Hard coal - energy fuel and chemical industry raw material

The coal industry is an important link in the fuel and energy complex (FEC). According to Yu. Malyshev, Director General of JSC Rosugol, who delivered a report on the socio-economic situation coal industry, Russia's share in the world's proven coal reserves is 12%, and the forecast reserves are estimated at 30%. It accounts for 14% of world coal production.

The main directions of the industrial use of coal: the production of electricity, metallurgical coke, combustion for energy purposes, obtaining various (up to 300 items) products during chemical processing. The consumption of coal is increasing for the production of high-carbon carbon-graphite structural materials, mountain wax, plastics, synthetic liquid and gaseous high-calorie fuels, aromatic products, highly nitrous acids for fertilizers. Derived from hard coal coke, needed in large quantities metallurgical industry. During the processing of coal, it is extracted from it in industrial scale vanadium, germanium, sulfur, gallium, molybdenum, zinc, lead. Ash from coal combustion, mining and processing wastes are used in the production of building materials, ceramics, refractory raw materials, alumina, and abrasives. For the purpose of optimal use of coal, it is enriched (removal of mineral impurities).

Getting coke carried out at coke plants. Coal is subjected to dry distillation (coking) by heating in special coke ovens without air access to a temperature of 1000 °C. This produces coke - a solid porous substance. In addition to coke, during the dry distillation of coal, volatile products are also formed, when they are cooled to 25-75 ° C, coal tar, ammonia water and gaseous products are formed. Coal tar undergoes fractional distillation, resulting in several fractions:

Light oil (boiling point up to 170 ° C); it contains aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, acids) and other substances;

Medium oil (boiling point 170-230 o C). These are phenols, naphthalene;

Anthracene oil - anthracene, fenathrene;

Heavy oil (boiling point 230-270 o C). These are naphthalene and its homologues, etc.

The composition of gaseous products (coke oven gas) includes benzene, toluene, xylenes, phenol, ammonia and other substances. Crude benzene is extracted from coke oven gas after purification from ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and cyanide compounds, from which individual hydrocarbons and a number of other valuable substances are isolated.

A characteristic feature of emissions from coke production is a wide variety of harmful substances contained in them (dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide (II), hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, phenols, benzene hydrocarbons, etc.). Although the number of individual components is small, they have significant toxicity.

The main sources of air pollution with dust include: the coal preparation shop, the coke sorting department, coke ovens during the loading of the charge and the issuance of coke. Atmospheric pollution by the latter is periodic and short-term (three operations for the issuance of coke lasting 2-3 minutes in 1 hour). When extinguishing coke in towers, together with water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxide, phenols, and resinous substances enter the atmosphere. To prevent these substances from entering the atmosphere, dry quenching units are installed on new coke oven batteries. In addition, in the shops of coal preparation and coke sorting departments, equipment is equipped with suction systems. From all aspiration systems of the plant, dust emission is about 0.9 kg per ton of coke. Approximately 0.4 kg of dust per ton of coke is released when coal is reloaded and loaded into furnaces.

Among the environmental pollutants formed in the by-product coke industry, there may be polycyclic hydrocarbons (including benzo-(a)-pyrene), which are carcinogenic substances. They can pollute the air, water and soil.

At the same time, coking plants produce a large amount of Wastewater. They contain production wastes and make up about 38% of the mass of the coked charge. About 30% of them are above-tar waters containing up to 3 g/l of volatile and non-volatile phenols, which significantly exceeds the maximum allowable concentrations of phenols in water that is sent for biochemical treatment. Therefore, such wastewater is deresined on quartz filters, after which it is fed to an ammonia column to remove ammonia, and then to a dephenolization scrubber. Only after that they are cooled and mixed in an equalizer with other waters. A more efficient extraction of phenols is achieved as a result of the use of steam circulation and liquid methods extraction, reducing the concentration of phenols in wastewater to 10 -4%. This eliminates the toxicity of wastewater, due to the presence of phenols in them.

