limits, two-sided and one-sided limiters are used in the form of stops of various designs.

Blocking devices exclude the possibility of a person entering the danger zone or eliminate the dangerous factor for the duration of a person's stay in this zone.

Mechanical interlock is a system that provides communication between the fence and the braking (starting) device. For example, to remove the crank mechanism guard (Fig. 27), it is necessary to slow down and completely stop the mechanism drive. This is done by turning off the electric motor or switching the belt from working to idle.





				th- -and

Rice. 24. Reverse valve:

a- lifting: 1 - frame; 2 - spool; 3 - spring; 4 - lid; b - turning: 1 - frame; 2 - valve; 3 - lid; 4 - earring

Rice. 27. Mechanical interlock scheme:

Fencing;

brake lever;

Striker plate;

Striker plate guide

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A pulley, while the lever allows the striker plate to come out of the guide. With the guard removed, the unit cannot be started. According to this principle, the doors are blocked in the premises of the test benches, as well as in other, especially dangerous premises, in which the presence of people during the operation of the equipment is prohibited.

Electric blocking is used in electrical installations with a voltage of 500 V and above, as well as in various types of technological equipment with an electric drive. It provides the ability to turn on the equipment only when there is a fence. In case of electrical interlock, a limit switch is built into the fence, the contacts of which, when the fence is closed, are included in the electrical control circuit of the equipment and allow the electric motor to be turned on. When the guard is removed or incorrectly installed, the contacts open and the electrical circuit of the drive system is broken (Fig. 28).

A similar principle is used in thermal relays that prevent explosions in receivers by turning off the engine in compressors when the temperature of the compressed air rises above the permissible value (Fig. 29).

Electromagnetic (radio frequency) blocking is used to prevent a person from entering the danger zone. The principle of operation of the lock in this case is based on the use of high-frequency electromagnetic fields radiated into space by a generator. At the moment a person enters the danger zone, a high-frequency generator supplies a current pulse to an electromagnetic amplifier and a polarized relay. The relay contacts de-energize the magnetic starter circuit, while providing electrodynamic braking of the motor in tenths of a second. The deceleration time is controlled by a variable resistance.

Electronic (radiation) blocking is used to protect hazardous areas on presses, guillotine shears and other types of process equipment. It consists (Fig. 30) of the Geiger tube 2, thyratron lamp 3, control relay 4, alarm relay 5. radioactive source 1 fastened on the hand of the worker with the help of a special bracelet. Radioactive isotopes are used as a source. They are placed in an aluminum cylinder, coated on the inside with a layer of lead, which protects against radioactive radiation. The essence of this type of blocking is that the energy of radioactive radiation,

Rice. 29. Thermal relay circuits:

a- dilatometric thermal relay: / - quartz or porcelain rod; 2 - electrical contact; 3 - machine body; 4 - metal case;

6 - thermal relay with "jumping" bimetallic washer: / - washer; 2 - contact; 3 - adjusting screw

Rice. 28. Scheme of electrical blocking of the magnetic starter (fences)

/ - three-pole knife switch; 2 - fusible fuses; 3 - limit switch; 4 - "stop" button; 5- button "start"; 6- contactor coil (when energized, the contacts close 8 and 9); 7 - normally closed contacts of the thermal relay; 8 - block contacts shunting the "start" button; 9 - line contacts; 10 - heating elements of the thermal relay

Rice. 30. Scheme radiation blocking

directed away from the source 1, is captured by the Geiger tubes 2, as a result of which the control circuit of the system turns off the starting device. The advantage of blocking with radiation sensors is that they allow non-contact measurements that do not require direct contact between the measurement sensors and the controlled environment. In some cases, when working with aggressive or explosive environments, as well as on equipment under high pressure or high temperature, blocking using radiation sensors is the only way to ensure the required safety conditions. Equally important is the greater stability and long service life of the radiation sources.

The pneumatic locking system (Fig. 31) is widely used in units in which the working fluids are under high pressure: turbines, compressors, pumps, etc. Its main advantage is its low inertia. When the pressure rises, the relay / is activated, closing the electrical circuit and activating the electromagnet 3. The latter, in turn, ensures the operation of the locking device 2.

Rice. 31. Scheme of pneumatic blocking:

/ - pressure switch; 2 - locking device; 3 - electromagnet

Optical (photoelectric) blocking is based on the principle of enclosing a hazardous area with light beams. The change in the light flux incident on the photocell is converted in the measuring and command device, which activates additional mechanisms of the protective device. Photoelectric blocking is currently being used in press-forging and mechanical shops of machine-building plants. On fig. 32 is a diagram of a photoelectric press interlock. On traction 2 the pedals are equipped with a locking electromagnet 1. To the right and to the left of the working table of the press there is a photocell 4 and photorelay illuminator 3. The light beam falling on the photocell ensures a constant current flow in the winding of the blocking electromagnet. In this case, it is possible to turn on the press by pressing the pedal. If, at the moment the pedal is pressed, the worker's hand is in the working (dangerous) zone of the stamp, the fall of the light flux on the photocell stops, the windings of the blocking magnet are de-energized, and turning on the press with the pedal becomes impossible. Such blocking does not require any mechanical structures, is small-sized, reliable, convenient in operation, and allows to provide protection for very extended zones.

An example of a combined lock is an electromechanical lock, the diagram of which is shown in fig. 33. Control handle 1 through the roller is connected to the transition element and lock 2, locking the door 4. When the door is opened, the switch cannot be turned on, as the deadbolt 3 the lock rests on pin 5, which comes out under the action of a spring when the door is opened. To turn on the unit, first close the door and turn the knob. In this case, the bracket on the door will press finger 5, drown it and enable the bolt 3 enter the hole in the bracket, which is mounted on the door. Turning the switch further closes the electrical circuit.

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Rice. 32. Scheme optical (photoelectric) Fig. 33. Electric circuit diagramcecal)lockchanic blocking

Brake devices subdivided:

by design - on shoe, disk, conical and wedge;

according to the method of operation - manual, automatic and semi-automatic;

according to the principle of action - on mechanical, electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic and combined;

by appointment - for working, reserve, parking and emergency braking.

Brakes play an important role in ensuring the safe operation, repair and maintenance of process equipment, allowing you to quickly stop shafts, spindles and other elements that are potential sources of danger. In addition, they serve to stop or brake the load in hoisting and transport machines.

We especially note that all types of traumatic equipment have emergency braking systems in emergency situations ("emergency stop"). They are mandatory in automatic lines with a length of more than 10 m. In especially dangerous cases, backup braking systems are provided.

Parking brakes are used in hoisting cranes operating on a rail track outside production facilities, which prevents them from moving under significant wind load. This eliminates the possibility of overturning the crane due to loss of stability.

In mechanical engineering, disc and shoe brakes are most often used in equipment, the designs of which are shown in Fig. 34. When these brakes are applied, an electric

Rice. 34. Scheme brake devices:

a- disc brake: / - electromagnet core; 2 - control lever; 3 - guides; 4 - bracket; 5 - sleeve; 6 - spring; 7- stock; 8 - rod brake disc with friction lining; 9 - motor pulley disk;

b- shoe brake with electromagnet: / - case; 2 - fork; 3 - rocker; 4 - brake pads; 5 - thrust; 6 - stock; 7 - spring; 8 - electromagnet

Rice. 35. Speed controllergrow:

Working wheel;

Movable brake element; 4- coupler;

Spring;

8- lever arm; 9 - disk

with friction linings

tromagnet retracting the core. This sets in motion the corresponding kinematic links (lever, rod, rods), with the help of which the friction elements are clamped, which causes braking.

A special case of braking devices are speed controllers, which limit the speed of rotation of the shafts of internal combustion engines and turbines, as well as the speed of lowering loads. On fig. 35 shows the design of a speed controller that uses the action of centrifugal forces, the magnitude of which depends on the speed of rotation of the shaft (i.e., the number of its revolutions).

Stops and catchers are widely used on hoisting and transport machines to hold the lifted load, as well as in some mechanisms to prevent the reverse movement of rotating elements (see Section 4).

Automatic control and alarm devices. Availability of instrumentation is one of the conditions for safe and reliable operation of equipment. These are devices for measuring pressures, temperatures, static and dynamic loads, and other parameters, the excess of which can lead to an accident, and, consequently, to injuries. The efficiency of using these devices increases when they are combined with alarm systems. Automatic control devices and alarms are divided into:

by appointment - for information, warning, emergency and response;

according to the method of actuation - into automatic and semi-automatic;

by the nature of the signal - into sound, light, color, sign and combined;

according to the nature of the signaling - to constant and pulsating.

