Human rabies vaccination side effects. Rabies vaccination
ANTIRABIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN FROM HORSE BLOOD SERUM, LIQUID
Immunoglobulin antirabicum ex sero eqvi fluidum
Liquid anti-rabies immunoglobulin from horse blood serum (AIH) is a protein fraction of the immune blood serum of a horse, obtained by the rivanol-alcohol method.
The titer of specific antibodies is not less than 150 IU/ml.
Stabilizer - glycocol.
The drug is a clear or slightly opalescent liquid, colorless or slightly yellow. Pink coloring of the drug is not allowed.
IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. Rabies immunoglobulin has the ability to neutralize the rabies virus both in vitro and in vivo.
PURPOSE. It is used in combination with an anti-rabies vaccine to prevent hydrophobia in people with severe bites from rabid or suspected rabies animals.
METHOD OF APPLICATION AND DOSAGE. Local treatment of the wound is carried out immediately or as soon as possible after a bite or injury. Wounds are thoroughly washed with soapy water (or detergent) and treated with 40-70-degree alcohol or tincture of iodine. After local treatment of the wound, specific treatment is immediately started. The most effective introduction of immunoglobulin in the first day after injury. Before injecting the drug, check the integrity of the ampoules and the presence of markings on them. The drug is not suitable for use in ampoules with broken integrity, labeling, as well as in case of a change in its physico-chemical properties (color, transparency, etc.), with an expired shelf life, in case of violation of storage conditions.
The opening of the ampoules and the procedure for administering the drug is carried out with strict observance of the rules of asepsis and antisepsis.
Rabies immunoglobulin is administered at a dose of 40 IU per 1 kg of body weight of an adult or child. Example: patient's body weight - 60 kg, immunoglobulin activity (indicated on the package label), for example, 200 IU per 1 ml. In order to determine the dose of immunoglobulin required for administration, it is necessary to multiply the patient's weight (60 kg) by 40 IU and divide the resulting number by the activity of the drug (200 IU), that is: 60x40 / 200 \u003d 12 ml
Before administering anti-rabies immunoglobulin to a patient to determine sensitivity to a foreign protein, an intradermal test with a 1:100 diluted immunoglobulin (ampoules marked in red), which is in a pack with an undiluted drug (ampoules marked in blue), is mandatory.
Diluted 1:100 immunoglobulin at a dose of 0.1 ml is injected intradermally into the flexor surface of the forearm.
The test is considered negative if after 20-30 minutes the swelling or redness at the injection site is less than 1 cm. The test is considered positive if after 20 minutes the swelling or redness at the injection site reaches 1 cm or more.
If the reaction is negative, 0.7 ml of immunoglobulin diluted 1:100 is injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the shoulder. If there is no reaction after 30 minutes, the entire calculated dose of immunoglobulin, heated to (37 + 0.5) ° C, is administered fractionally in three doses with an interval of 10-15 minutes, the drug for each portion is taken from previously unopened ampoules.
The calculated dose of immunoglobulin should be infiltrated around the wound and deep into the wound. If the anatomical location of the lesion (fingertips, etc.) does not allow the entire dose to be administered around wounds, then the remainder of the immunoglobulin is injected intramuscularly in places other than the introduction of the rabies vaccine (muscles of the buttocks, upper thigh, forearm). The entire dose of rabies immunoglobulin is administered over 1 hour. In the case of a positive intradermal test (swelling or redness of 1 cm or more) or in the event of an allergic reaction to a subcutaneous injection, immunoglobulin is administered with extreme caution. First, it is recommended to inject a drug diluted 1:100 into the subcutaneous tissue of the shoulder in doses of 0.5 ml, 2.0 ml, 5.0 ml with an interval of 15-20 minutes, then - 0.1 ml of undiluted immunoglobulin and after 30-60 minutes , - the entire prescribed dose of the drug, warmed up to (37? 0.5) ° C, is administered intramuscularly, fractionally in three doses with an interval of 10-15 minutes. Before the first injection, parenteral administration of antihistamines (suprastin, diphenhydramine, etc.) is recommended. In order to prevent shock, simultaneously with the introduction of immunoglobulin, subcutaneous administration of a 0.1% solution of adrenaline or a 5% solution of ephedrine at an age dosage is recommended.
With the introduction of anti-rabies immunoglobulin, solutions of adrenaline, ephedrine, diphenhydramine or suprastin should always be ready.
To prevent complications of an allergic nature after the administration of immunoglobulin, it is necessary to prescribe oral antihistamines (suprastin, diphenhydramine, diprazine, phencarol, etc.) at an age dosage 2 times a day for 7 days.
A patient who has received tetanus toxoid within the next 24 hours is given rabies immunoglobulin without prior intradermal testing. After the introduction of anti-rabies immunoglobulin, the patient must be under medical supervision for at least 1 hour, the vaccination performed is registered in the established accounting forms indicating the date, the manufacturer of the drug, the batch number, and the reaction to the injection.
Rabies immunoglobulin (RAI) is prescribed as soon as possible after contact with a rabid, suspected rabies or unknown animal, but no later than 3 days after contact. AIH is not used after the introduction of anti-rabies vaccine (KOKAV).
REACTION TO THE INTRODUCTION. An injection of anti-rabies immunoglobulin may be accompanied by the development of an allergic reaction, including anaphylactic shock and serum sickness.
CONTRAINDICATIONS. There are no contraindications. In the event of a sharply positive reaction to the administration of anti-rabies immunoglobulin, as well as in the presence of severe allergic reactions in the patient's history to the administration of anti-tetanus serum or other preparations of horse serum, it is recommended to administer anti-rabies immunoglobulin in a hospital with resuscitation facilities.
RELEASE FORM. Anti-rabies immunoglobulin - in ampoules of 5 or 10 ml (ampoules marked in blue). Immunoglobulin, diluted 1:100 to determine human sensitivity to horse protein - in 1 ml ampoules, marked in red. Produced in a set: 1 ampoule of immunoglobulin and 1 ampoule of immunoglobulin, diluted 1:100.
PACKAGE. 5 sets in a cardboard box with enclosed instructions for use and an ampoule knife.
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION CONDITIONS. Store in closed, dry, dark rooms at a temperature of (5-2) °C. Transported by all types of covered transport under conditions that exclude freezing and heating of the drug above 20 ° C.
EXPIRY DATE - 2 years.
Instructions for medical use
VACCINES
The vaccine anti-rabies culture concentrated purified inactivated dry (KOKAV) is a vaccine rabies virus strain Vnukovo-32 grown in the primary culture of Syrian hamster kidney cells, inactivated by ultraviolet rays and formalin, concentrated and purified by methods: ultrafiltration followed by purification through porous silica; ultracentrifugation or ion exchange chromatography. Stabilizers - gelatose and sucrose. Porous mass of white color, hygroscopic. After dissolution - slightly opalescent colorless liquid. One dose (1.0 ml) contains at least 2.5 International Units (IU).
IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. The vaccine induces the development of immunity against rabies.
MODE OF APPLICATION. The contents of the vaccine ampoule should dissolve in 1.0 ml of water for injection within 5 minutes. The dissolved vaccine is injected slowly intramuscularly into the deltoid muscle of the shoulder, for children under 5 years old - into the upper part of the anterolateral surface of the thigh. The introduction of the vaccine into the gluteal region is not allowed. The drug is not suitable for use in ampoules with broken integrity, labeling, as well as with a change in color and transparency, with an expired shelf life or improper storage. The opening of the ampoules and the vaccination procedure is carried out with strict adherence to the rules of asepsis. Storage of the dissolved vaccine for more than 5 minutes is not allowed.
