How is transport improving today?

How to measure transport performance? CARGO TURNOVER is an economic indicator of transport operation, measured in ton-kilometers (t-km), and represents the product of the amount of cargo (t) by the transportation distance (km). In passenger transport, the corresponding indicators of PASSENGER TURNOVER are used, measured in the first case in passenger-kilometers (the product of the number of passengers transported by the distance of transportation), in the second in the number of passengers for any period.

We evaluate the work of transport, sum up the results speed carrying capacity (single) cargo turnover passenger turnover weather dependence and seasonality min min max max km/h speech. and sea. avia. tavto.mor. t/km of pipes. pass/km car. depends on the weather pipes. speech and sea.

Complete the tasks in groups: A large mass of cargo (50 tons of citrus fruits from Abkhazia) must be quickly and with minimal losses brought to Moscow. At the same time, the cost of the cargo should not increase much. What type of transport do you choose (air, water, road, rail)? Give a rationale for your choice. Passengers (a family of 4 - 2 adults and 2 children) are going from Moscow to St. Petersburg. What is the most convenient mode of transport you will choose - air or rail, because they do not have their own car. Explain your choice.

Results Transport. The deepening of scientific and technological progress has made its own adjustments to the division of labor between different modes of transport. The essence of the main intra-branch and territorial changes in transport at the end of the 20th century. can be reduced to the following: 1) there has been a significant lengthening of the transport system of the world (without sea routes) due to the construction of new highways (including in underdeveloped countries), oil and gas pipelines, and railway lines; 2) the first place of road transport in the world passenger turnover has been further strengthened, mainly due to the “motorization” of the countries of the “new industrialization”, China, India, the CIS countries, etc.; 3) the development of pipeline transport was characterized by increased dynamics, especially in the oil and gas producing countries of the Middle East, Western Europe, Russia and the CIS countries (in part, this circumstance does not give grounds to talk about the continued strengthening of the position of maritime transport in the world freight turnover). The total length of pipelines in the world has already exceeded 1.5 million km, with the US leading the way, followed by Russia and Canada); 4) the role of such countries as China, India, "new industrial" countries in the world freight turnover has increased.

Transport is the "circulatory system of the economy". The development of transport is an indispensable condition for the functioning of the economy, the life of the population.

The specificity of transport as a sphere of the economy lies in the fact that it does not produce products itself, but only participates in its creation. Transport provides production with raw materials, materials, equipment and delivers finished products to the consumer. Freight transport provides production links between enterprises and the delivery of consumer goods to the population. The efficiency of freight transport is characterized by the value of freight turnover.

Passenger transport provides transportation of the population, its main indicator is the passenger turnover.

The following types of transport are distinguished: railway, water (sea and river), automobile, aviation, pipeline.

In recent years, the cargo turnover of transport in the Russian Federation has significantly decreased, its structure has changed. Thus, the share of sea and pipeline transport increased, while the role of rail and river transport decreased.

There was a decrease in a number of indicators important for the industry, including the state of roads, a reduction in the output of transport engineering products.

Rail transport is the main type of transport in Russia (50% of the freight turnover of the Russian Federation). In terms of the length of railways (87 thousand km), our country is inferior to the United States, but the freight turnover of its railway transport (1.2 billion tons of cargo) is greater than in other countries of the world.

The main function of the railway transport of the Russian Federation is to ensure a reliable transport exchange between individual regions of the country. In the European part of Russia, the location of railways is mainly radial. Here is the largest transport hub Moscow, from which the main railway lines diverge in different directions.

In Siberia, the railway network is mainly latitudinal and not as dense as in the European part of Russia. The main railway lines in Siberia are the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM). The South-Siberian, Middle-Siberian and North-Siberian highways are also operated.

Railway tracks and rolling stock are very worn out, so the further development of railway transport is impossible without significant capital investments under strict control by the state.

Maritime transport is of particular importance for Russia, which is determined by its position on the shores of the seas belonging to the waters of three oceans: the Atlantic, the Arctic and the Pacific. It accounts for 38% of all cargo transportation.

Russia has a large merchant fleet (more than 5,000 ships), on its shores there are 3 seaports of various sizes. But only 40% of the ports are deep enough to accommodate large vessels.

