APPENDIX

Sand for construction work. Construction Sand Determination of Bulk Density and Voidness

TEST SCOPE

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2. SAMPLING

3. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN COMPOSITION AND SIZE MODULUS

4. DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF CLAY IN Lumps

5. DETERMINATION OF POWDER AND CLAY PARTICLES

6. DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES

7. DETERMINATION OF THE MINERALOGICAL-PETROGRAPHIC COMPOSITION

8. DETERMINATION OF TRUE DENSITY

9. DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY AND Voidness

10. DETERMINATION OF HUMIDITY

11. DETERMINATION OF REACTIVITY

12. DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF SULFATE AND SULFIDE COMPOUNDS

13. DETERMINATION OF FROST RESISTANCE OF SAND FROM CRUSHING SCREENINGS

APPENDIX

INFORMATION DATA

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2. SAMPLING

3. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN COMPOSITION AND SIZE MODULUS

5. DETERMINATION OF POWDER AND CLAY PARTICLES

7. DETERMINATION OF THE MINERALOGICAL-PETROGRAPHIC COMPOSITION

8. DETERMINATION OF TRUE DENSITY

9. DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY AND Voidness

10. DETERMINATION OF HUMIDITY

11. DETERMINATION OF REACTIVITY

12. DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF SULFATE AND SULFIDE COMPOUNDS

APPENDIX

TEST SCOPE

5.1 Elutriation method

5.2. pipette method

5.3. Wet screening method

8.1. Pycnometric method

8.2. Accelerated True Density Determination

9.1. Determination of bulk density

9.2. Determination of voidness

12.2. Determination of total sulfur content

12.2.1. weight method

12.2.2. Iodometric titration method

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(Introduced additionally. Amendment No. 2).

Reference

The name and scope of the tests are indicated in Table. 5.

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS

TEST METHODS

GOST 8735-88

(ST SEV 5446-85)
ST SEV 6317-88

STATE CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE OF THE USSR

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

GOST 8735-88 establishes test methods for sand used as an aggregate for concrete in monolithic, precast concrete and concrete products and structures, as well as used as a material for various types of construction work using concrete and mortar mixtures. GOST 8735-88 is valid from 01.07.89.

GOST 8735-88

(ST SEV 5446-85)

ST SEV 6317-88

UDC 691.223.001.4.006.354 Group Zh19

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS
Test Methods

Sand for construction work.

Date of introduction 01.07.89

Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law

This standard applies to sand used as an aggregate for concrete of monolithic, prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures, as well as a material for relevant types of construction work and establishes test methods.

1.1. The scope of the sand test methods of this International Standard is specified in the annex.

1.2. Samples are weighed to the nearest 0.1 % mass unless otherwise specified in the standard.

1.3. Samples or weighings of sand are dried to constant weight in an oven at a temperature of (105 ± 5) ° C until the difference between the results of two weighings is no more than 0.1% of the mass. Each subsequent weighing is carried out after drying for at least 1 hour and cooling for at least 45 minutes.

1.4. The test results are calculated to the second decimal place, unless otherwise specified as to the accuracy of the calculation.

1.5. The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean of the parallel determinations provided for the respective method.

1.6. The standard set of sieves for sand includes sieves with round holes with diameters of 10; 5 and 2.5 mm and wire sieves with standard square cells No. 1.25; 063; 0315; 016; 005 in accordance with GOST 6613 (sieve frames are round or square with a diameter or lateral side of at least 100 mm).

Note. The use of sieves with meshes No. 014 is allowed before equipping enterprises with sieves with meshes No. 016.

1.7. The temperature of the room in which the tests are carried out shall be (25 ± 10) °C. Before starting the test, the sand and water must be at a temperature corresponding to the air temperature in the room.

1.8. Water for testing is used in accordance with GOST 2874 or GOST 23732, if the standard does not provide instructions on the use of distilled water.

1.9. When using hazardous (caustic, toxic) substances as reagents, one should be guided by the safety requirements set forth in the regulatory and technical documents for these reagents.

1.10. In the sections “Apparatus” there are links to state standards. The use of similar imported equipment is allowed. Non-standard measuring instruments used, specified in the “Apparatus” section, must undergo metrological certification in accordance with GOST 8.326.

2.1. During acceptance control at the manufacturing plant, point samples are taken, from which, by mixing, one combined sample is obtained from the replacement products of each production line.

2.2. Point sampling from production lines transporting products to a warehouse or directly to vehicles is carried out by crossing the material flow on a conveyor belt or at material flow drop points using samplers or manually.

To check the quality of sand shipped directly to the quarry, point samples are taken during loading into vehicles.

2.3. Point samples to obtain a combined sample begin to be taken 1 hour after the start of the shift and then taken every hour during the shift.

The interval for taking incremental samples during manual sampling can be increased if the manufacturer produces products of consistent quality. To establish the allowable sampling interval, quarterly determine the coefficient of variation of the values of the content of grains passing through a sieve with mesh No. 016, and the content of dust and clay particles. To determine the coefficient of variation of these indicators during a shift, point samples weighing at least 2000 g are taken every 15 minutes. For each point sample, the content of grains passing through a sieve with mesh No. Then the coefficients of variation of these indicators are calculated in accordance with GOST 8269.

Depending on the obtained maximum value of the coefficient of variation for the two determined indicators, the following intervals for sampling spot samples during the shift are taken:

3 hours - with a coefficient of variation of the indicator up to 10%;

2 h ” ” ” ” ” 15%.

2.4. The mass of an incremental sample at a sampling interval of 1 hour must be at least 1500 g. With an increase in the sampling interval in accordance with paragraph 2.3, the mass of the selected incremental sample must be doubled at an interval of 2 hours, and at an interval of 3 hours - four times.

If, during sampling with a sampler, the mass of an incremental sample turns out to be less than the indicated one by more than 100 g, then it is necessary to increase the number of samples taken to ensure that the mass of the combined sample is not less than 10,000 g.

2.5. The pooled sample is agitated and shortened by quartering or using a divider trough before being sent to the laboratory to obtain a laboratory sample.

To quarter the sample (after mixing it), the material cone is leveled and divided by mutually perpendicular lines passing through the center into four parts. Any two opposite quarters are sampled. By successive quartering, the sample is reduced by two, four times, etc. until a sample is obtained with a mass corresponding to clause 2.6.

2.6. The mass of the laboratory sample during acceptance control at the manufacturer must be at least 5000 g, it is used for all tests provided for during acceptance control.

When conducting periodic tests, as well as during input control and when determining the properties of sand during geological exploration, the mass of the laboratory sample must ensure that all tests provided for by the standard are carried out. It is allowed to conduct several tests using one sample, if the determined properties of the sand do not change during the test, while the mass of the laboratory sample must be at least twice the total mass required for testing.

2.7. For each test, an analytical sample is taken from the laboratory sample.

Samples are taken from the analytical sample in accordance with the test procedure.

2.8. For each laboratory sample intended for periodic testing in the central laboratory of the association or in a specialized laboratory, as well as for arbitration testing, a sampling report is drawn up, including the name and designation of the material, the place and date of sampling, the name of the manufacturer, the designation of the sample and the signature of the responsible for sampling the face.

The selected samples are packed in such a way that the mass and properties of the materials do not change before testing.

Each sample is provided with two labels with the designation of the sample. One label is placed inside the package, the other - in a conspicuous place on the package.

During transportation, the packaging must be protected from mechanical damage and getting wet.

2.9. To check the quality of sand mined and laid by hydromechanization, the alluvium map is divided in terms of length (along the alluvium map) into three parts.

From each part, point samples are taken from at least five different places (in plan). To take a point sample, a hole is dug 0.2–0.4 m deep. A sand sample is taken from the hole with a shovel, moving it from bottom to top along the wall of the hole.

From incremental samples, by mixing, a combined sample is obtained, which is reduced to obtain a laboratory sample according to clause 2.5.

The quality of the sand is assessed separately for each part of the alluvium map based on the results of testing a sample taken from it.

2.10. When arbitrating the quality of sand in warehouses, point samples are taken with a scoop in places evenly spaced over the entire surface of the warehouse, from the bottom of dug holes 0.2-0.4 m deep. The holes should be placed in a checkerboard pattern. The distance between the holes should not exceed 10 m. The laboratory sample is prepared according to clause 2.5.

2.11. During the input control at the consumer enterprise, a combined sand sample is taken from the tested batch of material in accordance with the requirements of GOST 8736. The laboratory sample is prepared according to clause 2.5.

2.12. During geological exploration, samples are taken in accordance with the normative and technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

3.1. Method Essence

The grain composition is determined by sifting sand on a standard set of sieves.

3.2. Equipment

A set of sieves according to GOST 6613 and sieves with round holes with diameters of 10; 5 and 2.5 mm.

Drying cabinet.

3.3. Preparing for the test

An analytical sample of sand weighing at least 2000 g is dried to constant weight.

3.4. Conducting a test

A sample of sand dried to constant weight is sifted through sieves with round holes with diameters of 10 and 5 mm.

The residues on the sieves are weighed and the content of gravel fractions in the sand with a grain size of 5 to 10 mm (Gr5) and St. 10 mm (Gy10) as a percentage by weight according to the formulas:

(1)

(2)

where M10 is the residue on a sieve with round holes 10 mm in diameter, g;

M5 - residue on a sieve with round holes 5 mm in diameter, g;

M is the mass of the sample, g.

From a part of the sand sample that has passed through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, a sample weighing at least 1000 g is taken to determine the grain composition of the sand.

It is allowed to disperse the sample during geological exploration after preliminary washing with the determination of the content of dust and clay particles. The content of dust-like and clay particles is included in the calculation of the results of sieving in the mass of particles passing through a sieve with mesh No. 016, and in the total mass of the sample. During mass tests, it is allowed, after washing with the determination of the content of dust-like and clay particles and drying the sample to a constant weight, to sift a sample of sand (without gravel fraction) weighing 500 g.

The prepared sample of sand is sieved through a set of sieves with round holes with a diameter of 2.5 mm and with grids No. 1.25; 063; 0315 and 016.

Screening is carried out mechanically or manually. The duration of sieving should be such that during the control intensive manual shaking of each sieve for 1 min, no more than 0.1% of the total mass of the sieved sample passes through it. During mechanical sieving, its duration for the device used is determined empirically.

With manual sieving, it is allowed to determine the end of sifting by vigorously shaking each sieve over a sheet of paper. Screening is considered complete if there is practically no fall of sand grains.

When determining the grain composition by the wet method, a sample of the material is placed in a vessel and filled with water. After 24 hours, the contents of the vessel are thoroughly mixed until the clay film is completely soaked into grains or lumps of clay, poured (in portions) onto the upper sieve of a standard set and sieved, washing the material on sieves until the washing water becomes clear. Partial residues on each sieve are dried to constant weight and cooled to room temperature, then their weight is determined by weighing.

(Changed edition, Rev. No. 1).

3.5. Results processing

Based on the screening results, calculate:

Private residue on each sieve (ai) as a percentage according to the formula

(3)

where ti is the mass of the residue on a given sieve, g;

m is the weight of the sieved sample, g;

Total residue on each sieve (Аi) as a percentage according to the formula

where a2.5, a1.25, ai are partial residues on the corresponding sieves;

Sand size modulus (Mk) without grains larger than 5 mm according to the formula

(5)

where A2.5, A1.25, A063, A0315, A016 - total residues on a sieve with round holes with a diameter of 2.5 mm and on sieves with grids No. 1.25; 063; 0315, 016, %.

