Diseases of grapes of fungal, bacterial and physiological origin

If any of the listed insects has settled on a bush, it is worth immediately taking adequate measures and exterminating the pest, otherwise irreparable damage may be caused. You can lose up to 50 percent of the crop, or even the entire plantation.

Consider each pest separately and measures to combat them.

grape mite

Ticks, settling on the inner side of the leaf of the grape bush, spread along the branches and infect the buds and inflorescences, which, not ripening, fall off. If this happens, you should carefully examine the inside of the leaves. The presence of a tick will be indicated by small pimples, tubercles, cobwebs covered with villi. A strong defeat of the grape bush by a tick leads to the fact that all the leaves begin to dry, shrivel and fall off.

In the fight against this pest, it is better to give preference to preventive measures. To do this, in the spring, before the vine begins to bloom, treat the entire shrub, each branch, with a DNOC 2% solution. After that, you can apply a solution of nitrofen according to the instructions.
In the summer, if a tick infection has occurred, it is worth treating the plant, especially the leaves on the inside, with one of the solutions:
Fufanon solution,
Actellik solution,
neoron solution,
Tevit solution.

Important! It is worth choosing means of combating ticks from those that are not dangerous for bees that pollinate shrubs, and for humans. All of the drugs listed above are included.

With one of these drugs, you need to treat the plant according to the instructions, then take a break for two weeks and repeat the treatment. Already after two procedures, the effect of the treatment will be noticeable.

grape aphid

This insect settles on the leaves of a grape bush and is capable of damaging the plant so much that the roots begin to die off and the bush will have to be removed from the plantation or garden plot. If aphids settled on a grape bush, then with reverse side shrub leaves, you can see the so-called galls (capsules in which insect larvae are located).

mealy worms

Malicious wasps

Insects such as wasps can damage crops. They do not touch the shrub itself and do not pose a danger to it, but grapes should be protected from these pests. On the site, you can lay out wasp baits away from vine bushes and periodically change or clean them. When the berries begin to ripen, it is worth wrapping the bunches with a special non-woven material. It is necessary to make such a shelter sufficiently free in order to ensure air circulation and entry sun rays, as well as protect from rot.

grape moth

Butterfly butterflies can be quite dangerous to the vineyard. In spring, they lay their larvae on grape leaves. Many caterpillars hatch from these clutches and begin to devour the plant (leaves and buds). The moth lives for about a month, but under favorable weather conditions, the pest colony can reach a large number and cause severe damage to the vineyard.
Pestryanka is easy to deal with by spraying the plant with insecticides in several stages with a break of a week.

2. contagious diseases

Among the most dangerous diseases that can infect a grape bush, the following can be distinguished:
mildew,
oidium,
anthracnose,
gray rot.
Below is a description and photo of each of these diseases, methods of control and prevention.

Mildew

Mildew is a disease that occurs everywhere and more often than others. It is also called pernosporosis or false powdery mildew. This is a fungal disease of plants, very resistant to the manifestations of the external environment. Pernosporosis spores hibernate in the depths of the soil or the remains of last year's plants. In the spring they are carried by the wind over long distances (up to 100 meters). It affects the leaves and buds of plants. First, the spores fall into droplets of moisture (dew, drops from rain or watering) and begin to grow there and turn into small flagella, then they penetrate deep into the leaf and grow. At night, germinated spores come to the surface in large numbers. There are many of them, they are small, so that they appear to the human eye as a gray coating, which can be erased in the initial stage of the lesion.

Important! After the disease has grown inside the plant, treatment in the form of treating the plant with chemicals becomes ineffective.

To overcome the disease, it is necessary to carry out repeated treatment. by special means(fungicides).

The first treatment is carried out even before the onset of signs of downy mildew disease, as soon as the temperature environment reaches 10 degrees, and the shoots of the plant are 10 centimeters in height. Subsequent treatments are carried out depending on the weather (preferably once before flowering and once before fruits begin to set).

Oidium

Powdery mildew - oidium, and mildew are mainly fungal diseases of grape leaves. The oidium looks as if the plant has been sprinkled with flour. It affects leaves, shoots, inflorescences and berries.
You can overcome diseases with the help of preventive measures:
tie plant shoots
remove weeds from under the vines,
pinch the plant.
For treatment, spraying with chemicals (Strobi, Topaz, Thiovit, etc.) can be carried out.

Anthracnose

This grape disease occurs after heavy rains or hail. In another way, it is called the bird's eye, since the sores, spots in this disease resemble the eye of a bird, another name is hail disease, spots on leaves, twigs and fruits resemble dents from hail strikes.
How to treat such a disease? The answer is simple - copper preparations immediately after rain and hail. As soon as the next rain and / or hail occurs, the treatment must be carried out again.

Gray rot

This disease affects already almost ripe bunches of grapes. It occurs quite frequently in cool and/or rainy summers. Cracks and rot appear on the berries gray color. This disease has no cure. You can only protect the plant by taking preventive measures, namely: harvest on time, thin out the leaves to increase ventilation inside the bush, if some brushes are affected, you should immediately cut them off and treat the rest with a soda solution.

3. Diseases of improper care

These diseases are not contagious, they consist in non-compliance necessary conditions and care of grapes during the period of growth, flowering and fruiting. Among them are:
chlorosis,
drought,
sunburn.

Chlorosis

Grape chlorosis occurs as a result of a lack of iron in the nutrition of grape bushes. It is manifested by a change in the color of the leaves to a light, cream or whitish color. For treatment, you need the usual top dressing with iron preparations, for example, iron sulfate.