Information signaling is used in various technological processes, as well as on test benches. Information signaling is also used to coordinate the actions of workers, in particular, crane operators and slingers (Fig. 36). During installation operations, green signal lamps should turn on on equipment that is temporarily not working. A similar signaling is used in noisy industries where voice communication is disrupted. In production and automated lines, red signal lamps are installed on machines and installations that are not controlled by service personnel.

A subspecies of information signaling are all kinds of schemes, pointers, inscriptions. The latter can explain the purpose of individual structural elements of machines and mechanisms or indicate the value of the permissible load (for example, wind speed, above which the work of a crane outside the production room is not allowed). As a rule, inscriptions are made directly on the equipment or directly in the service area on special displays.

We also note the backlighting of the scales of measuring instruments, the backlighting on mnemonic diagrams. Coloring is used, for example, for pressure vessels.

Warning devices are designed to warn you of a hazard. Most often in they use light and sound signals coming from

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Rice. Zb. Signals from the slinger to the crane operator:

/ - lift the load or hook - intermittent movement of the right hand, palm up, arm bent at the elbow; 2 - turn the arrow to the right - movement of the right hand, bent at the elbow, palm to the right; 3 - lower the load or hook - intermittent movement of the right hand, bent at the elbow, down in front of the chest, palm facing down; 4 - turn the arrow to the left - movement of the right hand, bent at the elbow, palm to the left; 5 - move the crane forward - movement with the outstretched right hand, palm in the direction of the desired movement of the crane

various instruments that record the course of the technological process, including the level of hazardous and harmful factors. Sirens or bells are used for sound signaling.

Warning signaling ahead of switching on the equipment finds great application. It is provided for in industries where people can be in the danger zone before starting work (engine test sites, automatic assembly lines, foundries, etc.). Metal-cutting machines (automatic lines), which cannot be seen completely from the workplace, and their unexpected inclusion can lead to injury to people who are near the machine (line), are equipped with a warning alarm (sound, light or combined), which automatically turns on when the start button of the remote control is pressed control and signaling for at least 15 s. The equipment should automatically turn on when the signal ends.

Warning signs include indicators and posters "Do not turn on - people are working", "Do not enter", "Do not open - high voltage", etc. Pointers and inscriptions indicating the permissible load must be placed directly in the service area of machines and units. On rotating and moving devices for mechanized clamping of workpieces of metal-cutting machines, there must be clearly

Rice. 37. The use of signal coloring in the design:

a- fences; b- dimensions of transport openings; in- difference in the plane of the floor; G- parts of lifting equipment; d - Vehicle

made indelible inscriptions indicating the maximum permissible characteristics of their movement, in which the operation of the machine remains safe.

It is desirable to carry out pointers in the form of light panels with a time-varying (flashing) backlight.

For doors and light displays, emergency and emergency exits, a green signal color (white inscription) should be used.

A subspecies of warning signaling is signal coloring (marking). Traumatic elements of equipment are distinguished by alternating (at an angle of 45 ° to the horizontal) stripes of yellow and black. Enclosing barriers, elements of buildings are also painted (Fig. 37).

When platforms (galleries) are located at a height of less than 2200 mm from the floor, their side surfaces are painted in yellow signal color.

For abrasive metal-cutting machines, the edges of the protective covers to the tool (circle, tape) near the zone of their disclosure must be painted in yellow signal color. The inner surfaces of the casings in this case must have the same color.

On machines, the reverse sides of the doors of the niches for electrical equipment, as well as the surface of the chip flow, are painted red. Signal painting, as well as painting installations and systems,

Semantic meaning, scope of signal colors and their corresponding contrasting colors

Table 1

Signal	semantic meaning	Application area	Contrasting color
	Imminent danger Emergency or dangerous situation Fire equipment, fire protection equipment, their elements	Prohibition of dangerous behavior or action Designation of immediate danger Message about emergency shutdown or emergency condition of equipment (technological process) Designation and location of fire equipment, fire protection equipment, their elements
	Possible danger	Identification of a possible danger, dangerous situation Warning, warning of a possible danger
	Safety, safe conditions Help, rescue	Message about the normal operation of the equipment, the normal state of the technological process Designation of the evacuation route, first aid kits, cabinets, first aid equipment
	Instruction to avoid danger Note	Requiring Mandatory Action for Security Purposes Allowing Certain Actions

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table 2

Geometric shape, signal color		and semantic meaning of the main safety signs
	geometric shape	signal color	semantic meaning
prohibition signs	Circle with transverse stripe		Prohibition of dangerous behavior or action
warning signs	Triangle		Possible danger warning. Osto-
			horn. Attention
Mandatory signs			Mandatory action to avoid
			danger
Fire safety signs	Square or rectangle		Designation and indication of the location of funds
			fire protection, their elements
Evacuation signs	Square or rectangle		Designation of the direction of movement during evacuation.
and signs of medical			Rescue, first aid in case of accidents or fires.
and sanitary purposes			Lettering, safety information
Directive signs	Square or rectangle		Permission. Instruction. inscription or information
* Fire safety signs are associated with the problem of mechanical injury indirectly (panic in fire conditions, as
usually leads to falls and injuries).

working under pressure is an example of color signaling. It should be noted that signal colors are especially widely used in industry. In table. 1 shows the semantic meanings and scope of signal colors and their corresponding contrast colors.

Safety signs standardized by GOST R 12.4.026-01. They differ in shape and color. The geometric shape, signal color and semantic meaning of the main safety signs are given in Table. 2.

Examples of safety signs used to prevent mechanical injury are shown on the cover.

Mandatory use of the collective protection means discussed above in accordance with GOST R 51333-99 is a necessary element in the design of machines and mechanisms in case protection against mechanical injury is not provided due to the corresponding principle of their operation. This makes it possible to ensure an acceptable risk of accidents, failures, injuries during the operation of process equipment, the calculation of which is carried out in accordance with GOST R 51901-02.

Personal protective equipment against mechanical traumania are divided into several groups (Fig. 38). Special clothing, special footwear and hand protection, in turn, include a large number of subspecies (subgroups). The division is made according to its intended purpose (from blows, cuts, punctures, etc.).

Protective goggles can also be of various types: in open and closed versions, with direct and indirect ventilation, which can be folded over the worker's head if necessary.

Closed-type goggles are made in the form of a half-mask that fits snugly along the perimeter to the surface of the worker's face. They prevent solid particles from entering the eyes from below and from the side of the goggles.

Direct vent goggles have a mesh body.

Personal protective equipment

from mechanical injury

etsnal-

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shtel-

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Safety belts are used when working at height, during repair and installation work (Fig. 39).

Organizational events. Workers of working professions hired with an increased risk of mechanical injury undergo training on labor protection in the amount of 20 hours (instead of 10 hours at regular jobs) with an internship and a mandatory test of knowledge and skills acquired during the training. Upon admission to work, they, like everyone else, undergo an introductory briefing and briefing on labor protection at the workplace. However, re-briefing, they usually take place once a quarter. In case of especially dangerous work, targeted briefing is carried out and a work permit is issued for their implementation.

Special requirements for the organization of work are imposed on facilities subject to the Federal Law "On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities". The latter, in particular, include workshops and sections using equipment operating under a pressure of more than 0.07 MPa or at a heating temperature of more than 115 ° C or using stationary lifting mechanisms, explosives production facilities, as well as leading mining or mineral processing operations. fossil or in underground conditions.

Rns. 38. Classification of personal protective equipment

Rice. 39. Use of personal protective equipment when working for youhoneycomb and in wells

LIFE SAFETY, No. 12, 2003. Appendix

An organization operating a hazardous production facility is obliged to:

comply with the provisions of the said Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as regulatory technical documents in the field of industrial safety;

have a license to operate a hazardous production facility;

ensure the staffing of the staff of the hazardous production facility in accordance with the established requirements;

allow persons who meet the relevant qualification requirements and do not have medical contraindications to the specified work to work at a hazardous production facility;

ensure the training and certification of employees in the field of industrial safety;

have regulatory legal acts and regulatory technical documents at a hazardous production facility that establish the rules for conducting work at a hazardous production facility;

organize and exercise production control over compliance with industrial safety requirements;

ensure the availability and operation of the necessary instruments and systems for monitoring production processes in accordance with established requirements;

ensure the examination of industrial safety of buildings, as well as carry out diagnostics, testing, examination of structures and technical devices applicable at a hazardous production facility, within the established time limits and in accordance with the instructions of the federal executive body specially authorized in industrial safety, or its territorial body;

prevent unauthorized persons from entering a hazardous production facility;

ensure compliance with industrial safety requirements for the storage of hazardous substances;

develop an industrial safety declaration;

conclude an insurance contract for the risk of liability for causing harm during the operation of a hazardous production facility;

comply with the orders and instructions of the federal executive body specially authorized in the field of industrial safety, its territorial bodies and officials, issued by them in accordance with their authority;

suspend the operation of a hazardous production facility on its own or by order of the federal executive body specially authorized in the field of industrial safety, its territorial bodies and officials in the event of an accident or incident at a hazardous production facility, as well as in the event of discovery of newly discovered circumstances affecting industrial safety ;

carry out measures to localize and eliminate the consequences of accidents at a hazardous production facility, assist state bodies in investigating the causes of an accident;

take part in the technical investigation of the causes of an accident at a hazardous production facility, take measures to eliminate these causes and prevent such accidents;

analyze the causes of an incident at a hazardous production facility, take measures to eliminate these causes and prevent such incidents;

timely inform, in accordance with the established procedure, the federal executive body specially authorized in the field of industrial safety, its territorial bodies, as well as other state authorities, local governments and the public about an accident at a hazardous production facility;

take measures to protect the life and health of workers in the event of an accident at a hazardous production facility;

keep records of accidents and incidents at a hazardous production facility;

submit to the federal executive body specially authorized in the field of industrial safety, or to its territorial body, information on the number of accidents and incidents, their causes and measures taken.