The result of determining the grain composition of the sand is drawn up in accordance with the table. 1 or depicted graphically in the form of a sieving curve in accordance with Fig. one.

Screening curve

Table 1

4.1. Method Essence

4.2. Equipment

Scales according to GOST 23711 or GOST 24104.

Drying cabinet.

Sieves with mesh No. 1.25 according to GOST 6613 and with round holes with diameters of 5 and 2.5 mm.

Steel needle.

4.3. Preparing for the test

An analytical sample of sand is sieved through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, at least 100 g of sand is taken from it, dried to a constant weight and scattered on sieves with holes with a diameter of 2.5 mm and mesh No. 1.25. Samples are taken from the obtained sand fractions with a mass:

5.0 g - fractions of St. 2.5 to 5 mm;

1.0 g - fractions from 1.25 to 2.5 mm

Each sample of sand is poured in a thin layer on a glass or metal sheet and moistened with a pipette. Lumps of clay, which differ in viscosity from grains of sand, are isolated from the sample with a steel needle, using a magnifying glass if necessary. The grains of sand remaining after the allocation of lumps of sand are dried to a constant weight and weighed.

4.4. Results processing

(6)

(7)

where m1, m2 are the weights of the sand sample of the fraction from 2.5 to 5 mm and from 1.25 to 2.5 mm, respectively, before clay is isolated, g;

m1, m3 are the masses of sand grains of the fraction from 2.5 to 5 mm and from 1.25 to 2.5 mm, respectively, after the extraction of clay, g.

(8)

where a2.5, a1.25 are partial residues in percent by weight on sieves with openings of 2.5 and 1.25 mm, calculated according to clause 3.5.

5.1. elutriation method

5.1.1. Method Essence

5.1.2. Equipment

Scales according to GOST 23711 or GOST 24104.

Drying cabinet.

A cylindrical bucket with a height of at least 300 mm with a siphon or a vessel for elutriation of sand (Fig. 2).

Stopwatch.

5.1.3. Preparing for the test

An analytical sample of sand is sifted through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, the sand that has passed through the sieve is dried to a constant weight, and a sample weighing 1000 g is taken from it.

5.1.4. Conducting a test

A sample of sand is placed in a cylindrical bucket and filled with water so that the height of the water layer above the sand is about 200 mm. The sand flooded with water is kept for 2 hours, stirring it several times, and thoroughly washed from clay particles adhering to the grains.

After that, the contents of the bucket are again vigorously mixed and left alone for 2 minutes. After 2 minutes, the suspension obtained during washing is drained with a siphon, leaving a layer of it above the sand with a height of at least 30 mm. Then the sand is again filled with water to the level indicated above. Washing the sand in the specified sequence is repeated until the water after washing remains clear.

When using an elutriation vessel, the test is carried out in the same sequence. In this case, water is poured into the vessel up to the upper drain hole, and the suspension is drained through the two lower holes.

After elutriation, the washed sample is dried to a constant mass m1.

5.1.5. Results processing

(9)

where m is the mass of the dried sample before elutriation, g;

m1 is the weight of the dried sample after elutriation, g.

Vessel for elutriation

Notes:

1. When testing natural sands, the grains of which are tightly cemented with clay, the sample is kept in water for at least 1 day.

2. It is allowed to test sand in a state of natural moisture. In this case, in a parallel sample, the moisture content of the sand is determined and the content of dust-like and clay particles (Pom) is calculated as a percentage according to the formula

(10)

where TV is the weight of the sample in the state of natural moisture, g;

m1 is the weight of the sample dried after elutriation to constant weight, g;

W is the humidity of the tested sand, %.

5.2. pipette method

5.2.1. Method Essence

5.2.2. Equipment

The bucket is cylindrical with two marks (belts) on the inner wall, corresponding to a capacity of 5 and 10 liters.

The bucket is cylindrical without marks.

Drying cabinet.

Sieves with mesh No. 063 and 016 according to GOST 6613.

Metal cylinders with a capacity of 1000 ml with a viewing window (2 pcs.).

Pipette metal measured with a capacity of 50 ml (Fig. 3).

Funnel with a diameter of 150 mm.

Stopwatch.

Cup or glass for evaporation according to GOST 9147.

5.2.3. Conducting a test

A sample of sand weighing about 1000 g in a state of natural moisture is weighed, placed in a bucket (without a mark) and poured into 4.5 liters of water. In addition, prepare about 500 ml of water for the subsequent rinsing of the bucket.

The sand flooded with water is kept for 2 hours, stirring it several times, and thoroughly washed from clay particles adhering to the grains. Then the contents of the bucket are carefully poured onto two sieves: the upper one with mesh No. 063 and the lower one with mesh No. 016, placed on a bucket with marks.

The suspensions are allowed to settle and the clarified water is carefully poured into the first bucket. Drained water is washed again with sand on sieves above the second bucket (with marks). After that, the first bucket is rinsed with the remaining water and this water is poured into the second bucket. In this case, such an amount of left water is used so that the level of suspension in the latter reaches exactly the mark of 5 l; if the remaining water is not enough for this, the volume of the suspension is adjusted to 5 liters by adding additional water.

After that, the suspension is thoroughly mixed in a bucket and immediately filled with it using a funnel, alternately two metal cylinders with a capacity of 1000 ml, while continuing to mix the suspension. The slurry level in each cylinder must correspond to the mark on the viewing window.

The suspension in each cylinder is stirred with a glass or metal rod, or the cylinder is overturned several times, closing it with a lid, for better mixing.

After mixing, leave the cylinder alone for 1.5 minutes. 5-10 s before the end of exposure, lower the measuring pipette with the tube closed by a finger into the cylinder so that the support cap rests on the top of the cylinder wall, while the bottom of the pipette will be at the level of suspension selection - 190 mm from the surface. After the specified time (5-10 s), open the pipette tube and, after filling it, close the tube again with your finger, remove the pipette from the cylinder and, opening the tube, pour the contents of the pipette into a pre-weighed cup or glass. The filling of the pipette is controlled by the change in the level of the suspension in the viewing window.

Metal cylinder and volumetric pipette

1 - cylinder; 2 - pipette; 3 - label (1000 ml);

4 - suspension level in the cylinder

Instead of metal cylinders with a viewing window and a special pipette, it is allowed to use ordinary glass measuring cylinders with a capacity of 1 l and a glass pipette with a capacity of 50 ml, lowering it into the cylinder to a depth of 190 mm.

The suspension in a cup (glass) is evaporated in an oven at a temperature of (105 ± 5) °C. A cup (glass) with the evaporated powder is weighed on a balance with an error of up to 0.01 g. Similarly, a suspension sample is taken from the second cylinder.

5.2.4. Results processing

(11)

m1 is the mass of the cup or glass for evaporating the suspension, g;

m2 is the mass of a cup or glass with evaporated powder, g.

In the case of testing sand heavily contaminated with dust and clay particles, the volume of water for washing is taken equal to 10 liters instead of 5 liters. Accordingly, the volume of the suspension in the bucket with marks is increased to 10 l. In this case, the test result (Ptm) as a percentage is calculated by the formula

(12)

Note. It is allowed to determine the mass of sediment (m2-m1) by the density of the suspension according to the formula

(13)

where m3 is the mass of the pycnometer with suspension, g;

m4 is the mass of the pycnometer with water, g;

r is the sediment density, g/cm3 (assumed to be 2.65 g/cm3).

The result of determining the mass of sediment m2-m1 is entered into formula (11).

5.3. Wet screening method

5.3.1. Method Essence

The test is carried out in accordance with GOST 8269, using a sample of sand weighing 1000 g and sieves with mesh No. 0315 and 005.

5.4. Photoelectric method

5.4.1. Method Essence

The method is based on a comparison of the degree of transparency of pure water and a suspension obtained by sand washing.

The test is carried out according to GOST 8269, using a sample of sand weighing 1000 g.

6.1. Method Essence

The presence of organic impurities (humic substances) is determined by comparing the color of an alkaline solution over a sand sample with the color of the standard.

6.2. Equipment, reagents and solutions

Scales according to GOST 29329 or GOST 24104.

Photocolorimeter FEK-56M or spectrophotometer SF-4, or other similar devices.

Glass cylinders with a capacity of 250 ml from transparent colorless glass (internal diameter 36-40 mm) according to GOST 1770.

Bath water.

Sodium hydroxide (sodium hydroxide) according to GOST 4328, 3% solution.

Tannin, 2% solution in 1% ethanol.

6.3. Preparing for the test

From an analytical sample of sand in a state of natural moisture, a sample of about 250 g is taken.

Prepare a reference solution by dissolving 2.5 ml of 2% tannin solution in 97.5 ml of 3% sodium hydroxide solution. The prepared solution is stirred and left for 24 hours.

The optical density of the tannin solution, determined on a photocolorimeter or spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 450-500 nm, should be 0.60-0.68.

6.4. Conducting a test

Fill a measuring cylinder with sand to a level of 130 ml and fill it with a 3% sodium hydroxide solution to a level of 200 ml. The contents of the cylinder are stirred and left for 24 hours, stirring again 4 hours after the first stirring. Then compare the color of the liquid that has settled over the sample with the color of the standard solution or glass, the color of which is identical to the color of the standard solution.

Sand is suitable for use in concretes or mortars if the liquid above the sample is colorless or much less colored than the reference solution.

When the color of the liquid is slightly lighter than the standard solution, the contents of the vessel are heated for 2-3 hours in a water bath at a temperature of 60-70 ° C and the color of the liquid above the sample is compared with the color of the standard solution.

When the color of the liquid is the same or darker than the color of the reference solution, it is necessary to test the aggregate in concretes or solutions in specialized laboratories.

7.1. Method Essence

7.2. Equipment and reagents

Scales according to GOST 29329 or GOST 24104.

Set of sieves with grids No. 1.25; 063; 0315 and 016 according to GOST 6613 and with round holes with diameters of 5 and 2.5 mm.

Drying cabinet.

Binocular microscope with magnification from 10 to 50C, polarizing microscope with magnification up to 1350C.

Magnifier mineralogical in accordance with GOST 25706.

A set of reagents.

Steel needle.

7.3. Preparing for the test

An analytical sample of sand is sifted through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, at least 500 g of sand is taken from the sifted part of the sample.

The sand is washed, dried to constant weight, scattered on a set of sieves with holes 2.5 mm in diameter and grids No. 1.25; 063; 0315; 016 and select samples weighing at least:

25.0 g - for sand with a grain size of St. 2.5 to 5.0 mm;

5.0 g ” ” ” ” ” St. 1.25 to 2.5 mm;

1.0 g ” ” ” ” ” St. 0.63 to 1.25 mm;

0.1 g ” ” ” ” ” St. 0.315 to 0.63 mm;

0.01 g ” ” ” ” ” 0.16 to 0.315 mm.

7.4. Conducting a test

Each sample is poured in a thin layer on glass or paper and viewed with a binocular microscope or magnifying glass.

Sand grains, represented by fragments of the corresponding rocks and minerals, are divided using a thin needle into groups according to rock types and minerals.

In necessary cases, the definition of rocks and minerals is refined using chemical reagents (hydrochloric acid solution, etc.), as well as by analysis in immersion liquids using a polarizing microscope.

In sand grains, represented by fragments of minerals, the content of quartz, feldspar, mafic minerals, calcite, etc. is determined.