Significant volumes of waste are generated at coking plants (acid tar, fuses, flotation waste, processed acids, etc.). About half of them are not disposed of, but are taken to industrial landfills. Industrial wastes from coke plants contain large amounts of phenols (up to 880 mg/kg), cyanides (more than 120 mg/kg), thiocyanates (more than 10 mg/kg), etc. To prevent pollution environment and to preserve the health of the population, it is necessary to establish an accurate accounting of waste at coke plants, to ensure their maximum utilization. For non-recyclable waste, it is also necessary to ensure the collection of pitch and slag in metal containers with tight-fitting lids and store them in special landfills with waterproofing. Waste removal from the territory of the enterprise should be carried out by special transport according to the schedule.

Methods for obtaining synthetic fuels from coal. Highly promising direction coal processing is the production of synthetic fuels from it. Synthetic fuels derived from coal can be solid, liquid or gaseous. Solid synthetic fuels include a large number of refined or improved fuels such as "pure coal", coal briquettes, semi-coke, thermal coal, autoclaved coal. Synthetic liquid fuels are represented by boiler fuel (substitute for petroleum fuel oil), motor fuels and methanol. Gaseous fuels derived from coal are fuel gas, "natural gas substitute" and synthesis gas.

The production of synthetic fuels from coal is carried out by various methods. solid fuel with increased environmental cleanliness is obtained by removing from the original coal harmful impurities such as sulfur and mineral impurities.

The advantages of "clean coal" are the reduction of SO 2 and particulate emissions during combustion, as well as an increase in calorific value compared to the original coal. When receiving fuel for domestic purposes, briquetting of coal fines is used. As a result, particulate matter emissions from combustion are reduced and may increase calorific value fuel. In some cases, special chemical additives are introduced into the briquettes, which reduce the yield of tar, soot, sulfur and other harmful products during combustion.

Improving the quality of brown coals with low calorific value due to a large number moisture and oxygen, is achieved by their upgrading during pyrolysis or treatment with superheated steam.

Thermal upgrading of brown coal increases its calorific value, in addition, SO 2 and NO X emissions (for semi-coke and thermal coal) are reduced, and particulate emissions can be reduced when autoclaved lump coal is burned.

The process of coal gasification is multipurpose in relation to the composition of the produced gas. When obtaining gaseous fuels, there are three main areas associated with the production of fuel gas, a substitute for natural gas and synthesis gas.

The use of fuel gas allows solving environmental and technological problems in power engineering, metallurgy and other industries. A feature of the resulting natural gas substitute is a low CO content and, consequently, relatively low toxicity, which allows this gas to be widely used for domestic purposes. Synthesis gas is used for chemical processing into methanol, motor fuels or for hydrogen production. To obtain liquid fuels directly from coal, the processes of hydrogenation, pyrolysis, and liquefaction with solvents are used.

Upon receipt of boiler fuel (substitute for petroleum fuel oil) and motor fuels, it is required additional application processes for hydroprocessing liquid coal products in order to reduce the content of sulfur and other undesirable impurities. The most easily processed "coal oil", obtained in the process of catalytic hydrogenation of coal.

An alternative direction for the production of synthetic liquid fuels is the combination of processes for obtaining synthesis gas from coal and its chemical processing.

Liquid fuels from synthesis gas are much more environmentally friendly than fuels obtained by direct liquefaction of coal. The latter contain a high amount of carcinogenic polycyclic compounds.

Processing of waste coal . Analysis chemical composition technological wastes of 80 coal preparation plants of the main coal basins of the USSR showed a fairly stable content of Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 in them, which allows them to be used as raw materials for production ceramic products. In the initial state, these wastes do not soak in water, but after crushing and grinding, their clay component is released and the waste acquires the ability to form a plastic mass with water, from which a raw brick can be formed, which is superior in some properties to similar ones from ordinary clay. The production of clay (red) bricks consists in firing a molded clay mass, to which sawdust, some organic waste, and sifted coal as a fuel (burnable) component are added. To reduce shrinkage during drying and firing, as well as to prevent deformation and cracks of manufactured ceramic products, natural ( quartz sands) or artificial (dehydrated clay, chamotte) lean materials. Firing of products from such waste is usually carried out under conditions that ensure the completion of the process of carbon burnout by the time the intensive sintering of the crock begins.

