How to make slightly acidic soil for indoor plants. Land for indoor plants. Charcoal or Ash

For breeding and growing indoor flower plants various garden soils are needed. In the presence of sod, leaf, peat, humus, compost and heather soil, you can make various nutrient mixtures, in accordance with the needs of a given plant.

sod land harvested in dry meadows with a rich herbage consisting of cereals and clover. It is better to do this in June - July. The turf is cut manually with a shovel into layers 10 cm thick, 25 cm wide, up to 50 cm long. The turf is stacked, grass to grass, mature and up to 1 m wide. . Since water contributes to the decay of plant residues, a recess must be made in the upper part of the stack to accumulate rainwater. During the summer, the pile is needed by the end of the second year Sod land will not be ready for use until the end of the second year.

This mixture is classified as heavy garden soil due to the high content of minerals in it. Before use, it must be sifted through a screen.

Soddy land can be used to make many earthen mixtures. AT pure form it is used for growing citrus, dracaena, palm trees.

Peat land. For its preparation, peat is used, which consists of decaying plant remains. It must be harvested from marsh chernozem - raw peat of moss swamps, which is placed in low stacks up to 70 cm high.

Within 2-3 years, it is shoveled several times. The result is loose, humus-rich peat soil. Well suited for growing ferns, orchids, rhododendrons, as well as for sowing small seeds.

Compost land. It is obtained by composting animal and vegetable waste into piles or pits. They are moistened with slurry, limed and sprinkled with peat crumbs on top. Over the next 2 years, the mass is stirred and moistened several times.

Compost soil can be used when sowing letniki (except for asters, levkoy and begonias).

In a mixture with turf and grass, it can be replaced in the absence of humus soil.

heather land harvested in coniferous forests, where heather grows in great abundance. The thickness of heather soil usually does not exceed 3 cm. In summer, heather soil is raked, stacked, periodically moistened. A year later, it can be used to make earthen mixtures when growing azaleas, camellias and other indoor plants. Instead of heather soil, you can prepare a mixture: 4 parts peat mixture, 2 parts leaf and 1 part sand.

leaf humus. It is harvested in deciduous forests, raking half-ripe leaves into low heaps. During the summer, they need to be shoveled several times, while not forgetting to pour water. After 2 years, this land can be used in a mixture with turf. It is suitable for growing basic potted crops. It may well replace heather soil if used in a mixture with peat and sand. Particularly suitable for those cultivated plants for which greenhouse manure land is not suitable.

It should be noted that best leaves are lime, maple, and also all fruit breeds trees. It is better not to use oak and willow leaves, as they contain tannins.

humus earth. It is obtained from rotted manure, which at the end of summer, together with the top layer of earth, is taken out of greenhouses and stacked. During the season, it is periodically mixed and, if necessary, moistened. Once fully decomposed, it can be used to formulate mixtures for growing potted plants.

The humus soil is rich in various nutrients, which is necessary for the good and rapid growth of plants.

Moss, like sand, it does not provide nutrients to plants. It is used dried and crushed, which is harvested in upland bogs. Before use, it must be steamed and dried to kill harmful insects. A layer of 1 cm is covered with drainage in pots. Moss is also tied around the base of palm trunks to promote the development of new adventitious roots.

It is good to mix crushed moss into the ground: it absorbs water well and retains it for a long time.

Charcoal. It is added to earth mixtures when growing indoor plants that do not tolerate excess moisture. Charcoal is used in earth mixtures crushed up to 1 cm in diameter when growing succulents and cacti. When breeding tuberous begonia and cyclamen, the cut parts of the tubers are sprinkled with coal powder.

Also, charcoal is used as an antiseptic and protects the roots from decay. Experienced flower growers prefer birch charcoal.

Sand does not provide plants with any nutrients, but when mixed with the soil, it provides better air access to the roots. Therefore, it is necessary in all earthen mixtures. Coarse-grained is considered the best river sand. For cuttings of azaleas, camellias and other plants that are difficult to root, fine white sand should be used.

Acidic and slightly acidic soils prefer:

Gfinalhemlesi for indoor plants.

On sale you can find the so-called "single garden mixture", special "universal earth mixtures" for different groups plants, peat-mineral mixtures (they are best used for rooting cuttings and for growing seedlings), artificial substrates. In the store, you can get advice from sellers, which mixture is suitable for what, in extreme cases, the packaging will indicate the main properties, such as acidity and approximate composition. AT recent times the instructions are increasingly listing the plants for which this soil mixture is intended.