The vaccinated person must be under medical supervision for at least 30 minutes. Places for vaccinations should be equipped with anti-shock therapy. After a course of immunotherapy, a certificate is issued indicating the type and series of drugs, the course of vaccinations, and post-vaccination reactions.
Rabies care consists of local treatment of wounds, scrapes and abrasions, administration of the rabies vaccine (KOCAV) or simultaneous administration of rabies immunoglobulin (RAIG) and rabies vaccine (KOCAV).
PREVENTIVE IMMUNIZATION
INDICATIONS. For prophylactic purposes, immunize persons who perform work on trapping and keeping neglected animals; veterinarians, hunters, foresters, slaughterhouse workers, taxidermists; persons working with the "street" rabies virus.
Primary immunization Three injections on days 0, 7 and 30 of 1.0 ml
First revaccination after 1 year One injection, 1.0 ml
Subsequent revaccinations every 3 years One injection, 1.0 ml
CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR PREVENTIVE IMMUNIZATION:
1. Acute infectious and non-infectious diseases, chronic diseases in the stage of exacerbation or decompensation - vaccinations are carried out no earlier than one month after recovery (remission).
2. Systemic allergic reactions to the previous administration of this drug (generalized rash, Quincke's edema, etc.).
3. Allergic reactions to antibiotics.
4. Pregnancy.
THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE IMMUNIZATION
1. No damage and salivation of the skin. There is no direct contact. Sick with rabies. Not assigned
2. Salivation of intact skin, abrasions, single superficial bites or scratches on the torso, upper and lower extremities (except for the head, face, neck, hand, fingers and toes, genitals) inflicted by domestic and farm animals If within 10 days of observation of animals it remains healthy, then the treatment is stopped (i.e. after the 3rd injection). In all other cases when it is impossible to observe the animal (killed, died, ran away, disappeared, etc.) according to the following scheme Start treatment immediately: KOKAV 1.0 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90 days
3. Any salivation of the mucous membranes, any bites of the head, face, neck, hand, fingers and toes, genitals; multiple bites and deep single bites of any localization, inflicted by domestic and farm animals. Any salivation and damage caused by wild carnivores, bats and rodents In cases where it is possible to observe the animal and it remains healthy for 10 days, the treatment is stopped (ie after the 3rd injection). In all other cases, when it is impossible to observe the animal, continue treatment according to the indicated scheme Start combined treatment immediately and simultaneously: AIH on day 0 + COCAV 1.0 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90 days.
CONTRAINDICATIONS. None.
REACTION TO THE INTRODUCTION OF ANTIRABIC DRUGS:
1. The introduction of the vaccine may be accompanied by a local or general reaction. The local reaction is characterized by slight swelling, redness, itching, and an increase in regional lymph nodes. The general reaction can manifest itself in the form of malaise, headache, weakness, fever. Symptomatic therapy, the use of hyposensitizing and antihistamines are recommended. In rare cases, neurological symptoms may be reported. In this case, the victim should be urgently hospitalized.
2. After administration of anti-rabies immunoglobulin from horse serum, complications may occur: anaphylactic shock, local allergic reaction occurring 1-2 days after injection; serum sickness, which occurs most often on the 6-8th day. In the case of the development of an anaphylactoid reaction, it is injected into the subcutaneous tissue, depending on the age of the patient, from 0.3 to 1.0 ml of adrenaline (1: 1000) or 0.2-1.0 ml of ephedrine 5%. When symptoms of serum sickness appear, parenteral administration of antihistamines, corticosteroids, and calcium preparations is recommended.
RELEASE FORM. The vaccine is produced in a set: 1 ampoule of the vaccine, 1.0 ml each (1 dose) and 1 ampoule of the solvent (water for injection), 1.0 ml each. The package contains 5 kits (5 ampoules with vaccine and 5 ampoules with solvent).
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION CONDITIONS. The vaccine is stored and transported at a temperature of 2 to 8°C. It is allowed to transport the vaccine at temperatures up to 25°C for no more than 2 days.
EXPIRY DATE - 1.5 years.
In case of complications or illness of a person with hydrophobia after a full course of vaccinations or during it, you should immediately report to the local health authority, to the State Research Institute for Standardization and Control of Medical Biological Preparations. L.A. Tarasovich of the Ministry of Health of Russia and to the organization that produced the vaccine or immunoglobulin. Application of the vaccine series is delayed. Samples of the vaccine and RIG are sent to the L.A. Tarasevich ISK.
In the event of the death of a vaccinated person, it is imperative to conduct a pathological and anatomical autopsy and a laboratory diagnostic study. To do this, pieces of the brain (Ammon's horn, brain stem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex) of a deceased person, removed in compliance with the rules of asepsis, are placed in a sterile hermetically sealed vessel filled with 50% aqueous glycerol solution, cooled to minus 20 CC and then in a container with ice is urgently sent to the appropriate diagnostic laboratory.
NOTES:
1. Doses and immunization schedules are the same for children and adults. The course of treatment with the vaccine is prescribed regardless of the time the victim applied for help, even several months after contact with a patient suspected of rabies or an unknown animal (except for AIH).
2. For persons who have previously received a full course of therapeutic and prophylactic or prophylactic vaccinations, from the end of which no more than 1 year has passed, three injections of the vaccine, 1.0 ml each, on days 0, 3, 7 are prescribed. If a year or more has passed, or an incomplete course of immunization has been carried out, then - in the usual volume.
3. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants can lead to failure of vaccine therapy. Therefore, in cases of vaccination against the background of taking corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, determining the level of virus-neutralizing antibodies is mandatory. In the absence of virus-neutralizing antibodies, an additional course of treatment is carried out.
4. The vaccinated must know: he is prohibited from drinking any alcoholic beverages during the entire vaccination course and 6 months after its completion. Overwork, hypothermia, overheating should also be avoided.
Rabies is a deadly disease that can be transmitted to humans from an infected animal through a bite. And the only way to protect yourself is to get vaccinated. Its peculiarity is that in most cases it is done urgently, with a bite. Let us consider in more detail why and when a person is vaccinated against rabies, how long such a vaccine against the disease works, and what is the vaccination schedule.
Rabies can be transmitted to humans through bites (or rather, exposure to saliva on the surface of the wound) received from sick animals. Usually these are wild animals (foxes, wolves, bats), but cases of infection with rabies of dogs and cats, both domestic and stray, are not uncommon. For this reason, all pet owners are strongly advised to vaccinate their pets against this deadly disease. After all, an infected unvaccinated animal will definitely die due to the disease, and at the same time it carries a serious danger to people.
To date, there is no effective therapy, and the only way to save a person from the disease and prevent it is vaccinations. They are not included in the National Compulsory Vaccination Calendar, such as. This rabies vaccine is not routinely administered to everyone for prevention. There are certain categories of people for whom immunization is indicated:
- veterinarians;
- slaughterhouse workers;
- employees of services related to stray animals (trapping, shelters);
- laboratory workers who may be exposed to such an infection;
- foresters;
- hunters;
- persons who are going to countries with an increased risk of infection.
Vaccination is indicated in emergency cases for all victims of an animal bite, since it is not known for certain whether the bitten animal is infected or not. The victim immediately begins to carry out the necessary course of vaccination, while the bitten animal is observed for 10 days, if possible. A sick animal inevitably dies during this period, in which case rabies is confirmed and the course is continued to the end. If everything is in order with the animal, the immunization is stopped.
Planned and emergency vaccinations differ in administration schemes. So, The rabies vaccination schedule for prevention is carried out as follows:
- day of the first injection;
- seventh day;
- thirtieth day;
- a year later, revaccination is indicated.
Such a course of immunization is enough for a three-year protection, and after the expiration of this period, the course must be repeated. With regard to emergency immunization, it is carried out differently:
- the first vaccination - immediately after infection;
- on the third day;
- on the seventh day;
- two weeks later;
- on the thirtieth day after the bite.