Coal contained in coal preparation waste can be used as a fuel during their thermal processing (mixed with clay rocks) into bricks, ceramics and other building materials. In this way, for example, agloporite- an artificial lightweight porous aggregate for concrete, the production of which has been established in a number of foreign countries and is being developed in Russia.

The production technology of agloporite can be different. At a number of plants it consists in heat treatment by the method of agglomeration of granular charge from clayey rocks or waste from mining, enrichment and combustion of coal, followed by crushing the “cake” resulting from sintering and separating the required aggregate fractions during screening. Similarly, oil shale enrichment waste can be processed.

Sulfur dioxide production. Enrichment carried out in order to reduce the sulfur content in coal is accompanied by the formation of carbonaceous pyrites containing 42-46% sulfur and 5-8% carbon.

Pyrite is a potential raw material for the production of sulfuric acid, however, its direct processing into SO 2 by roasting leads to the production of low-concentration gases (as a result of their dilution with the resulting CO 2) and is associated with technical difficulties due to the need to remove excess heat from exothermic reactions. High-temperature processing of carbonaceous pyrites together with gypsum (40-45%) in mechanical furnaces does not provide decomposition of the latter by more than 20%, and leads to the formation of high-sulfur (10-15%) cinder.

In industrial practice, a method for the production of SO 2 has been used, by thermal processing of carbonaceous pyrites together with iron sulfates, which are waste products of metal pickling processes in the ferrous metallurgy and hardware industry, to obtain pigment TiO 2 . The output of iron sulfates in these industries is approximately 500 thousand tons / year in the form of FeSO 4 ∙ 7H 2 O. Roasting gases, the maximum concentration of SO 2 in which does not exceed 18.3%, are sent to the washing department of the sulfuric acid production.

Of course, you know that coal is used as a fuel, both in everyday life and in industry. Coal was the first fossil material that people began to use as fuel. It was coal that led to the industrial revolution. In the 19th century, a lot of coal was used for transportation. In 1960, coal provided about half of the world's energy production. However, by 1970, its share had fallen to one third: coal as a fuel was replaced by other energy sources, in particular oil and gas.

However, the use of coal is not limited to this. Coal is a valuable raw material for the chemical and metallurgical industries.

The coal industry uses coal coking. Coke plants consume up to 1/4 of the coal produced. Coking is a process of coal processing by heating up to 950-1050°С without oxygen access. During the decomposition of coal, a solid product is formed - coke and volatile products - coke oven gas.

Coke makes up 75-78% by weight of coal. It is used in the metallurgical industry for iron smelting and also as a fuel.

Coke oven gas makes up 25% of the mass of processed coal. Volatile products that are formed during coal coking are condensed with water vapor, as a result of which coal tar and tar water are released.

Coal tar is 3-4% by weight of coal and is a complex mixture organic matter. Currently, scientists have identified only 60% of the components of the resin, and this is more than 500 substances! Naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, phenols and coal oils are obtained from the resin.

From tar water (it is 9-12% by weight of coal), ammonia, phenols, pyridine bases are isolated by distillation with steam. From unsaturated compounds contained in raw benzene, coumarone resins are obtained, which are used for the production of varnishes, paints, linoleum and in the rubber industry.

Artificial graphite is obtained from coal.

Coal is also used as an inorganic raw material. Rare metals such as vanadium, germanium, gallium, molybdenum, zinc, lead, and sulfur are extracted from coal during processing on an industrial scale.

Ash from coal combustion, mining and processing wastes are used in the production of building materials, ceramics, refractory raw materials, alumina, and abrasives.

In total, more than 400 different products can be obtained by processing hard coal, the cost of which is 20-25 times higher than the cost of the coal itself, and the by-products obtained at coking plants exceed the cost of the coke itself.

By the way...

Coal is far from the best fuel. It has a big drawback: its combustion produces a lot of emissions, both gaseous and solid (ash), polluting the environment. In most developed countries, there are stringent requirements for the level of emissions allowed by burning coal. Emission reductions are achieved through the use of various filters.