Drought

The lack of moisture in the plant can be determined by such signs as:
slow shoot growth
drying of the tips of the leaves, yellowing and falling of the leaves,
falling ovaries in the spring.
Such a disease does not need to be treated with anything, it can be resumed by timely watering in sufficient quantities. It is possible to apply such an irrigation method as watering into the root zone through special tubes dug near the root.

Sunburn

In strong summer heat, the sun can damage the grapes. Clusters of grapes affected by sunburn look like boiled berries, leaves - as if they were ironed. To avoid this, it is necessary to carry out timely and in the right amount of watering. Affected clusters can be sheltered from the sun by turning them over to the non-sunny side or deep into the bush under the leaf. It is possible, when planting, to take into account the location of the rows of vine bushes in such a way that they shade each other.

Also find out.

Grape diseases are a serious obstacle to the growth and development of a plant. They are divided into infectious, capable of being transmitted from a diseased plant to a healthy one, and non-infectious, the cause of which may be associated with the state of the soil, mechanical damage, weather conditions.

Mildew is a dangerous fungal disease that affects vineyards in many areas of cultivation, except for places with a hot and dry climate. This disease spreads to all green parts of the bush during the growing season. In winter, the spores of the fungus remain in the fallen leaves of the plant. With the onset of spring and an increase in temperature to +10 degrees, as well as with sufficient soil moisture, primary zoosporangia are formed. They fall on the surface of the leaves with the help of rain and wind, then break, and mobile zoospores easily reach the stomata - this is how the primary infection occurs.

During the entire growing season, mildew can produce more than 20 generations. Mildew sporulation is especially active at high humidity - more than 90%, and at a temperature of 13 degrees. With more high temperature, from 22–26 degrees, the fungus grows even more.

Grapes will be less affected by mildew if dill is planted around it

Young leaves are affected by rounded yellow spots that begin to cover the entire leaf. During wet weather, the spots on the lower part of the leaves are covered with white fluff. Then the leaves begin to turn yellow and fall off. On the shoots of grapes infected with mildew, dotted brownish spots appear. Especially harmful is the disease of young seedlings and inflorescences, they cause sporulation of the fungus. The inflorescence dies, and the berries begin to turn black, wrinkle and fall off. The development of the disease stops if the temperature rises above 30 degrees.

For the treatment of mildew, it is necessary to eliminate the primary lesions and treat the grapes with pesticides in time. Before flowering, the plant should be sprayed with 1 or 2 percent Bordeaux liquid. The next treatment should be carried out after the berries become the size of a match head.

Instead of Bordeaux liquid, you can use arceride, polychom, polycarbacin, copper chloride

grape disease anthracnose

Anthracnose (grape pox) affects the shoots, leaves, inflorescences and berries of the plant. First, light gray spots form on young leaves, around which there is a reddish or dark brown rim. After that, the tissues that have undergone the disease fall out, and holes remain on the sheet. Brownish spots appear on young shoots, which begin to indent, merge and form ulcers. On mature berries, the formation of depressed brown spots with a dark purple border occurs.

The peak of anthracnose development occurs at the beginning of the growing season of grapes. Affected plants lose many leaves, berries ripen poorly on them. With a strong defeat, the grapes can die completely. The following measures will help treat grape pox: - airing plants; - timely tying bushes; - removal of excess shoots; - elimination of weeds. Leaves affected by the disease must be burned, as should be done after autumn pruning with foliage and the remains of the vine. Digging between rows also helps to reduce the disease. During the growing season, it is necessary to spray the grapes with a 1% solution of Bordeaux liquid, be sure to process the lower part of the leaf, as the disease develops here.

Grape black rot disease

The causative agent of black rot is the gingnardia fungus, which overwinters in the soil or on the vine of a plant. Infection with the disease begins after rain. Black rot affects berries, leaves and shoots of grapes. Small brown sunken spots appear on green fruits. Over time they acquire purple hue and spread throughout the berry, which then dries up, turns black and falls off. Leaves and shoots are affected by brown spots with a black border.

It is necessary to fight black rot by spraying with Bordeaux liquid. The first time the procedure should be carried out before flowering, then after flowering and two weeks after the second treatment.

grape chlorosis disease

In plants suffering from chlorosis, clusters are usually loose with small berries, shoots ripen poorly and have shortened internodes. The cause of the disease can be malnutrition of the plant, excessive soil moisture, proximity to groundwater, severe drought and excess lime in the soil.

The fight against chlorosis in fruit-bearing plants comes down to timely feeding them mineral fertilizers, loosening and watering. In autumn, iron sulfate is added to calcareous soils, 600–800 g per bush. In summer, the sleeves and head of the bushes are treated with a 1% solution of iron sulfate. In the same concentration, it is applied directly to the soil, 3 liters under a bush.

Even fruits consecrated by the Greek gods, and grapes are just such, are not immune from diseases that can destroy the entire vineyard. The purpose of this article is to help gardeners correctly recognize grape diseases. Photos and tips on how to treat will help growers. After all, fast, accurate disease identification is the key to preventing serious yield losses. The severity of grape diseases varies every year, depending primarily on weather conditions and the susceptibility of the vine. This means that the disease can be devastating one year and negligible the next. Therefore, the measures that are taken to prevent crop losses may differ each season.

In the fight against pests and diseases of grapes, a significant number of drugs are allowed for use. Often, excessive passion for some of them leads to a loss of sensitivity. harmful organisms to the means of protection used and the inhibition of the growth processes of the plant itself.

How and when to properly inspect grapes to detect diseases

In order to carry out protective measures economically and ecologically, it is first of all necessary to conduct a phytosanitary examination of plantations, taking into account the phases of development of the grape bush.