In some cases, three months after the first injection, a sixth dose of the vaccine may be given, but the standard schedule consists of five doses.
Previously, vaccination against this disease was quite heavy - from 20 to 40 injections, which were placed in the abdomen. However, now people are given improved vaccinations according to the above scheme, and this is done intramuscularly: for people over sixteen years old - in the shoulder, for children - in the thigh (but not in the buttock).
Contraindications
Since the rabies vaccine is the only way to save an infected person, in an emergency it is given to everyone. Rabies vaccination for humans, like many others, can have side effects, but they are not comparable to the lethal outcome that occurs without timely immunization.
Emergency vaccination is carried out regardless of the age of the victim, planned - from the age of 16. Thus, we can say that there are no contraindications to the emergency administration of anti-rabies serum. Even pregnant women can be vaccinated to save their lives, and sometimes it is possible to save the life of an unborn baby.
As for routine immunization, it is not done to the following categories of people:
- pregnant women;
- hypersensitivity to the components of the drug;
- allergic reactions in the past;
- immunodeficiency states;
- acute or exacerbated chronic inflammatory, infectious processes;
- having an allergy to antibiotics.
How to prepare your child for vaccination
When an emergency rabies vaccination is needed, there is no question of possible preparation: this should be done as soon as possible after the bite. A period of up to 2 weeks is acceptable, but the sooner the injection is made, the better. Therefore, if a child or an adult has been bitten by a dog or cat, especially a stray one, you should immediately contact a medical facility. If the animal is domestic, and it is known that it has been vaccinated against rabies in a timely manner (there must be an entry in the veterinary passport), then vaccination is not carried out.
If you want to carry out a preventive procedure, then you should follow the generally accepted recommendations:
- the child is healthy at the time of the procedure;
- there are no signs of acute or exacerbation of chronic pathological conditions;
- the child is not allergic to the components of the drug.
Types of vaccines
There are several types of drugs successfully used in the prevention of rabies, both domestic and foreign manufacturers:
- KOKAV, KAV (Russia), differ in doses;
- Rabipur (Germany);
- Indirab (India).
Together with anti-rabies sera after bites, a special immunoglobulin is injected, which is created on the basis of human or horse serum. It is needed in order to temporarily neutralize the causative agent of the disease.
According to the rules, such drugs should be in various medical institutions: outpatient clinics, emergency rooms, surgical departments of hospitals, polyclinics.
Normal reaction and complications after vaccination
Normally, such vaccinations do not give unwanted reactions. But the instructions for the drugs describe possible side effects, which depends on the individual sensitivity of the person:
- local reactions: swelling at the injection site, redness of the skin, soreness (the most common);
- nausea;
- temperature rise;
- pain in the muscles or abdomen;
- allergic reactions (including Quincke's edema);
- dizziness;
- headache;
- hives;
- pain in the joints;
- extremely rarely - a violation of sensitivity, Guillain-Barré syndrome.
These reactions are usually short-lived, but in case of a long duration or too strong manifestations, it is imperative to consult a doctor. In any case, the side effects are much easier to bear than the effects of rabies.
Is vaccination 100% guaranteed?
The guarantee against rabies prevention through vaccination is 100% in ordinary people. However, there are certain cases that reduce the effectiveness of the immunization:
- asking for help too late
- treatment with glucocorticosteroids;
- taking immunosuppressive drugs;
- congenital immunodeficiency;
- non-compliance with the treatment regimen;
- drinking alcohol within six months after the course of treatment;
- violation of the conditions of storage or transportation of the vaccine;
- conducting chemotherapy.
The ban on the use of alcoholic beverages is absolutely justified, and it must be strictly followed: drinks containing alcohol reduce the effectiveness of the immune response that is produced in the body, and they increase the load on the liver. So at least 6 months after treatment, the patient must adhere to the "dry law".
Rabies vaccine helps prevent the development of a deadly disease that is transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. This infection is caused by rhabdoviruses, does not respond to therapy when the first symptoms appear. Therefore, in order to save a person’s life, it is important to give rabies injections in a timely manner.
When to get vaccinated
The main source of rabies is animals from the wild (wolves, foxes, bats). However, infection can also occur after being bitten by pets. Infection develops when the saliva of a sick animal comes into contact with the wound surface or mucous membranes of a person during bites. Mandatory vaccination is carried out in such cases:
- A wild animal or an unvaccinated pet has bitten, scratched, contacted saliva and damaged skin. It is necessary to observe the animal for 10 days. During this time, the patient receives 3 injections of the rabies vaccine. If the animal remains alive, then no further vaccination is needed;
- If the condition of the animal cannot be monitored, then a full vaccination is carried out;
- The bite of a wolf, bat, or fox thought to be originally rabid.
If the patient has completed a full course of primary immunization within a year, then it is enough to give 3 injections of the vaccine on the day of infection, on days 3 and 7. If more than 12 months have passed since the vaccination, then a full course of 6 injections is prescribed.
When not to get vaccinated
Vaccination is not carried out if the possibility of human infection is excluded:
- The saliva of the animal was in contact with intact skin;
- After eating dishes from the meat of rabid animals;
- The animal bit through tight clothing, so the incident did not cause through injury;
- The wound was received from the claws of a bird. In mammals, unlike birds, saliva can remain on their paws, so their scratches are dangerous;
- The wound was obtained from a pet that was vaccinated within 12 months prior to the injury, does not have symptoms of the disease.
Important! If the bites are located on the face, neck or hands, then vaccination is always carried out. After all, a vaccinated animal can be a carrier of rabies.
How many injections will be required?
Previously, 40 painful injections were required to prevent the development of rabies. Thanks to the development of medicine, it was possible to create an innovative vaccine that will reliably protect against a viral disease in 6 injections. However, injections should be carried out on strictly defined days, excluding missed vaccinations.
In humans, rabies is characterized by a long incubation period, so it is important to complete the full course of immunization. The required number of injections is determined by the site of the bite. The most dangerous are injuries to the face, hands, neck and thoracic region. Then the introduction of immunoglobulin into the bite area is mandatory. This will help prevent the development of an infectious process within 10 days, which are necessary for the synthesis of its own antibodies.
How vaccination is carried out
To build immunity, rabies vaccination is given to people who are at risk. A full course of vaccination involves three doses of the vaccine. In this case, the second injection is given 7 days after the first immunization, and the third - after 3-4 weeks. The injection site is the upper part of the shoulder.
The rabies vaccine is given to unvaccinated people after being bitten by a threat of infection. Rabies immunoglobulin and a vaccine are usually used. Ideally, therapy begins during the first day after injury.
When contacting the emergency room, the doctor injects immunoglobulin into the wound area and surrounding healthy tissues. This will prevent the penetration of the virus into the bloodstream and nervous system. The rabies vaccine must also be administered on the day of the visit. Further, vaccinations are carried out on days 3, 7, 14 and 28 after the first injection. If the animal is still alive after 10 days, or if the absence of rabies is proven after its euthanasia, then vaccination can be stopped. 
Who needs prophylaxis
Rabies vaccination can be routine or emergency. Routinely, immunization is carried out once every 2-3 years in the following groups of patients:
- Employees of veterinary clinics who are constantly in contact with animals;
- The people who trap and euthanize homeless animals work at the slaughterhouse;
- Children who are unable to talk about animal bites;
- Laboratory staff;
- People who process livestock products;
- Speleologists;
- Employees of some bioproductions;
- Travelers who plan to travel to countries where rabies is common.
On an emergency basis, a person is vaccinated against rabies within 1-3 days after receiving an injury from a stray animal. If the animal turned out to be healthy, then the course of injections is stopped.