All employees must follow the safety regulations for the operation of machinery, pressure vessels, lifting equipment, etc. Failure to comply with and obvious violation of precautionary measures when servicing machinery, equipment can lead to a large number of accidents, sometimes fatal.

The means of protecting workers from mechanical injury (physical hazard) include:

- protections (casings, peaks, doors, screens, boards, barriers, etc.);
- safety - blocking devices (mechanical, electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.);
- braking devices (working, parking, emergency braking);
- signaling devices (sound, light), which can be built into the equipment or be components.

Brake devices can be mechanical, electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic and combined. The braking device is considered serviceable if it is established that after the equipment is switched off, the run-out time of dangerous organs does not exceed those specified in the regulatory documentation.

Signaling is one of the links in the direct connection between the machine and the person. It contributes to the facilitation of work, the rational organization of the workplace and the safety of work. The signaling can be sound, light, color and sign. The alarm must be located and designed so that the hazard warning signals are clearly visible and audible in the working environment by all persons who may be in danger.

Locking devices are designed for automatic shutdown of equipment, in case of erroneous actions of the operating or dangerous changes in the operating mode of the machines, upon receipt of information about the presence of a risk of injury through the available sensitive elements in a contact and non-contact way.

Blocking devices distinguish between:

§ Mechanical (based on the principle of breaking the kinematic chain);
§ Jet (when the hand crosses a working air jet flowing from a controlled nozzle, a laminar jet is restored between other nozzles, switching a logic element that transmits a signal to stop the working body);
§ Electromechanical (based on the principle of interaction of a mechanical element with an electrical one, as a result of which the machine control system is turned off);
§ Non-contact (based on the photoelectric effect, ultrasound, changes in the amplitude of temperature fluctuations, etc. Sensors transmit a signal to the executive bodies when the operating boundaries of the working area of the equipment are crossed);
§ Electric (cutting off the circuit leads to an instant stop of the working bodies).

Protective devices designed to prevent accidental entry of a person into the danger zone. They are used to isolate moving parts of machines, processing areas of machine tools, presses, impact elements of machines, etc. Protective devices can be stationary, mobile and portable. Protective devices can be made in the form of protective covers, doors, visors, barriers, screens.

The design of production equipment powered by electrical energy must include devices (means) to ensure electrical safety.

For the purposes of electrical safety, technical methods and means are used (often in combination with one another): protective earthing, grounding, protective shutdown, potential equalization, low voltage, electrical separation of the network, isolation of current-carrying parts etc.

Electrical safety must be ensured:

- design of electrical installations;
- technical methods and means of protection;
- organizational and technical measures.

Electrical installations and their parts must be designed in such a way that workers are not exposed to dangerous and harmful effects of electric current and electromagnetic fields, and comply with electrical safety requirements.

To ensure protection against accidental contact with live parts, the following methods and means must be used:

- protective shells;
- protective fences (temporary or stationary);
- safe location of current-carrying parts;
- insulation of current-carrying parts (working, additional, reinforced, double);
- isolation of the workplace;
- low voltage;
- protective shutdown;
- warning signaling, blocking, safety signs.

To provide protection against electric shock when touching non-current-carrying metal parts that may become energized as a result of insulation damage, the following methods are used:

- protective grounding;
- zeroing;
- equalization of potential;
- system of protective wires;
- protective shutdown;
- insulation of non-current-carrying parts;
- electrical separation of the network;
- low voltage;
- insulation control;
- compensation of earth fault currents;
-individual protection means.

Technical methods and means are used separately or in combination with each other so that optimal protection is provided.

Electrostatic intrinsic safety should be ensured by creating conditions that prevent the occurrence of static electricity discharges that can become a source of ignition of protected objects.

For protection of workers from static electricity it is possible to apply antistatic substances to the surface, add antistatic additives to flammable dielectric liquids, neutralize charges using neutralizers, humidify the air up to 65-75%, if it is permissible according to the process conditions, remove charges by grounding equipment and communications.

Means of protection against mechanical injury include industrial safety signs, signal colors and signal markings.

GOST R 12.4.026-2001 “SSBT. Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings» establishes terms with appropriate definitions for a correct understanding of their purpose, rules for the use and characteristics of safety signs, signal colors and signal markings.

The scope of the new standard has been expanded, the number of groups (from 4 to 6) and the number (from 35 to 113) of basic safety signs have increased, a new geometric shape of signs has been established - a square. The use of signal colors, safety signs, signal markings is mandatory for all organizations, regardless of their form of ownership. The use of safety signs, signal colors and markings should not replace the implementation of organizational and technical measures to ensure safe working conditions, the use of collective and individual protective equipment, and training in safe work performance.

Industrial safety signs, signal colors and markings are aimed at drawing the attention of a person to an immediate danger.

Industrial safety signs can be basic, additional, combined and group.

Basic signs must contain an unambiguous semantic requirement to ensure safety and perform a prohibitive, warning, prescriptive or permissive function in order to ensure labor safety.

Additional signs contain an explanatory inscription and are used in combination with the main signs. The main signs can be intended for production equipment (machines, mechanisms, etc. and located directly on the equipment in the danger zone and the field of view of the employee) and industrial premises, facilities, territories, etc.

Safety signs must be clearly visible, not distract attention, not interfere with the performance of work, not interfere with the movement of goods, etc.

signal colors used to refer to:

- surfaces, structures, fixtures, components and elements of equipment, machines, mechanisms, etc., which are sources of danger to people;
- protective devices, fences, interlocks, etc.;
- fire equipment, fire protection equipment and their elements, etc.

Signal marking it is used in places of danger and obstacles, it is carried out on the surface of building structures, elements of buildings, structures, vehicles, equipment, machines, mechanisms, etc.

Introduction
1. Brief information about the production activities of RFNC-VNIIEF
2. Basic information about the technological process of sharpening cutting tools
3. Description of the technological process
4. Main production equipment in the sharpening section
5. Analysis of harmful and dangerous production factors
6. Results of certification of workplaces in terms of working conditions
7. Means of protection against mechanical injury

7.1 Inspection and testing of grinding wheels
7.2 Safety devices
7.3 Personal protective equipment against mechanical injury

8. Industrial sanitation

8.1 Microclimate
8.3 Vibration
8.3 Lighting

8.3.1 Calculation of artificial lighting

8.4 Occupational noise

8.4.1 Noise calculation

8.5 Ventilation

8.5.1 Calculation of the dust concentration in the sharpening area of the cutting tool

9. Electrical safety
10. Fire safety
11. Ecology
12. Feasibility study

12.1 Economic effect of replacing fluorescent lamps with LED

13. Prospects for the development of abrasive sharpening of cutting tools
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

Currently, the problem of safety in production is one of the most urgent, despite the fact that every year more and more technological equipment and advanced protective equipment are used. The main cause of industrial injuries in the vast majority of cases is the human factor. But also, in my opinion, it is impossible not to take into account the insufficient attention to labor protection in small enterprises and the low control over compliance with safety regulations in the auxiliary processes of large industries. These processes include sharpening cutting tools. In the experimental workshop 1805 of the design bureau (KB-2) RFNC-VNIIEF, a significant amount of work related to cutting, drilling and milling. For these technological processes, a sharp and high-quality sharpened tool is always needed, and therefore the sharpening process is no less important. Sharpening and finishing operations significantly affect the quality of the cutting tool and, accordingly, the quality and productivity of machining parts on machine tools. In the scientific literature, there are many books on this topic, but the issue of safety and labor protection is not raised or insufficiently disclosed in them. This graduation project reflects the main harmful and dangerous production factors when sharpening cutting tools, as well as ways to minimize their impact on workers and calculate their effectiveness. The purpose of the work is to improve working conditions and increase safety in the cutting tool sharpening area. Objectives: to develop protection measures against such harmful factors as noise, abrasive dust, vibration, as well as dangerous factors - electric shock, fire hazard, rupture of the abrasive wheel, etc. The sources for the diploma are various regulatory documents (GOSTs, SNiPs, SanPiNs, etc.), educational and scientific literature, articles from magazines and the Internet. The main document that should be followed when developing protection measures for this process is POT R M-006-97 "Intersectoral rules for labor protection in cold working of metals".

sharpening cutting protection injury

1. Brief information about the production activities of RFNC-VNIIEF

The Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Russian Federal Nuclear Center - All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics" (FSUE RFNC-VNIIEF) is part of the State Atomic Energy Corporation "Rosatom" and is a city-forming enterprise.