The first examination is carried out during the swelling of the kidneys. The second - when 2-5 leaves appear on a green shoot. And in the future - before flowering. The inspection should be started already in early spring, especially in uncovered vineyards.

If the site consists of several grape bushes, then each plant is examined. The maximum manifestation of the identified types of harmful organisms is determined, and the first 1-2 pesticide treatments are carried out on the entire site in accordance with the results of the survey. In the future, if possible, an individual approach is carried out for each variety, taking into account its susceptibility to specific harmful organisms.

In the vineyards of farmers and specialized farms, not only each variety is subject to inspection, but all plots that differ in location and timing protective measures in the previous growing season. Large arrays on the plain usually run diagonally and examine 5-10% of the bushes. In areas located on slopes, near forest belts or water bodies, it is imperative to examine plantings at the upper and lower points, in well-ventilated and not blown places. At each site, the minimum and maximum manifestations of diseases and the number of pests are recorded.

The first early spring survey of vines is carried out on the following objects: bacterial cancer, bacterial wilt, anthracnose ( black spot) and oidium.

Diseases of grapes, photo and description of the disease

Bacterial canker on grapes

Photo of a vine with bacterial cancer

This disease can most often be found on the trunk, less often on the fruit links. There are longitudinal cracks on the trunk of the vine and sleeves, and tumors are clearly visible in them. The surface of the swelling is uneven, bumpy, with small cracks. The lesions can be 10 to 30 cm long. Most often, swellings are located closer to the ground, sometimes huge swells form on the stems. Such tumors die by spring, dry up, and they can be easily separated from the bush.

If the swelling rings the bole, then such a bush will die in the next 2-3 years. Bushes located at a distance of 3-5 meters from the affected one should be classified as sick with bacterial cancer, even if there are no external signs of the disease.

Bacterial wilt: a quarantine disease

Longitudinal cracks without swelling appear on perennial and annual vines.

The lower eyes on the vine are underdeveloped or dead. Symptoms of bacterial wilt are more pronounced early in the growing season in years with cold, wet springs.

On diseased bushes, buds do not develop at the base of an annual shoot. At the ends of the vine there is a later awakening of the kidneys and weakened green shoots develop with shortened internodes and small chlorotic leaves. Longitudinal black spots form on the petioles of the leaves. Part of the shoots, reaching a length of 10-15 cm, begins to dry out.

Drying spreads from bottom to top, reddish-brown cracks form, starting from the second or third internode. This leads to brittle shoots. The tips of the leaves become reddish-brown in color, and at high humidity, a light yellow bacterial exudate appears on them. During this period, the most likely infection of healthy bushes from patients.

Anthracnose or black spot grapes

Anthracnose vine

This disease manifests itself on an annual vine with depressed spots (ulcers) with a dark (brown, dark purple, black) border in the form of a roller. Sometimes bundles of conductive vessels are clearly visible in the wounds. Severely affected shoots appear burned. And with deep wounds around the roller, the shoot becomes discolored. Anthracnose is a serious disease of cultivated and wild grape varieties. It is most destructive during warm, wet seasons.

If the brown-black leaf spots grow larger, turn gray, and develop raised or red borders, then your vines are infested with black spot, also known as anthracnose. Caused by the fungus Elsinoe ampelina. The disease also results in dark spots on stems and berries.

Black rot: a fungal disease

Grape bunch affected by black rot

Black spots on the vine can also be a symptom of a fungal infection commonly referred to as black rot. Caused by the fungus Guignardia bidwellii. As the disease progresses, small black dots turn into spots. Tiny dark patches are fungal growths. And large ones are areas of dying plant tissue that eventually turn into holes.

oidium or powdery mildew on grapes

Leaves affected by oidium, photo

Another name for this disease is powdery mildew. Fungal disease - the causative agent is a fungus of the Vitis species. On an annual vine, a light whitish film first appears, which eventually begins to look like brown spots of various configurations. Fungal spores tend to spread rapidly in damp, cool conditions.

Treatment of grapes from diseases

After the examination, it is planned to carry out the first (one or two) sprayings of grapes against a complex of diseases. If the vine is clean, of a characteristic color for the variety, there are no tumors and the death of the eyes is insignificant (5-15%), such plantings are not sprayed until the third or fifth leaf appears on the shoot.

When vineyards are affected by anthracnose, it is advisable to carry out the first treatment with a fungicide during the period of bud swelling. To do this, you can use from among the contact preparations 0.5-0.7% Abiga-Peak, 1-3% Bordeaux liquid, 0.2% Polyram; from among the systemic contact - 0.3-0.4% Mikal, 0.25% Ridomil Gold, 0.2% Ordan.

In vineyards affected by bacterial cancer or bacterial necrosis, preference should be given to copper-containing fungicides (Abiga-Peak, Bordeaux mixture, Kuproksat, Ordan, Tsikhom). In addition, during the period of sap flow, it is not recommended to prune the bushes. And during the growing season, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers should be limited.

In vineyards heavily affected by oidium, it is advisable to carry out the first treatment in the phase of 1 - 3 leaves on the shoot with one of the preparations: 0.03% Topaz, 0.02% Strobi, 0.4-0.5% Thiovit Jet or Cumulus.

In vineyards affected by anthracnose and oidium, the best option treatments for swelling buds - 0.3-0.4% Mikal, in the phase of 2-5 leaves. This is a mixture of two drugs for the simultaneous containment of oidium and anthracnose.

In vineyards oppressed by the root form of phylloxera, along with protection from seasonal diseases, a set of measures against root rot is required.

In personal subsidiary farms Abiga-Peak, Kuprikol, Cumulus, Thiovit Jet and Topaz are allowed on grapes from the mentioned fungicides.