Main contraindications to immunization
All vaccine preparations can lead to the development of adverse events, rabies vaccines are no exception. Therefore, it is recommended to refuse vaccination in the following cases:
- Pregnancy regardless of the term;
- Allergy to antibiotics;
- The period of exacerbation of chronic pathologies, the development of acute infectious processes;
- Allergic reactions to the introduction of vaccine preparations in history;
- Hypersensitivity to vaccine ingredients;
- immunodeficiency states.
It is important to bear in mind that the above restrictions are valid only for prophylactic immunization, which is carried out before contact with animals. If the saliva of a sick animal has got on the wound surface, then a rabies vaccination is carried out even if there are contraindications. After all, vaccination is the only way to save a person's life.
Possible side effects
According to numerous clinical studies, vaccine preparations have practically no side effects. However, the risk of developing unwanted symptoms increases if the patient has intolerance to individual vaccine ingredients.
The following side effects may develop:
- Soreness, swelling, redness of the place where the rabies vaccine was injected. Local adverse reactions occur in 50-74% of patients;
- Headaches, dizziness;
- The development of pain in the abdomen, muscles;
- Nausea;
- elevated temperature;
- Allergy, which includes the development of angioedema angioedema;
- Urticaria, joint pain, fever develop (in 6% of patients);
- It is extremely rare that Guillain-Barré syndrome develops against the background of vaccination, which is characterized by flaccid paresis, impaired sensitivity. These symptoms usually resolve after 12 weeks.
What anti-rabies vaccinations are available
Rabies vaccination involves the introduction of an anti-rabies vaccine: KOKAV, Rabivak, Rabipur. Vaccine preparations are created on the basis of the infectious agent, which is grown on special cultures, has undergone a thorough cleaning and inactivation procedure. The latter process completely eliminates the development of an infectious disease after vaccination.
Anti-rabies immunoglobulin is used to help protect the body for a short time from the spread of the rabies pathogen after a bite. The drug contains specific antibodies that can neutralize viral particles. It can be created on the basis of human or horse serum.
Interaction with other drugs
Rabies vaccination in humans is not recommended against the background of the use of immunosuppressive and radiation treatment, chemotherapy, the use of cytostatics, glucocorticosteroids, antimalarial drugs. The listed groups of medicines adversely affect the production of specific antibodies to the virus that causes rabies. Therefore, during vaccination, treatment should be suspended.
Important! Against the background of immunosuppressive therapy or in immunocompromised individuals, immunization may not be effective.
Is vaccination a panacea for rabies?
For average people, vaccination is an effective way that 100% prevents the development of a deadly disease. However, immunization may not prevent infection in the following cases:
- Congenital immunodeficiency;
- Long-term use of glucocorticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents;
- Delayed treatment;
- Violated the conditions of transportation and storage of anti-rabies vaccine;
- Drinking ethanol-based drinks for 6 months after vaccination;
- Skipping an injection.
The introduction of the rabies vaccine is the only effective method of treating the disease. Vaccination is recommended immediately after contact with infected animals. After all, vaccination can save if a person has no signs of the disease. With the development of characteristic symptoms, the probability of death reaches 99%.
Vaccination is the only reliable way to avoid infection of our smaller brothers with rabies and other viral and bacterial infections. At the same time, pet owners should understand that immunization involves the introduction of inactivated or live viral strains into the body. In the first two or three days after the injection, complications in dogs after vaccination against rabies, post-vaccination reactions are possible. Therefore, in order to avoid the development of serious complications, carefully monitor the health of your four-legged friend in the first week.
- an acute viral disease of wild, domestic animals, which is characterized by severe complications in the functioning of the central nervous system. In dogs, hydrophobia most often occurs in a violent form, acutely, subacutely, less often - chronically.
The causative agent of infection is a specific neurotropic virus (family of rhabdoviruses), which, after entering the body, migrates to the brain. Replication occurs in the salivary glands.
The reservoir of infection in nature is predators, rodents, wild birds. Dogs are possible by contact, but only through a bite, since rhabdovirus is contained in the saliva of infected animals.
Important! Hydrophobia affects dogs of all breeds and ages. Unfortunately, an infectious disease in 100% of cases leads to the death of beloved pets. There is no effective treatment for this infection. When the diagnosis is confirmed, the animals are euthanized.
Rabies is a zoonotic disease. It poses a real danger to human life and health. The duration of the period is from four to six days to several weeks or months. Three to six days before the first symptoms appear in dogs, rhabdovirus appears in saliva. During this period, the animal is a latent virus carrier.
Owners, breeders of dogs should not only be aware of this infection, but also take all necessary preventive measures to prevent infection. To protect your pet from rabies infection, do not neglect preventive immunizations.
Preparing for a Rabies Vaccination
Rabies vaccination is the only way to protect your pet from a deadly infection. For prophylactic vaccinations, revaccinations in veterinary medicine, domestic, foreign anti-rabies monovaccines or complex vaccinations (polyvalent vaccines) are used, which contain inactivated (weakened) strains of the virus.
Your dog should be vaccinated against rabies if:
- when breeding;
- planning to travel to another country, abroad;
- in regions unfavorable for this disease;
- if the pet participates in exhibitions, competitions, competitions.
It is imperative to vaccinate representatives of hunting breeds, since in the forest, while hunting, a dog can come into contact with or be bitten by a wild animal infected with rhabdovirus.
After vaccination, approx. after 25-32 days, a strong immunity against this infection is formed, specific protective anti-rabies antibodies are produced. The duration of active, passive biological protection is 12-36 months, depending on the drug used.
Puppies are vaccinated against rabies at three to four months or after the change of milk teeth. If the puppies were vaccinated with a polio vaccine, re-vaccination is given after 21-27 days. Adult dogs are revaccinated annually or every three years, using the same veterinary preparation as for immunization. The veterinarian will select the optimal vaccination schedule.
The immunization procedure is best entrusted to a veterinarian, who will not only select a safe veterinary drug, but also monitor the condition of the pet after the injection.
Before a puppy or dog is vaccinated, a specialist will conduct a comprehensive visual examination without fail, and determine the state of health of the animal. If there are no contraindications, the dog is vaccinated. A vaccination sticker is pasted into the veterinary passport, veterinary certificate, stamps are affixed, the date of vaccination is indicated.
After vaccination, do not allow the dog to come into contact with stray animals. It is best to endure a two-week quarantine. Make sure that the pet does not overheat, supercool. Physical activity should be moderate. Do not bathe your dog for a week after vaccination.
Possible Complications in Dogs After Rabies Vaccination
As a rule, dogs tolerate vaccination well. Modern immunobiological preparations in rare cases cause side symptoms. But still, it should not be ruled out that after the introduction of the vaccine, even if the immunization was carried out in accordance with all the rules, complications may occur in the dog, which can be conditionally classified into local and general.
Advice! The reaction to the vaccine may occur 15-25 minutes after the introduction of the veterinary preparation or on the second or third day. It all depends on the individual physiological characteristics of the body. Therefore, after vaccination, owners should carefully monitor the behavior and health of their beloved pet.
Possible complications in dogs after vaccination:
- allergies, skin rashes, itching;
- decreased overall activity, lethargy, apathy;
- change in behavior;
- profuse salivation, lacrimation;
- swelling, the appearance of bumps, abscess at the injection site;
- muscle spasms, convulsions, impaired coordination;
- vomiting, nausea, refusal to eat;
- involuntary, urination;
- an increase in the overall temperature.
In addition to the above symptoms, other uncharacteristic symptoms are noted in dogs. maybe respiratory failure, changes in heart rate. The most dangerous post-vaccination complication is anaphylactic shock. If you do not provide emergency assistance, the dog dies due to suffocation.