The first place in the country's cargo turnover now belongs to the Pacific basin. Through it, Russia is connected with the countries of Asia, America, Australia. The largest ports: Nakhodka, Vladivostok, Vostochny, Kholmok, Vanino.

The second place is occupied by the Baltic basin, which connects the Russian Federation with the countries of Europe and America. The most important ports: St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Baltiysk, Kaliningrad (the country's westernmost port). Murmansk is the largest non-freezing port in the basin, from here begins the Northern Sea Route, which stretches for 11 thousand km. It connects the European part of Russia with Siberia and the Far East.

Construction of three new ports is planned in the Gulf of Finland.

Oil is mainly exported through the ports of the Black Sea basin, as well as through the ports on the Caspian Sea.

After the collapse of the USSR, the possibilities of Russia for the use of maritime transport have changed. The largest ports in the Baltic (Riga, Tallinn, Ventspils, Klaipeda) and on the Black Sea (Odessa) have been lost. A significant part of the fleet is lost, as many ships remained in their home ports. Vessels in operation are becoming obsolete due to a lack of funds for their repair; the construction of dozens of large military and transport ships at the shipyards of the country has been halted. In Russia, there is a shortage of gas carriers, refrigerators, ferries, lighters, universal vessels.

River transport is especially well developed in those regions where high-water rivers flow, and the creation of land transport is costly. Inland shipping routes of Russia - more than 80 thousand km. The share of inland water transport in the freight turnover is 3.9%.

The navigable river routes of Russia belong to different basins. The main one is Volga-Kamsky. The economically developed part of the country gravitates towards it. Thanks to the creation of navigable canals (Volga-Baltic, White Sea-Baltic, Volga-Don), the Volga became the core of a single water system in the European part, and Moscow became a port of five seas. In the north of the European part of the country, the most important rivers in terms of transport flow: the Northern Dvina, the Sukhona. Onega, Sver, Neva.

The navigable river routes of Siberia are very long. The largest rivers of Russia - Amur, Yenisei, Lena, Ob, etc. flow here. They are used for timber rafting, transportation of food, industrial goods. In Siberia, under conditions of insufficient development of railways, the importance of river transport is very great.

Aviation transport. The specificity of this type of transport is that it covers almost all regions of the country with transportation. But due to the high cost of air transportation, the turnover of air transport is small. Its main specialization is the transportation of passengers over long distances and the delivery of goods to hard-to-reach areas.

Air transport consumes a large amount of fuel, causes significant damage to the atmosphere, emitting about 66 tons of combustion products per hour.

Pipeline transport has already surpassed railway transport in terms of freight turnover. 97% of oil, all gas, and many products of their processing are transported through pipelines.

The placement of pipeline routes is less dependent on the terrain and climate than railways and roads. This allows them to be laid in any areas; transport losses are very low.

The main oil pipelines: "Druzhba" (Volga region - Center - North-West, Komi - Center, Volga region - Siberia).

The main gas pipelines: Soyuz, Siyanie Severa, Western Siberia - Center, Western Siberia - Western Europe.

At present, over 210,000 km of main pipelines have been laid in Russia.

Road transport is the most maneuverable mode of transport, but also one of the most expensive. It has the advantage of carrying passengers and goods over short distances. The importance of road transport in servicing industry and agriculture, construction, and trade networks is great.

The road network in Russia is about 560 thousand km, but only 30% of them have a hard surface.

The European part of the Russian Federation is densely covered with roads. In the eastern regions they are still not enough.

The most important problems in the development of road transport are the backwardness of the Russian automotive industry and the poor quality of roads. In the harsh conditions of the Russian climate, large expenditures are required to maintain existing roads and build new ones.

It should also be noted that road transport is one of the main environmental pollutants, therefore, in its development, it is necessary to take into account the need for strict control over emissions of harmful substances and the level of noise pollution.

Transport is a circulatory system in the complex organism of the world economy. It is the basis of the geographical division of labor and helps to overcome the territorial gap between production and the consumer of goods and services, promotes communication between people.

All means of communication, vehicles together form a global transport system, the scale of which is very large.

^ Note: more than 100 million people are employed in world transport. The total length of the transport network of the world (without sea routes) exceeds 35 million km. Every year, more than 100 billion tons of cargo and more than 1 trillion tons of cargo are transported in the world by all modes of transport. passengers.