Sometimes the earth mixture is also composed for narrower groups of plants, for example; mixtures "Palm" or "Begonia". They can differ in both acidity and mechanical structure, the degree of "lightness", friability, as well as the presence of special additives such as pine bark, charcoal or bone meal. Some of the listed soil mixtures are very close in composition, but are produced by different manufacturers.

Specialized mixes are better than general mixes because they better take into account the individual requirements of plants to the soil. However, some plants are completely undemanding to the soil, any "universal" earth mixture will suit them - this feature will be noted in the individual characteristics of the plants.

As a rule, earth mixtures are sold in packages packaged in 2 kg, somewhat less often - in 5 kg. Almost all are additionally fortified with nutrients.

Here is a list of the most common soil mixtures on sale:

Folk ways to improve soil fertility

At self-training room mixture to improve fertility in the garden soil add manure, peat, litter, compost, eggshells, sawdust, yeast.

humus- 0.5 kg,
peat– 2 kg per sandy soils, 1 kg - in clay.
dry bird droppings- 10 g,
mullein manure, from which the slurry is prepared at the rate of 1:20, insist a week. Before entering into the soil, it is diluted 2 times. Such a solution is often used to fertilize indoor plants with further care.
egg shell used to neutralize acidic soils.

Tip #2. Note! 10 g of ground shells will neutralize 10 liters of soil per pH scale unit.

Sawdust loosen heavy soils, in care they are used in the form of mulch. It is worth paying attention that only small chips are suitable for indoor floriculture, and conifers acidify the soil, therefore they are used together with ash, eggshell or dolomite flour.

Some flower growers use sleeping water to feed plants. Tea coffee, which improve the structure of the soil, evenly feed it, regulate acidity.

A good supplement is sugar, which replenishes the soil with glucose. To make it beneficial, add EM - preparations, for example, "Baikal - EM -1". In its presence, sugar does not cause the growth of pathogens, but is converted into top dressing for indoor plants.

It is easier to use ready-made fertilizers that are commercially available.

Serious mistakes gardeners make when preparing the soil and caring for it

The use of greenhouse soil in indoor floriculture. It is undesirable to use the soil of their greenhouse for indoor plants. In conditions high humidity develop fungal diseases, which are dangerous for potted crops.

Use of substrate for planting immediately after heat treatment. At high temperature not only pests and diseases die, but also beneficial microorganisms. They can be restored with EM drugs, but this takes time, at least two weeks.

Specialized soil for indoor plants and flowers

GROUND FOR AZALEA. The mixture is light, acidic, moisture and breathable. AT shop options the basis of the substrate should be high-moor peat. It is advisable to supplement the soil for azaleas with coniferous soil (1: 1).

GROUND FOR BROMELIAIDS. The mixture consists of high-moor peat, leafy soil and sand. It is desirable to add tree bark or coal, sphagnum and coniferous soil to the purchased soil.

GROUND FOR GARDENIA. The mixture consists of high-moor peat and sand. It is desirable to add leaf and coniferous soil (1: 1: 1) to the purchased soil.

GROUND FOR CACTUS AND SUCCULANTS. The mixture consists of sand with the addition of leafy soil and high-moor peat. Coarse-grained sand can be added to option stores.

GROUND FOR ORCHIDS. For different types orchids need a different nutrient substrate. For epiphytes, the soil mixture is prepared from the bark, sometimes sphagnum moss and charcoal are added (peat is not allowed!).

You can buy a certain fraction of the bark, boil it and plant an orchid without adding other components.

For other types of orchids, the substrate is prepared from peat, sphagnum, bark and coal.

SOIL FOR PALM. The mixture consists of high-moor peat, turf and leaf soil with sand. Palm trees prefer a loose and breathable substrate. With age, the proportion of sod land in the mixture is gradually increased in plants.

GROUND FOR FERN. You can prepare this version of the mixture: soil for succulents + leaf humus (or biohumus) in a ratio of 1: 1.

The best period for transplanting plants is from March to August. Autumn and winter are dormant periods, at which time plants are not recommended to be transplanted. It is undesirable to transplant plants during flowering or bud formation - you must wait until the end of flowering.

In hot weather, transplanting indoor plants is not allowed. After the plant has been transplanted, it must be watered abundantly (except for cacti, they do not need to be watered), but at the same time, watering should be minimized for next week. Each container for houseplants should have holes in the bottom.