The use of coal is diverse. It is used as a domestic, energy fuel, raw material for the metallurgical and chemical industries, as well as for extracting rare and trace elements from it. Coal, coke-chemical industry, branches of heavy industry carry out the processing of coal by coking. Coking is an industrial method of coal processing by heating up to 950-1050 C without air access. The main coke-chemical products are: coke oven gas, crude benzene, coal tar, ammonia.

Hydrocarbons are recovered from coke oven gas by washing in scrubbers with liquid absorption oils. After distillation from oil, distillation from a fraction, purification and re-rectification, pure commercial products are obtained, such as: benzene, toluene, xylenes, etc. From unsaturated compounds contained in crude benzene, coumarone resins are obtained, which are used for the production of varnishes, paints, linoleum and in the rubber industry. A promising raw material is also cyclopentadiene, which is also obtained from coal. Hard coal is a raw material for the production of naphthalene and other individual aromatic hydrocarbons. The most important products of processing are pyridine bases and phenols.

Coal was the first fossil material that people used as fuel. The use of coal for energy allowed the rapid advancement of industry, and in certain time coal accounted for half of the world's energy production. Coal is a sedimentary rock that was formed as a result of the natural decomposition of ancient plants. In deposits, coal occurs in the form of seams. The composition of hard coal includes a large amount of carbon and volatile substances with a small proportion of mineral impurities.

By processing, in total, more than 400 different products can be obtained, the cost of which, in comparison with the cost of coal itself, increases by 20-25 times, and by-products obtained at coke plants exceed the cost of coke itself.

Very promising is the combustion (hydrogenation) of coal with the formation of liquid fuel. For the production of 1 ton of oil, 2-3 tons of coal are consumed. Artificial graphite is obtained from coal. They are used as inorganic raw materials. When processing coal, vanadium, germanium, sulfur, gallium, molybdenum, zinc, and lead are extracted from it on an industrial scale. Ash from coal combustion, mining and processing wastes are used in the production of building materials, ceramics, refractory raw materials, alumina, and abrasives. For the purpose of optimal use of coal, it is enriched (removal of mineral impurities).

Coal contains up to 97% of carbon; it can be said that it underlies all hydrocarbons, i.e. they are based on carbon atoms. Often one encounters amorphous carbon in the form of coal. By structure, amorphous carbon is the same graphite, but in a state of the finest grinding. The practical application of amorphous forms of carbon is varied. Coke and coal as a reducing agent in metallurgy during iron smelting.

Coal is an integral part of our life. Diverse application Practically in all sectors of the national economy of hard coal, it also implies its further extraction and processing.

Coals have a high calorific value, contain up to 32% of volatile substances, so they ignite well.

In England in the 17th century, coal was used as coke in iron smelting. Later in the 19th century, coal was used for transportation. Currently, coal is used in the production of electricity, metallurgical coke, and the manufacture of various products.

The largest coal basins in Russia in terms of coal mining are the Tunguska, Kuznetsk, and Pechora basins. In Kazakhstan - Karaganda. In the USA - the Appalachian and Pennsylvania basins. In Germany, the Ruhr and many others. Many countries have large deposits of coal.

Thus, we see that coal is an integral part of our life. The use of hard coal in practically all branches of the national economy presupposes its further extraction and processing, which undoubtedly conceals prospects still hidden from us.

What is made from coal? plastics, acids, fibers...

what is made from coal?

plastics, acids, fibers and more. In addition, some coal is coked, and coke is used in metallurgical production. It is used as household, energy fuel, raw material for the metallurgical and chemical industries, as well as for the extraction of rare and trace elements from it. Coal, coke-chemical industry, branches of heavy industry carry out the processing of coal by coking. Coking is an industrial method of coal processing by heating up to 950-1050 C without air access. The main coke-chemical products are: coke oven gas, crude benzene, coal tar, ammonia. Hydrocarbons are recovered from coke oven gas by washing in scrubbers with liquid absorption oils. After distillation from oil, distillation from the fraction, purification and re-rectification, pure marketable products are obtained, such as: ...

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Ghost town without coal. This was the Japanese Hasima. In the 1930s, it was recognized as the most densely populated.