We hope that our information will help you learn to recognize grape diseases, photos and descriptions of diseases are presented in the article.

Video about grape diseases:

Foreword

If you want to enjoy tasty and juicy berries every year, you must know grape diseases, their characteristics and methods of treatment. This is what will allow you to get a rich harvest from each bush.

The most famous grape diseases and their treatment

To grow a healthy and strong shrub, you need to prepare for complex work pest control. To do this, you need not only to know about the main causes of plant damage, but also about the methods of struggle and protection. Today we will tell you about the most common diseases of grapes, a competent "war" with which is the key excellent harvest and bush development.

Diseases and methods of treatment may be different, but it is best to remember that the prevention of grape diseases is much more effective than the treatment itself. And all due to the fact that there are some bacteria and fungi, which are very difficult to fight - the “infection” spreads through the plant too quickly, destroying both young shoots and the berries themselves.

That is why it is so important to understand the importance of preventive protective measures that can protect your entire garden from the adverse effects of various pathogens.

So, the most common ailments:

Mildew disease,
oidium,
bacteriosis, bacterial cancer,
escoriosis,
anthracnose,
various types of rot and spotting of leaves and berries,
chlorosis,
wood necrosis,
rubella leaves,
septoria,
alternariosis,
cercosporosis,
shrinkage of shoots.

Examples of some leaf diseases in the photo

Mildew and ways to deal with downy mildew

Mildew's disease appears during the growing season during precipitation and affects not only shoots, but also berries. It first appears as yellow spots in green areas. With an increased level of humidity, a light coating appears on all inflorescences and diseased leaves. If you do not take up treatment in time, the affected areas of the plant dry out or begin to rot.

The powdery mildew fungus overwinters in the soil or foliage, falling on grapes with raindrops or wind. During the season, it can give up to 20 new generations, and the reproduction of the fungus stops either at low temperatures, or along with the death of the grapes. Prevention of this disease consists in removing weeds, in thorough ventilation, spraying grape leaves with Bordeaux liquid (1%) before the first flowering, immediately after it and when the clusters of berries ripen. It is worth noting that the treatment is not effective enough, and therefore it is better to take all measures in advance to prevent the onset of the disease.

Bacterial canker of vines

Unfortunately, there is no cure for bacterial cancer, which most often affects grape bushes, and therefore it is prevention that will allow you to reduce the risks of the disease. First of all, you need to pay attention to root system seedlings when they are planted - there should not be any lumpy tumors indicating the presence of cancer. If you find a diseased plant on your site, you must immediately remove it, and this place cannot be used for planting new plants for several more years.

When conducting, the working area of \u200b\u200bthe instrument is treated each time with a solution of potassium permanganate to kill possible pathogens. Most often, cancer cells enter plants during tillage, when shearing through wounds on branches, through grafting and seedlings purchased from a nursery. Gradually, the disease flows to all parts of the plant, and for quite a long time does not manifest itself. Only at elevated temperatures or humidity on the trunk, on the "shoulders", on the root system and at the grafting sites, uneven tumors can appear. The disease first leads to a decrease in yield, a weakening of the development of the bush and to its death.

Oidium and methods of dealing with the disease

Oidium or "ashtray" - enough harmful disease. It got its name due to the dark gray coating with a characteristic rotten smell. Inflorescences affected by the fungus dry up, the berries do not grow, because their skin hardens and cracks. This disease develops well in dark and unventilated areas of the garden when the temperature rises.

In summer, the fungus constantly spreads, and in winter it is found in damaged buds and vines. It is necessary to process the plant when the first signs appear. You can use tools such as Strobi, Vectra, Quadris, Flint, Topaz or use a 1.5% solution of colloidal sulfur. It is necessary to carry out at least four procedures: before flowering, after it, a month later and in the first ten days of August.

We fight black spot (escoriosis)

Huge damage to grape bushes can be caused by a disease such as black spot, which is caused by affecting the plant fungus. The first signs appear in early summer. So, on young shoots, round dark dots begin to form, which grow and spread throughout the plant, merging into uniform spots. Because of this, the fabric of the vineyard begins to crack. Oval forms of necrosis often “grow” on the leaves, which are surrounded by a lighter border.

If the fungus has affected the berries, they become dark purple in color and have an unpleasant taste. Whitish spots can also appear on mature vines, and the bark, as bacteria germinate into the wood, rots, the “shoulders” of the bush weaken and eventually die. It is impossible to destroy the “infection” even with chemical preparations, but spraying the plant with the help of Euparena, Mikala, and the affected parts of the bush are immediately removed and burned.

Anthracnose or bird's eye

This fungal disease can affect the vine of any grape variety. The disease is caused by the imperfect fungus Gloeosporium ampelophagum Sacc. Anthracnose affects all organs of grapes above the ground - leaves, clusters, berries, shoots, vines. The first manifestations of the disease can be seen in early spring on young leaves. They wrinkle, then spots of light gray color appear on them. which fade over time. The leaf tissue in these places collapses, holes appear, and then the entire leaf disintegrates. Later, a similar picture can be observed on the vines and fruits.

The fungus does not die in winter. It can persist in shoots for up to five years. When the temperature rises, it activates. The fungus can get on grapes with various damage by showers, hail, inaccurate pruning, and even when watering.

To prevent the disease, grapes must be treated with fungicides after hail falls.

To combat the disease, as soon as it is detected and the height of the shoots has reached 5-10 cm, the grapes are treated with preparations containing copper compounds. Most often it is a Bordeaux mixture. Further, with interruptions of up to two weeks, fungicide treatment is carried out.