Founded in 1946, the institute made a decisive contribution to the creation of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons in the USSR and the elimination of the US atomic monopoly. The activities of the institute ensured the achievement of world nuclear equilibrium during the years of the Cold War, and kept mankind from global military conflicts.

At present, this enterprise is the largest scientific and technical center of Russia, which successfully solves defense, scientific and national economic problems. The main task was and remains to ensure the reliability and safety of nuclear weapons.

RFNC-VNIIEF has a powerful design, experimental, testing, technological and production base, which allows it to quickly and efficiently solve the tasks assigned to it. The calculation and experimental base includes unique research facilities, diagnostic complexes, systems for collecting, processing and transmitting information. The Institute is intensively working to improve the technical characteristics of nuclear weapons, their efficiency, safety and reliability.

The nuclear center includes several institutes: theoretical and mathematical physics, experimental gas dynamics and explosion physics, nuclear radiation physics, laser physics research, a scientific and technical center for high energy densities, as well as design bureaus and thematic centers, united by a common scientific and administrative leadership .

In modern conditions, when the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty is in force, the main areas of research on solving nuclear weapons problems are concentrated in the computational-theoretical, design and experimental divisions of the Institute.

The enterprise works in a number of science-intensive areas in the interests of the country's national economy. These are works in the fields of: oil and gas industry, safety of nuclear energy, creation of safety systems for especially hazardous industries, the use of explosive technologies, intensification of mining and processing of minerals, nature protection, resource conservation, medical equipment, diamond cutting, etc.

The high scientific and technical potential allows RFNC-VNIIEF to expand the scope of research and development and quickly master new areas of high technology, obtain world-class scientific results, and conduct unique fundamental and applied research.

The Institute successfully works in the following areas:

Scientific and technical support of Russia's nuclear arsenal, increasing the efficiency, safety and reliability of nuclear weapons;

Researches of the physical processes proceeding at nuclear and thermonuclear explosions;

Determination of the radiation resistance of special-purpose equipment;

Complex mathematical modeling of physical processes using modern high-performance computing systems;

Engineering design of complex technological systems;

Hydrodynamics of fast processes, physics and technology of explosion, control of explosive processes;

Study of thermodynamic, kinetic and strength properties of matter under dynamic impact, high and ultra-high pressures;

Creation of special means of automation;

Nuclear physics research and radiation physics;

Creation of nuclear research reactors, accelerators and other multi-purpose hardware systems, conducting special research on them;

Physics of high energy densities and high-temperature plasma;

Super strong magnetic fields;

Inertial thermonuclear fusion and the study of the possibility of achieving controlled thermonuclear fusion;

Physics of lasers and interaction of laser radiation with matter;

Technologies for creating new materials;

Development and implementation of modern means of accounting and control of nuclear materials;

Environmental protection, environmental monitoring;

Research in the field of nuclear energy, including the safety of nuclear energy, as well as the problem of transmutation of radioactive waste and the creation of safe, environmentally friendly nuclear energy;

Research on nuclear safety, emergencies and their consequences;

Scientific and technical support of international treaties on the limitation of nuclear weapons and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons;

Development of non-nuclear weapons;

Developments in the interests of the national economy.

At present RFNC-VNIIEF employs about 18 thousand people, half of which are scientists and specialists, including academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences, doctors and candidates of sciences.

2. Basic information about the technological process of sharpening cutting tools

Metal cutting is one of the main methods for manufacturing parts of any shape and size. For different types of cutting, their own types of cutting tools are used: turning and planing - cutters, drilling - drills, milling - cutters. Whatever the tool, over time, under the influence of deformations and friction, it wears out, i.e. loses its technological properties, productivity and processing quality decrease, the load on the machine components and tool consumption increase. One of the most common types of wear is abrasive, in which the material is scratched and sheared by hard particles. The least pronounced are adhesive (welding of material particles) and diffusion (penetration of atoms of one body into another that is in contact with it) wear. In addition, areas of the tool that are subjected to higher loads and temperatures wear out faster than those that are less stressed. Sharpening allows you to return the properties of the cutting tool. It is performed on special grinding machines using abrasive wheels.

The main purpose of the cutting tool sharpening process:

Provide specified optimal geometric parameters of the cutting part of the tool, which contribute to increasing its durability, accuracy and processing performance;

To ensure the roughness of the sharpened surfaces on the tool within the specified limits, ensuring the quality of the machined surface and reducing tool wear;

Maintain the cutting properties inherent in the tool material, ensuring the minimum allowable changes in the surface layers of the tool associated with structural transformations, the appearance of internal stresses and cracks;

Contribute to the economic operation of the tool.

According to the requirements of POT R M-006-97, in the experimental workshop 1805 KB-2 there is a separate section for sharpening cutting tools.

3. Description of the technological process

As an example, consider the process of sharpening a carbide cutter shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 - General view of a carbide cutter

A typical technological process for sharpening and finishing a carbide cutter is shown in table 3.1.

Table 3.1 - The technological process of sharpening and finishing the cutter.

Operation		Abrasive and diamond tools (material - grit - hardness - bond)	Sharpened surface roughness parameter Ra, µm
Abrasive sharpening (with an allowance of 0.4 mm or more)	Sharpen the main and secondary back surfaces on the holder	24A - (40, 25) - (CM2, C1) - K5
	Sharpen the front surface at an angle r + (1 - 2) є	63C - (40, 25) - (CM2, C1, C2) - K5
	Sharpen the main and auxiliary back surfaces at angles b + (2 - 3) є, b 1 + (2 - 3) є	63C - (50, 40, 25) - (CM2, C1, C2) - K5
Diamond sharpening (with an allowance of 0.1 - 0.3 mm)	Sharpen the front surface at an angle r
	Sharpen the main and auxiliary rear surfaces at angles b and b 1	AC4, AC6 - (125/100; 100/80; 80/63) - M1, MV1, B156, B1
Diamond sharpening of holes and sills	Sharpen a chip breaker or hole	AC4, AC6 - (125/100; 100/80; 80/63) - M1, MV1, B156, B1
Diamond finishing (with an allowance of 0.05 - 0.1 mm)	Bring the front surface along the chamfer with an angle r f	AS2, AS4 - (63/50; 50/40; 40/28) - B1, CB, BP2
	Bring the main rear surface along the chamfer with an angle b
	Bring the tool tip along the radius or additional cutting edge

In general, sharpening of cutters consists of 4 main stages: processing of the holder along the rear surfaces, rough sharpening, fine sharpening and finishing. Rough sharpening is carried out with circles of silicon carbide or electrocorundum on a ceramic bond of medium and medium soft hardness. It is needed to remove more allowance with less clogging of the wheel and less loss of abrasive material. Fine sharpening and finishing are carried out with fine-grained synthetic diamond wheels. Moreover, at the stage of fine sharpening, a metal bond is mainly used, because. the cost of processing is reduced, and at the finishing stage - bakelite, which provides a higher class of surface cleanliness. They are necessary to give the tool certain geometric parameters and surface roughness.

The purpose of sharpening is to bring the cutting edge of the tool to a certain radius. It varies from fractions to several hundred micrometers. For this carbide cutter, the cutting edge radius is 10 µm (Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2 - The radius of the cutting edge of a carbide cutter

4. Main production equipment in the sharpening section

On the cutting tool sharpening section, 6 sharpening machines are placed in a row. In the corners there are 2 cyclic type dust collectors with two cleaning stages. The layout is shown in Figure 4.1.