Sand grains, represented by rock fragments, are divided into genetic types in accordance with Table. 2.

table 2

In addition, grains of rocks and minerals that are classified as harmful impurities are isolated in the sand.

These rocks and minerals include: containing amorphous varieties of silicon dioxide (chalcedony, opal, flint, etc.); sulfur; sulfides (pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, etc.); sulfates (gypsum, anhydrite, etc.); layered silicates (micas, hydromicas, chlorites, etc.); iron oxides and hydroxides (magnetite, goethite, etc.); apatite; nepheline; phosphorite; halogen compounds (halite, sylvin, etc.); zeolites; asbestos; graphite; coal; combustible shale.

In the presence of minerals containing sulfur, the amount of sulfate and sulfide compounds in terms of SO3 is determined according to clause 12.

Quantitative determination of the content of potentially reactive silica species is carried out according to clause 11.

The same sample of sand is used to determine the shape and nature of the surface of the sand grains in accordance with the table. 3.

Table 3

7.5. Results processing

For each type of isolated rocks and minerals, the number of grains is counted and their content (X) is determined as a percentage in a sample according to the formula

(14)

where n is the number of grains of a given rock or mineral;

N is the total number of grains in the tested sample.

8.1. Pycnometric method

8.1.1. Method Essence

True density is determined by measuring the mass per unit volume of dried sand grains.

8.1.2. Equipment

Piconometer with a capacity of 100 ml according to GOST 22524.

Scales according to GOST 29329 or GOST 24104.

Desiccator according to GOST 25336.

Drying cabinet.

Bath sand or water bath.

Distilled water according to GOST 6709.

Sulfuric acid according to GOST 2184.

8.1.3. Preparing for the test

A sample of about 30 g is taken from an analytical sample of sand, sieved through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, dried to constant weight and cooled to room temperature in a desiccator over concentrated sulfuric acid or anhydrous calcium chloride. The dried sand is mixed and divided into two parts.

8.1.4. Conducting a test

Each part of the sample is poured into a clean, dried and pre-weighed pycnometer, after which it is weighed together with sand. Then distilled water is poured into the pycnometer in such an amount that the pycnometer is filled to about 2/3 of its volume, the contents are mixed and placed in a slightly inclined position in a sand bath or water bath. The contents of the pycnometer are boiled for 15-20 minutes to remove air bubbles; air bubbles can also be removed by keeping the pycnometer under vacuum in a desiccator.

After removing the air, the pycnometer is wiped, cooled to room temperature, topped up to the mark with distilled water and weighed. After that, the pycnometer is freed from the contents, washed, filled to the mark with distilled water and weighed again. All weighings are made with an error of up to 0.01 g.

8.1.5. Results processing

(15)

where m is the mass of the pycnometer with sand, g;

m1 is the mass of the empty pycnometer, g;

m2 is the mass of the pycnometer with distilled water, g;

m3 is the mass of the pycnometer with sand and distilled water after removal of air bubbles, g;

rw is the density of water, equal to 1 g/cm3.

The discrepancy between the results of two determinations of true density should not be more than 0.02 g/cm3. In cases of large discrepancies, a third determination is made and the arithmetic mean of the two nearest values is calculated.

Notes:

1. When testing by the indicated method of sand, consisting of grains of porous sedimentary rocks, they are pre-crushed in an iron or porcelain mortar to a particle size of less than 0.16 mm and further determined in the sequence described above.

2. Instead of weighing the pycnometer with distilled water during each test, it is allowed to determine the capacity of the pycnometer once and use its value for all tests. In this case, the determination of the capacity of the pycnometer and all tests are carried out at a steady temperature (20 ± 1) °C. The capacity of the pycnometer is determined by the mass of distilled water in the pycnometer, the density of which is assumed to be 1.0 g/cm3. In this case, the true sand density is calculated by the formula

(16)

where V is the volume of the pycnometer, ml.

The remaining designations are according to formula (15).

8.2. Accelerated True Density Determination

8.2.1. Method Essence

True density is determined by measuring the mass per unit volume of dried sand grains using a Le Chatelier apparatus.

8.2.2. Equipment

Le Chatelier device (Fig. 4).

Scales according to GOST 29329 or GOST 24104.

Weighing cup or porcelain cup according to GOST 9147.

Desiccator according to GOST 25336.

Drying cabinet.

Sieve with round holes 5 mm.

Sulfuric acid according to GOST 2184.

Calcium chloride (calcium chloride) according to GOST 450.

Le Chatelier device

8.2.3. Preparing for the test

About 200 g of sand is taken from the analytical sample, sifted through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, poured into a weighing cup or into a porcelain cup, dried to constant weight and cooled to room temperature in a desiccator over concentrated sulfuric acid or over anhydrous calcium chloride. After that, two test portions weighing 75 g each are weighed.

8.2.4. Conducting a test

The device is filled with water to the lower zero mark, and the water level is determined by the lower meniscus. Each sample of sand is poured through the funnel of the device in small uniform portions until the liquid level in the device, determined by the lower meniscus, rises to the mark with a division of 20 ml (or another division within the upper graduated part of the device).

To remove air bubbles, the device is rotated several times around its vertical axis.

The rest of the sand, not included in the device, is weighed, all weighings are carried out with an error of up to 0.01 g.

8.2.5. Results processing

The true sand density (r) in g/cm3 is calculated by the formula

(17)

where m is the weight of the sample of sand, g;

m1 is the mass of the sand residue, g;

V is the volume of water displaced by sand, ml.

The discrepancy between the results of two determinations of the true density should not be more than 0.02 g/cm3. In cases of large discrepancies, a third determination is made and the arithmetic mean of the two nearest values is calculated.

9.1. Determination of bulk density

9.1.1. Method Essence

Bulk density is determined by weighing the sand in measuring vessels.

9.1.2. Equipment

Scales according to GOST 29329, GOST 24104 or platform scales.

Cylindrical metal measuring vessels with a capacity of 1 l (diameter and height 108 mm) and a capacity of 10 l (diameter and height 234 mm).

Drying cabinet.

Metal ruler according to GOST 427.

Sieve with round holes with a diameter of 5 mm.

9.1.3. Preparing for the test

9.1.3.1. When determining the bulk density in the standard unconsolidated state during the input control, the tests are carried out in a measuring cylindrical vessel with a capacity of 1 l, using about 5 kg of sand, dried to constant weight and sifted through a sieve with round holes with a diameter of 5 mm.

9.1.3.2. When determining the bulk density of sand in a batch to convert the amount of sand supplied from mass units to volume units during acceptance control, tests are carried out in a measuring cylindrical vessel with a capacity of 10 liters. Sand is tested in a state of natural moisture without sifting through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm.

9.1.4. Conducting a test

9.1.4.1. When determining the bulk density of sand in a standard uncompacted state, sand is poured with a scoop into a pre-weighed measuring cylinder from a height of 10 cm from the top edge until a cone is formed above the top of the cylinder. The cone without sand compaction is removed flush with the edges of the vessel with a metal ruler, after which the vessel with sand is weighed.

9.1.4.2. When determining the bulk density of sand in a batch, to convert the amount of sand supplied from mass units to volume units, sand is poured with a scoop into a pre-weighed measuring cylinder from a height of 100 cm from the top edge of the cylinder until a cone is formed above the top of the cylinder. The cone without sand compaction is removed flush with the edges of the vessel with a metal ruler, after which the vessel with sand is weighed.

9.1.5. Results processing

The bulk density of sand (rн) in kg / m3 is calculated by the formula

(18)

where m is the mass of the measuring vessel, kg;

m1 is the mass of the measuring vessel with sand, kg;

V is the volume of the vessel, m3.

The determination of the bulk density of sand is carried out twice, each time a new portion of sand is taken.

Note. The bulk density of the sand-gravel mixture is determined according to GOST 8269.

9.2. Determination of voidness

Voidness (volume of intergranular voids) of sand in a standard unconsolidated state is determined based on the values of the true density and bulk density of the sand, previously set according to paragraphs. 8 and 9.1.

Voidness of sand (Vm.p) as a percentage by volume is calculated by the formula

(19)

where r is the true sand density, g/cm3;

rn is the bulk density of sand, kg/m3.

10.1. Method Essence

Moisture is determined by comparing the mass of sand in the state of natural moisture and after drying.

10.2. Equipment

Scales according to GOST 29329 or GOST 24104.

Drying cabinet.

baking sheet.

10.3. Conducting a test

A sample weighing 1000 g of sand is poured into a baking sheet and immediately weighed, and then dried in the same baking sheet to a constant weight.

10.4. Results processing

Sand moisture (W) as a percentage is calculated by the formula

(20)

where m is the sample mass in the state of natural moisture;

m1 is the weight of the sample in a dry state, g.

The test is carried out in accordance with GOST 8269, using a sample of sand weighing at least 250 g.

12.1. To determine the content of harmful sulfur-containing impurities in sand, the total sulfur content is found, then the content of sulfate sulfur, and the content of sulfide sulfur is calculated from their difference.

If only sulfate compounds are present in the sand, the total sulfur content is not determined.

12.2. Determination of total sulfur content

12.2.1. weight method

12.2.1.1. Method Essence

The weight method is based on the decomposition of a sample with a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, followed by the precipitation of sulfur in the form of barium sulfate and the determination of the mass of the latter.

12.2.1.2. Equipment, reagents and solutions

The muffle furnace provides a heating temperature of 900 °C.

Porcelain cups with a diameter of 15 cm according to GOST 9147.

Glass glasses with a capacity of 100, 200 300 400 ml according to GOST 23932.

Porcelain crucibles according to GOST 9147.

Desiccator according to GOST 25336.

Bath water.

Calcium chloride (calcium chloride) according to GOST 450, calcined at a temperature of 700-800 °C.

Paper ash filters according to TU 6-09-1706-82.

Nitric acid according to GOST 4461.

Hydrochloric acid according to GOST 3118.

Water ammonia according to GOST 3760, 10% solution.

Barium chloride (barium chloride) according to GOST 4108, 10% solution.

Methyl orange according to TU 6-09-5169-84, 0.1% solution.

Silver nitrate (silver nitrate) according to GOST 1277, 1% solution.

Wire mesh sieves with square mesh No. 005 and 0071 according to GOST 6613.

12.2.1.3. Preparing for the test

An analytical sample of sand is sieved through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm and 100 g of sand is taken from the sifted part, which is crushed to the size of particles passing through a sieve with a No. 016 mesh, a sample weighing 50 g is taken from the obtained sand. passing through sieve No. 0071.

The crushed sand is dried to a constant weight, placed in a weighing bottle, stored in a desiccator over calcined calcium chloride, and weighed from it for analysis (t) weighing 0.5–2 g.

12.2.1.4. Analysis

A weighed portion weighed with an accuracy of 0.0002 g is placed in a glass beaker with a capacity of 200 ml or a porcelain cup, moistened with a few drops of distilled water, 30 ml of nitric acid are added, covered with glass and left for 10-15 minutes. After the reaction is complete, add 10 ml of hydrochloric acid, stir with a glass rod, cover with glass and put a glass or cup in a water bath. After 20-30 minutes after the cessation of the release of brown vapors of nitrogen oxides, the glass is removed and the contents of the glass or cup are evaporated to dryness. After cooling, the residue is moistened with 5-7 ml of hydrochloric acid and again evaporated to dryness. The operation is repeated 2-3 times, add 50 ml of hot water and boil until the salts are completely dissolved.