Through these holes, excess water is removed, the stagnation of which can lead to root rot. When transplanting any plant, it is necessary to organize a drainage layer at the bottom of the bowl. This applies to all plants, even if it is indicated that drainage is not required. And finally last tip: transplant plants in good mood and with a smile, then your green pet will surely take root well and will feel great in a new home.

In this article we will consider: land and soil for indoor plants. Optimal parameters earth. How to measure soil moisture. Additional soil additives for different varieties flowers and plants.

You can often hear how the content indoor pots called land for plants. This is not true. Earth or scientifically soil is complex living structure, which is characterized texture, acidity, fertility.

Optimal soil parameters for indoor plants and seedlings

What is used for home floriculture is called a substrate. It is prepared from several components:

It is based on soddy or leafy land.
Add to it lowland peat.

Tip #1. Note! Horse peat cannot be used in indoor floriculture. Continuing to decompose, it releases substances harmful to plants. In open field gardening, it is often composted.

Humus for indoor plants should be well rotted, dry and small.
Additives necessary for each type of plant.

A universal substrate is prepared from these components, which is:

sandy loam or light loam,
neutral or slightly acid reaction.

This environment is suitable for many houseplants. Such a mixture is used not only for home floriculture, it is suitable for growing seedlings of garden and horticultural crops.

Garden soil - the basis for the substrate

To prepare the plant mixture, soil from the garden is used, to which peat, sand, and mineral fertilizers are added, which are necessary for each type of plant. To know what is lacking in natural soil, you need to determine the structure, acidity and moisture content of natural soil.

Determination of acidity, humidity and structure of natural soil for the preparation of a room mixture. Optimization methods

Acidity can be recognized by the "wild" vegetation on the site. If field horsetail, chicken millet, horse sorrel, passerine sorrel, caustic buttercup, creeping buttercup, tricolor violet, marsh marigold, large plantain predominate, then the soil on the site sour. Field larkspur (Comfrey), lanceolate plantain, self-seed poppy, field bindweed, sprawling quinoa, white drowsiness, field mustard indicate that the soil alkaline.

Field mustard, predominant on garden plot, indicates the alkalinity of the natural soil.

More precisely, the pH level can be determined using litmus paper or an acidity meter.

To achieve a neutral reaction, add to acidic soils:

Lime,
Limestone or dolomite flour,
ash,
Eggshell.

Alkaline soil is converted using gypsum or calcium sulfate, sapropel type "B", slightly acid reaction.

An important factor of natural land, its ability to hold water, This is evidenced by the structure of the soil. The so-called weeds will help to establish it. high humidity shows such natural vegetation:

sweet clover white,
forget-me-not small-flowered,
swamp forget-me-not,
pennyroyal,
sedge thin,
sow thistle.

Grows on dry sandy soils different kinds saxifrage, stonecrop, juvenile, fat woman, creeping thyme, sapling, gerbil, etc.

Accurate readings of humidity are given by a special device - a tensiometer. By the deviation of the arrow on the color scale, the presence of moisture in the soil is determined.

Red - drought.
Orange - red - urgently needs watering.
Orange - a significant lack of moisture.
Yellow - green - lack of moisture.
Green - optimal humidity.
Blue - waterlogged.
Blue - excessively wet.

Sand and peat are added to reduce soil moisture. Peat and organic fertilizers are applied to dry soils.

Improving the fertility of the substrate for indoor plants by mulching, sapropel, purchased soil, earthworms

Soil fertility is improved by adding mulch, sapropel, purchased soil, earthworms.

Pebbles reduce the evaporation of moisture and decorate the plant.

Sapropel added to the soil mixture, taking into account the acidity of the base soil. different types of this unique fertilizer are used on soils of a certain type.

Purchased soils- the simplest solution for indoor floriculture. Most often, manufacturers offer a mixture of grassroots peat and mineral fertilizers. Benefits about substrate in that it is ready for planting most indoor plants and sowing seeds for seedlings. With further care requires frequent watering because pure peat quickly evaporates water. The disadvantage is the constant introduction mineral dressings, because the nutrients easily dissolve and wash out of the substrate. Among flower growers, such mixtures are popular:

"Royal Mix" It is offered in different compositions for flowering and decorative deciduous plants.
"Live Blend" widely used for home flowers, seedling growing, cutting rooting.
"Florio's substrate for indoor plants" - a balanced mixture of mineral fertilizers based on grassroots peat, suitable for many houseplants.

earthworms they have no idea what heated debates and battles flare up between supporters and opponents of their use in indoor floriculture. If in open ground- this is an indispensable participant in the formation of humus, then in a cramped room pot it will not bring any benefit. Unless you offer him a large tub or a balcony box.

