Light in the MKD is a dark matter. Staircase lighting Lighting in the entrance of an apartment building standards

1. Overview of public lighting systems

As numerous observations show, the collective lighting system in multi-storey residential buildings is represented by incandescent lamps with an average power of 60 W. Lamps, as a rule, are installed without shades, which is a violation of fire safety requirements. The fire hazard of incandescent lamps is usually considered in two aspects:

Possibility of fire from contact of the lamp and combustible material;
the possibility of a fire from falling on the surrounding combustible materials of the incandescent elements of the lamp, which are formed during its destruction.

The first aspect is connected firstly with the fact that the temperature of the glass bulb of an incandescent lamp after 60 minutes of burning is from 110 to 360°C (with lamp power from 40 to 100 W). This explains the presence of dark sooty circles on the ceiling above the installed lamp.

Secondly, it is associated with improper operation, when one violation (the use of an open lamp without a diffuser (heat-resistant ceiling), which is removed by many residents so that the “lamp shines brighter”) is superimposed by another violation - non-compliance with the permissible approach distance of combustible materials. This phenomenon, quite often, occurs in cramped apartment vestibules, which residents use as improvised pantries.

Even having a sufficient distance does not guarantee safety - a fire can occur (second aspect) from hot metal particles formed during emergency conditions (lamp burnout) in defective lamps (melting of electrodes or inputs by arc discharges) and flying away from the lamp at a distance of about three meters. Vertically falling particles retain their incendiary ability even when falling from 8-10 m.

A widespread violation occurs when aluminum wires are lengthened with copper wires using twists. As a result, a galvanic couple is formed, leading to electrochemical corrosion (destruction of the contact) and an increase in contact resistance, which in the end can also become a source of fire due to heating of the wire connection.
Among the main options for power supply, the following main ones can be distinguished:

The whole system is switched on without diodes;
the whole system is switched on using diodes (centrally, in the switchboard);
combined solutions (diodes are partially installed in lamps and switches).

Diode- an electronic component that has different conductivity depending on the direction of the current. In homes, it is used to reduce the effective voltage on incandescent lamps in order to reduce energy consumption and increase the life of incandescent lamps.

The installed diodes in the power supply circuit of the house lighting system lead to the fact that the incandescent lamps begin to flicker noticeably, which causes additional discomfort to the residents.
The operating voltage is reduced from 220 to 156 V, but it should be noted that due to the fact that the incandescent lamp is a non-linear element and its real power consumption is reduced only by 42%, and the luminous flux, which depends on the square of the normal voltage, decreases to 27%.

Light flow- a physical quantity that characterizes the amount of "light" power in the corresponding radiation flux. It is the main characteristic of the light source for evaluating the illumination created by this light source.

As a result, the lamps become less energy efficient: if the original version has a luminous flux of 800
lm at a power of 60 W (light output 13.3 lm / W), then at
using a diode, the luminous flux is 216 lm
at a power of 34.8 W (light output 6.2 lm / W).

energy efficiency- efficient (rational) use of energy resources. In the case of lighting, it is the use of less electricity to provide the same level of illumination.
Light output of the light source- the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the source to the power consumed by it. It is an indicator of the efficiency and economy of light sources.

To compensate for the reduced luminous flux, residents install lamps of higher power, reaching up to 200 W, which leads to an increase in electricity for the needs of general house lighting.

Ultimately, the illumination of entrances and vestibules does not comply with SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 (average illumination on landings, floor corridors, etc. should be at least 20 lux).

2. Overview of energy efficient light sources

Figure 1 - CLE device, where 1 - thickening of the tube; 2 - inner coating of the flask; 3 - electronic ballast; 4 - ventilation hole; 5 - base

The following energy-efficient light sources (EIS) suitable for use in residential buildings are widely available on the market: fluorescent lamps (including CLE (compact fluorescent with built-in electronic ballast (electronic ballast))), LED lamps and fixtures.

A significant disadvantage of fluorescent lamps is the presence of mercury vapor in their composition, which requires special disposal measures and the presence of a turn-on delay (the lamp reaches its nominal luminous flux after a noticeable period of time). The claimed service life of 25,000 hours is usually not met due to the frequent burnout of tungsten electrodes. During operation, the lamp heats up to 60 ° C, and if they are used as part of any closed lamps, then heat generation leads to overheating of the electronics and premature failure of the lamp. There is no warranty period for these lamps. When used in cold rooms, their luminous efficiency and service life are reduced. Also, the human factor cannot be discarded - the lamps can be stolen by residents in order to use them to illuminate the apartment.
The only and significant disadvantage of lamps with LED light source is their high market price. But this price is paid off by their significantly lower energy consumption, even in comparison with CLE. But when using this lamp in a standard luminaire, the light distribution on the illuminated surface may deteriorate, because This lamp produces a narrow beam of light. Thus, these lamps can only be effectively used when they are installed vertically towards the floor (for example, in a chandelier).

Figure 2 - The device of the LED lamp, where 1 is a diffuser; 2 - LEDs; 3 - circuit board; 4 - radiator; 5 - driver; 6 - ventilation holes; 7 - base

Figure 3 - LED lamp SLG-HL8

When choosing between an LED lamp and an LED lamp, it is advisable to make a choice in the direction of the LED lamp, since the LED lamp has a similar human factor and the possibility of overheating of the electronics (like CLE).
At the moment, there are two types of LED luminaires on the market that are suitable for use in the housing and communal services sector - based on a driverless circuit and using a driver. The price range of fixtures is in the range of 500-700 rubles. without using a driver and 700-1600 rubles. for luminaires with driver.

The main purpose of the driver is to convert alternating current and high voltage of the primary circuit into a constant stabilized current and low voltage acceptable for powering LEDs. In addition to this main function, the driver provides protection against short circuits, protection against overheating of the driver and the luminaire as a whole, as well as stable operation of the luminaire in a wide range of input voltage. Reduced voltage of the secondary circuit ensures safety during electrical work and maintenance of the luminaire.

The essence of the driverless circuit is that the luminaire uses a large number (2070) of low power LEDs (0.1-0.3 W) connected in series to power them with high voltage (> 70 V). But the reliability of any technical system is inversely proportional to the number of elements used, and the burnout of any of the LEDs (when using cheap LEDs of dubious quality) leads to the failure of the lamp. There are no security systems.

As a result of the lack of a driver (switching power supply), the LEDs are not powered correctly, which leads to their rapid aging (the service life is reduced from 50,000 to 30,000 hours). Also, the main disadvantages of these lamps include a large ripple coefficient, which can be conditionally put up with due to the short stay of residents in the entrance.

3. Automation tools

To control the lighting system in an apartment building, in addition to standard switches, various motion sensors can be used as an automation tool.

A motion sensor (DD) is a sensor that tracks the movement of any objects. As a rule, a motion sensor is understood as an electronic infrared (IR) sensor that detects the presence and movement of a person and switches the load - an alarm if it is used as a security system, or a lighting system when it is used as a means of reducing energy consumption (by reducing the time work) of these systems. After holding a certain period of time (usually - adjustable), DD turn off the load (in this case, the lamp).

A very useful feature built into most DDs is the presence of light sensors in them (DD will not work if the illumination in the room exceeds a certain level). Due to this, the lighting system does not turn on during daylight hours.

Figure 4 - The principle of operation of the infrared motion sensor

The disadvantages of IR DD is

Limited sector of coverage (review);
reduced sensitivity when installed at a height of more than 2 meters;
the impossibility of installation near strong heat sources (for example, radiators).

For example, when installing a motion sensor in a long corridor (about 6-8 meters), it only works when a person reaches approximately the middle of it, which causes certain inconveniences (the first third of the corridor has to be passed in the dark). Their viewing range (about 6 meters) is quite enough for use in the entrance.

The solution for a limited coverage sector can be the installation of 2 DDs using the following installation schemes:

At the beginning and at the end of the corridor on the walls, the DDs are directed towards each other;
uniform distribution of DD on the ceiling.

In both cases, the DD must be connected in parallel so that the operation of any of the sensors turns on the lamp. The disadvantage of this solution is the increased consumption of the DDs themselves, which, given their high market price (about 250 rubles), will lead to significant financial costs with dubious savings in the case of using energy-efficient light sources. For example, 2 DDs constantly consume more than 10% of the power of a working LED lamp. Also, one should not forget that there is also a significant complication of the switching system - it is necessary to lay a wire to each of the sensors in both directions.