To precipitate elements of the sesquioxides group, 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator are added to the solution and the ammonia solution is added until the color of the solution changes from red to yellow and the smell of ammonia appears. After 10 minutes, the coagulated precipitate of sesquioxides is filtered off through a “red tape” filter into a beaker with a capacity of 300–400 ml. The precipitate is washed with warm water with the addition of a few drops of ammonia solution. Hydrochloric acid is added to the filtrate until the color of the solution changes to pink, and another 2.5 ml of acid is added.

The filtrate is diluted with water to a volume of 200–250 ml, heated to a boil, 10 ml of a hot barium chloride solution is poured into it in one step, stirred, the solution is boiled for 5–10 minutes and left for at least 2 hours. The precipitate is filtered off through a dense filter “ blue ribbon” and washed 10 times with small portions of cold water to remove chloride ions.

After cooling in a desiccator, the crucible with the precipitate is weighed. The calcination is repeated until a constant mass is obtained. To determine the sulfur content in the reagents used for the analysis, a “blind experiment” is carried out in parallel with the analysis. The amount of barium sulfate found by the "blind experience" m2 is subtracted from the mass of barium sulfate m1 obtained from the analysis of the sample.

Note. The expression "blind experience" means that the test is carried out in the absence of the object under study, using the same reagents and observing all the conditions of the experiment.

12.2.1.5. Results processing

(21)

where m is the sample mass, g;

m1 is the mass of barium sulfate precipitate, g;

m2 is the weight of the barium sulfate precipitate in the blind run, g;

0.343 is the conversion factor for barium sulfate to SO3.

Permissible discrepancies between the results of two parallel analyzes at a confidence level P = 0.95 should not exceed the values indicated in Table. 4. Otherwise, the analysis should be repeated until an acceptable discrepancy is obtained.

Table 4

	Permissible discrepancy, abs. %

Over 0.5 to 1.0

12.2.2. Iodometric titration method

12.2.2.1. Method Essence

The method is based on burning a sample in a flow of carbon dioxide at a temperature of 1300–1350 °C, absorbing the released SO2 with an iodine solution, and titrating with a sodium thiosulfate solution the excess iodine that did not react with the resulting sulfurous acid.

12.2.2.2. Equipment, reagents and solutions

Installation for determination of sulfur content (Fig. 5).

Sodium thiosulfate according to GOST 27068, 0.005 N. solution.

Sodium carbonate (sodium carbonate) according to GOST 83.

Potassium dichromate (potassium bichromate) according to GOST 4220, fixanal.

Soluble starch according to GOST 10163, 1.0% solution.

Iodine according to GOST 4159, 0.005 N solution.

Potassium iodide (potassium iodide) according to GOST 4232.

Sulfuric acid according to GOST 4204, 0.1 N solution.

Analytical balance, measurement error 0.0002 g.

12.2.2.3. Preparation of 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution

To prepare a solution of sodium thiosulfate, dissolve 1.25 g of Na2S2O3 5 H2O in 1 liter of freshly boiled distilled water and add 0.1 g of sodium carbonate. The solution is stirred and left for 10-12 days, after which its titer is determined by a 0.01 N solution of potassium bichromate prepared from fixanal.

To 10 ml of a 0.01 N solution of potassium dichromate add 50 ml of a 0.1 N solution of sulfuric acid, 2 g of dry potassium iodide and titrate with the prepared solution of sodium thiosulfate until a straw-yellow color. Add a few drops of 1% starch solution (the solution turns blue) and titrate until the solution becomes colorless. The correction factor for the titer of 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution is determined by the formula

(22)

where is the normality of the potassium bichromate solution;

10 - volume of 0.01 N potassium dichromate solution taken for titration, ml;

V is the volume of 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution used for titration of 10 ml of 0.01 N potassium bichromate solution, ml;

— normality of sodium thiosulfate solution.

The titer is checked at least once every 10 days.

Sodium thiosulfate solution is stored in dark bottles.

12.2.2.4. Preparation of 0.005 N iodine solution

To prepare an iodine solution, 0.63 g of crystalline iodine and 10 g of potassium iodide are dissolved in 15 ml of distilled water. The solution is transferred to a 1-liter volumetric flask with a well-ground stopper, topped up with water to the mark, mixed and stored in the dark.

The titer of the prepared iodine solution is determined by the titrated solution of sodium thiosulfate prepared as described above (section 12.2.2.3).

10 ml of 0.005 N iodine solution are titrated with 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution in the presence of starch.

The correction factor for the titer of 0.005 n iodine solution () is determined by the formula

(23)

where is the volume of 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution used for titration of iodine solution, ml;

- correction factor of 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution;

- the normality of the iodine solution;

10 - the amount of iodine solution taken for titration, ml.

12.2.2.5. Preparing for the test

Samples for testing are prepared according to clause 12.1.1.3, while the mass of samples is taken equal to 0.1-1.0 g.

Before starting work, the furnace is heated to a temperature of 1300 ° C and the tightness of the installation is checked. To do this, close the tap in front of the absorption vessel and let in carbon dioxide. The cessation of the passage of gas bubbles through the wash bottle indicates the tightness of the installation.

The coefficient K is determined, which establishes the ratio between the concentrations of the iodine solution and sodium thiosulfate. Carbon dioxide is passed through the installation for 3-5 minutes, the absorption vessel is filled 2/3 with water. 10 ml of a titrated iodine solution is poured from a burette, 5 ml of a 1.0% starch solution are added and titrated with a solution of sodium thiosulfate until the solution becomes colorless. The ratio of the concentrations of solutions of iodine and sodium thiosulfate K is taken equal to the average value of three determinations. The concentration ratio ratio K in laboratory conditions is determined daily before testing.

12.2.2.6. Testing

A sample weighed to the nearest 0.0002 g is placed in a pre-calcined boat. 250-300 ml of distilled water are poured into an absorption vessel, a volume of iodine solution measured with a burette, 5 ml of starch solution are added and mixed with a stream of carbon dioxide.

Scheme of the installation for the determination of sulfur content

1 - cylinder with carbon dioxide; 2 - wash bottle with 5% solution

copper sulfate; 3 - washing bottle with 5% potassium permanganate solution;

4 - block with calcined calcium chloride; 5 - rubber plugs;

6 - electric tube furnace with silicate rods, providing

heating temperature 1300 °C; 7 - porcelain tube for calcination

length 70-75 mm, inner diameter 18-20 mm; 8 - porcelain

boat No. 1 (length 70, width 9, height 7-5 mm) or porcelain

boat No. 2 (length 95, width 12, height 10 mm) according to GOST 9147;

9 - crane; 10 - absorption vessel; II - burette with iodine solution;

I2 - burette with sodium thiosulfate solution

Note. All parts of the installation are connected end-to-end with rubber tubes. To prevent burning of rubber plugs, the inner end surface is covered with asbestos gaskets.

Using a heat-resistant wire hook, a boat with a hinge is placed in a heated tube (from the carbon dioxide supply side). The tube is closed with a stopper and carbon dioxide is supplied (speed 90-100 bubbles per minute). The sample is calcined for 10-15 minutes, making sure that the solution in the absorption vessel retains a blue color. The solution in the absorption vessel is then titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution until it becomes colorless. After the end of the titration, the boat is removed from the furnace, trying not to contaminate the walls of the porcelain tube with the remains of the sample.

A new portion of water, a solution of iodine and starch is poured into an absorption vessel, washed with water.

12.2.2.7. Results processing

(24)

where V is the volume of iodine solution taken for titration, ml;

V1 is the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution used for titration of excess iodine that did not react, ml;

126.92 - 1 g-eq of iodine, g;

10 - volume of 0.005 N iodine solution taken for titration, ml;

1000 is the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution, ml.

Permissible discrepancies between the results of two parallel determinations at a confidence level P = 0.95 should not exceed the values indicated in Table. 3. Otherwise, the experiment should be repeated until an acceptable discrepancy is obtained.

12.3. Determination of sulfate sulfur content

12.3.1. Method Essence

The method is based on the decomposition of a sample with hydrochloric acid, followed by the precipitation of sulfur in the form of barium sulfate and the determination of the mass of the latter.

12.3.2. Equipment, reagents and solutions

For the analysis, the equipment, reagents and solutions specified in clause 12.2.1.2 are used, while using hydrochloric acid according to GOST 3118, a 1: 3 solution (one volume part of concentrated hydrochloric acid and three volume parts of water).

12.3.3. Preparing for the test

A sample for testing is prepared according to clause 12.1.1.3, while the weight of the sample is assumed to be 1 g.

12.3.4. Testing

A sample of t is placed in a beaker with a capacity of 100-150 ml, covered with glass, and 40-50 ml of hydrochloric acid are added. After the release of gas bubbles has ceased, the glass is placed on the stove and kept at a gentle boil for 10-15 minutes. One and a half oxides are precipitated by adding 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator and adding ammonia solution until the color of the indicator changes from red to yellow and the smell of ammonia appears. After 10 minutes the precipitate is filtered off. The precipitate is washed with warm water with the addition of a few drops of ammonia solution.

The filtrate is neutralized with hydrochloric acid until the color of the solution changes to pink, and another 2.5 ml of acid is added. The solution is heated to boiling and added in one step with 10 ml of a hot solution of barium chloride, stirred, the solution is boiled for 5-10 minutes and left for at least 2 hours. The precipitate is filtered off through a dense “blue ribbon” filter and washed 10 times with small portions of cold water before removing chloride ions.

The completeness of the removal of chloride ions is checked by reaction with silver nitrate: a few drops of the filtrate are placed on glass and a drop of 1% silver nitrate solution is added. The absence of the formation of a white precipitate indicates the completeness of the removal of chloride ions.

A precipitate with a filter is placed in a porcelain crucible, previously calcined to constant weight at a temperature of 800–850 °C, dried, ashed, avoiding ignition of the filter, and calcined in an open crucible until the filter is completely burned out, and then at a temperature of 800–850 °C in within 30-40 minutes.

After cooling in a desiccator, the crucible with the precipitate is weighed. The calcination is repeated until a constant mass is obtained.

In parallel with the analysis, a “blind experiment” is carried out (see note to paragraph 12.2.1.4). The amount of barium sulfate t2 found by "blind experience" is subtracted from the mass of barium sulfate t1 obtained from the analysis of the sample.

12.3.5. Results processing

Permissible discrepancies between the results of two parallel analyzes are accepted according to clause 12.2.1.5.

12.4. Determination of sulfide sulfur content

(27)

where X is the total sulfur content in terms of SO3, %;

13.1. Method Essence

The frost resistance of sand is determined by the weight loss during successive freezing and thawing.

13.2. Equipment

Freezer.

Drying cabinet.

Scales according to GOST 29329 or GOST 24104.

Sieves with grids No. 1.25; 016 according to GOST 6613 and with round holes with a diameter of 5 mm.

Vessel for thawing samples.

Fabric bags made of dense fabric with double walls.

Baking sheets.

13.3. Sample preparation

The laboratory sample is reduced to a mass of at least 1000 g, sieved on two sieves: the first with holes with a diameter of 5 mm and the second with mesh No. 1.25 or 016, depending on the size of the test material, dried to a constant weight, after which two samples are taken weighing 400 g.

13.4. Testing

Each sample is placed in a bag that ensures the safety of the grains, immersed in a vessel with water for saturation for 48 hours. The bag with a sample is removed from the water and placed in a freezer, which ensures a gradual decrease in temperature to minus (20 ± 5) ° C.