Some dogs, especially high-bred, miniature breeds, may develop after the rabies vaccine autoimmune diseases. The body in this condition is not able to resist the infection. With chronic liver and kidney damage, the chances of survival are minimal.
The intensity of manifestation of side effects after immunization depends on age, physiological characteristics of the organism. In puppies, the post-vaccination reaction is more pronounced than in adult pets.
Uncharacteristic symptoms that occur on the first day after vaccination may be due to individual intolerance to the components of the vaccine, as well as if at the time of immunization the dog was weakened or already infected with pathogenic viruses and bacteria.
Can provoke a post-vaccination reaction expired vaccines. Therefore, if you vaccinate a dog yourself, carefully read the annotation to the drug, check the expiration date. Follow the rules of hygiene, safety precautions when working with medications.
What to do if complications arise
Given the possible complications, after vaccination, the veterinarian should observe the condition of the vaccinated animal for several minutes. Lethargy, apathy, indigestion - a completely normal reaction to the vaccine. The condition of the pet is normalized within three to five days. If a pronounced uncharacteristic reaction is noticeable on the part of the body, emergency medical assistance will be provided to the dog, if necessary.
Acute allergic manifestations, anaphylactic shock develops within half an hour after the introduction of the vaccine. A similar condition can be triggered by the hypersensitivity of the body to the active substances of the drug.
Important! Allergic manifestations in dogs most often occur after repeated administration of the rabies vaccine. After the first vaccination, side effects may be mild.
To eliminate the allergic reaction, detoxification therapy is carried out, antihistamines, homeopathic drugs (Engistol, Suprastin, Diphenhydramine, Diazolin) are prescribed. The dosage is calculated in proportion to weight. To normalize the general condition put droppers. Physiological solutions are administered intravenously.
If a swelling appears at the injection site, a small bump, as a rule, swelling, redness disappears spontaneously within a month. If the dog's appetite is preserved, the animal is active, there is no cause for concern. In case of severe lameness, sarcoma formation, abscess at the injection site, contact your veterinarian.
When the temperature rises, antipyretic drugs are prescribed for dogs. To normalize digestion, keep your pet on a hungry, half-starved diet for 12-24 hours. You can give enzymes, probiotics, medicated feed.
If the dog's condition progressively worsens, the pet feels unwell, we recommend that you immediately contact a veterinarian. The veterinarian will prescribe therapy to normalize the general condition, select another effective veterinary drug for immunization against rabies.
The rabies vaccine can prevent a deadly disease. The first rabies vaccine (anti-rabies vaccine) was created in 1885 by Louis Pasteur, who vaccinated a nine-year-old boy bitten by a rabid dog, and he survived.
Rabies vaccine for humans
Rabies is a severe acute infectious disease that mainly affects animals. Rabies is caused by viruses from the rhabdovirus family. After the bite of an infected animal, the disease develops in 12-90 days. Sometimes the incubation period can last up to a year or more.
Only vaccination against rabies can save a person from the death of a person bitten by a sick animal.
Rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin
Rabies vaccination Rabies - the prognosis is unfavorable is carried out by an anti-rabies vaccine. The concentrated culture-based rabies vaccine (KOCAV) is a rabies vaccine virus grown in special cultures, concentrated and purified using modern techniques and inactivated (killed) by ultraviolet rays. KOKAV is a hygroscopic porous white dry mass. For its dissolution, ampoules with water for injections of 1 ml are attached to the preparation.
Rabies immunoglobulin is produced in two types: from human blood serum and from horse blood serum. The drug contains specific antibodies that can neutralize the rabies virus.
Rabies vaccination course
There are preventive and treatment-and-prophylactic courses of vaccinations against rabies. A prophylactic vaccination course is carried out for persons who carry out work on catching and keeping neglected animals, veterinarians, hunters, foresters, slaughterhouse workers, taxidermists, and persons working with the rabies virus. Primary vaccination is three injections of 1 ml, which are carried out on days 1, 7 and 30. The first revaccination is carried out after 1 year (1 ml), the next - with an interval of three years (also 1 ml each).
A preventive course of vaccinations against rabies is also given to animals. Quarantine after vaccination against rabies in animals is 30 days - it is during this time that antibodies are produced in the body. Antibodies - "soldiers" of immunity to the rabies virus.
The course of therapeutic and prophylactic vaccinations Preventive vaccinations - protect the population from dangerous infections from rabies depends on the degree of damage to the skin during an animal bite:
Rabies vaccination and alcohol are not compatible: you can not drink alcohol during the vaccination course and for six months after its completion.
Is the rabies vaccine harmful?
Like any vaccine, the rabies vaccine can cause side effects. But contraindications for its use matter only when conducting a prophylactic course of vaccinations, the treatment and prophylactic course of introducing the anti-rabies vaccine has no contraindications: the drug is administered for health reasons (mortality from rabies is one hundred percent). In this case, only rabies vaccination can prevent death, and pregnancy (including) is not a contraindication.
Rabies prophylaxis is contraindicated in acute infectious and non-infectious diseases, chronic diseases in the acute stage (vaccinations are carried out no earlier than one month after recovery or remission), allergic reactions to previous administration of this drug or to antibiotics Antibiotics - will they help you in the foreseeable future ? and also during pregnancy.
Rabies vaccine side effects
The introduction of KOKAV may be accompanied by a local or general reaction. The local reaction is characterized by slight swelling, redness, itching, enlargement of nearby lymph nodes. The general reaction can manifest itself in the form of malaise, headache, weakness. The temperature may also rise after rabies vaccination.
The introduction of AIH from horse serum can be accompanied by severe allergic reactions.
Rabies vaccination is the only protection against this disease.
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Rabies vaccine for humans: contraindications, vaccination schedule, complications
Rabies is one of the infectious diseases for which there is no effective treatment. Unfortunately, rabies is currently not amenable to therapeutic correction, therefore, it leads to the inevitable death of a sick person. The only way to avoid infection is timely vaccination. Therefore, in order to save your life, it is imperative to get vaccinated against rabies on time.
Do I need to be vaccinated against rabies?
The main source of the virus are wild and domestic animals. Infection occurs after a bite, if the saliva of an infected animal enters the bloodstream. Rabies is a 100% fatal disease. The only way to prevent the death of an infected person will be the introduction of an anti-rabies vaccine. So why should you get vaccinated against rabies?
The vaccine is an effective way to prevent rabies in humans. The need for its creation is expressed in the following:
Unfortunately, the rabies virus is ubiquitous. It is met from time to time in different parts of the world, so absolutely all people have a risk of getting sick. Rabies vaccination is especially necessary for hunters and travelers, because their activities are associated with visiting wildlife.
When is rabies vaccination indicated?
The vaccine against rabies in humans, despite the long history of its existence, remains the only option for a high-quality prevention of rabies infection today. Among the categories of the population for whom mandatory vaccination is indicated, doctors distinguish:
In the national vaccination schedule, the rabies injection is listed as a recommended procedure. It will be mandatory only after a bite, an announcement of an unfavorable epidemiological situation in the region, as well as in the above categories of people.
Are there contraindications for rabies?
As it has already become clear, the indications for the use of the vaccine will be the bite of a sick animal or the desire of a person to instill immunity against rabies. It is known that the introduction of the drug in humans often develop side effects, but they do not represent contraindications to its further use in case of emergency. And yet, who is contraindicated for rabies vaccination?
An immune drug that prevents rabies is the only vaccine in the world, it is administered, regardless of the presence of contraindications. It is prescribed to pregnant women and children under 16 years of age, if necessary for health reasons. In cases where an adult or child has been bitten by an infected animal, an injection of anti-rabies serum is given no matter what.