Chlorosis

Chlorosis is a disease of grapes in which the production of chlorophyll deteriorates. It can be infectious and develop with the yellow mosaic virus disease. In this case, it is necessary to fight the disease that caused chlorosis. A non-infectious type of disease is caused by a lack of plant nutrition. chemical elements. First of all, iron. Often those plants that grow on air-impervious dense soils with an alkaline reaction often become ill with chlorosis. Provoke the disease can and immoderate application phosphate fertilizers or organic supplements.

The external manifestation of the disease is light color young foliage, uniform yellowing and falling off top leaves, weakening the bush, reducing the growth of shoots.

For the treatment of grapes from chlorosis, first of all, weekly spraying with iron sulphate is used ( foliar top dressing). But the problem can be solved only by eliminating the main cause of the disease - the airtightness of the soil. To do this, they increase its drainage, dig it up to enhance ventilation, and use mulching.

Gray rot

A fluffy grayish coating resembling cotton wool appears on the infected areas, hence the name of the disease. The disease is caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers, which overwinters in the ridges and bark of young shoots. Diseases are most susceptible to vine bushes with increased crown density, insufficient ventilation at high humidity, as well as dense clusters with high sugar content of berries.

All green parts of grapes can be affected by the fungus. This can be seen by the brown spots appearing on the leaves and shoots with a grayish bloom that dries in the sun, by the discoloration of the lignified areas of the grapes, by the purple circles on the skin of the berries, which grow over time, and the berry dies.

Prevention of the disease consists in ensuring good ventilation of the bush by thinning it out.

For treatment, early spring spraying with drugs is carried out, the action of which is directed against this fungus (Antrakol, Mikal, Folpan). Such treatment is carried out 1-3 more times per season, alternating preparations.

black rot

Vineyards, where constantly high humidity, are often affected by black rot caused by the fungus Guignardia bidwellii, which enters the plant during mechanical damage.

Berries are affected by rot. Brown spots appear on them with a white dot in the middle. In the future, the grapes turn black and dry. When it rains, the disease takes on a character wet rot, and when dry, the berries shrivel and darken.

Infected leaves are covered with creamy spots of dead tissue, surrounded by a dark green edge. Black strokes appear on the bark of diseased grapes, then ulcers and cracks.

The disease, initially imperceptible, later develops very quickly, and it is not possible to save the plant. Therefore, at the slightest sign of illness, they begin processing the entire vineyard. In the initial stage of the disease good result can give fungicides. In the future, mixtures of drugs are selected, taking into account weather, soil type, grape varieties.

sour rot

Sour rot is so named because of the vinegar smell that spoiled berries acquire. It appears as a result of the processing of sugar into vinegar by microorganisms, and their carriers are fruit flies, which lay their eggs in grapes.

A means of combating the disease and its carriers is the treatment of the vineyard with a mixture of insecticide and fungicide. To be sure that the drugs can be used together, their solutions are prepared and mixed immediately before spraying.

Necrosis of wood vessels

This noncommunicable disease associated with a violation of the physiological processes of the plant, as a rule, seedlings get sick. They become brown and the cells of the vine that are next to the woody vessels die off. The plant is unable to resist the effects of weather conditions.

Scientists believe that one of the fungi causes the disease: Fusarium viticolum or Botrytis cinerea. Infection occurs during storage of seedlings in winter.

You can prevent the disease by storing vines with well-ripened wood for storage. At the same time, they cannot be wrapped for insulation with materials such as polyethylene - moisture-proof. Also, when growing seedlings, strictly observe agricultural technology and feed the grapes with fertilizers containing boron.

rubella leaf

Often this disease appears in the heat or with a sharp change in air temperature. Rubella is infectious and non-infectious.

Non-infectious leaf rubella signals that the plant lacks phosphorus or potassium. In the first case, blush lower leaves and shoots, in the second - the upper ones.

It is not difficult to deal with such a disease. It is necessary to give the plant the fertilizer it needs, remove damaged shoots and leaves, tie up grapes, remove trimmings and fallen leaves, weed out weeds.

Infectious grape rubella is caused by the fungus Pseudopeziza tracheiphila Muller-Thurgau. It spreads rapidly, affecting shoots and fruits, capturing new vines. Affecting the vascular system of a plant, it deprives its organs nutrients- potassium and phosphorus. Plants can die if the fight against the disease is not started in a timely manner.

You can urgently compensate for the lack of potassium by spraying diseased plants with a one percent solution of potassium nitrate. The treatment is carried out every eight days, repeat it five times. To prevent the disease from recurring in the next season, in the fall the grapes are fed with sulfate or potassium chloride, and spring pruning next year make it as short as possible, unloading a weakened plant.

With a lack of phosphorus, superphosphate or similar fertilizers are applied to the soil, after 6 days foliar top dressing is carried out.

Autumn and spring dressing grapes are an excellent disease prevention.

Drying of shoots

In a dry or, on the contrary, excessively rainy year, the vine's metabolism may be disturbed. Because of this, the shoots begin to dry out.

The disease manifests itself when the berries are already beginning to pour, and up to 12% of sugar has already accumulated in them. Suddenly, dark spots appear on the branches. If the disease is running, it cannot be defeated. In case of prolonged drought or prolonged rains that can provoke a disease, experienced growers recommend preventing the possibility of a disease and treating plantings with a mixture of magnesium chloride and calcium chloride. The concentration of the solution should be 0.5%. In a similar situation, magnesium sulfate is used, but not for spraying the entire vine, but for treating those places where the disease has manifested itself.

For grape varieties that react negatively to the use of chemicals, the prevention of the disease is the introduction of balanced complex fertilizers.