There are also cheaper options for DD - sound (photoacoustic). These sensors are often already found in certain luminaires (see Figure 1.5). The presence of the word "energy-saving" in their name and a low market value of about 250 rubles. captivates many HOA and UK, but their serious drawback is the problem of setting the sensitivity to the sound level. If the sensitivity is set too high, for example, a resident wearing sneakers can walk past such a sensor and it will not work. Setting a low sensitivity leads to a lack of selectivity on the signal - DDs are triggered by almost any sound.

Figure 5 - Energy-saving lamp housing and communal services-03

A common disadvantage of any motion sensors is that the luminaire experiences a much larger number of on-off cycles during operation, which reduces its service life of the installed light source. For example, incandescent lamps burn out in 90% of cases at the moment of switching on with a concomitant current surge. In the case of CLE, the interval between switching on, established by the warranty conditions to achieve the required operating time, can be more than two minutes (this is due to the operation of simple preheating circuits). The use of soft starters in their composition does not allow the use of CLE and LED lamps.

The cost of saved electricity justifies the premature failure of light sources only in the case of using incandescent lamps, which have a relatively low market value. Also, motion sensors cause some discomfort to residents, especially if installed incorrectly.

The only area where the use of DD in a residential building is economically feasible are places of rare use, for example, an emergency fire escape.

As observations have shown, no more than 1 person per week uses the fire escape. Taking into account the number of storeys of houses where this staircase is present, it is possible to determine the energy savings in the case of using incandescent lamps and EIS.

In the case of using incandescent lamps, the energy savings in terms of power consumption is 60-0.5 \u003d 59.5 W, where 60 is the power of the LON-60 incandescent lamp, W .; 0.5 - DD power consumption in standby mode, W. In a month, when working around the clock, the savings will be: 0.0595 24 29.4-42 kWh (here 0.0595 is the released power, kW; 24 is the number of hours in a day; 29.4 is the average number of days in a month ). At a price for electricity of 2.367 rubles / kWh, the established DD at a price of 250 rubles. and the cost of installation is about 150 rubles. each, the DD equipment project will pay off within (250 + 150) / (42x2.367) -4 months.

In the case of using an EIS (see clause 1.2) with an average power of about 8-15 W, the released power is (15 ... 8) -0.5 \u003d 14.5 ... 7.5 W (here 15 is the power of the CLE, analogue of an incandescent lamp 60 W; 8 - the power of the LED lamp SLG-HL8, also an analogue of LON-60). At the same time, the average monthly energy savings will be (0.0145.,.0.0075) -24-29.4 \u003d 10.2 ... 5.6 kWh. The payback period is (250 + 150) / ((10.2 ...5.6)x2.367)~17...30 months, or one and a half to three years.

Thus, it is not economically feasible to install motion sensors complete with EIS - an incandescent lamp is enough. The only drawback of this decision is the ban on the production and sale of incandescent lamps in Russia in 2014.

The scheme for installing DD in emergency stairs is recommended to be non-standard (wall-mounted), since it provides coverage of two flights of stairs at once (see Figure 1.6). As practice shows, DD with this scheme works only when a person approaches in the middle of the landing (in front of the stairs itself), which, with a low intensity of use of the fire escape, can be attributed to an insignificant drawback.

Figure 6 - Application of motion sensors on the emergency stairs

4. Characteristics of the SLG-HL8 luminaire

LED luminaires of the SLG-HL8 series (Silen-LED Group, for House Light 8 W) are intended for general illumination of housing and communal services. They are specially designed according to lighting calculations for energy-saving lighting of technical and public premises provided by housing and communal services: entrances of residential buildings, stairs and stairwells, elevator shafts, corridors, vestibules, areas of residential buildings and other public premises.
Luminaires of this series can be used for duty and emergency lighting of any non-residential premises of public and private buildings, in addition, they are suitable for outdoor lighting under a canopy - under the canopies of entrances (there is a special version for outdoor use with increased characteristics of anti-vandal protection and resistance to temperature extremes).
The luminaire in a classic economical design is produced in the NPB 1301 housing with a degree of protection IP54, which allows installation on walls and ceilings. The body is made of aluminum alloy, which contributes to the removal of heat from the lamp, and is covered with borosilicate frosted glass to limit the glare from the LEDs. At the request of the customer, it is possible to develop and manufacture a lamp in other cases.
Luminaires are manufactured in Barnaul, undergoing comprehensive quality control. In the manufacture, various machine-building templates and conductors are used.
All luminaires have a 3-year warranty, during which there is a free replacement of failed luminaires. It should be noted that this period exceeds the maximum payback period for fixtures.

Table 1 - Characteristics of SLG-HL8

5. Installation of LED lamps

Since LED luminaires have a certain directionality, installing LED luminaires in places where incandescent lamps were installed is not the right solution. This is explained by the fact that the main "working surface" in the entrance is the floor, and if the lamp is installed on the wall, the main luminous flux will fall on the opposite wall to the installation site. As a result, the floor will be illuminated only by reflected lighting, which will reduce the required illumination. For this reason, the luminaires are installed on the ceiling (exceptions are cases when the installation of the luminaire on the ceiling is not possible).

Despite the fact that the installation becomes more complicated, since it is necessary to lay a long connecting cord from the connection point to the luminaire, this method, in addition to increasing the average illumination, improves light distribution and also reduces the human factor - the luminaire is located at a maximum height, which makes it difficult to freely access to it, reduces glare and the possibility of accidental damage.

Figure 7 - Scheme of a typical installation of LED lamps in the entrance of a house of 97 and 121 series

Installation of fixtures is made in the working days. In exceptional cases, installation can be carried out on Saturday. The day of installation is notified at least 24 hours in advance. Preparatory work for residents who have installed doors in vestibules boils down to cleaning things that are afraid of dust and providing access to the vestibule on the specified day.
The work is carried out by a specially trained installer who knows the device and the rules for installing LED lamps, who also conducts explanatory work with residents. The connection to the electrical network of the house occurs through the public lighting line without the need to open the electrical panels. Be sure to carry out work to identify and eliminate installed diodes, which can reduce the life of LED lamps.

Electrical installation is reduced to the following operations:

Removal of the old lamp;
installation of a new junction box;
installation of LED lamp on the ceiling;
cable laying to the lamp;
connection (depending on the type of wire) through specialized clamps for lighting equipment to the wires.

Figure 8 - Typical installation of an LED lamp

The average installation speed is about 30 fixtures per day, which corresponds to 1 entrance of a 9-storey building.

6. Economic calculations

The payback period in the case of lighting systems is understood as the period of time that has passed after the purchase and installation of more energy-efficient light sources, during which the price of saved electricity will exceed the price of the luminaire, taking into account its installation.

Payback \u003d Investment / Annual Savings (1.1)

The initial option is a working LON-60 lamp in 2 main versions (see clause 1.1) - using a diode in the power circuit and without it. It is necessary to determine how much it costs to operate this light source in both options.
We will carry out calculations for the following replacement options (through a dash - the abbreviation adopted below):

Compact fluorescent lamp SPIRAL-econom with a power of 12 W, 600 Lm (manufactured by ASD) - KLL12.
LED lamp with a power of LED-A60-standard with a power of 7 W, 600 Lm (ASD) - LL7.
LED lamp SPP-2101 with a power of 8 W, 640 Lm (ASD) - LED8
LED lamp SLG-HL8 with a power of 8 W, 660 Lm (Silen-Led) - SLG-HL8.

Light sources were selected according to the principle of equality of the luminous flux of an incandescent lamp of 60 W (600 Lm).
To assess the payback period, it is necessary to have initial data for calculations, which include the price for electricity (since 2015 for houses equipped in the prescribed manner with stationary electric stoves - 2.5 rubles) and the average daily operating time - 14 hours;

6.1 Operating costs of incandescent lamps

The consumed electricity per year R el can be calculated using the following formula:

R el \u003d R light / T day * 365 (1.2)

Where P light is the power of the lamp, W; T days - average daily operating time, h; 365 is the number of days in a year.

According to clause 1.1, if an incandescent lamp is connected through a diode, then its power consumption is reduced by 42%. Accordingly, for LON-60 connected through a diode, this power will be 60 - 42% \u003d 35 W.

Let us designate this design case in further calculations as an option for using an incandescent lamp with a power of 35 W (LON35). A lamp turned on without using a diode will be designated as LON60.

R el LON35 \u003d 35 * 14 * 365 \u003d 178.85 kW * h (1.3)
R el LON60 \u003d 60 * 14 * 365 \u003d 306.6 kW * h (1.4)

In monetary terms, the cost of consumed energy can be calculated using the following formula:

C el \u003d R el * Ts kWh (1.5)

Where C kWh is the cost of a kilowatt-hour, rubles / kWh.