Rabies Immunization Schedule
It is advisable to use the vaccine only during the incubation period of the disease. It is believed that the introduction of the solution two weeks after the bite is ineffective, and its use after the onset of clinical symptoms of the disease does not make sense.
Routine immunization of the population against rabies includes the following points:
As a result of routine vaccine therapy, a person develops stable immunity in his body, it lasts for three years.
Among the main stages of emergency vaccination are:
- the first injection - immediately after the bite of the animal;
- the second time - the third day after the first injection;
- the third time - in a week;
- the fourth time - after 14 days;
- fifth time in a month.
- symptoms of local inflammation at the injection site, which are manifested by the formation of local edema, the appearance of itching and redness, and painful sensations;
- signs of general intoxication in the form of dizziness, headaches and nausea;
- local increase in the size of peripheral lymph nodes;
- extremely rarely, a person may experience pain in the abdomen;
- a slight increase in body temperature;
- pain in the areas of projection of muscle tissue;
- an allergic reaction to the ingestion of an anti-rabies suspension, which will be the result of individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
- violations of the functioning of the nervous system, which are manifested by disorders of motor function and sensitivity, weakness of the work of peripheral nerves.
- vaccine dry anti-rabies inactivated;
- domestic vaccine under the trade name "Kokav", is a purified anti-rabies drug from the culture of the pathogen;
- the Indian vaccine "Indirab" is distinguished by its availability;
- the more expensive German Rabipur vaccine;
- the Russian vaccine "Kav", containing small doses of an immune solution, and therefore very often used.
Today, the rabies vaccination is no longer done in the subcutaneous fat in the abdomen. To do this, use the deltoid zone (the outer edge of the shoulder). In addition, thanks to modern technology, scientists have managed to create a well-purified vaccine, it is administered five times, and not 20-40, as was the case in the Soviet Union.
The occurrence of side effects
The anti-rabies immunopreparation, which promotes the production of antibodies against rabies, is quite well tolerated by the body. Despite this, there are cases when its introduction provokes the development of side effects, in particular:
When rabies is vaccinated in a person, the doctor necessarily warns of possible undesirable effects after vaccination. All of the listed consequences of immunization pass without a trace after a few days and do not need medical correction.
Types of rabies vaccines
According to legislative acts, vaccination against a pathological process can be done in almost every medical institution. In rural areas, after contact with a stray animal, you must contact the rural outpatient clinic or feldsher-midwife station. In large cities, there is an opportunity to protect yourself from infection in the clinic, emergency room, infectious diseases department, and surgery.
As of today, there are several options for vaccines used against rabies:
In addition to vaccines, the modern market offers patients rabies immunoglobulin as an addition to the main drug. It is highly purified and can be human as well as equine.
Answers to some frequently asked questions
Very often, patients are interested in doctors about the effectiveness of vaccination, its compatibility with other drugs and alcohol, as well as adverse reactions from the body and the rules for administering injections. Among the questions. The most common concerns for patients are:
- How long is the incubation period of the disease and when will you need to be vaccinated so as not to get sick? The asymptomatic period of the disease can last from several days to a year. It all depends on the supporting function of the body, the amount of virus that has entered it and the favorable environment for its reproduction. To escape from the disease, a person should be vaccinated in the first days after the bite incident. Otherwise, immunization will be ineffective.
- Is it necessary to vaccinate if bitten by a vaccinated dog? If the fact of immunization of the animal is documented and it does not have symptoms of the disease, then it is not necessary to be vaccinated. It is only necessary to treat the wound with an antiseptic and, if necessary, consult a doctor.
- Does a person affected by an unvaccinated domestic cat need to be vaccinated? Doctors insist on vaccinating all people who have suffered from pet bites, regardless of the way they are kept, age and breed characteristics.
- The child was bitten by a dog on the street. Should he be vaccinated? Definitely, yes! In any case, it is always better to play it safe than risk the life of the baby.
- Do I need to follow post-vaccination quarantine? After vaccination, the patient does not need to be isolated, but experts prefer to monitor him for another 2 weeks after the procedure. Also, do not appear in very crowded places due to the risk of infection. Naturally, one should not deny oneself walking, but only if they do not take place in severe frost or heat.
- When can I bathe after vaccination? The introduction of an anti-rabies drug does not provide for a ban on water procedures, with the exception of swimming in natural reservoirs. Since the immune system of a vaccinated person is in a weakened state, it is better for him to avoid crowded places.
- Can I drink alcohol after immunization? A categorical no! Alcohol is not compatible with the vaccine suspension, so after its introduction it will not be possible to consume even minimal amounts of drinks containing alcohol. This prohibition arose as a result of the fact that alcohol significantly reduces the likelihood of a full and adequate immune response, since it is an immunosuppressant in itself. You can not drink alcohol for 2-6 months after the injection.
- Is course interruption serious? How will this affect the immune system? It is impossible to interrupt the established vaccination schedule. If this happens, it is important to remember that vaccine therapy is no longer effective. The course can be continued only if a person missed one day. In another scenario, the patient should consult a doctor.
Possible side effects after measles vaccination
Vaccines are not created for all diseases, but only for those that are characterized by a high degree of contagiousness and severity of the course or the risk of complications. Most of the vaccinations are carried out in childhood, adults are mainly given revaccination - the repeated introduction of biological preparations to maintain the amount of antibodies at the level necessary to fight the infection.
Measles, mumps and rubella are dangerous childhood diseases of viral origin, which means they are easily transmitted from a sick child to healthy ones. Most often they affect children aged five to seven, ten years and are dangerous for their complications (damage to the membranes of the brain, respiratory system, heart muscle, joints, reproductive organs).
For the immunization of children against measles, mumps and rubella, the combined MMR vaccine is more often used, as well as MMR, a vaccine in which the causative agent of chicken pox is added. However, the latter can be replaced by two separate PDAs and from chicken pox. Vaccines are also produced that contain only one type of pathogen. They are called monocomponent. For example, only for measles or only for rubella. Their significant drawback is that in order to prevent three infections, three injections must be made in different areas, since vaccines cannot be mixed.
Dicomponent vaccines contain weakened pathogens of two types (measles-rubella), which is also not enough and you have to add a third. In our country, a dicomponent vaccine KP (rubella-mumps) is produced, which is combined with a measles vaccine. All three-component vaccinations are imported and are not always available to the patient in budgetary clinics. Although the quality of cleaning and the frequency of complications after the use of imported and domestic vaccines are practically the same.
They vaccinate children at the age of one and six years, but the second stage of vaccination can be carried out at any age if at least 28 days have passed since the first administration of the MDA. Contraindications to the introduction of the vaccine are infectious diseases and chronic in the acute stage, pregnancy, the introduction of blood and its preparations. These contraindications are not absolute, and after recovery or after the expiration of the prescribed period, you can again return to the issue of vaccination.
If the patient has previously had an allergic reaction to antibiotics of a certain group, intolerance to egg white, complications from the previous administration of the vaccine, the presence of neoplasms, then the question of vaccination is not worth it at all.
Video "Measles Vaccine"
Common Side Effects
All side effects after using vaccines are divided into local and general manifestations. The local reaction to the measles and mumps vaccine is soreness, swelling and redness at the injection site. These symptoms appear in children in the first days after vaccination and resolve on their own without treatment in three to five days.
The general consequences of vaccination are expressed in: fever in children, enlargement of the lymph nodes of the neck and head, worm-like rash on the head, back, buttocks, muscle and joint pain, redness of the throat, runny nose and coughing. It should be noted that the side effects from the introduction of the vaccine are observed in a fifth of the children, and we can say that it was she who caused them when the above complications appear in the period from the fifth to the fifteenth day after vaccination.