Samples in the chamber at a steady temperature of minus (20 ± 5) °C are kept for 4 hours, after which the bags with weighed portions are removed, immersed in a vessel with water at a temperature of 20 °C, and kept for 2 hours.

After carrying out the required number of cycles of freezing and thawing, the sample from the bag is poured onto a control sieve with mesh No. 1.25 or 016, carefully washing off the remaining grains from the walls of the bag. The test portion on the control sieve is washed, and the residue is dried to constant weight.

13.5. Results processing

The weight loss of the sample (Pmrz) as a percentage is calculated by the formula

(28)

where m is the weight of the sample before testing, g;

m1 is the mass of sampled grains on a control sieve with mesh No. 1.25 or 016 after testing, g.

Reference

TEST SCOPE

The name and scope of the tests are indicated in Table. 5.

Table 5

	Application area
Name of the test	Quality control at the manufacturing plant		Geological	Input control
	acceptance	periodic	intelligence service	at the consumer enterprise
1. Determination of grain composition and particle size modulus
2. Determination of clay content in lumps
3. Determination of the content of dust and clay particles
4. Determination of the presence of organic impurities
5. Determination of the mineralogical and petrographic composition
6. Determination of true density
7. Determination of bulk density and voidness
8. Humidity determination
9. Determination of reactivity
10. Determination of the content of sulfate and sulfide compounds
11. Determination of frost resistance of sand from screenings of crushing

Note. The “+” sign means that the test is being carried out; the sign “-” is not carried out.

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Industry of Building Materials of the USSR

PERFORMERS

M. L. Nisnevich, Dr. Sci. sciences (topic leader); N. S. Levkova, Ph.D. tech. sciences; E. I. Levina, Ph.D. tech. sciences; G. S. Zarzhitsky, Ph.D. tech. sciences; L. I. Levin; V. N. Tarasova, Ph.D. tech. sciences; A. I. Polyakova; E. A. Antonov; L. V. Bereznitsky, Ph.D. tech. sciences; I. I. Kurbatova Ph.D. tech. sciences; G. P. Abysova; M. F. Semizorov; T. A. Kochneva; A. V. Strelsky; V. I. Novatorov; V. A. Bogoslovsky; T. A. Fironova

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the State Construction Committee of the USSR dated 05.10.88 No. 203

3. Corresponds to ST SEV 5446-85, ST SEV 6317-88 (in terms of sampling and determining the grain composition)

4. Instead of GOST 8735-75 and GOST 25589-83

5. REFERENCE REGULATIONS AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

	Number of paragraph, subparagraph
GOST 8.326-78
GOST 83-79
GOST 427-75
GOST 450-77	8.1.2; 8.2.2; 12.2.1.2
GOST 1277-75
GOST 1770-74
GOST 2184-77
GOST 2874-82
GOST 3118-77	12.2.1.2; 12.3.2
GOST 3760-79
GOST 4108-72
GOST 4159-79
GOST 4204-77
GOST 4220-75
GOST 4232-74
GOST 4328-77
GOST 4461-77
GOST 5072-79
GOST 6613-86	1.6, 3.2, 4.2, 5.2.2, 7.2, 12.2.1.2, 13.2
GOST 6709-72
GOST 8269-87	2.3, 5.3.1, 5.4.1, 9.1.5, 11, 12.2.1.3
GOST 8736-93
GOST 9147-80	5.2.2, 8.2.2, 12.2.1.2
GOST 10163-76
GOST 22524-77
GOST 23732-79
GOST 23932-90
GOST 24104-88	3.2, 4.2, 5.1.2, 5.2.2, 6.2, 7.2, 8.1.2, 8.2.2, 9.1.2, 10.2, 13.2
GOST 25336-82	8.1.2, 8.2.2, 12.2.1.2
GOST 25706-83
GOST 27068-86
GOST 29329-92	3.2, 4.2, 5.1.2, 5.2.2, 6.2, 7.2, 8.1.2, 8.2.2, 9.1.2, 10.2, 13.2
TU 6-09-1706-82
TU 6-09-5169-84

6. REISSUE (November 1997) with Amendment No. 1 approved in June 1989 (IUS 11-89)


Designation	GOST 8735-88
Title in Russian	Sand for construction work. Test Methods
Title in English	Sand for construction work. Testing methods
Date of entry into force	01.07.1989
OKS	91.100.15
KGS code	F19
OKSTU code	5711
SRSTI rubricator index	670181
Annotation (scope)	This standard applies to sand used as an aggregate for cast-in-situ, prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures, as well as material for relevant types of construction work, and establishes test methods
Keywords	construction ; filler for monolithic concretes; aggregate for prefabricated concrete structures; filler for reinforced concrete structures; material for relevant types of construction work;
Type of standard	Standards for methods of control
Designation of the replacement(s)	GOST 8735-75; GOST 25589-83
Normative references to: GOST	GOST 8.326-89; GOST 83-79; GOST 427-75; GOST 450-77; GOST 1277-75; GOST 1770-74; GOST 2184-77; GOST 2874-82; GOST 3118-77; GOST 3760-79; GOST 4108-72; GOST 4159-79; GOST 4204-77; GOST 4220-75; GOST 4232-74; GOST 4328-77; GOST 4461-77; GOST 6613-86; GOST 6709-72; GOST 8269.0-97; GOST 8736-93; GOST 9147-80; GOST 10163-76; GOST 22524-77; GOST 23732-79; GOST 23932-90; GOST 24104-2001; GOST 25336-82; GOST 25706-83; GOST 27068-86; GOST 29329-92; GOST R 51232-98
Regulatory references to: Other	TU 6-09-1706-82; TU 6-09-5169-84; PR 50.2.009-94
The document was submitted by the CIS organization	USSR Ministry of Industry and Construction Materials
Department of Rostekhregulirovanie	50 - Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation
MND Developer	Russian Federation
Date of last edition	01.11.2006
Number(s) of change(s)	reissue with rev. one; 2
Number of pages (original)	26
Organization - Developer	USSR Ministry of Industry and Construction Materials
Status	Active

GOST 873588

(ST SEV 5446 * 85)

ST SEV 6317 * 88

UDC 691.223.001.4.006.354 Group Zh19

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS
Test Methods

Sand for construction work.

Testing methods

OKSTU 5711

Introduction date 01.07.89

Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law

This standard applies to sand used as an aggregate for cast-in-place concrete, prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures, as well as material for relevant types of construction work and establishes test methods.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The scope of the sand test methods of this International Standard is specified in the annex.

1.2. Samples are weighed to the nearest 0.1 % mass unless otherwise specified in the standard.

1.3. Samples or sand samples are dried to constant weight in an oven at a temperature of (105 ± 5) ° C until the difference between the results of two weighings is no more than 0.1% of the mass. Each subsequent weighing is carried out after drying for at least 1 hour and cooling for at least 45 minutes.

1.4. The test results are calculated to the second decimal place, unless otherwise specified as to the accuracy of the calculation.

1.5. The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean of the parallel determinations provided for the respective method.

Note. The use of sieves with meshes No. 014 is allowed before equipping enterprises with sieves with meshes No. 016.

1.8. Water for testing is used in accordance with GOST 2874 or GOST 23732, if the standard does not provide instructions on the use of distilled water.

1.9. When using hazardous (caustic, toxic) substances as reagents, one should be guided by the safety requirements set forth in the regulatory and technical documents for these reagents.

1.10. The Hardware sections provide links to state standards. The use of similar imported equipment is allowed. Non-standard measuring instruments used, specified in the Equipment section, must undergo metrological certification in accordance with GOST 8.326.

2. SAMPLING

2.1. During acceptance control at the manufacturing plant, point samples are taken, from which, by mixing, one combined sample is obtained from the replacement products of each production line.

To check the quality of sand shipped directly to the quarry, point samples are taken during loading into vehicles.

2.3. Point samples to obtain a combined sample begin to be taken 1 hour after the start of the shift and then taken every hour during the shift.

Depending on the obtained maximum value of the coefficient of variation for the two determined indicators, the following intervals for sampling spot samples during the shift are taken:

3 hours with a coefficient of variation of the indicator up to 10%;

2 hours 15%.

2.5. The pooled sample is agitated and shortened by quartering or using a divider trough before being sent to the laboratory to obtain a laboratory sample.

2.6. The mass of the laboratory sample during acceptance control at the manufacturer must be at least 5000 g, it is used for all tests provided for during acceptance control.

2.7. For each test, an analytical sample is taken from the laboratory sample.

Samples are taken from the analytical sample in accordance with the test procedure.

The selected samples are packed in such a way that the mass and properties of the materials do not change before testing.

Each sample is provided with two labels with the designation of the sample. One label is placed inside the package, the other in a conspicuous place on the package.

During transportation, the packaging must be protected from mechanical damage and getting wet.

2.9. To check the quality of sand mined and laid by hydromechanization, the alluvium map is divided in terms of length (along the alluvium map) into three parts.

From each part, point samples are taken from at least five different places (in plan). To take a point sample, a hole is dug 0.20.4 m deep. A sand sample is taken from the hole with a shovel, moving it from bottom to top along the wall of the hole.

From incremental samples, by mixing, a combined sample is obtained, which is reduced to obtain a laboratory sample according to clause 2.5.

The quality of the sand is assessed separately for each part of the alluvium map based on the results of testing a sample taken from it.

2.10. When arbitrating the quality of sand in warehouses, point samples are taken with a scoop in places evenly spaced over the entire surface of the warehouse, from the bottom of dug holes 0.20.4 m deep. The holes should be placed in a checkerboard pattern. The distance between the holes should not exceed 10 m. The laboratory sample is prepared according to clause 2.5.

2.12. During geological exploration, samples are taken in accordance with the normative and technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

3. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN COMPOSITION AND SIZE MODULUS

3.1. Method Essence

The grain composition is determined by sifting sand on a standard set of sieves.

3.2. Equipment

A set of sieves according to GOST 6613 and sieves with round holes with diameters of 10; 5 and 2.5 mm.

Drying cabinet.

3.3. Preparing for the test

An analytical sample of sand weighing at least 2000 g is dried to constant weight.

3.4. Conducting a test

A sample of sand dried to constant weight is sifted through sieves with round holes with diameters of 10 and 5 mm.

The residues on the sieves are weighed and the content of gravel fractions in the sand with a grain size of 5 to 10 mm is calculated ( Gr 5) and St. 10 mm ( Gr 10) as a percentage by weight according to the formulas:

where M 10 residue on a sieve with round holes 10 mm in diameter, g;

M 5 residue on a sieve with round holes 5 mm in diameter, g;

M sample weight, g.

From a part of the sand sample that has passed through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, a sample weighing at least 1000 g is taken to determine the grain composition of the sand.

The prepared sample of sand is sieved through a set of sieves with round holes with a diameter of 2.5 mm and with grids No. 1.25; 063; 0315 and 016.

(Changed edition, Rev. No. 1).

3.5. Results processing

Based on the screening results, calculate:

Private residue on each sieve ( a i) as a percentage according to the formula

where t i mass of residue on this sieve, g;

t weight of the sifted sample, g;

Total residue on each sieve ( BUT i) as a percentage according to the formula

where a 2,5 , a 1,25 , a i private residues on the respective sieves;

Sand size modulus ( M j) without grains larger than 5 mm according to the formula

where BUT 2,5 , BUT 1,25 , BUT 063 , BUT 0315 , BUT 016 full residues on a sieve with round holes with a diameter of 2.5 mm and on sieves with grids No. 1.25; 063; 0315, 016, %.