According to this formula, for the given design cases, the cost of consumed electricity will be:

S el LON35 \u003d 178.85 * 2.5 \u003d 447.12 rubles (1.6)
S el LON60 \u003d 306.6 * 2.5 \u003d 766.5 rubles (1.7)

It should be noted that lamps switched on without a diode work in the nominal mode, and they burn out during operation, and lamps switched on using a diode practically do not burn out.

So it is necessary to determine how much is spent per year to replace burnt out lamps. This C replacement cost is the cost of the lamp multiplied by the number of replacements.

C deputy \u003d Ts l * n s (1.8)

Where Ts l - the cost of the lamp, rub.; n s - the number of replacements, pieces / year;

The number of replacements n s for can be determined based on the average daily operating time of the light source T days and the average life of the light source T sl.

N s \u003d (T day * 365) / T sl (1.9)

Where T day is the average daily operating time h, T sl is the average life of the light source, h.
The average service life for an incandescent lamp with a rated power of 60 W (for example, B220-230-60-1) is given in GOST 2239-79 and is 1300 hours.
For llama LON-60, the number of replacements is:

N z LON60 \u003d (14 * 365) / 1300 \u003d 3.9 pieces (1.10)

For this lamp, the average price in Barnaul for 2014 was 13.3 rubles. Therefore, the annual cost of replacing lamps is:

With deputy LON60 \u003d 3.93 * 13.3 \u003d 52.28 rubles (1.11)

In total, we find that the annual cost of operating a 60 W incandescent lamp is:

RUB 485.45 - in case of using diodes;
766.5 + 52.28 \u003d 818.78 rubles. - without their use. At the same time, these calculations do not take into account the cost of the work to replace them.

6.2 Payback periods for replacement options

To determine the payback period for various options for replacing LON-60 with EIS, according to formula 1.1, two main parameters are determined - the cost of purchase (investment) and annual savings.

C s \u003d C EIS + C mon (1.12)

Where C EIS - the cost of EIS, rub.; C mon - the cost of dismantling old lamps and installing new ones, rub. This cost refers to capital costs.

Annual energy savings Сecon can be calculated using the following formula:

C econ \u003d C el LON + C el EIS (1.13)

Where Ts el LON is the annual energy consumption of an incandescent lamp in (in both design options), kWh; C el EIS - annual energy consumption of EIS, kWh.

If the purchase cost (see formula 1.12) is divided by the annual savings (see formula 1.13), then you can determine the payback period in years:

T payback \u003d C s / C econ (1.14)

To translate the resulting value from the resulting fraction, you need to subtract the whole part - these will be whole years - and multiply the remainder by 12 to get months.
It should be noted that the calculations do not take into account inflation and the annual increase in the electricity tariff, which lead to an additional reduction in the payback period.

Replacement option for CFL 12 W:

C s KLL12 \u003d 130 + 100 + 100 \u003d 330 rubles

Here 130 is the cost of a 15 W CLE with an E27 base, rub.; 100 - the cost of the most popular lamp NBB 64-60 with diffuser RPA-85-001, rub.; 100 - cost of replacement work, rub.

R el KLL12 \u003d 12 * 14 * 365 \u003d 61.32 kW * h
C el KLL12 \u003d 61.32 * 2.5 \u003d 153.3 rubles
n s KLL12 \u003d (14 * 365) / 8000 \u003d 0.64 pieces
With deputy KLL12 \u003d 0.64 * 130 \u003d 83.2 rubles

Also, to this cost, it is necessary to add the cost of disposing of a failed mercury-containing lamp (12 rubles), which, taking into account delivery, will cost about 20 rubles.

In case of violation according to Art.8.2. Citizens of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation will have to pay from 1 to 2 thousand rubles, officials - from 10 to 30 thousand rubles, entrepreneurs - from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles (or an administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days), and legal entities - from 100 thousand to 250 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days).

With deputy + utility KLL12 \u003d 83.2 + 20 * 0.64 \u003d 96 rubles
C exploit KLL12 \u003d 153.3 + 96 \u003d 249.3 rubles
With economy \u003d 818.78 - 249.3 \u003d 569.48 rubles
With economy diode = 485.45 - 249.3 = 236.15 rubles
T payback \u003d 330 / 569.48 \u003d 0.58 \u003d 7 months
T payback diode \u003d 330 / 236 15 \u003d 1.4 \u003d 1 year 5 months

Replacement option for a 7W LED lamp:

C z LL7 \u003d 200 +100 +100 \u003d 400 rubles

Here 200 is the cost of a 7 W LED lamp with an E27 base, rub.; 100 - cost of the lamp NBB 64-60 with diffuser RPA-85-001, rub.; 100 - cost of replacement work, rub.

R el LL7 \u003d 7 * 14 * 365 \u003d 35.77 kWh
C el LL7 \u003d 35.77 * 2.5 \u003d 89.43 rubles
n z LL7 \u003d (14 * 365) / 30000 \u003d 0.17 pieces
With deputy LL7 \u003d 0.17 * 200 \u003d 34 rubles
C exploit LL7 \u003d 89.43 + 34 \u003d 123.43 rubles
With economy \u003d 818.78 - 123.43 \u003d 695.35 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 123.43 = 362.02 rubles
T payback \u003d 400 / 695.35 \u003d 0.58 \u003d 7 months
T payback diode \u003d 400 / 362.02 \u003d 1.1 \u003d 1 year 1 month

Replacement option for the lamp SPP-2101:

C s LED8 = 500 + 200 = 700 rubles
here 500 is the cost of the SPP-2101 LED lamp, rub.; 200 - cost of replacement work, rub. The increase in the cost of installation is due to the fact that the lamp is not placed in its original place, but on the ceiling (see Figure 8)

P el LED8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 40.88 kWh
C el LED8 = 40.88 * 2.5 = 102.2 rubles
n z LED8 \u003d (14 * 365) / 30000 \u003d 0.17 pcs
With deputy LED8 = 0.17 * 500 = 85 rubles

Here it is more appropriate to use the term not “replacement cost” but “depreciation deductions”, since the lamp is an integral part of the light source and the entire complex has to be replaced.

C exploit LED8 \u003d 102.2 + 85 \u003d 187.2 rubles
With economy \u003d 818.78 - 187.2 \u003d 631.58 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 187.2 = 298.25 rubles
T payback \u003d 700 / 631.58 \u003d 1.11 \u003d 1 year 1 month
T payback diode \u003d 700 / 298.25 \u003d 2.35 \u003d 2 years 4 months

Replacement option for SHG-HL8:

C s SG-HL8 = 750 + 200 = 950 rubles

Here 750 is the cost of SLG-HL8, rub.; 200 - cost of replacement work, rub.

R el SG-HL8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 4°, 88 kWh
C el SG-HL8 \u003d 4 °, 88 * 2.5 \u003d 1 ° 2.2 rubles
n s SG-HL8 \u003d (14 * 365) / 50000 \u003d 0.1 pcs

In the case of the SLG-HL8 LED luminaire, at the end of the service life of 50,000 hours, with the expected good condition of the ceiling, it is possible to replace the light module without replacing the ceiling itself and cooling systems. The price of these works is 500 rubles.

With deputy SG-HL8 \u003d 0.1 * 500 \u003d 50 rubles
C exploit SG-HL8 \u003d 102.2 + 50 \u003d 152.2 rubles
With economy \u003d 818.78 - 152.2 \u003d 666.58 rubles
With econom diode \u003d 485.45 - 152.2 \u003d 333.25 rubles
T payback \u003d 950 / 666.58 \u003d 1.43 \u003d 1 year 5 months
T payback diode \u003d 950 / 333 25 \u003d 2.85 \u003d 2 years 10 months

7. Conclusions

We will summarize all the technical characteristics and the obtained economic data for the considered fixtures in a single table. Luminaires are listed in the order in which they are described.

Table 2 - Characteristics of light sources

Options
Specifications
Luminous flux, lm
Power consumption, W
Light output, lm/W
Average service life, h.
Presence of mercury
Price characteristics
Lamp price, rub.
Lamp price, rub.
The price of the kit with installation, rub.
Payback, months
without diodes
with diodes
Performance characteristics
Number of replacements, pcs.
Annual consumption, kWh
Probability of theft

Based on the study, we will give a brief description of each light source, indicating its main advantages and disadvantages.
60 W incandescent lamp. Typical lighting system for entrances of apartment buildings. It has the highest power consumption and the lowest light output and service life. Fire hazardous. When used with diodes, it does not provide rated illumination. The main advantage is the low price of the lamp.

12W compact fluorescent lamp. Contains mercury in its composition, which requires special measures for its disposal (and, as it should, disposal costs). The main advantage is improved light output and service life at a moderate cost and ease of replacement.