Alternariosis

The causative agent of this disease of grapes are fungi of the Alternaria species, which are activated in heat or high humidity. In the second half of the growing season, silvery spots appear on the leaves and shoots, similar to the manifestations of the oidymum disease. Over time, they turn brown, then the leaves turn black and dry. On mature berries, the fungus appears as a metallic sheen, which turns into a dark gray coating. The fruits are wrinkled. Their taste becomes unpleasant. The causative fungus overwinters in the bark of diseased plants and in the soil.

Only preventive methods are effective against the disease. Since spring, the vineyard is treated with fungicides containing copper and such as Ditan M-45, Ridomil gold MC, SP, VDG, which include mancozeb. When the berries in clusters close up, every two weeks they are treated with Quadris, Skor, EC, SC.

Armillaria or root rot

This fungal disease is caused by several types of fungi. Gray and dark gray threads appear on the roots. Climbing higher up the plant, the fungus infects the wood, it becomes brown and dies. In 2-3 years, the plant may die.

The external manifestation of the disease is the lack of fruiting, yellowing and a decrease in the size of the leaves. Usually the disease appears in plants growing on heavy soils, where water can stagnate and, in general, high humidity. The disease spreads underground, moving from the roots of one vine to the roots of another.

To prevent the disease, wet areas are drained, they try not to plant grapes on soil into which air does not penetrate well, and loosen the soil as necessary. On the site where root rot was found, grapes are not planted for at least three years.

When the first signs of the disease are detected, the grapes are sprayed with preparations that include copper: Copper oxychloride, Abiga-Peak, Bordeaux mixture, Hom, Ordan and others. To limit the spread of the disease, diseased plants are separated from other plantations by deep ditches, the earth from which is laid out on the infected area, and then the soil is disinfected with formalin.

bacteriosis

Bacteriosis of grapes is a group of diseases caused by unicellular organisms - pathogenic bacteria. Most often they occur in plants:

on depleted kidneys;
under adverse weather and natural influences;
in case of non-compliance with agricultural technology of cultivation;
in the absence of protection against insect pests.

Bacterial infections can be seasonal or chronic. The types of the disease are:

bacterial necrosis;
bacteriosis of berries;
Pierce's disease;
bacterial cancer.

For each specific disease, their own methods of disease prevention and treatment have been developed. General recommendation prevention of bacteriosis is the observance of sanitary rules:

Plants that died from bacteriosis are uprooted and burned. No new vines are planted in their place.
In no case should planting material be taken from diseased grapes.
Saplings and chibouks are purchased from trusted nurseries.
Before transplanting the cuttings, they are heat treated for half an hour in hot water at 35ºС.
When cutting grapes, disinfect the tool in alcohol or copper sulfate solution before processing each bush.
Saw cuts are processed blue vitriol in the form of a 2% solution and sealed with garden pitch.
All agronomic activities should be carried out with extreme care so as not to damage the plant.
During pre-winter preparation, contact of the grapes with the soil is excluded.
Do not overload the plant, so as not to weaken it.
Constantly carry out antifungal prophylaxis.
Do not overmoisten the soil and do not overfeed the plants.

Varieties resistant and resistant to such diseases (photo)

Among the grape varieties there are less susceptible to the effects of pathogenic bacteria and less resistant.

The former include Aligote, Bastardo, Kodryanka, Rapture and others.

Of the most prone to bacterial diseases, the varieties Kishmish white, Favorit, Rexavi, Zhemchug Saba, Pervenets Magarach can be called.

There are no grape varieties that are completely immune to diseases caused by bacteria.

Septoria

Small brown spots on the leaves of grapes indicate a disease with septoria. With high humidity, mold appears on the underside of the sheet. Dried leaves, falling off, spread fungal spores. This disease is most susceptible nutmeg varieties grapes.

To localize the disease, damaged plants and fallen leaves are removed.

Prevention of septoria - spraying the vineyard with a one percent solution of Bordeaux mixture.

Cercosporosis or green mold

Another fungal disease of grapes, cercosporosis, is caused by Hyphomycetales fungi. Old or weakened plants usually get sick with it. The disease occurs in two varieties - spring (May-June) and autumn (July-August) cercosporosis. Other plants are susceptible to the disease, not only grapes.

The disease first affects the leaves of the lower tier, where high humidity and shading contribute to the development of the pathogen. Severe infection is manifested in changes in the leaves and the middle tier.

Visually, cercosporosis can be determined by the appearance of a dark olive coating on the underside of the leaves. Developing, the fungus forms oblong brown spots on the upper surface of the leaf. The leaves do not hold well on the branch and fall off at the slightest touch. On diseased berries, an olive velvety coating also appears, the fruits harden, their color darkens. The fruits then shrivel and fall off easily.

Prevention of cercosporosis consists in strict observance of the procedure and timing of all agrotechnical measures.

If a disease is detected, its treatment is started immediately. For this:

remove and burn all affected leaves;
treat the vineyard with fungicides every two weeks;
strictly observe the irrigation regime once a month with water heated to 15-20ºС.

Preventive procedures as a guarantee of the health of vineyards

For most diseases, simple prevention will help you. First of all, this is a check of seedlings, timely cutting of vegetation residues and removal of diseased bushes. It is better to know grape diseases in pictures than to deal with them later in your garden, since this is a very laborious task, and it does not always have a positive effect. So, preventive spraying of bushes should be carried out before the start of the growing season, that is, before the buds open.

This helps to reduce the “infectious background”, which means it leads to better plant development and higher yields. At the same time, diseases can appear both on “young growth” and on old plants, which means that grapes need to be protected all their lives. In the spring, after removal, the bushes should be treated with a 3% solution of Bordeaux mixture. It is best to make it yourself, since the effect of the purchased mixture is an order of magnitude lower. To do this, pour five liters into plastic or enameled dishes. warm water, in which about 300 g of copper sulfate is diluted. We also pour five liters of water into the second container, kneading 300 g of freshly slaked lime in it.