The scientific and technological revolution has affected all types of transport: speeds have increased, the carrying capacity and capacity of the tracks have increased, and the rolling stock has increased.

The transport of economically developed countries is distinguished, as a rule, by a high technical level. These countries account for 75-80% of the total length of the transport network, world freight and passenger traffic. There is also a high density of roads.

In developing countries, transport is, in most cases, a lagging industry.

Types of transport and their features:

I. Land:

1) railway: its role has recently decreased somewhat, but remains important in the transportation of bulk industrial and agricultural goods.

The leaders in the length of railways are: the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, Australia, Argentina, etc. European countries are the leaders in the density of railways.

2) automobile is in the lead in intracity and suburban passenger transportation, importance in intercity and international transportation is great.

Leading in length: USA, Russia, India. According to the density of the automobile network - the countries of Western Europe and Japan.

3) pipeline: developed in connection with the extraction of oil and gas. The longest pipelines are in Russia, Canada and the USA.

II. Aquatic:

4) maritime: provides almost 80% of transportation between countries.

Sea vessels transport mainly bulk cargo - liquid (oil, oil products), bulk and bulk (coal, ore, grain).

The largest tonnage (capacity) of the merchant marine fleet belongs to Liberia, Panama, Japan, Greece, the USA, Cyprus, China, and Russia. Moreover, the presence of a large navy in some developing countries is explained by the fact that under the flags of these states, in fact, ships of large powers sail.

The largest seaports: Rotterdam (Netherlands), New Orleans (USA), Marseille (France), Hamburg (Germany), etc.

The Atlantic Ocean is the leader in terms of transportation.

5) river and lake: serve mainly the internal needs of countries, but also carry out international transportation.

Large water arteries are: Rhine, Danube, Oder, Elbe, Mississippi, Great Lakes, etc.

Large channels: Coastal (USA), White Sea-Baltic and Volga-Donskoy (Russia), etc.

III. Airy: very young and dynamic; takes the 1st place in intercontinental transportation.

Major air powers: USA, Russia, Japan, France, Great Britain, etc.

Transport has now become less dependent on natural conditions. Natural obstacles (water spaces, mountains, etc.) are no longer insurmountable. Tunnels are made in the rocks, underwater tunnels are being laid, artificial waterways are being built.

At the same time, the negative impact of transport on the environment is also growing. The main air pollutant - automobile (2/3 of all emissions into the air), air - pollutes with plumes of thousands of aircraft, railway - with solid particles. In addition, transport is a source of noise, a water pollutant (oil and oil products).

Many countries are taking measures to reduce the negative impact of vehicles on nature through the development of the latest technologies, the use of environmentally friendly fuels (electricity - in electric vehicles), etc.
^ 3. Determination and comparison of population growth rates in different countries (at the choice of the teacher)

The population growth of any country in the world consists of:

1) the natural increase of inhabitants, which is the difference between the number of births and deaths;

2) mechanical population growth (migration).

Let's define and compare population growth rates in France and Saudi Arabia.

Let's start with France:

1) natural increase:

The birth rate - less than 15 per 1,000 inhabitants - is low due to the following factors:

a) late age of marriage;

b) involvement of women in production;

c) attitudes towards divorces, abortions;

d) ideas about the normal number of children;

e) an increase in the number of elderly people, etc.

Mortality - 10-15 people per 1000 inhabitants - is low, thanks to the following:

a) good medical care;

b) an increase in the life expectancy of the elderly;

c) a stable economic situation in the country;

2) migration: there is a flow of immigrants from the countries of Eastern Europe, the CIS, Spain, Algeria to work, due to the unstable situation in their states.

Now let's trace the same indicators in Saudi Arabia:

1) natural increase:

The birth rate - 40-50 people per 1000 inhabitants - is high as a result of:

a) national and religious traditions;

b) weak involvement of women in production, etc.

Mortality - 5-10 people per 1000 inhabitants - is average and is constantly decreasing due to:

a) improving medical care;

b) improving the well-being of people, etc.

2) migration: there is a flow of mainly temporary migrants from neighboring countries (Syria, Egypt, etc.) to work in oil production.

Ultimately, the following conclusions can be drawn: the similarity of population growth rates in France and Saudi Arabia lies in the close mortality rates (low and medium) and the flow of external migrants in both countries; the main difference is in the birth rate (low and high), which is a consequence of different national and religious traditions (mostly).