7W LED lamp. Provides the lowest power consumption. The cheapest option for LED light source. But at the same time, the probability of theft is maximum (or the installation of a special lamp is required). The main advantage is the shortest payback period and ease of replacement.

LED lamp SPP-2101 (8 W). Variant of the LED lamp in the luminaire housing. Due to the high price, the payback period is 2 times longer. The main advantage is the reduced probability of theft compared to the LED lamp.

LED lamp SLG-HL8 (8 W). The most expensive replacement option. Version of the LED lamp in a metal case. The longest payback periods. Repairable, while repairs are carried out in Barnaul. The main advantage is that the payback period in all cases is less than the warranty period of operation (3 years).

8. An example of the modernization of lighting systems in an apartment building in Barnaul

The object of modernization was a panel residential building of the 97th series for 205 apartments.

Average illumination index 8.7±0.1 lux

Illumination measurement results according to GOST R 54944

The house has been managed by the homeowners association (HOA) "Altai" since 1997. At the meeting of the Board on April 7, 2011, it was decided to replace the collective lighting system, presented in the form of 170 incandescent lamps installed in the entrances and vestibules, with energy-efficient light sources. All lamps were centrally (in the switchboard) turned on through power diodes. The ceiling height is 2.63 m. The walls are half painted with light paint, the upper part of the walls and the ceiling are whitewashed. The results of measuring the illumination in the floor corridor are presented below.

As an EIS of light, an LED lamp of the brand SLG-HL8 was chosen. The cost of carrying out the work is 170,000 rubles. The term of performance of works - 2 months.

According to the calculated data, the payback period was 2 years. After carrying out the work, to verify the calculation data, a log was taken to register the readings of electric meters, based on the results of which a graph was built, shown in the figure below. For improved visualization, a stepwise approximation of the obtained data was carried out.

Figure 9 - Energy consumption at home for 2010-2013

The graph shows that after November 2011, when the work was completed, the cost of lighting from 45005500 kWh decreased to 1000-1200 kWh, and the total energy consumption decreased by 2 times (from 8000 to 4000 kWh). The energy consumption of elevators has remained unchanged, but in the future plans have been developed to carry out energy saving works in elevators as well.
Figure 10 is another data visualization option designed to show the structure of overall energy consumption.

Figure 10 - The structure of energy consumption at home for 2010-2014

From the above diagram it can be seen that before the modernization, the cost of lighting was 2/3 of the ODN, after the modernization it was less than 1/3. At the same time, the average annual energy savings is about 4000-12 = 48,000 kWh, which in monetary terms in electricity prices for 2011 is 48,000 1.79 = 85,920 rubles. With energy saving costs, the payback period was 1 year and 10 months. The reduction in the payback period is justified by bringing all the lamps to a single face value - many residents installed up to 200 W instead of standard 60 watt lamps to improve illumination. Lighting control systems - switches - were also restored. The introduction of automation tools partially played a role - motion sensors were installed on the emergency stairs.
A prerequisite was to bring the level of illumination in the entrances to the standard. The results of the illumination measurement after the upgrade are shown in the figure and table below.

The average indicator of illumination is 25.3±0.1 lux. Illumination results after modernization

An important feature of the measurements is that they were taken in 24-hour increments at the same time and with the same camera settings.

As the above data show, the average in both cases exceeds 20 lux and averages 22 lux. These readings fully comply with SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10. This confirms the correct choice and LED lamps.

In 2014, incandescent lamps were replaced with LED lamps in elevator batches and in elevator cabins. It also reduced the energy consumption of the house, bringing it down to 25% of the original value (from ~8000 to ~2000 kWh).

(4 votes, average: 5,00 out of 5)

Electricity tariffs are increasing every year, along with them, general house payments for lighting common areas are growing. In this regard, many management companies are beginning to consider how to upgrade the lighting in the entrances to LED. What solutions exist today and how to make the right choice?

Are built-in sensors required?

The main goal of introducing LED lighting technology in the housing and communal services sector is savings. The LED solution itself is 8-10 times more economical than a similar one with an incandescent lamp and about 2 times more economical than a solution with a compact fluorescent lamp, so we can limit ourselves to the introduction of luminaires without sensors.

But a product with built-in "intelligence" will additionally save another 60-80% of electricity. At the same time, additional costs will be very small. It can be concluded that lighting equipment with a built-in sensor is an economically sound solution for the housing and communal services sector.

What type of detection to choose?

Most often, the presence of a person on the stairwell is determined by sound or by movement. Smaller volumes of application of lighting equipment with motion sensors in apartment buildings are due to the fact that this type of device is directional, which imposes significant restrictions on the location of the lamp in the stairwell. It turns out that in the limited space of the entrance it is not always possible to replace the existing point-to-point lighting equipment while maintaining the installation location. At the same time, the supply of electrical networks to a new place is always an additional cost.

Equipment with sound detection does not have this disadvantage, the accuracy of determining the presence of a person does not depend on the location of the lamp. This is probably one of the reasons that such products are widely used in all regions of Russia without exception. The disadvantages of the acoustic method include false positives, for example, due to extraneous noise on the street or in apartments. But such trips in general, for all solutions installed at the facility, rarely account for more than 3% of the total operation time.

The second sensor that manufacturers build into the housing and public utilities luminaire is an optical one. Its function is to ensure that the light in the entrance does not turn on during daylight hours, if there is enough natural light. It is permissible to conclude that the best solution is a combination of two sensors in the product, namely optical and acoustic. Such "smart" lighting technology can save up to 98% of electricity. There are facilities where consumers have been able to reduce the cost of each light point from 1,500 rubles to 27 rubles a year.

Why is standby mode necessary?

To increase comfort and safety, some lamps have a “standby mode”. In this mode, the equipment operates at full capacity only when there is a person in the staircase, and the rest of the time it emits 20-30% of the declared luminous flux.

There is no longer total darkness in the room, there is enough light for the operation of video surveillance systems, in order to see through the peephole what is happening on the landing. At the same time, electricity consumption is extremely low. Perhaps, we can already say that the presence of a standby mode is one of the standard customer requirements for lighting equipment with sensors in the housing and communal services sector.

What power to choose?

Other things being equal, the higher the power of the equipment, the brighter it will be in the room. Today, the optimal total power consumption for housing and communal services lamps is in the range of 6-8 W. Such a product will replace an analogue with an incandescent lamp with a power of up to 60-75W.

What degree of protection against ingress of moisture and dust is sufficient?

The degree of protection is indicated in accordance with GOST 14254 by the letters IP and two numbers. From IP20 to IP68. The higher the index, the higher the protection.

For entrances and other dry premises, IP20 protection is sufficient; for basements and similar premises, protection from IP54 and above is desirable. For lighting at the entrance to the entrance, it is better to choose fixtures with IP64 and above.

For products with acoustic sensors, a relatively low degree of IP is typical, since technological holes in the body are necessary for more accurate operation of sensors of this type.

How to protect equipment from vandals and theft?

Vandal resistance is a rather important parameter when choosing solutions for entrances of residential buildings. Lighting equipment for the housing and communal services sector must withstand significant shock loads, while remaining operational.

If the body of such lamps has a streamlined shape, this will also complicate its unauthorized dismantling from the wall or ceiling. Anti-removable fasteners, plugs, and other design solutions are able to provide sufficiently reliable protection against equipment theft.

Luminaires SA-7008U of the Perseus series, as one of the most common solutions in housing and communal services

It seems that the need to replace existing equipment in the housing and communal services sector with modern LED lighting equipment with sensors is quite obvious and even inevitable.

As an example of a specific solution that is already widely used in apartment buildings, let's cite the SA-7008U lamp of the Perseus series. This series is produced by the Aktey company, located in the city of St. Petersburg.

SA-7008U of the Perseus series is a multi-mode LED luminaire with built-in optical and acoustic sensors.

Power consumption - 8 W, luminous flux - 800 lumens. Power consumption in standby mode - no more than 2 watts. Three modes of operation in one product significantly expand the possibilities for application, while the design and installation organization and storage facilities of the manufacturer and customer continue to work with only one nomenclature position.

Application of SA-7008U

Lighting of stairwells, halls, corridors, lobbies and other premises with periodic stay of people in residential and public buildings. The SA-7008U "Persey" multi-mode luminaire with a standby mode of operation and a full off mode is designed to work in an alternating current network with a voltage of 220 volts.

SA-7008U series "Perseus" is designed to work on stairwells, so the degree of protection is IP30. The anti-vandal case maintains very aggressive external influences. Each product is supplied with anti-theft hardware and the required tool for installation on site. Thanks to the polycarbonate body, SA-7008U has an electrical safety class II, which means that it does not require a ground line.