In this case, it is imperative to pour in a solution of copper sulfate to the "milk of lime", otherwise the solution will turn out to be ineffective for the fight. An indicator for determining the quality of Bordeaux liquid will be an ordinary iron nail. To do this, you need to immerse it in a container with a solution, and then just carefully examine it. So, copper should not settle on the nail. After straining our mixture through a strainer, pour it into a sprayer and water the plants, preferably in calm weather. It is important that the watering solution covers the entire bush completely, including annual vines and perennial wood.

Means of combating diseases of grapes and their purpose

First of all, it should be noted that both biological and chemical agents can be used to protect shrubs. The first type includes drugs such as Lepidocid, Trichodermin, Gaupsin, Aktofit, who seemed to be quite worthy in their work. They have a huge advantage in safety for humans, but there is also a small minus - the need to spray plants weekly and after rains. This is very expensive because of the rather high cost of drugs. In addition, labor costs are not encouraging, especially if you have to work with several hundred vines.

Much more efficient and cost effective to use chemicals or pesticides. They are used either for preventive purposes, or in the fight against pests, weeds and diseases that harm the bushes. At the same time, it is important to pay attention to the fact that such products must be harmless to the grape itself, poisonous to bacteria and diseases, and of low toxicity to humans. To choose the right tool, you need to understand how they are classified.

So, pesticides are divided according to the object of use (combined into certain groups depending on the bacteria that have to be fought):

Fungicides - drugs used in the treatment of plants defeated by a fungus;
Bactericides - directed against dangerous pathogens;
Insecticides - insect repellents;
Acaricides - preparations for grape mites;
Herbicides are substances that help control weeds.

In addition, they are divided into contact, systemic and the third type - combined.

Systemic drugs are used to fight diseases. The drug you use gets on the surface of the leaf, penetrates inside and, with the help of shoots, spreads to all the “organs” of the bush, protecting, among other things, its new growths. They can be attributed Topaz, Fundazol, Topsin-M, Quadris, Bayleton and Strobi.
Contact agents are used when signs of disease appear on the green elements of the plant. If you missed this moment, and the defeat has become widespread, try to remove the affected leaves by treating the bush with contact fungicides. To the most known drugs this category includes Rovral, Bordeaux liquid, omite.
Combined drugs have the properties of not only systemic, but also contact substances. The most famous is Ridomil Gold.

List chemicals can be continued ad infinitum. Here it is important to reasonably approach their acquisition and use. So, for example, we must not forget that pests get used to the compositions used. That is why they need to be alternated with each other, remembering that the use of drugs of the same group repeatedly is considered undesirable.

It is difficult to find a person who would remain indifferent to sweet fragrant grapes. And what a shame it is when the grape harvest dies because of your oversight. Most often, various diseases become the cause of crop death. Therefore, people who decide to start growing vines need to know the main diseases of grapes and methods for their treatment.

All grape diseases are divided into three groups:

fungal;
viral;
bacterial.

Fungal diseases include:

mildew;
oidium;
anthracnose;
alternariosis;
cercosporosis;
escoriosis;
apoplexy;
gray rot;
white rot;
black rot;
armillariasis;
verticillosis;

The group of bacterial diseases consists of:

bacterial cancer;
bacteriosis;
bacterial necrosis;
bacterial spotting:
Pierce's disease;
acid rot;

Viral diseases of grapes are:

marbling of leaves;
vein mosaic;
leaf vein necrosis;
chlorosis;
short knot.

Treatable and therefore relatively safe are only fungal diseases. Viral and bacterial diseases are practically incurable, and can destroy not only the crop, but the entire vineyard.

Mildew

One of the most common grape diseases. It is also often referred to as downy mildew. The culprit of its appearance is the fungus Plasmopara Viticol.

The spores of this fungus can easily tolerate both frost and heat. During the season, this harmful fungus can give up to 15 generations. But for intensive reproduction, it requires humid, warm weather. At +12°, its development practically stops.

Fat yellow spots appearing on the leaves indicate the defeat of mildew grapes. On the underside of the leaf, fungal colonies form white coating. As the disease progresses, the spots increase in size and turn brown, the leaves dry and fall off prematurely.

You can fight mildew with both chemicals and folk remedies. From folk remedies the most effective are planting dill next to the vine - its smell is not to the liking of the fungus.

You can also spray the bushes with water garlic or horsetail broth. To prepare it, take 75 g of garlic or horsetail in a bucket of water.

From chemicals they fight with mildew by spraying the shoots with preparations containing copper: Bordeaux mixture, copper oxide and chlorine. The causative agent of the disease is killed by drugs whose working component is mancozeb - Mancozeb, Acrobat MC, Rapid Gold, Acidan, etc.

Effective against mildew Ridomil and Ridomil gold, in which the main " strike force» performs Metalaxil. For effective fight with mildew you can treat and biological preparations: Planriz, Delan, Alarin-B.

For the treatment of grape bushes, a working solution is prepared by diluting the contents of the preparation in water according to the instructions attached to it, and the plants are sprayed with this solution. The treatment is repeated three times: the first time the plants are treated in early spring, before bud break, the second - before flowering, the third - at the beginning of berry setting.

Oidium (powdery mildew)

The causative agent of the disease is the fungus uncinula grapes. It can affect grape bushes throughout the growing season. It affects the young vine, leaves, inflorescences and berries.

The leaves on the bushes affected by the fungus are completely covered with white bloom, and it is observed not only on the outside, but also on back side leaves. At optimal conditions development (moderate humidity and warm weather), the mycelium grows so strongly that it covers the plant like a second bark. The berries on the affected plants crack, it seems that the grains from them are about to fall out.