Folk ways to improve soil fertility

With self-preparation of a room mixture to improve fertility, manure, peat, litter, compost, eggshells, sawdust, and yeast are added to the garden soil.

humus- 0.5 kg,
peat- 2 kg in sandy soils, 1 kg in clay soils.
dry bird droppings- 10 g,
mullein manure, from which the slurry is prepared at the rate of 1:20, insist a week. Before entering into the soil, it is diluted 2 times. Such a solution is often used to fertilize indoor plants with further care.
egg shell used to neutralize acidic soils.

Tip #2. Note! 10 g of ground shells will neutralize 10 liters of soil per pH scale unit.

Sawdust loosen heavy soils, in care they are used in the form of mulch. It is worth noting that only small chips are suitable for indoor floriculture, and conifers acidify the soil, therefore they are used together with ash, eggshells or dolomite flour.

Some flower growers use sleeping water to feed plants. Tea coffee, which improve the structure of the soil, evenly feed it, regulate acidity.

Asleep coffee grounds – good feeding for soil substrate

It is easier to use ready-made fertilizers that are commercially available.

Land and Soil for Houseplants: Analysis of Fertilizers for Growing Houseplants

Five popular brands

Garden shops offer big choice room mixes of universal and narrow application. Here is some of them.

Name	Application	Peculiarities
"Bona Forte"	Liquid mineral fertilizer for full growth, brightness of color of leaves and flowers.	Several formulations are available for flowering and deciduous plants.
Agricola	Stimulates and strengthens tissues, mobilizes plant immunity, compensates for the lack of substances in the soil.	The brand combines products of a narrow focus for ornamental crops, separately for orchids and ficuses.
"Gumi"	Organic fertilizer for any soil and plants, increases fertility, activates the growth and quality of plants.	The effect is enhanced with simultaneous use with EM drugs.
"Pocon"	The organomineral agent combines chemical elements nutrition and humic acids. Optimizes qualitative composition soil, provides plants with an exhaustive amount of nutrition.	Balanced compositions of a narrow focus are designed for different plants.
"Fertilizer flower happiness for ..."	The continuation of the name contains a purpose, for example, "stimulating flowering", which means for blooming. And so for each group of indoor, balcony and greenhouse plants

Many fertilizer brands are designed for specific plants.

A modern range of fertilizers provides indoor floriculture with the necessary nutrition for plants of all kinds.

Features of soil care for indoor plants seasonally - spring, summer, autumn, winter

Substrate care is closely related to the growth characteristics of indoor crops in different seasons.

Spring most best time for the growth of all plants. In this they need to be supported. At this time, fertilizers are applied to the soil, in which nitrogen predominates. It is this element that stimulates the growth of tissues, especially stems and leaves, which is what plants need in the spring.

Summer when activity slows down it is important to support flowers with phosphorus - potash fertilizers, they are introduced into the soil autumn.

Most fertilizers contain all three NPK elements - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. Seasonal top dressing different percentage substances and trace elements.

Preventive tillage from diseases and pests

Regardless of whether the substrate is purchased from a store or prepared independently, it is advisable to disinfect it before planting. This procedure is carried out in the oven or microwave.

Ignition lasts 45 minutes at a temperature not higher than +1250, otherwise the soil is charred and becomes a poison for plants

As a result of such treatment, pathogens and pests that live in the soil die. Unfortunately, along with them, the beneficial flora that synthesizes humus is destroyed. To resume soil life, the substrate is populated with effective microorganisms, for example, "Baikal - EM - 1". This must be done no later than two weeks before planting, and preferably a month.

Rubric: "Questions and answers"

Question number 1. Do I need to disinfect the soil for indoor plants?

Answer: Yes, it is necessary. In the natural earth brought from the garden, pests and diseases are always present. In limited indoor pot they are much more dangerous than in open ground. A month before planting, the substrate is calcined and populated with beneficial flora.

Question number 2. What is hydrogel for, and how to use it?

Answer: A special jelly-like polymer is added to the soil substrate to retain moisture. The hydrogel first absorbs water, and then gives it to the plant, so the intervals between waterings increase significantly.

Question number 3. What role does expanded clay play?