The high reliability of SA-7008U leads to the fact that customers who have started using lighting solutions of the Perseus series continue to use them on the next floor, in the next entrance, in the next apartment building.

Characteristics of SA-7008U

– Operating voltage - 160…250 V
– Mains frequency - 50 Hz
- Nomin. power consumption in active mode - 8 W
– Power consumption in standby mode - ≤2 W
– Nominal luminous flux - 800 lm
– Acoustic switching threshold - 52±5 dB (adjustable)
– Optical response threshold - 5±2 lx
– Lighting duration - 60…140 sec. (adjustable)
– Automatic restart of the light off timer
– Sensitivity adjustment
– Adjustment of duration of illumination - is
– Power factor - > 0.85
– Class of protection against electric shock - II

Features SA-7008U

– To replace NBB, NBO and SBO luminaires in housing and communal services.
- The body of the LED lamp is made of impact-resistant polycarbonate.
– Acoustic sensitivity adjustment.
– Adjustment of lighting duration.
– Original patented impact resistant design.
– Special fixing screws that make unauthorized dismantling difficult.
– Overvoltage protection in the network.
- Soft start system.
– Nichia, Samsung LEDs.
– No flicker or stroboscopic effect.
– Electromagnetic interference suppression filter (EMI filter).
– Protective earth is not required.
- Multi-mode with the ability to turn on the standby mode (backlight).

Company Aktey develops and manufactures innovative electrical appliances for energy saving in housing and communal services (HUS), individual apartments, cottages and household plots.

The company's products allow saving up to 95% of electricity used to illuminate entrances, stairwells, corridors and vestibules of public places: modern light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, lamps with built-in optical-acoustic or infrared presence sensors, as well as built-in energy-saving sensors for the needs of serial lighting equipment manufacturers.

The Aktey company carries out custom (OEM, ODM) development, production or modernization of existing lighting equipment according to the technical requirements of the customer. The products are characterized by easy installation, simple operation, reliability and low price.

Comfortable living of tenants in an apartment building is provided in different ways. One of them is the lighting in the entrance. While many residents continue to use incandescent bulbs, alternative lighting sources are growing in popularity as they are more economical, durable, and low incandescent.

High-quality lighting in the entrance is a necessary condition for the safe and comfortable living of residents.

Lighting of entrances can be arranged in an economical way. Innovative light bulbs produce a soft light that is at the same time more intense and less expensive. This is not done on your own. It is necessary to contact the management company, which is obliged to respond if the lighting does not meet the established requirements.

Currently, many entrances are equipped with an automatic system. Thanks to this, it significantly reduces the cost of electricity. It also complies with the requirements that are established in legislative acts.

Sample application for the modernization of lighting in the entrance.

Each entrance of the MKD is necessarily equipped with lighting fixtures. The regulatory documents indicate what the illumination should be (in lux). There are no categorical indications for certain lighting devices in the rules.

However, there is an indication that lamps should be economical, with greater light output and service life.

These conditions are met by both fluorescent and LED lamps, including LED strips.

Norms of illumination of various parts of the entrance and utility rooms

Lighting in the entrances of different premises has its own standards and rules (GOSTs, construction SNiP). The main ones include the following:

• rationing is carried out according to table VSN 59-88, which contains two types of standards: light from incandescent or fluorescent lamps;
• in elevators, lamps have an illumination power of 20 lux (for fluorescent lamps) and 7 lux (for incandescent bulbs);
• wheelchair rooms are illuminated with incandescent bulbs;
• elevator shafts - incandescent bulbs of 5 lux;
• basement and attic rooms, as well as switchboard rooms, garbage collection rooms and others, are illuminated with 10 lux incandescent bulbs.

Incandescent lamps are gradually becoming a thing of the past. And the leading positions are increasingly confidently occupied by LED devices, as the most economical and durable.

Entrance lighting control standards

Automation undergoes regular modernization. Normative documentation does not always have time to change in connection with emerging technologies. Therefore, often the norms of lighting in the entrances of residential buildings are advisory in nature. In this case, you need to remember the following points:

• the automatic system must be switched on and off manually;
• when installing a system that reacts automatically, the light should turn on with varying degrees of illumination;
• if sensors are used, then emergency lighting is provided, which is switched on in stairwells in automatic and manual mode;
• the devices illuminating the attic are located outside this room.

Who pays for lighting in the entrances, and how the amount is determined

Lighting in the entrances refers to the general needs of the house. If earlier the consumption of electricity for general house needs was registered separately in the receipt, then from the beginning of 2017 this item was removed. Currently, the calculation is performed depending on the presence or absence of a common house meter.

If a common house meter is installed, then the indicators are determined by the employees of the supervisory authority together with representatives of the house. After that, the difference between the amount received and the accounting values ​​in each apartment is calculated.

The number of square meters not equipped with sensors also matters. The result is distributed among the homeowners depending on the area of ​​the premises. The more square meters in the apartment, the more you have to pay for electrical energy for ODN.

If there is no meter, then payment is made in accordance with the current regulations established in the region.

Motion sensor in the entrance - reacts to the movement of objects in its "area of ​​responsibility".

Who is replacing the lighting in the entrances

If there is no light in the entrance, then the reason can be determined independently. It may be as follows:

• bulb burnout;
• ceiling lamp malfunction;
• closure;
• damage to switches;
• breakage of the switchboard;
• accident;
• planned work.

After finding out the cause of the breakdown, they report it to the management company or homeowners association. These organizations are responsible for providing light in the entrances of an apartment building (the obligation does not apply to balconies, the lighting decision of which is made by the homeowners).

Expert opinion

Mironova Anna Sergeevna

Generalist lawyer. Specializes in family matters, civil, criminal and housing law

Replacing light bulbs is the responsibility of the management company. Troubleshooting and replacement are performed based on the results of scheduled inspections. They are held according to a set schedule.

Where to go if there is no lighting in the entrances

Residents can call or come to the Criminal Code and submit an application. The specialists of the management company must carry out the necessary work the very next day after the request. In case of delay, tenants have the right to contact the housing inspectorate or the prosecutor's office. In some cases, the period during which the work is performed can be extended up to 7 days.

What are the possible consequences for the Criminal Code if there is no lighting in the entrances

Lighting in the entrance is very important, because in addition to its direct purpose, it ensures the safety of residents and protection against theft. Therefore, authorized organizations are obliged to urgently respond to these requests.

If after 7 days after filing the application the problem has not been resolved, the management company may be held legally liable under the Code of Administrative Offenses. In accordance with Article 7.22 of the Code, officials are fined in the amount of 4,000 to 5,000 rubles. And the fine for legal entities ranges from 40 to 50 thousand rubles.

Art. 7.22 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Violation of the rules for the maintenance and repair of residential buildings and (or) residential premises.

The rights and legitimate interests of citizens are controlled by the State Housing Inspectorate. The specialists of this organization and the administration have the right to draw up protocols if relevant violations are revealed.

Driveway lighting automation schemes

Lighting in the entrances of apartment buildings is carried out in different ways. Each scheme has its own characteristics. They can combine each other or have similar characteristics. Below are the options that are most common.

Lighting control with push buttons

The method is more suitable for low-rise buildings, the residents of which are distinguished by a conscious attitude. With it, it is possible to save money, but it depends only on the tenants. The main advantage of this method is the affordable price.

Management is carried out in two ways.

The first one is a push-button post located at the entrance at the entrance and on each floor.

The second - makes it possible to turn on and off the light only in the stairway. Basements and attics have outdoor lighting in the form of a standard switch or a special sensor.

If the apartment owners do not show conscientiousness in general house issues, then the light can be turned off by means of a timer.

Using Light Sensors

When there is good natural light, a system with light sensors is a suitable option. This is not the most economical option, but is used as an alternative to the standard switch.

The sensor is installed in a dark place. The device works when it gets dark. In this case, lighting can be switched on in the entrance or outside the premises. In utility rooms, it is advisable to use standard switches.

Using Motion Sensors

This scheme appeared not so long ago, but its popularity is growing every year. When using motion sensors, savings are achieved. Moreover, attention from the residents is not required.

In this case, sensors are installed on each floor, but sometimes one at the entrance to the entrance. After the device has been triggered, the time until the device is turned off is counted. In the presence of an elevator, the inclusion of light is carried out in different ways. Most often, the sensor is triggered when leaving the elevator. Utility rooms of the entrance are best equipped with standard switches.