Because it is during this period that pathogenic viruses are gaining their maximum activity. The consequences that occurred outside the specified time frame are not associated with the vaccination and are a manifestation of independent diseases. To reduce the risk of allergic reactions to the vaccine in children, the use of antihistamines for several days is indicated before vaccination.
Serious complications after vaccination
Complications of MMR vaccination are extremely rare (one case per 1,000,000), but they still occur and are expressed in the form of encephalitis, meningitis, anaphylactic shock, pneumonia.
Their frequency is negligible compared to the frequency of complications that occur in children with measles or rubella. And they are explained by the tendency of some patients to allergic reactions and the presence of undiagnosed pathology or chronic processes, as well as the weakness of the immune system.
There is a heated debate in public circles today about how dangerous vaccines can be for children. Of course, there is a risk of getting a complication after vaccination, but it is disproportionate to the danger that unvaccinated children are exposed to. Suffice it to recall what infant mortality was before the mass use of vaccines. In addition, today's medicine does not stand still. Modern vaccines differ in quality and safety compared to drugs twenty years ago.
Video "U.S. Vaccine Experience"
If you are unsure if your child needs any vaccinations, check out the video below. In it you will see the real experience and consequences of mass vaccination in the USA.
DTP vaccination: side effects in children, the pros and cons of vaccination
Vaccination of children is aimed at combating diseases that pose a danger to humans. Among the vaccinations given to children in the first year of life, DPT is also present. Let us examine in more detail the features of such a vaccine, as well as possible adverse reactions to its administration.
What is it and what diseases are vaccinated against?
The DPT vaccine is aimed at preventing the occurrence of several diseases at once:
All these infections are classified as serious and very dangerous diseases with a high percentage of death or disability. The letters K, D and C in the name of the vaccine indicate these infections, and the letter A means "adsorbed".
- This vaccine is one of the most reactogenic, so many babies develop side effects on its administration (especially on the second or third vaccination).
- The injection is quite painful and many babies cry for a long time because of it.
- Parents have to pay for imported vaccines separately.
- Local. This is a change in the skin at the injection site (redness, induration or swelling), as well as impaired walking due to pain at the injection site.
- General. DPT can cause hyperthermia, diarrhea, loss of appetite, lethargy, vomiting, moody mood, prolonged sleep.
- Acute period of any disease;
- Allergy to any component of the vaccine;
- Immunodeficiency.
- Domestic DPT;
- Infanrix;
- Bubo - against tetanus, diphtheria and hepatitis B;
- Pentaxim - the DTP vaccine is supplemented with components that protect against hemophilic infection and poliomyelitis;
- Tritanrix-HB - vaccinated against whooping cough, hepatitis B, tetanus and diphtheria;
- Tetracoccus - includes DPT and polio vaccine;
- ADS - a vaccine in which there is no pertussis component (there is also ADS-M, which is administered from the age of 6);
- AC - only against tetanus;
- AD-M - only against diphtheria.
- It is important that the child is vaccinated in a healthy state.
- It is best to vaccinate the baby after a stool and on an empty stomach, while it is not recommended to dress the baby too warmly.
- Parents should purchase antipyretic drugs of several groups in different forms of release (syrup and suppositories).
- Medicinal anti-allergic preparation makes sense for children who have a high risk of allergies. Such children are given antihistamines 1-2 days before vaccination and continue to receive them until the third day after vaccination.
Possible adverse reactions
A reaction to the introduction of DTP appears in every third child, but is not a pathology, since in most cases it disappears without a trace. Most often, side effects are caused by the second and third vaccinations.
There are such adverse reactions to DTP:
Increased body temperature, as well as local changes, are observed in 25% of babies. Vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness and poor appetite are typical for the first day after DTP vaccination in 10% of children.
All these side effects are found on the first day after vaccination. If several days have already passed, and they do not pass, the child probably developed an infection (very often, children become infected in the clinic while they are waiting for manipulation).
It is also imperative to contact a pediatrician if the reaction to vaccination is very pronounced - the injection site is very swollen (more than 8 cm), the child has been crying for more than 3 hours, his body temperature is more than 39 degrees.
Serious side effects and statistics on them
The complications that the DTP vaccine causes can be caused by ignoring contraindications to vaccination, using a spoiled drug, or improperly administering the vaccine. The incidence of complications during DTP vaccination is 1-3 per 100 thousand.
After vaccination are possible:
Seizures develop in one child in 14,500 vaccinated babies. The incidence of a serious allergy to DPT is 1 in a million.
It is extremely rare that an abscess appears at the injection site, associated with a violation of sterile conditions during vaccination. In the past, the incidence of abscesses was greater because DTP was injected into the buttock.
Studies have not found a direct effect of DTP on neurological disorders, therefore, it is believed that in the event of such complications, the vaccine acts as a provoking factor for the manifestation of disorders that were before, but did not manifest themselves openly.
Meanwhile, it is known that the pertussis component of the vaccine irritates the membranes of the brain, which causes short-term disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system. In such cases, the child is no longer vaccinated with DTP (administered DTP).
General contraindications (in which vaccinations are not carried out) are:
A serious obstacle to DTP vaccination is an enlarged thymus gland. If you ignore this contraindication, the vaccine can result in big health problems for the child.
It is necessary to refuse the introduction of DPT for a while with an exacerbation of diathesis until remission is achieved. After acute respiratory infections in a mild form, a child can be vaccinated 2 weeks after recovery, and after other acute illnesses - after 4 weeks.
There are also contraindications to the introduction of DTP, but allowing vaccination with ATP. These are neurological pathologies (for example, encephalopathy), the presence of seizures or allergies in the baby's relatives, as well as prematurity.
Why you need a vaccine: the statistics speak for themselves
At present, DPT is indicated for administration to children in all developed countries, since thanks to this vaccine, thousands of children's lives are being saved. In some countries, over the past 5 years, a light version of this vaccine has been used, which does not contain the pertussis component. The result was a significant increase in the incidence of whooping cough, as well as complications and deaths of this infection.
If parents decide not to vaccinate at all, then they are not interested in AKSD at all, but if they doubt the need for such a vaccine, believing that a large number of components can harm the child, their worries are in vain. Since the components of the vaccine are aimed at different infections, they are well tolerated by the baby's body. In addition, the compatibility of these components has been proven over the years.
Recall that until the 1950s, when vaccination began in Russia, diphtheria developed in 20% of children, and death was in almost 50% of cases. Tetanus is an even more dangerous infection with a mortality rate of about 85%. Well, whooping cough before the start of DTP vaccination developed in all children, proceeding with varying severity. Now, when all children are offered vaccination, the statistics of whooping cough has decreased by 20 times.
Why is a vaccine better than a disease?
Many adults have the mistaken belief that immunity is stronger after illness than after vaccination. This is indeed characteristic of some infections, but diphtheria and tetanus are not among them. If a child gets sick with any of these infections, immunity to them will not develop. While the basic triple vaccination using DTP will protect the baby from these diseases for a period of 6 to 12 years. As for whooping cough, immunity appears after its transfer, but its duration is the same as with the introduction of vaccination (from 6 to 10 years). It turns out that vaccination is safer and more beneficial.
At what age do they get vaccinated?
In childhood, vaccination against tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria is done three times. The interval between administration of the DPT vaccine should be 30 to 45 days. The minimum period after which the next vaccine can be administered to the baby is 4 weeks.
The vaccination schedule notes that the first time the DTP vaccine is administered to children at 3 months of age. This is due to a decrease in the protection of the baby from infections due to the antibodies received from the mother. For the first vaccination, you can use any vaccine - both imported and domestically produced. At the same time, it is noted that Infanrix is more easily tolerated by 3-month-old babies, since the pertussis component in this vaccine is acellular.