The 3rd question on the ticket is easiest to consider by comparing the countries of Western Europe, the USA and the states of Asia, Africa according to the plan of the above example of the answer.
Ticket number 6

1. 
   Patterns of distribution of mineral resources and countries distinguished by their reserves. Problems of rational use of resources.
2. 
   General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Western Europe (at the student's choice).
3. 
   Comparative characteristics of the transport systems of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher).

^ 1. Patterns of distribution of mineral resources and countries distinguished by their reserves. Problems of rational use.

Mineral resources are natural substances of mineral origin used to obtain energy, raw materials, materials and serve as the mineral resource base of the economy.

The scale of the use of mineral resources has grown tremendously in recent decades (3/4 of the minerals mined in the 20th century were mined after 1960).

More than 100 billion tons of mineral raw materials and fuel are extracted annually from the bowels of the Earth.

^ Note: in the Middle Ages, people extracted only 18 chemical elements and their compounds from the earth's crust, in the 17th century - 25, in the 18th century. - 29, in the XIX century. - 47, at the beginning of the 20th century - 54, in the second half - more than 80 elements.

How are different types of mineral resources located? Why does it depend?

1) Fuel resources: they are of sedimentary origin, confined mainly to the margins and troughs of ancient platforms:

a) coal basins and leading countries in terms of their reserves: Lena and Kansk-Achinsk basins (Russia), Appalachian (USA), Ruhr basin (Germany), etc.

^ Note: more than 3.6 thousand coal basins and deposits are known on the globe, which together occupy 15% of the earth's land area.

b) oil and gas basins and leading countries in terms of their reserves: West Siberian and Volga-Ural basins (Russia), Texas and California (USA), Persian (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait), Saharan basin (Libya) etc.

^ Note: More than 600 oil and gas basins have been explored, 450 of them are being developed, and the total number of oil fields reaches 35 thousand.

2) Ore mineral resources: found most often within platform faults and mobile folded areas of the earth's crust:

a) countries that stand out in terms of iron ore reserves: the USA, China, India, Russia, Brazil, Liberia, Guinea, etc.

b) countries that stand out in terms of aluminum reserves (bauxite): France, Italy, India, Suriname, USA, Russia, West African countries, etc.

c) countries distinguished by copper ore reserves: Zambia, Zaire, Chile, USA, Canada;

d) countries distinguished by the reserves of lead-zinc ores: USA, Canada, Australia;

e) countries distinguished by tin ore reserves: Malaysia, Indonesia, Bolivia, Brazil, Thailand.

3) Non-metallic minerals: are widespread; These include:

a) apatity (Russia);

b) sulfur (Poland, Mexico);

c) potassium salts (USA, Brazil);

d) limestones, dolomites everywhere, etc.

Problems related to the consumption of natural resources:

1) depletion of available deposits;

2) violation of the ecology of the environment as a result of the extraction and transportation of resources (mining dumps, quarries), etc.

Ways to solve environmental problems:

1) integrated development of fossil raw materials;

2) reuse of resources;

3) deep utilization of industrial and household waste;

4) the use of resource-saving technology, etc.
^ 2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Western Europe (at the choice of the student).

France is one of the most economically developed countries in Europe.

Consider the characteristics of this country:

1) Territory area - 551.6 thousand square kilometers; capital - Paris; administratively, the country is divided into 96 departments, incl. Paris - as a separate department.

2) Economic and geographical position: the country is located in the west of Europe; borders with states that have a sufficient economic level: Spain, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, etc.

France has a convenient position in relation to transport routes, land routes densely permeate the entire territory of Western Europe.

Of great importance in the structure of the country is the presence of a maritime border (the North and Mediterranean Seas, the Bay of Biscay).