Combined lighting schemes

Often, combined lighting schemes are used in the entrances. At the same time, they are guided by the type of premises and the tasks assigned. For example, a light sensor is installed as the main starter, which works in low light and sends a signal to motion sensors mounted outside, in the lobby and in the elevator.

In another example, a motion sensor is used as the main one. Other rooms can be switched on using standard switches.

High-quality lighting in the entrances of apartment buildings is the most important factor in the comfort of residents. In most cases, ordinary incandescent lamps are used as a light source. But this kind of artificial lighting has recently lost its relevance due to the fragility of use, significant consumption of energy resources, as well as a high degree of incandescence (up to 360 ° C), which can cause a fire. Today, people are looking for alternative light sources.

Lighting in the entrances of residential buildings according to the norms of SanPiN

To begin with, we will study the basic standards of illumination that apply to the premises of entrances.

According to the SanPin sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations in force in Russia since August 15, 2010, Section Five of the "Hygienic Requirements for Natural and Artificial Lighting and Insolation" (clauses 5.4., 5.5 and 5.6) states that:

• Each entrance and other premises of a residential building must be provided with general and local artificial lighting.
• Illumination where landings, stairs, elevator lobbies, floor corridors, lobbies, basements and attics are located should not be lower than 20 lux on the floor.
• Each main entrance to a residential building must be equipped with lamps that provide at least 6 lux illumination at the entrance to the entrance, for horizontal surfaces - from 10 lux, for vertical surfaces - to a height of two meters from the floor. It is also necessary to illuminate the footpath at the entrance to the apartment building.

Moreover, in accordance with clause 7.62 of SNiP 23-05-95, each building with more than six storeys must be equipped with evacuation lighting. This ensures the safe evacuation of people from the building in the event that the work lighting disappears.

According to paragraph 7.63, emergency lighting should illuminate the stairs at least 0.5 lux on the steps. At the same time, it is important to observe the condition that the difference between the maximum and minimum illuminated areas does not exceed the ratio of 1:40.

Do not forget about the mandatory presence of evacuation lighting on the street. Here, the level of illumination of the ground should be only 0.2 lux.

• Do not confuse emergency and evacuation exits

Sources of lighting in the entrances of residential buildings

According to numerous observations, light sources in porches and other common areas in multi-storey buildings are light bulbs with an average power of 60 watts. Lamps are usually installed without shades, which is a gross violation of fire safety requirements. In turn, the fire hazard of incandescent lamps is usually considered in 2 aspects:

• the possibility of ignition as a result of contact of the lamp with combustible material;
• the probability of ignition when incandescent particles of a light bulb, formed during its destruction, hit nearby combustible materials.

The first aspect is primarily due to the fact that the temperature of the bulb of an incandescent lamp after one hour of burning reaches 360 ° C (provided that the power of the bulb is up to 100 W). That is why dark sooty circles form on the ceiling above the lamps.

The second factor is incorrect operation, when, in addition to using a light bulb without a diffuser, the permissible distance to combustible materials is not respected. This phenomenon is relevant for close apartment vestibules, which are used by residents of apartment buildings as improvised pantries.

Safety cannot be guaranteed by sufficient distance alone. A fire hazard situation can arise due to hot metal particles that form when a light bulb burns out. Descending particles are capable of igniting even when falling from a height of 10 meters.

Quite often you can find a violation when aluminum wires are lengthened using copper wires with twists. This is how galvanic steam is formed, due to which the contact is destroyed (electrochemical corrosion occurs and the contact resistance increases). All this can lead to a fire due to overheating of the wire connection.

There are the following main power supply systems:

1. the whole system without the use of diodes;
2. the whole system is turned on when using diodes;
3. various combinations (diodes are partially installed in light bulbs and switches).

A diode is an electronic element that has varying degrees of conductivity depending on the direction of the current. In apartment buildings, it is used in order to reduce the effective voltage on incandescent lamps and, accordingly, reduce energy consumption and increase the life of light bulbs.

Diodes installed in the lighting system in the entrances of MKDs lead to the flickering of incandescent lamps, which in turn creates additional discomfort.

In this case, the voltage is reduced from 220 to 156 V, but it is important to understand that the incandescent lamp is a non-linear element, so its power consumption will be reduced by only 42%. At the same time, the luminous flux, which is the main parameter of the light source, by which the level of illumination in the entrance is estimated, can decrease to only 27%.

This is how incandescent lamps lose their energy efficiency: if an ordinary light bulb is characterized by a luminous flux of 800 lm and a power of 60 W (the light output is 13.3 lm / W), then as a result of connecting the diodes, the luminous flux will be 216 lm, and the power will be 34.8 W ( the light output index in this case is 6.2 lm / W).

In order to compensate for the reduced luminous flux, residents of apartment buildings install light bulbs of higher power (up to 200 W), which in turn provokes an increase in electricity consumption when the lighting in the entrances is turned on.

That is why it is recommended to install energy efficient sources Sveta. Today, the market offers a range of the following energy-efficient light sources (EIS), which are used as lighting in the entrances of residential buildings: fluorescent lamps (which include CLE), LED lamps and fixtures.

Fluorescent lamps have one significant drawback - they contain mercury vapor, so it is necessary to follow the rules for their disposal, and there is also a turn-on delay (the light bulb, as a rule, reaches the nominal luminous flux after a certain period of time). The service life of these devices for lighting in entrances is about 25 thousand hours, but in practice their service life is shorter due to the fact that tungsten electrodes often burn out. The included bulb heats up to sixty degrees, and in the case when it is used as part of closed fixtures, heat generation leads to overheating of the electronics and premature failure of the lamp. These devices do not have a warranty period. Also, the human factor should not be overlooked: there are often cases when the residents themselves steal the light bulbs, in order to then use them to illuminate their own apartment.

LED lamps have only one, but at the same time a significant drawback - this is a high cost. But such a price justifies itself due to economical energy consumption, even in comparison with CLE. But when you use this lamp in a standard luminaire, the quality of the light distribution on the illuminated surface may be reduced, because it gives a narrow beam of light. So, it is advisable to install LED lamps in chandeliers.

If you are considering what to purchase as a light source in the entrance - an LED lamp or a lamp, then it is better to give preference to the second option, since the LED lamp is subject to the same human factor and the possibility of electronics overheating (as is the case with CLE).

The modern market offers two types of LED lamps that can be used for lighting in entrances: based on a driverless scheme, and also using a driver. The main task of the driver is to convert the alternating current and high voltage of the primary circuit into a stabilized constant current and low voltage, which are acceptable for driving LEDs. Due to the reduced voltage of the secondary circuit, safety is ensured during electrical installation work on lighting in entrances.

A characteristic feature of the circuit without the use of a driver is that the luminaire uses 2070 low power LEDs (up to 0.3 W), which are connected in series to power them with high voltage (over 70 V). The reliability of all technical systems is inversely proportional to the number of elements used. The burnout of any LED can disable the lamp in the entrance. There is no protection system.

The lack of a driver is the reason for the incorrect power supply of the LEDs, therefore, in turn, the lamp life is reduced from 50 to 30 thousand hours. Another significant drawback of such a lamp is the high ripple factor.

• Energy efficient repair of MKD in Russia: myth or reality

Automatic lighting in the entrances of apartment buildings

To date, develop and implement a variety of automatic lighting systems in the entrances. Each entrance has its own lighting scheme, based on the location of the entrance, the number of storeys of the house, the decency of the homeowners and many other factors. Below we will take a closer look at the most common and successful options:

Option 1. Automatic lighting in the entrances, which is controlled by push-button posts.

This method of lighting control in the entrances is especially suitable for low-rise buildings in which conscious citizens live, since this method makes it possible to save money. But how this will happen depends only on the residents of the entrance.

Its main advantage is simplicity and cost, which is much more profitable than other options.

Thus, there are various ways to control lighting in the entrance:

• The first option is represented by a push-button post located at the entrance to the entrance and on each floor. The process is as follows: a person enters the entrance and presses the button to turn on the light: due to this action, lighting is started in the entire entrance. When entering the apartment, the button is used to turn off the light, and the lighting goes out.
• Another option is to turn off the lighting by means of a push-button post not in the entire entrance, but only on a flight of stairs. This method implies that the light is extinguished on each floor corridor separately under the influence of its own starter. This option is somewhat more economical, however, more complex and expensive to implement.

As a rule, push-button posts can be replaced by circuits of "pass-through" switches. The electrical circuit in this case will look much more complicated, but can save money. But such lighting is not suitable for everyone.

• The third method allows you to control the lighting in the basements of the entrances, in the attics, as well as outdoor lighting from different points, which can be selected separately.
• In the event that in your apartment building you cannot rely on the conscientiousness of the residents, you can arrange to turn off the lighting in the entrances using the appropriate timer.