The result of determining the grain composition of the sand is drawn up in accordance with the table. 1 or depicted graphically in the form of a sieving curve in accordance with Fig. one.

Screening curve

Crap. one

Table 1

	Residues, % by weight, on sieves					Pass through
Residue name		1,25	0,63	0,315	0,16 (0,14)	mesh sieve № 016(014), % by mass
Private	a 2,5	a 1,25	a 063	a 0315	a 016(014)	a 016(014)
Full	BUT 2,5	BUT 1,25	BUT 063	BUT 0315	BUT 016(014)

4. DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF CLAY IN Lumps

4.1. Method Essence

4.2. Equipment

Scales according to GOST 23711 or GOST 24104.

Drying cabinet.

Sieves with mesh No. 1.25 according to GOST 6613 and with round holes with diameters of 5 and 2.5 mm.

Magnifier mineralogical in accordance with GOST 25706.

Steel needle.

4.3. Preparing for the test

5.0 g fraction St. 2.5 to 5 mm;

1.0 g fraction from 1.25 to 2.5 mm

4.4. Results processing

where m 1 , m 2 the weight of the sample sand of the fraction, respectively, from 2.5 to 5 mm and from 1.25 to 2.5 mm before the release of clay, g;

t 1, m 3 masses of grains of sand of a fraction, respectively, from 2.5 to 5 mm and from 1.25 to 2.5 mm after the extraction of clay, g.

where a 2,5 , a 1.25 partial residues in percent by weight on sieves with openings of 2.5 and 1.25 mm, calculated according to paragraph 3.5.

5. DETERMINATION OF POWDER AND CLAY PARTICLES

5.1. elutriation method

5.1.1. Method Essence

5.1.2. Equipment

Scales according to GOST 23711 or GOST 24104.

Drying cabinet.

A cylindrical bucket with a height of at least 300 mm with a siphon or a vessel for elutriation of sand (Fig. 2).

Stopwatch.

5.1.3. Preparing for the test

5.1.4. Conducting a test

After elutriation, the washed sample is dried to constant weight. t 1 .

5.1.5. Results processing

where t weight of the dried sample before elutriation, g;

m1 weight of the dried sample after elutriation, g.

Vessel for elutriation

Crap. 2

Notes:

1. When testing natural sands, the grains of which are tightly cemented with clay, the sample is kept in water for at least 1 day.

2. It is allowed to test sand in a state of natural moisture. In this case, in a parallel sample, the moisture content of sand and the content of dust and clay particles are determined ( P otm) is calculated as a percentage according to the formula

(10)

where t in weight of sample in the state of natural humidity, g;

t 1 weight of sample dried after elutriation to constant weight, g;

W humidity of the tested sand, %.

5.2. pipette method

5.2.1. Method Essence

5.2.2. Equipment

Scales according to GOST 29329 or GOST 24104.

The bucket is cylindrical with two marks (belts) on the inner wall, corresponding to a capacity of 5 and 10 liters.

The bucket is cylindrical without marks.

Drying cabinet.

Sieves with mesh No. 063 and 016 according to GOST 6613.

Metal cylinders with a capacity of 1000 ml with a viewing window (2 pcs.).

Pipette metal measured with a capacity of 50 ml (Fig. 3).

Funnel with a diameter of 150 mm.

Stopwatch.

Cup or glass for evaporation according to GOST 9147.

5.2.3. Conducting a test

The suspension in each cylinder is stirred with a glass or metal rod, or the cylinder is overturned several times, closing it with a lid, for better mixing.

After mixing, leave the cylinder alone for 1.5 minutes. 510 s before the end of exposure, lower the volumetric pipette with the tube closed by a finger into the cylinder so that the support cap rests on the top of the cylinder wall, while the bottom of the pipette will be at the level of suspension selection 190 mm from the surface. After the specified time has elapsed (510 s), open the pipette tube and, after filling it, close the tube again with your finger, remove the pipette from the cylinder and, opening the tube, pour the contents of the pipette into a pre-weighed cup or glass. The filling of the pipette is controlled by the change in the level of the suspension in the viewing window.

Metal cylinder and volumetric pipette

1 cylinder; 2 pipette; 3 label (1000 ml);

4 suspension level in the cylinder

Crap. 3

5.2.4. Results processing

(11)

where t sand weight, g;

Directory of GOSTs, TU, standards, norms and rules. SNiP, SanPiN, certification, specifications

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INTERSTATE STANDARD

SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS

TEST METHODS

Moscow

Standartinform

INTERSTATE STANDARD

SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS

Test Methods

Sand for construction work.
Testing methods

GOST
8735-88

Date of introduction 01.07.89

1.1. The scope of the sand test methods of this International Standard is specified in the annex.

1.2. Samples are weighed to the nearest 0.1 % mass unless otherwise specified in the standard.

1.4. The test results are calculated to the second decimal place, unless otherwise specified as to the accuracy of the calculation.

1.5. The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean of the parallel determinations provided for the respective method.

Note. The use of sieves with meshes No. 014 is allowed before equipping enterprises with sieves with meshes No. 016.

1.8. Water for testing is used in accordance with GOST 2874 * or GOST 23732, if the standard does not provide instructions on the use of distilled water.

* On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST R 51232-98 applies.

1.9. When using hazardous (caustic, toxic) substances as reagents, one should be guided by the safety requirements set forth in the regulatory and technical documents for these reagents.

1.10. For testing, it is allowed to use imported equipment similar to that given in this standard.

Non-standardized measuring instruments must pass metrological certification in accordance with GOST 8.326 **.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 2).

** PR 50.2.009-94 is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2.1. During acceptance control at the manufacturing plant, point samples are taken, from which, by mixing, one combined sample is obtained from the replacement products of each production line.

To check the quality of sand shipped directly to the quarry, point samples are taken during loading into vehicles.

2.3. Point samples to obtain a combined sample begin to be taken 1 hour after the start of the shift and then taken every hour during the shift.

The interval for taking incremental samples during manual sampling can be increased if the manufacturer produces products of consistent quality. To establish the allowable sampling interval, quarterly determine the coefficient of variation of the values of the content of grains passing through a sieve with mesh No. 016, and the content of dust and clay particles. To determine the coefficient of variation of these indicators, point samples weighing at least 2000 g are taken every 15 minutes during a shift. For each point sample, the content of grains passing through a sieve with mesh No. 016 and the content of dust and clay particles are determined. Then the coefficients of variation of these indicators are calculated in accordance with GOST 8269.0.

Depending on the obtained maximum value of the coefficient of variation for the two determined indicators, the following intervals for sampling spot samples during the shift are taken:

3 hours - with a coefficient of variation of the indicator up to 10%;

2 hours » » » » 15%.

2.4. The mass of an incremental sample at a sampling interval of 1 hour must be at least 1500 g. With an increase in the sampling interval in accordance with clause 2.3, the mass of a selected incremental sample must be doubled at an interval of 2 hours, and at an interval of 3 hours - four times.

2.5. The pooled sample is agitated and shortened by quartering or using a divider trough before being sent to the laboratory to obtain a laboratory sample.

To quarter the sample (after mixing it), the material cone is leveled and divided by mutually perpendicular lines passing through the center into four parts. Any two opposite quarters are sampled. By successive quartering, the sample is reduced by two, four times, etc. before obtaining a sample with a mass corresponding to clause 2.6.

2.6. The mass of the laboratory sample during acceptance control at the manufacturer must be at least 5000 g, it is used for all tests provided for during acceptance control.

2.7. For each test, an analytical sample is taken from the laboratory sample. Samples are taken from the analytical sample in accordance with the test procedure.

The selected samples are packed in such a way that the mass and properties of the materials do not change before testing.

Each sample is provided with two labels with the designation of the sample. One label is placed inside the package, the other - in a conspicuous place on the package.

During transportation, the packaging must be protected from mechanical damage and getting wet.

2.9. To check the quality of sand mined and laid by hydromechanization, the alluvium map is divided in terms of length (along the alluvium map) into three parts.

From each part, point samples are taken from at least five different places (in plan). To take a point sample, dig a hole 0.2 - 0.4 m deep. A sand sample is taken from the hole with a scoop, moving it from bottom to top along the wall of the hole.

From incremental samples, by mixing, a combined sample is obtained, which is reduced to obtain a laboratory sample according to clause 2.5.

The quality of the sand is assessed separately for each part of the alluvium map based on the results of testing a sample taken from it.

2.10. When arbitrating the quality of sand in warehouses, point samples are taken with a scoop in places evenly spaced over the entire surface of the warehouse, from the bottom of dug holes 0.2 - 0.4 m deep. The holes should be placed in a checkerboard pattern. The distance between the holes should not exceed 10 m. The laboratory sample is prepared according to clause 2.5.

2.11. During the input control at the consumer enterprise, a combined sand sample is taken from the inspected batch of material in accordance with the requirements of GOST 8736. A laboratory sample is prepared according to clause 2.5.

2.12. During geological exploration, samples are taken in accordance with the normative and technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

3.1. Method Essence

The grain composition is determined by sifting sand on a standard set of sieves.

3.2. Equipment

Drying cabinet.

Steel needle.

4.3. Preparing for the test

5.0 g - fractions of St. 2.5 to 5 mm;

1.0g" from 1.25" to 2.5mm

4.4. Results processing

where t, t 2 - weights of the sample sand of the fraction, respectively, from 2.5 to 5 mm and from 1.25 to 2.5 mm before the extraction of clay, g;

t 1 , t 3 - masses of sand grains of the fraction from 2.5 to 5 mm and from 1.25 to 2.5 mm, respectively, after the extraction of clay, g.

where a 2,5 , a 1.25 - partial residues in percent by weight on sieves with holes of 2.5 and 1.25 mm, calculated according to clause 3.5.

5.1.1. Method Essence

Drying cabinet.

A cylindrical bucket with a height of at least 300 mm with a siphon or a vessel for elutriation of sand (Fig. 2).

Stopwatch.

5.1.3. Preparing for the test

5.1.4. Conducting a test

Vessel for elutriation

After elutriation, the washed sample is dried to constant weight. t 1 .

5.1.5. Results processing

where t- mass of the dried sample before elutriation, g;

m 1 - mass of the dried sample after elutriation, g.

Notes:

1. When testing natural sands, the grains of which are tightly cemented with clay, the sample is kept in water for at least 1 day.

where t c - weight of sample in the state of natural humidity, g;

t 1 - weight of sample dried after elutriation to constant weight, g;

W- humidity of the tested sand, %.

5.2.1. Method Essence

The bucket is cylindrical with two marks (belts) on the inner wall, corresponding to a capacity of 5 and 10 dm 3 .

The bucket is cylindrical without marks.

Drying cabinet.

Metal cylinders with a capacity of 1000 cm 3 with a viewing window (2 pcs.).

Pipette metal measured with a capacity of 50 cm 3 (Fig. 3).

Metal cylinder and volumetric pipette

1 - cylinder; 2 - pipette; 3 - label (1000 cm 3); 4 - suspension level in the cylinder

Funnel with a diameter of 150 mm.

Stopwatch.

Cup or glass for evaporation according to GOST 9147.

5.2.3. Conducting a test

A sample of sand weighing about 1000 g in a state of natural moisture is weighed, placed in a bucket (without a mark) and poured with 4.5 dm 3 of water. In addition, prepare about 500 cm 3 of water for subsequent rinsing of the bucket.