For loosening heavy soil.
For mulching the surface of the substrate.
As a drainage in the lower layer when growing plants that do not tolerate stagnant water.

Thanks to different fractions of expanded clay, you can choose the material for mulching, drainage, decoration.

Question number 4. How to apply coco substrate?

Answer: 1 kg of pressed substrate increases to 15 liters when soaked. This is a complete environment for growing indoor plants, which contains all the necessary substances.

Serious mistakes gardeners make when preparing the soil and caring for it

The use of greenhouse soil in indoor floriculture. It is undesirable to use the soil of their greenhouse for indoor plants. In conditions of high humidity, fungal diseases develop that are dangerous for potted crops.

Use of the substrate for planting immediately after heat treatment. At high temperatures, not only pests and diseases die, but also beneficial microorganisms. They can be restored with EM drugs, but this takes time, at least two weeks.

First of all, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that great importance for the normal development of a houseplant, has a soil mixture reaction (Ph). Of course, the vast majority of indoor plants (and garden flowers also), grows well on neutral or slightly alkaline soils. But some of them need acidic or, on the contrary, alkaline soil mixtures. For example, a slightly acidic earthen substrate is preferred: begonia, pelargonium, cyclamen, fuchsia, fern, chrysanthemum. And azalea, camellia, hydrangea love acidic soils. On alkaline grow: cineraria, asparagus, carnation, lily. In its purest form, acidic soils include: peat, loam, clay-turf. Soddy land, which is taken on black soil, is most often slightly alkaline or neutral.

And now a little more about each component of the soil mixture for indoor plants.

Peat

Peat - is the basis of almost all known soil mixtures. And not one primer for flowers sold in a store is complete without it. Peat is distinguished between lowland high-moor and transitional. High-moor peat is acidic, low-moor peat is slightly acidic. Peat improves the quality of soil mixtures very well, making them light and loose. In peat land, it develops very well root system plants. In peat, seeds are germinated and cuttings are rooted. It is clear that you will not go to the swamp with a shovel to harvest peat. It's useless. Bulk peat in stores. But when buying it, you MUST pay attention to its “origin”. If you plan to prepare the land for houseplants that love "acid", take a riding one, for the rest - a lowland one.

sod land

Any land for indoor plants, has in its composition sod land. Here it is, you can prepare it yourself. it meadow land(not lower meadows, where it is acidic and may be solonetzic). Ideal sod land, the one on which cereal grasses, legumes grow. Such land contains a lot of nitrogen, which is very good. Usually, this is the most common pasture where cows graze. Take sod land, preferably from the top layer. That is, the one that is on the roots of the grass and immediately below it.

leafy land

This land for indoor plants is the easiest to prepare. The best deciduous land is the land taken from under the linden, maple and hazel (hazelnut). Beware of oak and willow soil, they contain a lot of tannins and are not suitable for the vast majority of plants. If you take in the old forest, then from which layer it will be taken, it almost does not matter. In the young, try to take from the topsoil. Deciduous soil, like peat, is quite light and loose, so it can be used in its pure form (with a small addition of sand) for sowing seeds and rooting cuttings.

humus earth

Here it is a little more difficult. As a rule, humus land is used in floriculture, obtained after cleaning greenhouses and rotted in the air (it is often called greenhouse land). This is a very valuable land in its composition and is an excellent fertilizer. Therefore, if you have the opportunity to "get hold of" such land - do not miss the chance! It is now successfully replaced by biohumus soil, which is commercially available. But, alas, a lot of frankly low-quality and fake.

Compost land

This land is taken from compost pits (heaps). These are ordinary rotten waste, garbage, manure, etc. Summer residents know what it is, and every dacha probably has compost pit. And you either have a dacha or a familiar summer resident.

coniferous land

This land is simply necessary for violets (saintpaulia), gloxinia (siningia), begonias and azaleas. Some flower growers grow these houseplants in pure coniferous soil. I also had such experiments. But as a result, I still make soil mixtures for them, although their basis is coniferous land. Harvest it, of course, in a coniferous forest. But not every coniferous forest (or forest area) is suitable for this. For the most part, the soil under the trees is high in sand, which isn't terrible in itself, but you need some land. So here is what you need to look for.