On a tiny piece of land fit 5,000 people. All of them worked in the coal industry.

The island turned out to be literally built from a stone source of energy. However, by the 1970s, coal reserves were depleted.

Everyone left. Only the dug up island and the buildings on it remained. Tourists and the Japanese call Hashima a ghost.

The island clearly shows the importance of coal, the impossibility of mankind to live without it. There is no alternative.

There are only attempts to find it. Therefore, we will pay attention to the modern hero, and not to vague prospects.

Description and properties of coal

Coal is rock organic origin. This means that the stone is formed from the decomposed remains of plants and animals.

In order for them to form a dense thickness, constant accumulation and compaction is required. Suitable Conditions at the bottom of the ponds...

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What is obtained from coal?

Of course, you know that coal is a fuel used both in everyday life and in industry. Coal was the first fossil material to be used as a fuel. It was thanks to coal that the industrial revolution took place. In the 19th century, a lot of coal was consumed vehicles. In 1960, 50% of the world's energy production depended on coal. However, by 1970 its share had dropped to one-third as oil and gas became more popular sources of energy.

However, the scope of coal is not limited to this. Coal is a valuable raw material for the metallurgical and chemical industries.

The coal industry provides coal coking. Coke plants consume up to a quarter of the coal produced. Coking processes hard coal by heating it to 950-1050°C without oxygen. Decomposing, coal forms a solid product - coke ...

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Coal is one of the most essential minerals for man. Its heat heats our homes, gives energy to steamboats, turns into electricity in the turbines of power plants. Without coal, it is impossible to smelt metal from ore and prepare cement.
Coal is used to make liquid fuels, lubricating oils, paints, inks, and plastics. Coal does not smell of anything, and perfumes and various odorous syrups for sweets and cakes are prepared from it.
Coal is completely opaque, and the most best glass- light, strong, clean.
And they also make fertilizers from coal, from which the earth bears fruit better and fruits, vegetables, wheat and rye grow. Even vitamins can be extracted from coal....

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Lesson on the world around: "Coal"

Sections: Ecology

Subject: Coal.

To develop observation, practical skills and abilities of students; develop cognitive interest in native nature, curiosity; bring children's knowledge into the system; expand and deepen knowledge about coal; create conditions for the formation of a sense of pride in motherland.

I. Working with the Observation Diary

a) A story about February.

Snow falls in bags from the sky,
There are snowdrifts from the house!
That snowstorms and snowstorms
They attacked the village.
The frost is strong at night
In the daytime, a drop is heard ringing.
The day has grown noticeably
It's February, that's right.

February - snowy, bokogrey, fierce.
February 1 - what is the weather on this day, this will be the whole of February.

Well, nature is nature.
What's the weather like outside?

b) *Characteristic...

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Coal is important for the national economy

Coal is one of the first minerals that man began to use as a fuel. Only at the end of the 19th century, other types of fuel began to gradually replace it: first oil, then products from it, later gas (natural and obtained from coal and other substances). Coal is used in national economy very wide. First of all, as fuel and chemical raw materials. For example, the metallurgical industry in the smelting of pig iron cannot do without coke. It is produced at coke-chemical enterprises from coal.

Where else is coal used?

Powerful thermal power plants in Russia and Ukraine (and not only) operate on the waste of coal mining (anthracite sludge). The metal was first obtained using coke from iron ore in the 18th century in England. This in metallurgy was the beginning of the use of coal, more precisely, coke - a product of its processing. Prior to this, iron was obtained using ...

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Coal processing products

Coal is a mineral of sedimentary type, a product of centuries of deep decomposition of ancient plant rocks. In addition to its traditional use as a fuel, hard coal is exposed as a raw material for the metallurgical and chemical industries.

Coal processing products are diverse and widely used in various industries. Processing of hard coal is carried out by the method of coking - heating to a temperature of 1000 ° C without oxygen.

In this way, coke oven gas, ammonia, coal tar and numerous benzene transformation products are obtained.

Main products

Processing of coke oven gas occurs by washing with liquid washing oils in special devices - scrubbers, followed by purification and re-rectification.