The sand flooded with water is kept for 2 hours, stirring it several times, and thoroughly washed from clay particles adhering to the grains. Then the contents of the bucket are poured carefully onto two sieves: the upper one with mesh No. 063 and the lower one with mesh No. 016, placed on a bucket with marks.

The suspensions are allowed to settle and the clarified water is carefully poured into the first bucket. Drained water is washed again with sand on sieves above the second bucket (with marks). After that, the first bucket is rinsed with the remaining water and this water is poured into the second bucket. In this case, such an amount of left water is used so that the level of suspension in the latter reaches exactly the mark of 5 DM 3; if the remaining water is not enough for this, the volume of the suspension is adjusted to 5 dm 3 by adding an additional amount of water.

After that, the suspension is thoroughly mixed in a bucket and immediately filled with it using a funnel, alternately two metal cylinders with a capacity of 1000 cm 3, while continuing to mix the suspension. The slurry level in each cylinder must correspond to the mark on the viewing window.

The suspension in each cylinder is stirred with a glass or metal rod, or the cylinder is overturned several times, closing it with a lid, for better mixing.

After mixing, leave the cylinder alone for 1.5 minutes. 5 - 10 s before the end of exposure, lower the measuring pipette with the tube closed by a finger into the cylinder so that the support cover rests on the top of the cylinder wall, while the bottom of the pipette will be at the level of suspension selection - 190 mm from the surface. After the specified time has elapsed (5-10 s), open the pipette tube and, after filling it, close the tube again with your finger, remove the pipette from the cylinder and, opening the tube, pour the contents of the pipette into a pre-weighed cup or glass. The filling of the pipette is controlled by the change in the level of the suspension in the viewing window.

Instead of metal cylinders with a viewing window and a special pipette, it is allowed to use ordinary glass measuring cylinders with a capacity of 1 dm 3 and a glass pipette with a capacity of 50 cm 3, lowering it into the cylinder to a depth of 190 mm.

5.2.4. Results processing

where t- weight of the sample of sand, g;

t 1 - mass of a cup or glass for evaporating the suspension, g;

m 2 - mass of a cup or glass with evaporated powder, g.

In the case of testing sand heavily contaminated with dust and clay particles, the volume of water for washing is taken equal to 10 dm 3 instead of 5 dm 3. Accordingly, the volume of the suspension in the bucket with marks is increased to 10 dm 3 . In this case, the test result ( P otm) as a percentage is calculated by the formula

Note. Allowed sediment mass ( t 2 - t 1) determine by the density of the suspension according to the formula

where m 3 - mass of the pycnometer with suspension, g;

t 4 - weight of the pycnometer with water, g;

ρ - sediment density, g/cm 3 (taken equal to 2.65 g/cm 3).

The result of determining the mass of sediment t 2 - t 1 is entered into formula (11).

5.3.1. Method Essence

Photocolorimeter FEK-56M or spectrophotometer SF-4, or other similar devices.

Glass cylinders with a capacity of 250 cm 3 made of transparent colorless glass (inner diameter 36 - 40 mm) according to GOST 1770.

Bath water.

Sodium hydroxide (sodium hydroxide) according to GOST 4328, 3% solution.

Tannin, 2% solution in 1% ethanol.

6.3. Preparing for the test

From an analytical sample of sand in a state of natural moisture, a sample of about 250 g is taken.

Prepare a reference solution by dissolving 2.5 cm 3 of a 2% solution of tannin in 97.5 cm 3 of a 3% sodium hydroxide solution. The prepared solution is stirred and left for 24 hours.

The optical density of the tannin solution, determined on a photocolorimeter or spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 450 - 500 nm, should be 0.60 - 0.68.

6.4. Conducting a test

The measuring cylinder is filled with sand to a level of 130 cm 3 and filled with 3% sodium hydroxide solution to a level of 200 cm 3. The contents of the cylinder are stirred and left for 24 hours, stirring again 4 hours after the first stirring. Then compare the color of the liquid that has settled over the sample with the color of the standard solution or glass, the color of which is identical to the color of the standard solution.

Sand is suitable for use in concretes or mortars if the liquid above the sample is colorless or much less colored than the reference solution.

When the color of the liquid is slightly lighter than the reference solution, the contents of the vessel are heated for 2–3 hours in a water bath at a temperature of 60–70 °C and the color of the liquid above the sample is compared with the color of the reference solution.

When the color of the liquid is the same or darker than the color of the reference solution, it is necessary to test the aggregate in concretes or solutions in specialized laboratories.

7.1.Method Essence

7.2. Equipment and reagents

Set of sieves with grids No. 1.25; 063; 0315 and 016 according to GOST 6613 and with round holes with diameters of 5 and 2.5 mm.

Drying cabinet.

Binocular microscope with magnification from 10 to 50 × , polarizing microscope with magnification up to 1350 × .

A set of reagents.

Steel needle.

7.3. Preparing for the test

An analytical sample of sand is sifted through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, at least 500 g of sand is taken from the sifted part of the sample.

The sand is washed, dried to constant weight, scattered on a set of sieves with holes 2.5 mm in diameter and grids No. 1.25; 063; 0315; 016 and select samples weighing at least:

25.0 g - for sand with a grain size of St. 2.5 to 5.0 mm;

5.0 g » » » » » 1.25 » 2.5 mm;

1.0 g » » » » » » 0.63 » 1.25 mm;

0.1 g » » » » » 0.315 » 0.63 mm;

0.01 g » » » » from 0.16 » 0.315 mm.

7.4. Conducting a test

Each sample is poured in a thin layer on glass or paper and viewed with a binocular microscope or magnifying glass.

Sand grains, represented by fragments of the corresponding rocks and minerals, are divided using a thin needle into groups according to rock types and minerals.

In sand grains, represented by fragments of minerals, the content of quartz, feldspar, mafic minerals, calcite, etc. is determined.

Sand grains, represented by rock fragments, are divided into genetic types in accordance with Table. 2.

table 2

In addition, grains of rocks and minerals that are classified as harmful impurities are isolated in the sand.

In the presence of minerals containing sulfur, the amount of sulfate and sulfide compounds in terms of SO 3 is determined according to clause 12.

Quantitative determination of the content of potentially reactive silica species is carried out according to clause 11.

The same sample of sand is used to determine the shape and nature of the surface of the sand grains in accordance with the table. 3.

Table 3

7.5.Results processing

For each type of isolated rocks and minerals, the number of grains is counted and their content is determined ( X) as a percentage in a sample according to the formula

where P- the number of grains of a given rock or mineral;

N- the total number of grains in the test sample.

8.1.1. Method Essence

True density is determined by measuring the mass per unit volume of dried sand grains.

8.1.2. Equipment

Pycnometer with a capacity of 100 cm 3 according to GOST 22524.

Drying cabinet.

Bath sand or water bath.

GOST 450.

8.1.3. Preparing for the test

A sample of about 30 g is taken from an analytical sample of sand, sifted through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, dried to constant weight and cooled to room temperature in a desiccator over concentrated sulfuric acid or anhydrous calcium chloride. The dried sand is mixed and divided into two parts.

8.1.4. Conducting a test

Each part of the sample is poured into a clean, dried and pre-weighed pycnometer, after which it is weighed together with sand. Then distilled water is poured into the pycnometer in such an amount that the pycnometer is filled to about 2/3 of its volume, the contents are mixed and placed in a slightly inclined position in a sand bath or water bath. The contents of the pycnometer are boiled for 15 - 20 minutes to remove air bubbles; air bubbles can also be removed by keeping the pycnometer under vacuum in a desiccator.

8.1.5. Results processing

where t- mass of the pycnometer with sand, g;

t 1 - mass of an empty pycnometer, g;

m 2 - mass of the pycnometer with distilled water, g;

t 3 - mass of the pycnometer with sand and distilled water after removal of air bubbles, g;

ρ in - the density of water, equal to 1 g / cm 3.

The discrepancy between the results of two determinations of the true density should not be more than 0.02 g/cm 3 . In cases of large discrepancies, a third determination is made and the arithmetic mean of the two nearest values is calculated.

Notes:

2. Instead of weighing the pycnometer with distilled water during each test, it is allowed to determine the capacity of the pycnometer once and use its value for all tests. In this case, the determination of the capacity of the pycnometer and all tests are carried out at a steady temperature (20 ± 1) ºС. The capacity of the pycnometer is determined by the mass of distilled water in the pycnometer, the density of which is assumed to be 1.0 g/cm 3 . In this case, the true sand density is calculated by the formula

where V- pycnometer capacity, cm3.

The remaining designations are according to formula (15).

8.2.1. Method Essence

True density is determined by measuring the mass per unit volume of dried sand grains using a Le Chatelier apparatus.

8.2.2. Equipment

Le Chatelier device (Fig. 4).

Le Chatelier device

A glass for weighing or a porcelain cup according to GOST 9147.

Drying cabinet.

Sieve with round holes 5 mm.

Calcium chloride (calcium chloride) according to GOST 450.

8.2.3. Preparing for the test

8.2.4. Conducting a test

The device is filled with water to the lower zero mark, and the water level is determined by the lower meniscus. Each sample of sand is poured through the funnel of the device in small uniform portions until the liquid level in the device, determined by the lower meniscus, rises to the mark with a division of 20 cm 3 (or another division within the upper graduated part of the device).

To remove air bubbles, the device is rotated several times around its vertical axis.

The rest of the sand, not included in the device, is weighed, all weighings are carried out with an error of up to 0.01 g.

8.2.5. Results processing

The true sand density (ρ) in g / cm 3 is calculated by the formula

where t- weight of the sample of sand, g;

m 1 - mass of the rest of the sand, g;

V- the volume of water displaced by sand, cm 3.

The discrepancy between the results of two determinations of the true density should not be more than 0.02 g/cm 3 . In cases of large discrepancies, a third determination is made and the arithmetic mean of the two nearest values is calculated.

9.1.1. Method Essence

Bulk density is determined by weighing the sand in measuring vessels.

Sieve with round holes with a diameter of 5 mm.

9.1.3. Preparing for the test

9.1.3.1. When determining the bulk density in the standard uncompacted state during the input control, the tests are carried out in a measuring cylindrical vessel with a capacity of 1 dm 3, using about 5 kg of sand, dried to constant weight and sifted through a sieve with round holes with a diameter of 5 mm.

9.1.3.2. When determining the bulk density of sand in a batch to convert the amount of sand supplied from mass units to volume units during acceptance control, tests are carried out in a measuring cylindrical vessel with a capacity of 10 dm 3. Sand is tested in a state of natural moisture without sifting through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm.

9.1.4. Conducting a test

9.1.5. Results processing

The bulk density of sand (ρ n) in kg / m 3 is calculated by the formula

where t- weight of the measuring vessel, kg;

t 1 - mass of measuring vessel with sand, kg;

V- vessel capacity, m 3 .

The determination of the bulk density of sand is carried out twice, each time taking a new portion of sand.

Note. The bulk density of the sand-gravel mixture is determined according to GOST 8269.0.

Voidness (volume of intergranular voids) of sand in a standard uncompacted state is determined based on the values of the true density and bulk density of sand, previously established in Sec. 8 and 9.1.

Voidness of the sand ( V m. n) as a percentage by volume is calculated by the formula

where ρ is the true density of sand, g/cm 3 ;

ρ n - bulk density of sand, kg / m 3.

10.1.Method Essence

Moisture is determined by comparing the mass of sand in the state of natural moisture and after drying.

10.2. Equipment

Drying cabinet.

baking sheet.