Equipment characteristics:

Peeling and grinding machine 3M634

Number of laps 2

Number of revolutions, rpm 1398

Power, kW 2.6

Weight, kg.450

Dimensions, mm 900x600x1200

Machine for diamond sharpening of cutters 3622D

Number of laps -1

Number of revolutions, rpm 2540

Power, kW 0.75

Weight, kg 460

Dimensions, mm 560x800x1280

Grinding and grinding machine 3B633

Number of laps 2

Number of revolutions, rpm 1440

Power, kW 2.2

Dimensions, mm 810x610x1280

Grinding and grinding machine ТШ-1

Number of laps 2

Number of revolutions, rpm 1430

Power, kW 2

Weight, kg 117

Dimensions, mm 544х942х1108

Grinding and grinding machine ТШ-2

Number of laps 2

Number of revolutions, rpm 1500

Power, kW 2

Weight, kg 112

Dimensions, mm 610x470x1340

Dust collector "Puma 800"

Productivity, m3/h 800

Purification degree, % 98

Maximum conc. dust, mg/m3 400

Weight, kg 50

Dimensions, mm 600x600x1600

Number of revolutions, rpm 2730

Aerodynamic resistance, Pa 1400

All machines, except for 3622D, are universal, i.e. are applied to processing of various types of the cutting tool. Machine 3622D is used only for diamond sharpening and finishing of cutter surfaces.

1 - Machine for diamond sharpening of cutters 3622D; 2 - Peeling and grinding machine 3M634; 3 - Grinding and grinding machine 3B633; 4 - Grinding and grinding machine TSh-1; 5 - Grinding and grinding machine TSh-2; Dust collector "Puma 800".

Figure 4.1 - Layout of the cutting tool sharpening room

5. Analysis of harmful and dangerous production factors

There are many harmful and dangerous production factors at the sharpener's workplaces. They are regulated by GOST 12.0.003-74 SSBT "Hazardous and harmful production factors. Classification".

Physical factors present in the area of sharpening cutting tools:

The increased value of the voltage in the electrical circuit, the closure of which can occur through the human body;

Rotating grinding wheel, rupture of the grinding wheel, separation of the CBN-containing layer from the wheel body, separation of segments from the tool body.

Increased dustiness of the working area air with abrasive dust;

Increased temperature of the surfaces of the processed tools;

Increased noise level in the workplace;

Increased vibration level of the machine and tool during sharpening;

Insufficient illumination of the working area;

Sharp edges, burrs and roughness on tool surfaces;

Increased level of static electricity on dust collectors;

Reduced contrast;

Increased pulsation of the light flux from fluorescent lamps;

Chemical factors present in the area of sharpening cutting tools:

abrasive dust;

Aerosol of mineral oil.

Psychophysiological factors present in the area of sharpening cutting tools:

Static overloads;

The monotony of work.

All factors are clearly presented in Figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 - Dangerous and harmful factors when sharpening a cutting tool

6. Results of certification of workplaces in terms of working conditions

The results of certification of workplaces in the cutting tool sharpening area are shown in tables 6.1 and 6.2.

Table 6.1 - Evaluation of working conditions in terms of the degree of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment and the labor process.

The name of the factors of the production environment and the labor process	Working condition class
Chemical
Biological
Aerosols predominantly fibrogenic action

infrasound
ultrasound air
Vibration general
Vibration local
Non-ionizing radiation
ionizing radiation
Microclimate
light environment
The severity of labor
Labor intensity
General assessment of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and (or) danger of factors of the working environment and the labor process

Table 6.2 - The actual state of working conditions by factors of the working environment and the labor process.

Factor code	Name of the production factor, unit of measurement	Date of measurement	MPC, MPC, allowable level	Actual factor level	Duration of exposure (hours/%)	Class of working conditions, degree of harmfulness and danger


	Equivalent sound level, dBA
	Maximum sound level, dBA
	Vibration
	Local vibration, m/s 2
	General vibration, m/s 2
	Microclimate
	Air temperature, °С
	Air speed, m/s
	Air humidity, %
	Overall rating for lighting
	Daylight
	Illumination of the working surface, lx
	chemical factor
	Dust abrasive
	The severity of the labor process		see Appendix 3
	The intensity of the labor process		see Appendix 2
	Injury hazard		see Appendix 4

Work is performed in special working conditions or is performed in special working conditions associated with the presence of emergency situations;

Evaluation of working conditions in terms of injury risk 2 (see Appendix 4);

(class of working conditions according to injury risk)

Assessment of working conditions in terms of the provision of PPE, the workplace meets the requirements for the provision of PPE (see Appendix 5) .

(the workplace meets (does not meet) the requirements for the provision of PPE, PPE is not provided)

More details on the certification results are given in Appendices 1 - 5.

7. Means of protection against mechanical injury

The main hazard when sharpening tools is the rotating grinding wheel. The high speed (up to 2500 rpm) generates enough centrifugal force to break the circle with a slight defect, and as a result can lead to serious injury. Therefore, before starting work, it is required to inspect the abrasive tool for damage and test for strength. When sharpening, various microdefects can also appear, both on the grinding wheel and on the tool being sharpened, which are protected from by a protective cover and screen. In addition, there is an additional risk of getting sleeves of clothing or mittens under a rotating tool, so overalls with cuffs adjacent to the wrists are necessary.

Before admission to the work of the sharpener, the following activities are carried out:

1) Medical examination. It is necessary to obtain a positive opinion from all required medical specialists.

2) Introductory briefing. It is conducted by an occupational safety engineer with all newly hired people. About the introductory briefing, an entry is made in the introductory briefing registration log.

3) Primary briefing. It is carried out at the workplace by the immediate supervisor of the work.

4) Internship from 2 to 14 shifts, depending on the qualifications of the employee.

5) Checking knowledge.

6) Order on admission to independent work.

The sharpener's workplace must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.2.033-78 "SSBT. Workplace when performing work while standing. General ergonomic requirements." The organization of the workplace and the design of the equipment do not provide for the inclination of the body of the body working forward by less than 15°. For an optimal position, the height of the footrest is selected with an unadjustable height of the working surface. In this case, the height of the working surface is set according to the nomogram shown in Figure 7.1 for a worker with a height of 1800 mm. The optimal working posture for workers of shorter stature is achieved by increasing the height of the footrest by an amount equal to the difference between the height of the working surface for a worker with a height of 1800 mm and the height of the working surface that is optimal for the growth of this worker.

Also, to ensure a convenient approach to the machine, there is space for feet with a size of at least 530 mm in width.

In accordance with POT R M-006-97, the equipment is subject to periodic technical inspections and repairs within the time limits stipulated by the schedules approved by the shop manager. The equipment stopped for inspection, cleaning or repair is disconnected from process pipelines and energy carriers. When inspecting, cleaning, repairing and dismantling equipment, their electric drives are de-energized, drive belts are removed and posters are hung on starting devices: “Do not turn on - people are working” (Figure 7.2). If necessary, in accordance with the Safety Rules for the Operation of Electrical Installations of Consumers (PTEEP), the power cable of the electric motor must be grounded, and the repair area must be fenced off with the installation of warning or prohibition signs or posters.

1 - means of displaying information; 2 - the height of the working surface during light work; 3 - during moderate work; 4 - with hard work

Figure 7.1 - Nomogram of the dependence of the means of displaying information and the height of the working surface on the height of a person

Figure 7.2 - Sign "Do not turn on - people are working"

The surfaces of machines, protective devices, controls, machine accessories and devices should not have sharp edges and burrs that could injure the worker.

For an emergency stop, the equipment is equipped with red "Stop" buttons with a mushroom-shaped pusher located on the control panel. Returning the button to its original position should not lead to starting the machine.

The working direction of rotation of the abrasive machine spindle is indicated by a clearly visible arrow placed on the protective casing of the abrasive wheel.

According to Article 223 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, employees are provided with a first aid kit to provide first aid to victims of an accident. The first-aid kit is issued one per site in accordance with POT R M-006-97 and is hung out in a conspicuous place under the sign "First Aid Kit" (Figure 7.3)

Figure 7.3 - Sign "First Aid Kit"

The composition of the first-aid kit for the sharpening section of the cutting tool is determined in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated 05.03.2011 No. 169n "On approval of the requirements for completing first-aid kits with medical products for first aid to workers." It is listed in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 - First aid kit equipment.