Option 2. The use of light sensors in the entrances.

In the case when the entrance is well lit due to natural insolation, light sensors should be used. Of course, this option does not provide significant savings, however, it can be used as an alternative to the switch.

In order to implement this method, simply install and configure one light sensor, which should be mounted in the darkest place of the entrance.

This device is activated in the dark, gives an impulse to turn on the light using a starter or through its own contacts. In this case, the lighting can work not only in the entrance, but also outside.

Light sensors are usually powered through a conventional switch.

Option 3. Use of motion sensors for lighting in entrances.

Automatic lighting in the entrances is gradually becoming more popular. This option provides significant savings, while no action is required on the part of the tenants. The main factor in this matter is a competent organization, taking into account the characteristics of the entrance.

In order to ensure the normal functioning of this circuit, it is necessary to install a sensor on each floor. Sometimes such a device is also mounted at the entrance to the entrance. When a person enters the entrance, the sensor located at the entrance is automatically triggered. After that, the lighting on the stairs and the 1st floor turns on. If an elevator is installed in the MKD, then a pulse is also applied to illuminate the passage to the elevator. If necessary, the flight of stairs is also illuminated.

After the sensor is triggered, the countdown begins until the lighting in the entrance is turned off. This time period is enough to slowly climb to the second floor.

In the case when the elevator is not provided in the house, a person goes up the stairs and finds himself in the zone of action of sensors located on the second floor. This device works and gives a pulse to turn on the lighting on the stairs and in the corridor of the 2nd floor. So, even after a while the light on the stairs will not go out.

By the same analogy, lighting is turned on on other floors in the entrances of the MKD.

In the case when elevator equipment is installed in the entrance, it will be somewhat more difficult to create an optimal lighting scheme in the entrance on your own. This is only possible through integration with elevator equipment. It is desirable that when the elevator call button is pressed, an impulse is given to turn on the lighting system. But this option is quite difficult to implement. It is much easier to connect lighting to a limit switch so that the elevator doors open automatically. However, this requires hiring specialists.

That is why the most commonly used scheme is to turn on the lighting in the entrance using a motion sensor when a person exits the elevator.

Option 4. Combined porch lighting schemes.

As a rule, a combined method is used to illuminate entrances and basements. At the same time, the choice of lighting scheme in the entrances is influenced primarily by the tasks and type of premises. Some lighting methods can be called universal, which are suitable for many rooms.

For example, a light sensor is the main option. When the light level drops, the device reacts and gives an impulse, which turns on the main starter, which in turn feeds the motion sensors and activates the lighting of the corridors, the elevator, as well as the insolation outside the house and evacuation lighting. The main lighting of the entrances is implemented by motion sensors, and in other rooms - by means of conventional or walk-through switches.

• Repair of MKD entrances: procedure and responsibility of the Criminal Code

Expert opinion

How to save money on public lighting

V.D. Shcherban,

Chairman of the HOA "Moskovskaya 117" (Kaluga)

In 2008, an electricity meter was installed that takes into account the consumption of the entire volume of electricity spent on equipment located in common areas - from lighting of entrances, equipment of communication providers to automatic gates. There were no alternative options for MOP at that time. The equipment of communication providers was brought into the apartment building, and an agreement was concluded with them, according to which they had to pay for the consumed electricity. Motion sensors were installed in the entrances, and ordinary incandescent lamps were replaced with energy-saving ones. Thus, there was a serious saving in the cost of lighting common areas - about 150 kW / h per month.

Who pays for lighting in the entrances, and how the amount is determined

Household needs mean a whole range of services - from lighting in entrances and elevator operation to wet cleaning of premises and flushing of engineering systems.

Previously, electricity consumption for general house needs was registered in the receipt as a separate item and was called “ODN”, but in January 2017 this column was removed from the payments.

To date, there are 2 options for calculating payment for electricity consumption for ODN:

1. In the presence of a common house counter.

In the event that a common house meter is installed in the MKD, the common house needs are determined by the employees of Energonadzor and representatives of the house, who were elected during the general meeting of residents. Then the difference between the values ​​of the common house meter and the values ​​of the metering devices of each apartment of a multi-storey building is calculated. Also, the calculation takes into account residential square meters that are not equipped with sensors.

The resulting indicator is distributed among all apartment owners according to the occupied area. Consequently, the larger the total area of ​​​​the apartment, the more expensive the ODN owner in terms of electricity.

Pay attention to the formula by which the size of the ODN for electricity is calculated when a meter is installed in a multi-storey building:

Electricity according to ODN \u003d (Indicators of the electric meter - The total amount of electricity consumed in non-residential premises that are not common property - The total amount of resource in each residential apartment where electricity meters are installed - The volume of electricity consumed in apartments where meters are not installed) × Total area of ​​the apartment × The total area of ​​all apartments in the high-rise building.

1. In the absence of a common house counter.

If a common building electricity meter is not installed in a multi-storey building, then in this case the standard established by the regional administration is taken as a unit of payment. You can get acquainted with this indicator on the official website of the region. The standard is a marginal value, but in the event that residents' expenses exceed the established value, they can decide to pay a larger amount if they wish. Of course, this does not happen in real life.

The formula for calculating the ODN for electricity for multi-storey buildings that do not have a common house meter is as follows:

The volume of ODN \u003d The standard for electricity consumption established by the administration × The area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe premises that are part of the common property × The total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment / The area of ​​​​all apartments in a high-rise building.

Expert opinion

How to charge for common house needs under the new rules

Olesya Leshchenko,

Executive Director of the Association of Managing Organizations "Comfortable House"

Lyubov Chesnokova,

editor-in-chief of the magazine "Management of an apartment building"

There are 5 steps for calculating payment for one owner for one owner:

1. Calculate the volume of actually spent communal resources.
2. Determine the standard amount of a communal resource.
3. The obtained indicators are compared and the largest of them is selected for subsequent calculation.
4. Determine the cost of utility resources for an apartment building as a whole.
5. Distribute the resulting amount among the owners of apartments.

According to the Ministry of Construction, it is advisable to divide the payment between the owners of apartments in an apartment building in accordance with the area they occupy.

Initially, you can include utility bills for general house needs without the decision of the meeting of the tenants of the house (according to part 10 of article 12 of the Federal Law of June 29, 2015 No. 176-FZ).

Then you should carefully check that the list of services provided by the company performs and provides in an apartment building complies with the minimum list of works and services approved by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. The consumption standards for each communal resource at the ODN are presented:

• normative technological losses of communal resources (inevitable and justified);
• the volume of communal resources consumed in case of fulfillment of the minimum list of services approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

If the number of works and services provided in accordance with the MKD management agreement exceeds this minimum list, then it is necessary to organize a meeting of apartment owners in the MKD in order to discuss an increase in the amount of payment for utilities due to the excess of consumption standards for certain communal resources on ONE.

Who is replacing the lighting in the entrances

When there is no lighting in the entrance, you can try to independently determine the cause of the breakdown.

Lighting in the entrance may be absent due to:

• bulb failure;
• damage to the ceiling;
• short wiring;
• breakage of switches;
• failure of the switchboard;
• substation accidents;
• carrying out planned work by specialists of the power grid.

After you yourself identify the cause of the problem or find the absence of a lamp in the entrance, replace it, or contact the HOA or the management company.

Option 1. Independent replacement of lighting in the entrance.

You can replace the lamp or ceiling lamp in the entrance yourself, but any other malfunction must be solved only with the help of specialists.

To eliminate any such problem in the switchboard, it is imperative to shut off the power supply.

Often, there may be no lighting in the entrance simply due to the fact that the light bulb has burned out, or due to power surges. Also, in order to understand why there is no electricity supply, you should find out if there is light in other entrances of your house and nearby buildings.

In the event that crackling is heard in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe switch or wiring or a burning smell is felt, then you need to urgently contact the power supply service.

In order to timely provide lighting in the entrance, on the flight of stairs, in the elevator, in the attic, technical floors and other common areas, the residents should collectively solve the problem that has arisen. Neighbors can change light bulbs in the stairwell in turn. This way you can save time, however, it is not a fact that all tenants will conscientiously fulfill this obligation.

Option 2. Replacement of lighting in the entrance of the HOA or the management company.

Sometimes, in order to solve this problem, residents of an apartment building write a corresponding application to the HOA or the management company. The HOA is more efficient, since this partnership controls only one or a few houses, unlike the management companies, which serve dozens of MKDs, and sometimes you have to wait quite a long time for a light bulb to be replaced.