Toluene, benzene, xylenes and a number of other pure products are obtained in this way. Aromatic hydrocarbons, including...

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However, the use of coal is not limited to this. Coal is a valuable raw material for the chemical and metallurgical industries.

Cox makes...

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Coal pyrolysis: concept and products

The term coal pyrolysis is commonly understood as a set of processes that occur when coal is heated in the absence of any reagents. However, in last years under the pyrolysis of coal began to mean also the processes occurring with the influence of any additional reagent (the so-called hydropyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis).

Often, the term pyrolysis is also understood as the procedure for gasification of coal, although this is not entirely true, since additional reagents are also used.

Thermal processing of coal is widely used to obtain various carbonaceous hard materials, and liquid and gaseous products. For this reason, depending on the destination final products pyrolysis, almost any coal can be the feedstock for processing. This is very convenient, since all the mined coal can be processed, and not to the solid household waste processing plant.

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Coal is a sedimentary rock of plant origin, which is inherent in the property of combustibility. Basically, coal consists of carbon and various kinds of impurities. The percentage of impurities determines the quality of the rock.

Classification and varieties of coal.

The composition of coal is determined by its age. Brown coal is considered the youngest, followed by hard coal, and the older one - anthracite. The highest quality coal is anthracite, since as it ages, carbon accumulates and the concentration of volatile substances in coal decreases. For example, brown coal on average has more than 50% of volatile impurities, hard coal - 40% impurities, anthracite - only 5-7%.

In addition to carbon and volatile substances, the composition of coal includes non-combustible elements that form ash when coal is burned. Ash plays the role of an environmental pollutant, and also sinters into slag, which makes it difficult to burn coal and, accordingly, reduces the amount of heat released by it during combustion.

Another component...

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Vladimir Khomutko

Reading time: 3 minutes

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What products are obtained from coal and oil?

Oil and coal are minerals and are actively used by mankind as energy sources.

But if coal can be used in pure form, then oil is not. It must first be processed in order to obtain products suitable for practical application. However, from coal, you can get related elements that have practical value.

Oil is a combustible oily liquid, which is a complex mixture of various hydrocarbon compounds.

Its composition contains dissolved associated gases, which, when raw materials rise to the surface, begin to be actively released. These include the well-known methane and hydrogen sulfide.

The list of processed products of this mineral is very extensive, so listing them all would take a long time. Let's try to approach this issue from the point of view of the aggregate state of the products.

Petroleum gases

These substances released from the hydrocarbon mixture raised to the surface are called associated.

They are isolated both in the process of primary processing of raw materials in the fields (separation) and in oil refineries (refineries). These products include ethane, propane and butane, from which products such as ethylene and propylene are obtained by dehydrogenation. Propano-butane is the same liquefied gas, which is still used for domestic needs.

Liquid petroleum products

There is a much longer list here. From the hydrocarbon raw materials extracted at the fields, the following is produced:

motor fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation kerosene, jet fuel); their share in the processed raw materials is from 50 to 80 percent;
boiler and marine fuel (fuel oil);
kerosene (including lighting);
various types of oils (lubricating, transmission and so on);
gas oil (raw material for the production of benzene and toluene) and so on and so forth.

Oil refining is driven by high temperatures, which due to different points boiling oil components allow you to decompose the raw material into individual components.

The remainder of this process is tar, from which bitumen is subsequently made, which is actively used in the production of road and roofing works.

This mineral is in a solid state of aggregation. Its processing is carried out by coking in specialized furnaces, which exclude the ingress of oxygen into them. As a result of the series chemical reactions, coke is made from coal, which is in great demand at the enterprises of the metallurgical industry, and coke oven gas, which decomposes into tar and ammonia water during the condensation process.

With the use of dry distillation, tar is formed from coal, which is widely used in the construction industry and in the manufacture of various building materials as a binder.

Ammonia water gives ammonia, which is part of a large amount chemical fertilizers so needed by the agricultural industry.

The use of coal in industry

Synthetic hydrocarbons are also obtained from coal (however, as well as from liquid hydrocarbons), which are actively used in the fuel balance. Since they cause much less harm to our environment, their use will expand in the future.