Used to fight disease chemicals: Topaz, Thiovit-Jet, Skor, Byleton. Also today, combined preparations are produced that can protect grape plantings from both oidium and mildew. These are Quadris, Storby, Cardio.

From folk methods sometimes, to combat powdery mildew, a milk solution is used (1 liter of milk is diluted in a bucket of water), a 5% solution of potassium permanganate (5 g of manganese is diluted in a bucket of water), with which plants are sprayed several times during the growing season.

Gray rot

The causative agent of the disease is the fungus botrytis gray. Almost all terrestrial parts of the plant are affected by the disease. Outwardly, its manifestations are very similar to ordinary rot, but, unlike it, at high humidity, the fungus multiplies rapidly, affecting large areas.

On the affected bushes, the entire crop of berries dies. There are no effective drugs to combat gray rot yet; most often, Zuparen or Fundazol are used to treat affected plants.

From folk ways apply spraying of bushes with a solution of iodine: 1 g of the drug is diluted in a bucket of water and treated with this solution. But both chemicals and iodine solution can only slow down the development of the disease, but do not stop it completely.

As a prophylaxis against gray rot, pinching grape bushes and removing part of the leaves can be considered. These measures contribute better ventilation bush, which significantly reduces the risk of disease.

Anthracnose

The causative agent is the fungus Gloeosporium ampelinum. Spots of a pinkish-gray tint with brown edging appear on the leaves and berries of affected plants. Leaves and berries quickly dry out and fall off, deep cracks appear on the bark, and due to nutritional difficulties, the bush lags behind in development.

When the first signs of the disease are detected, the vineyard is treated with Ridomil, Arceride, Acrobat. It is necessary to carry out 3-4 treatments per season, at intervals of 10-14 days, while it is better to alternate drugs.

Alternariosis

The causative agent is Alternaria fungi. The disease usually rages in the spring, affecting the ground parts of the bush. Silver-brown spots appear on the leaves and bark, and they are white on the berries. In wet weather, the spots turn olive.

For prevention in the spring, grape bushes are treated with copper sulfate, and if signs of a disease are detected, the plants are treated with Skorom, Quadris, Rapid-Gold, Kolfogo super.

white rot

The causative agent is the fungus sclerotinia. At high humidity and high temperature, the fungus develops very quickly. Infection of bushes most often occurs in August. It mainly affects berries and young shoots. Outwardly, it looks like white dust settled on berries and shoots.

Berries affected by white rot become soft, as if scalded. If signs of white rot are found, the bushes should be immediately treated with Fundazol or Kolfogo super. To finally defeat the disease, it is necessary to carry out at least 3-4 treatments.

Bacterial diseases

Bacterial diseases are the result of the development of various pathogenic bacteria on the bush. Almost all of them are practically untreatable, and the only way to get rid of them is to completely remove and dispose of the bush.

bacterial cancer

The causative agent of the disease is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium.

It acts in late autumn and winter, affecting the vine. First, the bark on an infected plant will blister and then tear. Some vineyard owners are trying to combat this scourge with tetracycline oxide, but the effectiveness of this remedy is in serious doubt.

The only one for today in an efficient way the fight against bacterial cancer is the complete removal of the hive. But even after that, on the affected land plot for 4 years, strict quarantine supervision is established.

Viral diseases

Viral diseases appear under the influence of harmful viruses. Like bacterial infections, they are practically untreatable. Today, 35 diseases of grapes associated with the defeat of its virus are known. But they are still very little studied, in most cases there are only descriptions of diseases, and even those are not always complete.

It is possible to infect a healthy plant with a harmful virus only with infected juice. Most often this happens when pruning diseased and healthy bushes with one tool. The natural spreaders of viruses are nematodes and sucking insects.

Sometimes the symptoms of viral diseases are mild or absent at all - it all depends on the natural immunity of the plant itself or varietal resistance. But there are times when the development of such diseases proceeds quickly and violently.

Short knot

The leaves of the grapes become asymmetric, begin to "curly". Interspersed with normal length internodes appear ugly-shortened, sometimes one internode is placed next to the other (double internode). Young shoots of the affected bushes become flattened and forked. The berries fall off before ripening, the bushes quickly degenerate.

yellow mosaic

It is clearly visible in the spring, when the affected bushes change their natural color, turn yellow. Yellow spots or stripes appear on the leaves. There are almost no clusters on the vine, and the formed berries grow no more than a pea. The growth of the bushes stops, the plant dies.

Wood striation virus

Longitudinal depressions in the form of pits or furrows appear on the bark of infected plants. The bark thickens, becomes loose. The growth of the bushes stops, and the plants quickly die.

red leaf virus

The leaves on the affected bushes become noticeably smaller than healthy ones, have a yellowish color. In the future, with the development of the disease, they quickly turn red and fall off.

leaf roll virus

The symptoms of the infection are similar to those of the red leaf virus. The disease develops in the second half of summer, the leaves on infected plants quickly turn yellow or red, but at the same time a green strip remains on them along the central vein. The leaves thicken, curl, the set berries fall off without ripening.

There is only one way to fight viral infections - complete removal infected bushes. It is impossible to grow grapes in the area affected by the virus for 5-6 years.

Despite this great amount diseases, and even with a good dozen pests that annoy the grapes, it can and should be grown.

You just have to treat him like little child- take care, protect, carry out prophylactic "vaccinations" in time, treating the bushes in order to prevent the occurrence of diseases. And then in the autumn the grapes will thank you with weighty tassels, each berry of which will contain a piece of sunny summer.