Name	Regulatory document	Release form, (sizes)	Quantity
Medical devices for temporary control of external bleeding and wound dressing
Hemostatic tourniquet	GOST R ISO
	GOST 1172-93
Medical gauze bandage, non-sterile	GOST 1172-93
Medical gauze bandage, non-sterile	GOST 1172-93
	GOST 1172-93
Sterile medical gauze bandage	GOST 1172-93
Sterile medical gauze bandage	GOST 1172-93
Medical dressing package individual sterile with hermetic sheath	GOST 1179-93
Sterile medical gauze wipes	GOST 16427-93	16cm x 14cm N10
Bactericidal adhesive plaster	GOST R ISO 10993-99	Not less than 4 cm x 10 cm
Bactericidal adhesive plaster	GOST R ISO 10993-99	Not less than 1.9 cm x 7.2 cm
Adhesive plaster roll	GOST R ISO 10993-99	Not less than 1 cm x 250 cm
Medical devices for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Device for carrying out artificial respiration "Mouth-Device-Mouth" or a pocket mask for artificial ventilation of the lungs "Mouth-mask"	GOST R ISO 10993-99
Other medical products
Lister dressing scissors	GOST 21239-93
Sterile alcohol wipes made of paper textile-like material	GOST R ISO 10993-99	At least 12.5 x 11 cm
Non-sterile medical gloves, examination	GOST R ISO 10993-99, GOST R 52238-2004, GOST R 52239-2004,	Size not less than M
Medical non-sterile 3-layer mask made of non-woven material with elastic bands or with ties	GOST R ISO 10993-99
Isothermal rescue blanket	GOST R ISO 10993-99, GOST R 50444-92	At least 160 x 210 cm
Other funds
Safety pins steel with spiral	GOST 9389-75	not less than 38 mm

Case or sanitary bag
Notepad for notes	GOST 18510-87	format not less than A7
	GOST 28937-91

7.1 Inspection and testing of grinding wheels

Each wheel received from the factory, from the base or from the warehouse must be checked for cracks, gouges and other visible defects. In accordance with GOST 12.3.028-82 "System of labor safety standards. Processes for processing with abrasive and elbor tools. Safety requirements", the absence of cracks is checked by lightly tapping the circle (along the end) with a wooden hammer weighing 150 - 200 g. A circle without cracks, suspended on a wooden or metal rod, should produce a clear sound when tapped. If the sound is rattling, then the circle is rejected.

Before installation on a grinding or grinding machine, wheels with a diameter of 150 mm or more, and high-speed wheels with a diameter of 30 mm or more, are tested for strength when rotating at a speed indicated in table 7.2.

Tests are carried out on special test benches, which are separate from the main production (Figure 7.4). They are set on a solid foundation. The stand must have a chamber to protect against fragments of the circle when it breaks, which is made of steel, as well as a lock that prevents the stand from turning on when the chamber is open and opening the chamber during the test. Instructions for testing are posted in the room. The circles are tested by specially trained personnel.

Table 7.2 Test speed of grinding wheels.

The duration of rotation of the circles during these tests should be at least: with a diameter of up to 150 mm - 1.5 minutes on a ceramic bond, 3 minutes on an organic and metal bond; with a diameter of more than 150 mm - 3 minutes on a ceramic bond, 5 minutes on an organic and metal bond.

Figure 7.4 - General view of the test stand for abrasive wheels

Wheels that have undergone any mechanical alteration, chemical treatment or are not labeled with indications of the permissible operating speed are tested for 10 minutes at a speed exceeding the operating speed by 60%.

A test mark is placed on each tested lap. The mark contains the serial number of the circle according to the test book, the date of the test and the signature (or symbol) of the person responsible for the test. The mark is made with paint or a special label. The use of a circle without a mark is not allowed. Also, after installing the circles on the machine, they must be subjected to idle rotation according to table 7.3.

Table 7.3 - Idle time before starting work

Circle diameter, mm	Rotation time, min

150 to 400

7.2 Safety devices

According to GOST 12.3.028 - 82, grinding wheels are protected with special protective covers. Their fastening must be reliable and hold the tool segments at break.

The casing of the circle is made of steel or ductile iron, which have the necessary strength. The wall thickness of the casing should not be thinner than 4-36 mm depending on wheel dimensions and casing material. In accordance with POT R M-006-97, the edges of the protective covers facing the circle near the zone of their disclosure must be painted in yellow signal color. The inner surfaces of the casings are also painted yellow.

The location and maximum permissible opening angles of the protective cover depend on the type of machine and working conditions. For wheels used on peeling and grinding machines, the open part should be no more than 90 °, and the opening angle with respect to the horizontal line should not exceed 65 ° (Figure 7.5, a). If it is necessary to place the part or the tool to be sharpened below the axis of the circle, it is allowed to increase the opening angle to 125 ° with the installation of the casing in accordance with Figure 7.5, b. On cylindrical grinding, thread grinding, surface grinding, peeling and sharpening and some other machines, the casings have a permanent mount. On universal grinding machines, replaceable protective covers with a front wall are used.

When installing the circle, it is required to maintain the gap between the circle and the side wall of the casing within 10-15 mm . The gap between the inner surface of the casing and the surface of the new circle should be at least 3-5% of the diameter of the circle, for circles with a diameter of less than 100 mm - not less than 3 mm , and for circles with a diameter of over 500 mm - no more than 25 mm . The gap between the periphery of the circle and the front edge of the visor on the fixed casing should not exceed 6 mm , which provides a lower probability of injury in the event of a circle break (Figure 7.5, b).

a) for wheels on roughing and grinding machines, b) for the same machines when the tool being sharpened is located below the axis of the circle, c) for wheels on surface grinders, d) for wheels on roughing machines with a swinging frame, e) for wheels with a movable casing .

Figure 7.5 - Location and maximum opening angles of the protective cover under various operating conditions

For mobile covers, the opening angle above the horizontal plane passing through the axis of the machine spindle must not exceed 30°. If, according to the operating conditions, the casing has a larger angle, then in accordance with GOST 12.3.028 - 82, it is necessary to install mobile visors that serve to reduce the opening of the casing (Figure 7.6). They are also necessary when the wheel is worn, because. the probability of its fragments flying out of the casing increases. The visors must move smoothly during installation and be firmly fixed during the operation of the circle. The visors must not be moved during the sanding process. They have the following requirements:

The visor must move and be fixed in different positions;

The width of the visor must be greater than the width of the casing;

The thickness of the visor less than the thickness of the casing is not allowed.

Tool holders are used on peeling and sharpening machines to support a tool being sharpened or a workpiece to be ground. The feed to the circle when working with handholds is carried out manually. The dimensions of the hand rest platform should ensure the stable position of the tool being sharpened.

1 - Cabinet, 2 - Bracket for a protective screen, 3 - Casing, 4 - Lid, 5, 6 - Hand rest, 7, 8 - Bracket for hand rest, 9 - Box, 10 - Electrical equipment, 11 - Stop button, 12 - Button "Start", 13 - Lamp, 14 - Visor.

Figure 7.6 - Components of the grinding and grinding machine TSh-1

The gap between the working surface of the circle and the edge of the handpiece is allowed at least half the thickness of the polished part, but not more than 3 mm . As the circle is triggered, the armrest is rearranged and set in the required position.

The upper point of contact of the tool being sharpened with the surface of the circle must be in the horizontal plane passing through the axis of the machine spindle, or may be slightly higher than it, but not more than 10 mm . This position of the handbrake is set before starting work. The rearrangement of the handbrake is allowed only after the circle has completely stopped. After each rearrangement, the handbrake should be securely fastened in the installed position.

Grinding and sharpening machines with a horizontal axis of rotation of the wheel, designed for manual processing and without coolant supply (stationary version, on a pedestal and desktop), are equipped with a protective eye shield made of non-splintering material with a thickness of at least 3 mm.

The screen in relation to the circle is located symmetrically. The width of the screen must exceed the height of the circle by at least 150 mm. The design of the screen must provide for rotation around the axis to adjust its position depending on the size of the workpiece and the wear of the grinding wheel within 20 °, excluding its complete tilting. Rotation of the screen at an angle of more than 20° must be interlocked with the start of the machine spindle.

The inner surfaces of doors that cover the moving elements of machine tools (gears, pulleys, etc.) and require periodic access during adjustment, changing belts, etc., and capable of injuring the worker when moving, are painted in yellow signal color.

On the outside of the fences, a warning hazard sign is applied in accordance with GOST 12.4.026, shown in Figure 7.7. A sign with an explanatory inscription is installed under the sign: "Do not open when the machine is turned on!".

Figure 7.7 - Sign "Attention. Danger"

To prevent injury while working with open (or removed) guards, a lock is installed that automatically turns off the machine when the guards are opened (removed).

7.3 Personal protective equipment against mechanical injury

If it is impossible to use a stationary protective screen, goggles or protective visors fixed on the worker's head should be used.

Protective goggles are proposed to be of the ZP type with three-layer glass and direct ventilation (Figure 7.8). The reason for the proposal is that they protect the eyes of the worker from all sides from the impact of solid particles, and the three layers of glass can withstand single impacts with an energy of 1.2 J, which, according to the kinetic energy formula, approximately corresponds to a particle with a mass of 1 g flying at a speed of 50 m/s.