In both cases, the costs incurred in connection with these technical works are paid by the tenants. The electricity bill also includes the operation of the intercom, pumping stations and other electrical appliances that are common property. In cases where tenants live in some apartments, this service is paid minus the amount of money that was accrued to landlords.

• The law on silence in Moscow and the region from January 1, 2018 and how the Criminal Code can use it correctly

Thus, if the tenants have a problem with the lighting in the entrance due to the fact that the light bulb has burned out, then they have every right to demand a replacement from their management company, because if one of the owners gets injured in the entrance in the dark, then the fault will be completely lie with the management company.

In the event that the HOA or the MA refuse to fulfill their direct duties or ignore the statements of the residents, then you should contact them with a collective complaint and try to resolve this issue again with lighting in the entrance. In the event that the repeated appeal was left unanswered, the owners have the right to take more stringent measures against the HOA or the MA. In order to resolve the situation, they need to file a complaint with the local government. And if the issue cannot be resolved peacefully, then you can go to court and demand compensation from the management company for moral damage.

• Residents' complaints about the management company: how to process and systematize applications

What are the possible consequences for the Criminal Code if there is no lighting in the entrances

In accordance with the letter of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated 06/18/2007, the rules for maintaining common areas in MKD include maintenance and repair work of MKD electrical networks, as well as lamps. This mainly implies the performance of work aimed at creating favorable conditions for the supply of electricity to the MOS.

In accordance with Appendix No. 4 of the "List of works on the maintenance of MKD", the list of these works aimed at maintaining MKD is represented by the elimination of any minor malfunction of electrical appliances (from wiping light bulbs, changing burnt out lamps in common areas to replacing and repairing sockets and switches and small repair of electrical wiring, etc.).

Annex No. 1 to the Resolution of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation No. 170 refers to the scheduled and partial inspection by the management company, as well as the subsequent replacement of burnt out light bulbs (with starters) with the regularity that is previously indicated in the MKD management agreement.

In addition, Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation No. 170 provides for the fact that residents of MKDs have the right to submit an appropriate application for the elimination of a particular malfunction of engineering equipment and structures. Applications are subject to consideration on the same day they are received by the MA, and no later than the next day, the problem with lighting in the entrance must be eliminated. In a situation where the elimination of a particular malfunction requires a long time or the replacement of a spare part that is not currently available, it is imperative to notify the residents of the MKD about the circumstances that have arisen. According to the same scheme, applications received by the telephone or the dispatch communication system should be processed.

Each management company is obliged to keep a record of accepted applications to eliminate problems with lighting in the entrance, as well as malfunctions of engineering and technical equipment in residential premises and other elements of MKD, and ensure strict quality control and deadlines for fulfilling these obligations of the MA.

According to Appendix No. 2 to the Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation No. 170 on the maximum terms for troubleshooting in the event of unscheduled repairs of individual elements of the MKD and their engineering and technical equipment, troubleshooting the lighting system in the entrance (implying the replacement of an electric lamp, a fluorescent lamp, a switch and a structural element of the lamp ) must be carried out within 7 days after the receipt of the relevant application from the residents of the MKD to the MA.

The Criminal Code is responsible for the maintenance of the MOP, including the obligation to control the serviceability of lighting in the entrances of the MKD. Therefore, the management company must, if necessary, replace burnt out lamps. It is important to understand that lighting faults in the entrances should be identified and eliminated both as a result of a scheduled inspection conducted by the MA (according to the schedule for these works approved by the Criminal Code), and on the basis of an application received from the residents of the MKD to eliminate damage.

If the MA does not eliminate the malfunctions in the lighting system in the entrance (including not replacing the burnt out light bulb), which were identified as a result of a scheduled inspection or on the basis of an application received from the residents of the MKD, after 7 days after the relevant application was received by the Criminal Code, this is a violation for which the management company can be brought to justice administrative responsibility.

According to article 7.22 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, liability is provided for violation of the established rules for the maintenance and repair of MKD. Officials responsible for the maintenance of MKD, in case of violation of the rules for the maintenance and repair of MKD, are subject to an administrative fine in the amount of 4 to 5 thousand rubles, and on legal entities - from forty to fifty thousand rubles.

The State Housing Inspectorate (GZhI) is authorized to control the provision of the rights and interests of residents of MKD and the state in the process of providing citizens with housing and communal services. Specialists of the GZhI and employees of the city administration draw up appropriate protocols in case of detection of administrative violations under Article 7.22 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.

Finding yourself late in the evening in a dark courtyard or entrance of your house, you feel, to put it mildly, uncomfortable. Immediately, two thoughts flash through my head: “I wish I could run home as soon as possible” and “Who is generally responsible for lighting the apartment building and the yard?” The answers to the second question can be found in this article.

Who is responsible for the light in the entrance and around it

Each apartment owner needs to know that in addition to residential square meters, he also owns, on the basis of shared ownership, a part of the local area and all non-residential property that is located on it (playgrounds, parking lots, lawns, as well as barriers, lights, stairwells, electrical panels, lift shafts).

The owner is responsible for maintaining the common property in order. This responsibility is expressed in the form of monthly payment prescribed in the receipt. The amount of electricity spent on lighting the local area and the entrance is recorded on the general house electric meter.

Lighting standards

At the entrance of each house, common house properties (corridors, vestibules, attics, stairwells, basements) should be illuminated. The way and scale of lighting depends on the type and size of the building itself.

Regulatory documents fix some characteristics of lighting:

Each main entrance to the entrance is illuminated by a lamp from 6 to 11 lux. They should be the same in the basement and in the attic.

Illumination of corridors should not be lower than 20 lux. In corridors with a length of less than 10 m, one luminaire is installed in the center. If the length of the corridor is more than 10 m - two lamps or more.

The light switch in the common property must be located in a place accessible to every resident.

To reduce the cost of street lighting, modern light sources are used: discharge, LED and fluorescent light bulbs. In some yards, special motion sensors are installed to save electricity.

Preference in choosing a light source for the entrance is given to energy-saving lamps. For an hour of uninterrupted operation, they produce up to 12 watts. For comparison, over the same period of time, a fast incandescent lamp consumes an average of 50 watts.

The only disadvantage of using energy-saving lamps in entryways is the likelihood that they can be damaged or unscrewed.

Who owns the lanterns in the yard

Illuminated house territory is necessary to create comfortable living, public safety and prevent cases of theft and hooliganism.

With common property in the house, everything is clear. But with the land adjacent to the building, there are some nuances.

First, you need to figure out whether the land on which the house stands is legalized, what are its boundaries and whether it has been assigned a cadastral number. To do this, any homeowner can apply for a request to the cadastral chamber.

If the land is not registered, it is still the property of LSG bodies. And this means that they are responsible for it and all the costs of its maintenance.

There is also an option in which the developer is still the tenant of the site. In such a situation, the developer himself must decide on the maintenance of the site.

And yet, in the case when the land is registered in the cadastral chamber, has boundaries, land surveying has been carried out, it can be considered the property of the owners of apartments in the building to which it belongs.

The authorities are responsible for lighting.

To figure out who should be responsible for the street lighting of the local area and inside the entrances, you need to find out who is responsible for organizing the proper condition of all common property.

House control methods:

• Direct management of owners (if the number of apartments is not more than 30);
• Association of homeowners;
• Management Company.

The method of managing the house is determined at a general meeting of tenants. The decision can be made or changed at any time.

In the first case, the owners independently conclude contracts with organizations involved in house maintenance and the provision of utilities.

In the second and third cases, the responsibility for maintaining the common property of the house lies on the shoulders of the relevant authorities.

There is no light, where to complain

Now that it is dark in your yard or porch, you know who will help solve the problem. Still, one cannot do without the personal initiative of the residents themselves. If the lighting in the entrance or near it is gone, any of the tenants can draw up an act in any form. This document must also contain the signatures of your neighbors. For more reliable confirmation of the information, photographs can be taken.

The entire collected package should be in the hands of the board of the HOA, the Criminal Code or an organization that provides lighting services for common house property. The act itself is best drawn up in two copies. On one of them, ask to put a mark on receipt and take this copy with you. After that, it remains only to wait for the light to turn on.

If you ask yourself at whose expense the repair of general house lighting is paid, it becomes clear that it is at the expense of the residents. By paying for common house maintenance, they also pay the amounts calculated for diagnostics and troubleshooting.

Not everyone has forgotten the good old Soviet times, when the common property belonged not to the owners of apartments, but to the state. And today you have to sit in the dark until the light of truth indicates that you must replace the light bulb or fix the lantern.

When questions arise in the field of housing and communal services, it is so important to find reliable answers. You can do it on our website!