3) Natural conditions and resources:

• 
  relief: the predominance of flat territories, in the southeast - mountains;
• 
  mineral resources: the country is not rich in them - modest reserves of coal and natural gas, scarce resources of oil, non-ferrous and rare metal ores, although there are large reserves of iron ores;

• 
  soils: cultivated, fertile (brown forest, brown, gray-brown);
• 
  land resources: most of the land is arable;

• 
  climate: temperate climate zone, average winter temperatures from 0 to +8 degrees, average summer temperatures +16 - +24 degrees, precipitation from 250 to 1000 mm;
• 
  agro-climatic resources: favorable for the cultivation of late cereals, sunflower, sugar beets, in the south - olives and olives;

• 
  water: rivers - Garonne, Loire, Rhone, etc.;
• 
  water resources: the country is well provided for, the energy of mountain rivers is widely used;

• 
  forests: zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests, hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs;
• 
  forest resources are poor, most of the natural forests have been converted into anthropogenic;

• 
  recreational resources in France are the richest: natural objects (Mediterranean coast, picturesque landscapes, mountain resorts), architectural and cultural attractions (Versailles, Paris, Louvre, Arc de Triomphe, Notre Dame Cathedral, etc.). France is a country of tourism.

a) number - 56.5 million people;

b) the population density is high - from 10 to 600 people / sq. km (especially in the Paris region);

c) type of reproduction - II; fertility, mortality, natural increase - low;

d) population aging;

e) women outnumber men in numbers;

f) national composition:

French - 82.3%, nationalities: Catalans, Corsicans, Alsatians;

Italians; the Portuguese; Bretons; Flemings; Basques; there are people from Algeria;

g) the main religion is Catholicism;

g) the level of urbanization is about 75%; the largest cities: Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, etc.;

h) many migrants from Eastern Europe and Algeria;

i) highly qualified labor resources.

5) Economy:

a) industry: its structure is typical for the most developed countries of the world.

The highly developed industry of France occupies a leading position in the world in nuclear energy, the production of automobiles, aircraft, ships, weapons, equipment for nuclear power plants, fabrics, clothing, perfumes, etc.

However, in a number of indicators (first of all, in terms of the total volume of industrial production), France is noticeably inferior to the industry of the USA, Japan, and Germany.

The largest industrial centers: Paris, Marseille, Le Havre, Dunkirk, Lille, Strasbourg, Nantes, Toulouse.

b) agriculture: it is clearly dominated by animal husbandry (cattle, pig and poultry farming, animal husbandry on mountain pastures); crop production (wheat, sugar beets, viticulture, horticulture, etc.).

In terms of meat, milk, wheat and sugar beet production, France is the leader among the countries of Western Europe.

c) transport: the main cargo turnover in domestic transportation falls on road transport; the main highways converge to Paris, Marseille.

France has a large maritime and passenger fleet.

Developed air transport.

6) Internal differences: the north and west of the country are more economically developed; the eastern part is less developed.

7) External economic relations: France is actively involved in economic integration within the Common European Space; develops economic ties with other regions.
^ 3. Comparative characteristics of the transport systems of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher).

Let us characterize the transport system of Germany and Pakistan.

Let's start with Germany:

There is a very dense transport network throughout the country; all types of transport are developed:

a) automobile prevails (about 84.2% of the total freight turnover; the density of the paved road network is more than 110 km per 100 sq. km of the territory;

b) railway (about 9% of the total freight turnover);

c) air (about 6.8% of the total cargo turnover);

d) river: developed mainly in intra-regional transportation on the rivers: Rhine, Elbe, Danube;

e) maritime: the largest port with a cargo turnover of 20 to 90 million tons is Hamburg on the North Sea;

f) pipeline (transfer of oil and gas).

The greatest development was the automobile mode of transport.

Now consider the transport of Pakistan:

The transport network is sparse and unevenly distributed; it has a tree-like form, the “growth point” of which is the seaport, this is due to the history of the development and colonization of the territory by the British, who preferred to export raw materials from the country without developing a transport network, but developing only coastal areas.

4 modes of transport prevail (listed in descending order):

a) maritime: the largest port is Karachi in the Arabian Sea;

b) river: the main artery is the Indus;

c) railway;

d) gas pipeline.

The latter are less developed.

Of great importance and distribution is horse-drawn transport (horses, mules), especially far from coastal areas.

The similarity of the transport of Germany and Pakistan is in the good development of the marine species, however, its significance within the countries themselves is different; river transport is widely used in both states.

The main differences are associated with the lower level of Pakistan's economic development, as evidenced by the weak development of rail, road and, especially, air transport.

Comparison of the transport systems of states in the 3rd question of this ticket is most representative to consider on the examples of developed and developing countries in different regions.