Figure 7.8 - Goggles with direct ventilation (ZP)

The glasses are tested for strength on a stand (Fig. 7.11), where a steel ball weighing 0.1 kg from a height of 1.2 m falls freely onto the glass. The glass is placed on a wooden model of the head and fixed, a rubber sheet 1.5 mm thick is placed between them . If, after three blows, the glass is retained in the body and there are no fragments under it, then it is considered to have passed the test.

In addition, the site is equipped with a safety sign "Work with protective glasses" (Figure 7.9)

As a means of protecting hands, mittens or gloves are used that meet the requirements of GOST 12.4.010-75 "SSBT. Personal protective equipment. Special mittens. Specifications". Based on the working conditions, it is proposed to use mittens with a base and overlays made of a two-thread flax-capron with an elastic protective tape (Figure 7.10), which tightens the mittens at the wrist to prevent the cuff from falling under the rotating circle. Protection against sharp edges and burrs is provided by a resiliently cushioned gasket (see section 8.2). Mittens are made in accordance with GOST 29122-91 "Personal protective equipment. Requirements for stitches, lines and seams."

Figure 7.9 - Sign "Work in goggles"

Figure 7.10 - Protective mitten with elastic protective tape

In accordance with SO153-34.03.603-2003 "Instructions for the use and testing of protective equipment used in electrical installations" before each use, goggles and gloves should be inspected to check for the absence of mechanical damage.

In order to avoid fogging of spectacle glasses during prolonged use, the inner surface of the glasses should be lubricated with a special lubricant.

1 - rotary device; 2 - head layout; 3 - tested points; 4 - rubber gasket; 5 - bed; 6 - rod; 7 - holder; 8 - ball

Figure 7.11 Goggle Test Stand

8. Industrial sanitation

8.1 Microclimate

The state of human health, its performance largely depends on the microclimate in the workplace.

According to GOST 12.1.005 - 88 "SSBT. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" the microclimate of industrial premises is the meteorological conditions of the internal environment of these premises, which are determined by the combinations of temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and thermal radiation acting on the human body .

The microclimate at the sharpening site of the cutting tool complies with the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises" for category IIa work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring a certain physical voltage (175 - 232 W). The optimal and permissible microclimate indicators for this technological process are given in Table 8.1.

Optimal microclimate indicators are maintained at the cutting tool sharpening area due to general ventilation and heating. Radial fans of dust collectors affect the air velocity slightly and can be neglected.

Table 8.1 - Optimal and permissible microclimate indicators

In accordance with SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96, measurements of microclimate indicators in order to control their compliance with hygienic requirements are carried out in the cold season - on days with an outside temperature that differs from the average temperature of the coldest month of winter by no more than 5 ° C, in a warm period of the year - on days with an outside air temperature that differs from the average maximum temperature of the hottest month by no more than 5 ° C.

Measurements are taken at each of the workplaces. Temperature and relative humidity are measured with psychrometers. Instruments can also be used to measure temperature and humidity separately. To determine the temperature in the sharpening area, a mercury thermometer with an embedded glass scale is used in accordance with GOST 28498-90 "Liquid glass thermometers. General technical requirements. Test methods" (Figure 8.1). The division value is 1 o C. The measurement error does not exceed ± 1 o C.

Figure 8.1 - Mercury glass thermometer

Thermometers are tested once a year under normal conditions. Thermometers are checked for compliance with the requirements of GOST 28498-90. The determination of the error of thermometers and the position of the 0 ° C mark is carried out in accordance with GOST 8.279 "GSI. Glass liquid working thermometers. Test procedure."

To measure the air flow velocity, a vane anemometer is used that meets the requirements of GOST 6376-74 "Hand-held anemometers with a counting mechanism. Specifications (Figure 8.2). Division value - 0.1 m / s. Measurement error is not more than 0.1 m / s.

The anemometer is tested once a year for compliance with the requirements of GOST 6376-74.

Figure 8.2 - Hand vane anemometer

Humidity is measured with an electric hygrometer.

8.3 Vibration

Industrial vibration is standardized in accordance with SN 2.2.4/2.1.8.566-96 "Industrial vibration, vibration in premises of residential and public buildings" and is divided into general and local. When working on a grinding machine, the worker is affected by both local and general vibration. The local one is transmitted from the grinding wheel through the workpiece to be sharpened to the hands of the worker, and the general one - through the floor to the musculoskeletal system, which can lead to such an occupational disease as vibration disease, while blood circulation is disturbed first in the hands, and then in other parts of the body, pain occurs in hands, numbness of the hands. The most significant effects of vibration on the human body are shown in Figure 8.3. The harmful effects of vibration increase with overwork and muscle tension.

When sharpening, the vibration belongs to category 3a (Technological vibration affecting a person at the workplace of stationary machines or transmitted to workplaces that do not have vibration sources) .

The probability of occurrence of vibration disease is directly proportional to the length of service and the level of vibration. It is shown in figure 8.4.

The main means of protecting a worker from vibration are reducing its level on the machine and vibration damping. Reducing the level of vibration is achieved by balancing the grinding wheel, and vibration damping is achieved by equipping with vibration protection gloves.

Vibration level does not exceed the norm in the grinding area, but taking into account the aggravating factors such as the time of the grinder, the static working posture, muscle tension, the accompanying noise, it is necessary to take measures to reduce its impact.

According to POT R M-006-97, persons at least 18 years old who have undergone a medical examination are allowed to work related to vibration exposure.

Figure 8.3 - Components of the negative impact of vibration on a person.

Figure 8.4 - The probability of the absence of vibration sickness with different work experience and vibration level.

If the grinding wheels are unbalanced, operating at high peripheral speeds, vibration occurs, which accelerates the wear of the spindle and machine bearings, there is a danger of breaking the circle, the quality of processing deteriorates, the consumption of the circle increases, the harmful effect on the worker increases, etc. In this regard, all circles with a diameter over 125 mm and over 8 mm high must be balanced before mounting on the machine. Due to their relatively low height, the wheels are only statically balanced.

More often, circles are balanced on the simplest devices, which differ from each other mainly in the nature of the supports for installing a mandrel with a worn circle (Figure 8.5).

a) with two parallel rollers, b) with support knives, c) with two pairs of rotating disks.

Figure 8.5 Machines for static balancing of grinding wheels

To detect static imbalance, the circle, together with the flanges, is mounted on a balancing frame and mounted on the supports of the device so that it can freely rotate about the axis of rotation. If the wheel is not statically balanced, it will set with the heavy part down.

According to GOST 3060-86 "Grinding wheels. Permissible unbalanced masses and a method for their measurement," the measurement of unbalanced masses should be performed by comparing with the mass of loads.

The grinding wheel is mounted on the guides of the machine for static balancing with the help of a balancing mandrel and with a slight push the wheel is slowly rotated. After stopping the circle with the mandrel, the upper point of its periphery is marked and a clamp is attached to it. Then the circle with the clamp is manually rotated by 90° and the weights are attached to its outer surface by means of the clamp. By selecting loads, the circle is brought to a state in which, after a series of light shocks, it is installed in different positions. The mass of the weights and clamp will determine the unbalanced mass of the wheel.

When controlling unbalance, after turning the circle by 90 °, weights are installed with a mass (including clamps) equal to the permissible unbalanced mass according to the tables from GOST 3060-86.

If under the action of this load the circle remains at rest or rotates, lowering the load down, then the circle satisfies the requirements of this unbalance class, if the load rises, then the circle does not meet the requirements of this unbalance class.

Unbalance is usually eliminated by adding a counterweight on the side of the "light" place. This is achieved by moving special balancing weights ("crackers") placed in flanges or in special fixtures and devices.

Balancing the abrasive wheel allows you to reduce the level of overall vibration to a minimum.

Vibration protection gloves should be selected in accordance with GOST 12.4.002-97 "SSBT. Hand protection against vibration." The main structural part is an elastic damping pad placed between the lining and the base in the form of sections and fixed with a stitch. Its thickness can be 5 or 8 mm and is selected depending on the type of work and the force of pressing the hand on the tool. In the case of sharpening the cutting tool, the vibration does not exceed the allowable values, so a 5 mm thick gasket is suggested. It also protects the worker's hands from injury from sharp edges and burrs.

8.3 Lighting

Side natural lighting is used in the sharpening area.

Due to the lack of illumination in this area, artificial lighting is used, created by white light fluorescent lamps.

The main way to protect against insufficient lighting is to comply with the lighting standards established by SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting".

The minimum allowable value of KEO is determined by the category of work: the higher the category, the greater the minimum allowable value of KEO. For operation of the III category (high accuracy) with side natural lighting, the minimum KEO is 1.2%.