10.3. Conducting a test

A sample weighing 1000 g of sand is poured into a baking sheet and immediately weighed, and then dried in the same baking sheet to a constant weight.

10.4. Results processing

Sand moisture ( W) as a percentage is calculated by the formula

where t- weight of sample in the state of natural humidity, g;

t 1 - weight of sample in a dry state, g.

The test is carried out in accordance with GOST 8269.0, using a sample of sand weighing at least 250 g.

12.1. To determine the content of harmful sulfur-containing impurities in the sand, the total sulfur content is found, then the content of sulfate sulfur, and the content of sulfide sulfur is calculated from their difference.

If only sulfate compounds are present in the sand, the total sulfur content is not determined.

12.2.1.1. Essence method

12.2.1.2. Equipment, reagents and solutions

Analytical balance, measurement error 0.0002 g.

The muffle furnace provides a heating temperature of 900 °C.

Porcelain cups with a diameter of 15 cm according to GOST 9147.

Glass glasses with a capacity of 100, 200, 300, 400 cm 3 according to GOST 23932.

Bath water.

Calcium chloride (calcium chloride) in accordance with GOST 450, calcined at a temperature of 700 - 800 ° C.

Paper ash filters according to TU 6-09-1706-82.

12.2.1.3. Training to test

The crushed sand is dried to a constant weight, placed in a weighing bottle, stored in a desiccator over calcined calcium chloride, and samples are taken from it for analysis ( t) weighing 0.5 - 2 g.

12.2.1.4. Holding analysis

A sample weighed with an accuracy of 0.0002 g is placed in a glass beaker with a capacity of 200 cm 3 or a porcelain cup, moistened with a few drops of distilled water, 30 cm 3 of nitric acid are added, covered with glass and left for 10 - 15 minutes. After the reaction is completed, 10 cm 3 of hydrochloric acid are added, stirred with a glass rod, covered with glass and put a glass or cup in a water bath. After 20 - 30 minutes after the cessation of the release of brown vapors of nitrogen oxides, the glass is removed and the contents of the glass or cup are evaporated to dryness. After cooling, the residue is moistened with 5-7 cm 3 of hydrochloric acid and again evaporated to dryness. The operation is repeated 2 - 3 times, add 50 cm 3 of hot water and boil until the salts are completely dissolved.

To precipitate elements of the sesquioxides group, 2–3 drops of methyl orange indicator are added to the solution and ammonia solution is added until the color of the solution changes from red to yellow and the smell of ammonia appears. After 10 minutes, the coagulated precipitate of sesquioxides is filtered off through a "red ribbon" filter into a beaker with a capacity of 300 - 400 cm 3 . The precipitate is washed with warm water with the addition of a few drops of ammonia solution. Hydrochloric acid is added to the filtrate until the color of the solution changes to pink, and another 2.5 cm 3 of acid is added.

The filtrate is diluted with water to a volume of 200 - 250 cm 3, heated to a boil, 10 cm 3 of a hot solution of barium chloride is poured into it in one step, stirred, the solution is boiled for 5 - 10 minutes and left for at least 2 hours. The precipitate is filtered off through a dense filter "blue tape" and washed 10 times with small portions of cold water to remove chloride ions.

A precipitate with a filter is placed in a porcelain crucible, previously calcined to constant weight at a temperature of 800 - 850 ° C, dried, ashed, avoiding ignition of the filter, and calcined in an open crucible until the filter is completely burned out, and then at a temperature of 800 - 850 ° C in within 30 - 40 min.

After cooling in a desiccator, the crucible with the precipitate is weighed. The calcination is repeated until a constant mass is obtained. To determine the sulfur content in the reagents used for the analysis, a “blind experience” is carried out in parallel with the analysis. The amount of barium sulfate found by "deaf experience" t 2 , subtracted from the mass of barium sulfate t 1 obtained during the analysis of the sample.

Note. The expression "deaf experience" means that the test is carried out in the absence of the object under study, using the same reagents and observing all the conditions of the experiment.

12.2.1.5. Treatment results

where t- weight of sample, g;

t 1 - mass of barium sulfate precipitate, g;

m 2 - mass of barium sulfate precipitate in the "blind experiment", g;

0.343 - conversion factor for barium sulfate to SO 3.

Permissible discrepancies between the results of two parallel analyzes at a confidence level R= 0.95 should not exceed the values specified in Table. 4. Otherwise, the analysis should be repeated until an acceptable discrepancy is obtained.

Table 4

	Permissible discrepancy, abs. %

Over 0.5 to 1.0

12.2.2.1. Essence method

The method is based on burning a sample in a flow of carbon dioxide at a temperature of 1300 - 1350 ° C, absorbing the released SO 2 with an iodine solution and titrating with a solution of sodium thiosulfate excess iodine that did not react with the resulting sulfurous acid.

12.2.2.2. Equipment, reagents and solutions

Installation for determination of sulfur content (Fig. 5).

Scheme of the installation for the determination of sulfur content

1 - a cylinder of carbon dioxide; 2 - wash bottle with 5% copper sulfate solution; 3 - washing bottle with 5% potassium permanganate solution;
4 - column with calcined calcium chloride; 5 - rubber plugs; 6 - electric tube furnace with silicate rods,
providing a heating temperature of 1300 °C; 7 - a porcelain tube for calcination, 70 - 75 mm long, with an inner diameter of 18 - 20 mm;
8 - porcelain boat No. 1 (length 70, width 9, height 7 - 5 mm) or porcelain boat No. 2 (length 95, width 12, height 10 mm) according to GOST 9147;
9 - tap; 10 - absorption vessel; 11 - burette with iodine solution; 12 - burette with sodium thiosulfate solution

Note. All parts of the installation are connected end-to-end with rubber tubes. To prevent burning of rubber plugs, the inner end surface is covered with asbestos gaskets.

Potassium dichromate (potassium bichromate) according to GOST 4220, fixanal.

Sieve with 5 mm holes; sieves with meshes No. 063 and No. 016 according to GOST 6613.

Glass measuring cylinders with a capacity of 50 or 100 cm 3 according to GOST 1770 - 2 pcs.

Glass stick with rubber tip - 2 pcs.

Calcium chloride technical 5% solution according to GOST 450.

14.3. Test procedure

From an average sample of sand weighing 1 kg, dried to constant weight at a temperature of (105 ± 5) ° C and sifted through a sieve with holes of 5 mm, a sample weighing 200 g is taken. Natural sand and sand from rock crushing screenings are sifted through a sieve with mesh No. 016, sand from slags of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and phosphorus slags - through a sieve with mesh No. 063. Determine the content of grains with a size of less than 0.16 mm BUT 0.16 and less than 0.63 mm A 0.63 respectively. The sand that has passed through the sieve is poured in equal portions through a funnel into two glass measuring cylinders while tapping on the cylinders until the volume of sand in the compacted state reaches 10 cm 3 . Then the sand in each cylinder is loosened, poured in 30 - 50 cm 3 of distilled water, thoroughly mixed with a glass rod with a rubber tip until the smears of clay on the walls of the cylinder completely disappear. After that, 5 cm 3 of a 5% solution of calcium chloride is poured into each cylinder as a coagulant, mixed thoroughly and topped up with distilled water over a glass rod (to wash clay from it) to the mark of 50 or 100 cm 3. After settling for at least 24 hours, but not more than 30 hours, the volume occupied by the sand is measured.

14.4. Processing test results

Volume increment K during swelling of clay particles for each 1 cm 3 of the initial volume, it is calculated with an accuracy of the second decimal place according to the formula

where V- volume of sand after swelling, cm3;

V 0 - initial volume of sand, cm3.

Volume increment during swelling is defined as the arithmetic mean of the two results.

By value K(table 6) determine the content of clay particles in sand grains with a size of less than 0.16 ( G 0.16) for natural sand and sand from rock crushing screenings and less than 0.63 mm ( G 0, 63) for sand from slags of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and phosphorus slags.

Table 6

Volume increment K	Volume increment K	Volume increment K

where BUT 0.16 - content in natural sand and sand from rock crushing screenings of grains less than 0.16 mm in size,% by weight;

where BUT 0.63 - the content in the sand from the slag grains less than 0.63 mm,% by weight;

G 0.63 - the content of clay particles in sand grains from slag with a size of less than 0.63 mm,% by weight.

Section 14. (Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 2).

Reference

Residues, % by weight, on sieves

Pass through

Residue name

mesh sieve

% by mass

The name and scope of the tests are indicated in Table. 5.

Table 5

Name of the test	Application area			Input control at the consumer enterprise
	Quality control at the manufacturing plant		Geological exploration
	acceptance	periodic	Geological exploration
1. Determination of grain composition and particle size modulus
2. Determination of clay content in lumps
3. Determination of the content of dust and clay particles
4. Determination of the presence of organic impurities
5. Determination of the mineralogical and petrographic composition
6. Determination of true density
7. Determination of bulk density and voidness
8. Humidity determination
9. Determination of reactivity
10. Determination of the content of sulfate and sulfide compounds
11. Determination of frost resistance of sand from screenings of crushing

Note. The sign "+" means that the test is being carried out; sign "-" - do not carry out.

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Industry of Building Materials of the USSR

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the State Construction Committee of the USSR dated 05.10.88 No. 203

Amendment No. 2 was adopted by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (MNTKS) on May 17, 2000

Registered by the IGU Standards Bureau No. 3705

State name	Name of the public administration body for construction
The Republic of Azerbaijan	Gosstroy of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Republic of Armenia	Ministry of Urban Development of the Republic of Armenia
Republic of Belarus	Ministry of Construction and Architecture of the Republic of Belarus
The Republic of Kazakhstan	Construction Committee of the Ministry of Energy, Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Republic of Kyrgyzstan	State Committee under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic for Architecture and Construction
The Republic of Moldova	Ministry of Environment and Territory Improvement of the Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation	Gosstroy of Russia
The Republic of Tajikistan	Committee for Architecture and Construction of the Republic of Tajikistan
The Republic of Uzbekistan	Goskomarchitektstroy of the Republic of Uzbekistan

4. REFERENCE REGULATIONS AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

5. EDITION (November 2006) with Amendments No. 1, 2, approved in June 1989, December 2000 (IUS 11-89, 5-2001)

1. General Provisions. one

2. Sampling. 2

3. Determination of the grain composition and particle size modulus. 3

4. Determination of the content of clay in lumps. 5

5. Determination of the content of dust and clay particles. 6

5.1 elutriation method. 6

5.2. pipette method. 7

5.3. Wet screening method. ten

5.4. Photoelectric method. ten

6. Determination of the presence of organic impurities. ten

7. Determination of the mineralogical and petrographic composition. eleven

8. Determination of true density. 12

8.1. Pycnometric method. 12

8.2. Accelerated determination of true density. 13

9. Determination of bulk density and voidness. fifteen

9.1. Determination of bulk density. fifteen

9.2. Definition of emptiness. 16

10. Determination of humidity. 16

11. Determination of reactivity. 16

12. Determination of the content of sulfate and sulfide compounds. 16

12.2. Determination of total sulfur content.. 16

12.2.1. Weight method. 16

12.2.2. Iodometric titration method. eighteen

12.3. Determination of sulfate sulfur content.. 21

12.4. Determination of sulfide sulfur content.. 22

13. Determination of frost resistance of sand from screenings of crushing. 22

14. Determination of the content of clay particles by the method of swelling in sand for road construction. 23

Application. Scope of tests. 24

GOST 8735-88

(ST SEV 5446 ¾ 85)

ST SEV 6317 ¾ 88