Sand

This soil ingredient for indoor plants has nothing to do with the earth, but is a very important component. Many novice flower growers are dismissive of sand. But in vain. Red, building sand, which is the most easily accessible, is practically unsuitable for soil mixture. It contains a lot of harmful iron compounds. Although it is used, its use does not benefit the plant. Coarse-grained white river sand is considered the best, it can be used without any preparation. But sea sand, it is necessary to rinse well several times in order to free it from salt (but I would not recommend using it either).

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Ground for indoor flowers can be purchased at the store, but many flower growers prefer to independently prepare the soil mixture for their green pets.

The fact is that universal ready-made soils are not suitable for all plants, which should be taken into account. If indoor plants such as geranium and chlorophytum can grow in the same soil mixture, then special soil is needed for anthurium. Although in modern times in the store you can buy soil for any type of plant.

The composition of ready-made flower soils

The composition of universal soils includes peat, which has bactericidal properties, contains amino acids and humic acids necessary for the growth and normal development of plants. Peat is light (upper layers, slightly decomposed, well absorbing moisture) and heavy (lower layers, with high content humus). Ready peat land consists of peat and lime.

sod land consists of sod, quicklime, cow dung, superphosphate. To obtain it, the top layer of soil is removed (from meadows, pastures), the layers are placed in a pile, sprinkled with manure and left to rot for a year.

leaf ground consists of fallen and decayed (from 2-3 years old) leaves. However, willow and oak leaves contain tannins, so the soil based on such leaves is not suitable for growing indoor plants.

humus soil obtained from greenhouse manure that has already been used to grow plants. This soil is very nutritious.

compost soil obtained from decayed plant and food residues, which are mixed with garden soil.

coniferous land made up of rotten needles coniferous trees, for example, pines, spruces, larches. Such land is part of the soil mixture for growing azaleas, camellias and other plants that prefer to grow in acidic soil.

Other components that are used to make the soil mixture include river sand, clay, fern roots, sphagnum moss, crushed tree bark, charcoal. These components are used to improve the composition of the soil, to loosen and prevent acidification of the soil. For example, sphagnum moss and charcoal have aseptic properties.

Small expanded clay gravel, perlite, marble screenings, hydrogel, ceramis act as fillers. Fillers help to loosen the soil, as well as retain moisture.

Classification of finished soils

Light- consists of leaf and sod land, crushed polystyrene foam, greenhouse soil, sand. This substrate is suitable for growing plants with a small root system, such as cyclamen, begonias.
Average- consists of leaf and sod land, humus. Suitable for growing ficuses, citrus fruits.
Heavy- consists of soddy land, humus, coarse sand. Suitable for growing palm trees, clivia, dracaena, krinum.

Based on raised peat (decayed sphagnum moss that grows on raised bogs) - contains minimal amount minerals, air permeability, good water absorption and moisture retention. This substrate is often used as a temporary soil for the transport of plants, as well as for the sale of potted plants.

Based on lowland peat (extracted from lowland swamps, lakes and rivers) - characterized by the presence a large number mineral substances, retains moisture well. However, it quickly cakes, dries out for a long time, as a result, the roots of plants often rot. Soil based on lowland peat is used as a component of the soil mixture prepared independently, but not as an independent substrate.

Based on biohumus (a product of manure processing by earthworms) - rich in organic matter and living organisms. Such soil is used as a component of the soil mixture for its enrichment. Biohumus is an alternative to humus.

Special primer for indoor flowers

For orchids- a mixture of peat, charcoal, crushed pine bark, sphagnum moss. For epiphytes, not soil is used, but pieces of pine bark or driftwood wrapped in sphagnum moss.
For azaleas- high-moor peat, needles, sand. The soil is moderately acidic and loose, with a low content of nutrients.
For palm trees- a soil mixture of high-moor peat, leaf and sod land, sand. The soil is nutritious, with a neutral reaction.
For cacti- sand, leafy soil or high-moor peat, depending on the group of cacti (there are forest and desert ones).
For violets- high-moor peat, sand, coniferous earth, charcoal, sphagnum moss.
For ferns- peat, sand, humus.

But do not think that ready-made mixtures for the plants mentioned above are ideal. There are many species of the same genus that naturally grow in different conditions. Therefore, when purchasing ready-made soil, it must be supplemented with the components necessary for a particular type of plant.

Some specialized soils are suitable for growing other types of plants. Typically, this information is indicated on the packaging.

What to look for when choosing a finished soil

Priming:

must pass air;
must be nutritious;
should not retain moisture for a long time;
should not contain pests and pathogens;
soil acidity should correspond to the level that a particular type of plant needs.