The size of the object of distinction determines the characteristics of the work and its category. An object size of less than 0.15 mm corresponds to the work of the highest accuracy (I category), with a size of 0.15-0.3 mm - to work of very high accuracy (II category); from 0.3 to 0.5 mm - high-precision work (III category); with a size of more than 5 mm - rough work. When sharpening a cutting tool, the sharpener must bring the edge of the tool to a certain radius, usually 0.5 mm. And the radius of the chip breaking nut is about 0.3 mm.

An equally important indicator of the lighting system is the contrast of the object with the background. Contrast K is the difference between the brightness of the object L o and the background L f, referred to the brightness of the background. It is determined by the formula K \u003d (L o - L f) / L f, where the brightness L f is the ratio of the magnitude of the light flux reflected from the surface Ф neg to the value of this surface.

Illumination standards for artificial lighting set the value of the minimum allowable illumination E min. For industrial premises, it depends on the category of work and the contrast of the object with the background. The categories of work are divided into four sub-categories depending on the characteristics of the background and the contrast between the objects of distinction and the background. For example, for the operation of the III category (high accuracy), the minimum illumination values \u200b\u200bgiven in Table 8.2 are set.

Table 8.2 - Illumination standards according to SNiP 23-05-95

Characteristics of visual work	The smallest size of the object of distinction, mm	Discharge of visual work	Subcategory of visual work	The contrast of the object with the background	background characteristic	Lighting Emin, lx
						With a combined lighting system	With general lighting system
							including general
high precision	0.3 to 0.5

The category of visual work for the sharpener is taken as IIIc, because. the background (abrasive wheel) and contrast (between the wheel and the tool being sharpened) are average, and the smallest object of distinction is a chip breaking nut with a diameter of 0.3 mm. This means Normalized artificial lighting - 300 lux.

Gas-charging lamps are most widely used in production, in organizations and institutions, primarily because of the significantly higher light output (40-110 lm / W) and service life (8000-12000 hours). By choosing a combination of inert gases, metal vapors filling the bulbs of lamps, and a phosphor, you can get light of almost any spectral range: red, green, yellow, etc. For indoor lighting, fluorescent fluorescent lamps are most widely used, the bulb of which is filled with mercury vapor. The light emitted by such lamps is close in its spectrum to sunlight.

Gas-charging lamps, along with the advantage over incandescent lamps, also have significant disadvantages. First of all, the pulsation of the light flux, which distorts visual perception and adversely affects vision. Illumination ripples are due to the low inertia of the radiation of gas-discharge lamps, the luminous flux of which pulsates at an alternating current of industrial frequency. These pulsations are indistinguishable when the eye fixes a fixed surface, but is easily detected when looking at moving objects. This phenomenon is called the stroboscopic effect. The practical danger of the stroboscopic effect is that the rotating parts of the machinery may appear to be stationary, rotating at a slower speed than they actually are, or in the opposite direction. This may cause injury. Illumination pulsations are also harmful when working with fixed surfaces, causing visual fatigue and headache. In accordance with POT R M-006-97, measures must be taken to eliminate the stroboscopic effect. The limitation of ripples to harmless values is achieved by uniformly alternating the supply of lamps from different phases of a three-phase network, using special wiring diagrams. The disadvantages of gas-charging lamps also include the following features: the duration of the warm-up, the dependence of performance on the ambient temperature, the creation of radio interference.

To better use the luminous flux of lamps and limit glare, artificial light sources are installed in lighting fixtures. The use of lamps without fittings is not allowed. To regulate the luminous flux in the lighting fittings, the scattering of the luminous flux is used (the lamp is installed in a transparent material that scatters and creates a diffuse (scattered) luminous flux; diffusers absorb a certain amount of radiated light energy, which reduces the overall efficiency, but this eliminates the blinding effect of the source light) (Figure 8.6);

Protection against mechanical injury

The means of protection against mechanical injury include safety brakes, protective devices, automatic control and alarm systems, safety signs, remote control systems. Remote control systems and automatic signaling devices for dangerous concentrations of vapors, gases, dusts are most often used in explosive industries and industries with the release of toxic substances into the air of the working area.

Safety protective equipment is intended for automatic shutdown of units and machines when any parameter characterizing the operating mode of the equipment deviates beyond the limits of permissible values. Thus, in case of emergency conditions (increase in pressure, temperature, operating speeds, current strength, torques, etc.), the possibility of explosions, breakdowns, and ignitions is excluded. In accordance with GOST 12.4.125–83, safety devices, by the nature of their action, are blocking and restrictive.

Blocking devices according to the principle of operation are divided into mechanical, electronic, electrical, electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic, optical, magnetic and combined.

Restrictive devices according to their design are divided into couplings, pins, valves, keys, membranes, springs, bellows and washers.

Blocking devices prevent a person from entering the danger zone or eliminate the dangerous factor during his stay in this zone.

Electrical interlocking is used in electrical installations with a voltage of 500 V and above, as well as in various types of technological equipment with an electric drive. It ensures that the equipment is switched on only when there is a fence. Electromagnetic (radio frequency) blocking is used to prevent a person from entering the danger zone. If this happens, the high frequency generator supplies a current pulse to the electromagnetic amplifier and the polarized relay. The contacts of the electromagnetic relay de-energize the magnetic starter circuit, which provides electromagnetic braking of the drive in tenths of a second. Magnetic blocking works similarly, using a constant magnetic field.

Noise and vibration protection

To protect against noise and vibration, various means and methods of personal and collective protection are used. Personal protective equipment is earmuffs, earplugs, etc. The most effective are those that reduce noise and vibration levels at the source itself, this is not always achievable. But in no case should you refuse to use other means of protection!

The main methods of noise control are:

1. Reduction of noise at the source of its occurrence (accuracy in the manufacture of nodes, replacement of steel gears with plastic ones, etc.).

2. Sound absorption (use of materials from mineral felt, glass wool, foam rubber, etc.).

3. Soundproofing. Soundproof structures are made of dense material (metal, wood, plastic).

4. Installation of silencers.

5. Rational placement of workshops and equipment with intense noise sources.

6. Green spaces (reduce noise by 10 - 15 dB).

7. Personal protective equipment (inserts, earmuffs, helmets).

Vibration protection

1. Reduction of vibrations at the source of its occurrence (replacement of impact mechanisms with non-impact ones, the use of gears with special types of gearing, an increase in the processing accuracy class, balancing, etc.).

2. Detuning from the resonance regime by a rational choice of the mass or rigidity of the oscillating system.

3. Vibration isolation (use of rubber gaskets, springs, etc.).

4. Vibration-absorbing coatings made of felt, felt, rubber, plastic, mastic, etc.

5. Dynamic damping of oscillations - connection to the protected object of an additionally oscillating mass, operating in antiphase with the main disturbing force.

6. Organizational measures.

7. Personal protective equipment (vibration protection gloves, shoes).

8. Medical and preventive measures.

Legal protection of the population from emergencies

The legislative basis for the protection of the population and territories of Russia in emergencies is the “Law on the Protection of the Territory and Population of Russia in Emergencies of a Natural and Technogenic Character” The rights of citizens of the Russian Federation: 1) to protect life, health and personal. Property in emergency situations; 2) in accordance with the plans for the liquidation of emergency situations, use the means of collective and individual protection; 3) to be informed about the risk to which they may be exposed in certain places of stay in the Russian Federation; 4) apply personally, as well as send to the state. bodies of appeal on protection issues; 5) participate in measures to prevent and eliminate emergencies; 6) for compensation for damage caused to their health and property as a result of an emergency; 7) for medical care, compensation and social. Guarantees for living and working in emergency zones; 8) receive compensation and social. Guarantees for damage caused to health in the performance of duties during the liquidation of emergencies; 9) for pensions in case of disability received during the liquidation of emergency situations; 10) for pensions in case of loss of a breadwinner who died during the liquidation of emergency situations.

Predicting the danger of emergencies of a different nature in a particular region, subject or facility in a broad sense is understood as scientifically based prediction of the development of any natural, man-made, environmental, biological and social phenomenon or the consequences of possible armed conflicts in order to prevent disasters, timely adoption of protection measures .

The second stage - direct protection - is carried out in order to reduce, mitigate damage to the objects of the covered territory and prevent or reduce losses of the population in the event of an emergency. The goal of direct protection is achieved by protective actions after receiving information about the real possibility of a certain type of emergency in the covered area. The conducted analyzes of the temporal development of emergencies allow us to conclude that the objects to be protected, the troops involved and the civil defense formations under certain conditions may have some time to carry out protection measures from the moment a threat arises to the impact of damaging factors. Then there will come the longest period of protective actions in zones, centers of defeat.

Protecting a person from the danger of fur injury. Presentation on labor protection on the topic "Protection of a person from the danger of mechanical injury and from dangerous factors of a complex nature." Geometric shape, signal color

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