If there were reasons to cancel the vaccination at 3 months, DTP can be given at any time up to 4 years of age. If a 4-year-old child has not previously been vaccinated with the DPT vaccine, he is no longer given this vaccine, but DTP.
30-45 days after the first DTP injection, the vaccination is repeated, so the average age for the second DTP is 4.5 months. The vaccination can be carried out either with the same vaccine that was used for the first vaccination, or with any other type.
The reaction to the second injection of the vaccine may be more pronounced (it is to this administration of DTP that most babies react), but this is not a pathology, but due to the fact that the baby’s body has already become acquainted with the ingredients of the vaccine and has developed a certain immune response, therefore, with the second "meeting" response will be stronger.
The missed second DPT should be given as soon as there is such an opportunity, then the vaccination will be the second and it is not necessary to start the vaccination process again. If the baby had a serious reaction to the first injection of DTP, then it is possible to replace the second vaccine with ATP, since the pertussis component is most often the cause of the side effects of this vaccine.
The third time DTP is also given 30-45 days after the second vaccination, so the age of the third vaccination is often 6 months. If the vaccine was not delivered during this period, DTP should be administered as soon as possible, then the vaccine will be considered the third.
In some children, the reaction to this vaccine administration is most pronounced, which is also not considered a pathology, as in the case of a reaction to the second vaccination.
The fourth administration of the DPT vaccine is called the first revaccination and is carried out at the age of one and a half years (one year after the previous vaccination). It, like all subsequent vaccinations, provides support for the immunity of the child and adult from these diseases. Next, the child is no longer injected with DTP, but with a version of this vaccine without pertussis toxoid - ADS-M. This vaccine is given at age 7, then at 14, and then every 10 years for the life of an adult.
Vaccination with the DTP vaccine begins at an early age and maintains the immunity formed after vaccination throughout a person's life. Such a vaccination is important not only for babies in the first years of life, but also for adults, since the risk of contracting tetanus exists at any age.
If the vaccination schedule is violated, it is not necessary to start introducing DTP again from the very beginning. Vaccination is continued from the stage when the next vaccination was missed.
Are vaccines from different manufacturers compatible?
DPT vaccines are currently produced by several manufacturers and may include other components. Current vaccine options:
Since reactions to DPT occur much more often than to other mandatory vaccinations, therefore, parents and medical staff should be more attentive to both the child and the vaccination itself.
The vaccine is injected into the muscle tissue, since it is from it that the DTP components are released at the rate necessary for the formation of immunity. If the drug is injected under the skin, it will be released for an unnecessarily long time, as a result of which the injection will become useless.
For the introduction of DTP, the thigh is usually chosen, since the muscle tissue on the legs is often well developed even in very young children. For school-age children and adults, vaccination is carried out in the shoulder, provided that it enters the muscle tissue.
It is not recommended to administer the vaccine into the buttocks, since this area has a large layer of adipose tissue. In addition, with such an introduction, there is a risk that the components of the vaccine will enter the nerve or blood vessel. Intravenous administration of the drug is unacceptable.
What to do if there are negative reactions?
At home, the baby is advised to immediately give an antipyretic drug and control body temperature all day. Fever is a common reaction to DTP, but since it does not affect the development of the immune response, any hyperthermia after vaccination should be eliminated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
When redness appears, nothing needs to be done. If a seal appears at the injection site, its resorption can take up to two weeks. It is also a common reaction due to localized tissue inflammation at the site where the vaccine is absorbed. You can help the baby with the help of troxevasin ointment.
Some children may develop a cough after DTP administration. It does not require any treatment if it occurs within a day after vaccination. If the appearance of a cough is noted later, most likely, during a visit to the clinic, the child contracted some kind of infection.
After vaccination, give the child more drink, and feed as desired, while do not introduce new foods into the baby's diet. It is also recommended to limit meetings with other people and often ventilate the room.
side effect of rabies vaccination in puppies
Tetanus shot for adults
How do vaccinations affect morbidity? In some countries, thanks to universal immunization, many diseases have been permanently eliminated, and the possibility of contracting seasonal infections has decreased by several tens of percent. Then perhaps the time has come to eliminate vaccinations from mandatory status?
Is the tetanus shot really necessary and when is it given to adults? Why are such injections dangerous and how long does the next vaccine last? Do vaccinations really help protect a person from disease, and how often do they need to be given?
Tetanus is easy to get infected
This is a zoonotic infection. What does it mean? The causative agent of tetanus is normally found in the body of humans and animals, mainly in the intestines, from where it easily enters the soil, that is, you can get infected from an animal and a person.
The causative agent of infection is a gram-positive bacillus, which forms spores in the external environment under unusual conditions. They are insensitive to cold, can withstand high temperatures for up to three hours, and can survive in the soil for up to 100 years.
Tetanus is difficult to treat, so the only optimal way to get rid of the disease is vaccination. How long does the protective effect of the vaccine last? How long is the tetanus shot for adults? Vaccination of people begins at three months after birth. Until age 16 or 17, a person receives a full course of injections for tetanus. The vaccine is usually complex and additionally includes protection against whooping cough and diphtheria. From the age of 17, a tetanus shot is given every 10 years. That is, immunity after vaccination lasts for 10 years. And if earlier there were recommendations to limit the vaccination age (up to 66 years), now it is not. This is due to the increase in life expectancy and the widespread prevalence of tetanus.
Complications after vaccination of dogs and cats
Not often, but sometimes, after vaccination of dogs and cats, complications appear and are quite serious, which can end in the death of the animal. In this post, we will again talk about vaccinations, but we will pay special attention to the complications after vaccination of dogs. In cats, everything happens almost the same way, so in the text I will say dogs, and mean both.
Modern immunobiological preparations or, more simply, vaccines, practically do not cause side effects, but it must be borne in mind that these are foreign substances. And the body can react unpredictably to foreign substances.
So, the first complication after vaccination of dogs is an allergic reaction, probably the most dangerous complication, especially if it develops rapidly.
Its signs can be very different: salivation, lacrimation, fever, sudden defecation, swelling in different places, most often the nose, ears and eyes swell. The head becomes hot. The behavior of the animal changes, it can either be depressed or, on the contrary, run around the room from corner to corner. Often a large swelling, redness is formed at the injection site (it will be clearly visible with a light color).
You may have already seen this cat when I wrote about allergies in animals. The photo was posted as an example of an allergic reaction to a vaccine.
What to do to avoid such a side effect after vaccination of dogs? Your doctor or the person who gave the injection should observe the dog for 10-15 minutes. Usually, an acute allergy attack appears for the first time in a few minutes.
Such signs, as I listed above, do not necessarily have to appear all, one or two are enough, then antihistamines should be used. For example, I often use dexamethasone in such cases, but this is not the only drug that can stop
dog after vaccination
Everyone, even an inexperienced dog owner, knows about the need to vaccinate their pet. Timely vaccinations will save the puppy from many diseases, ease the course of diseases and increase immunity.
Before vaccination, it is advisable to cure the dog of worms by giving it anthelmintic drugs 10 days before the intended vaccination.
So, your pet has been vaccinated. And then what? Please note that immunity after vaccination is formed no earlier than 10-15 days later. Therefore, it is during this period that it is necessary to carefully monitor so that the dog does not get tired after vaccination, does not catch a cold, does not overcool. The puppy should not be bathed and walked with him on the street, you should not allow communication with other dogs.
If the dog does catch a cold, then a very severe course of the disease and serious complications are possible. It is best to start walking in 2 weeks.
Also, after vaccination, your pet may develop symptoms of the disease: loss of appetite, fever, depression. Do not be afraid, these symptoms should disappear soon.
Please note that allergic reactions to the vaccine are sometimes possible. They can manifest as itching, peeling, redness, inflammation, or a rash. In the most severe cases, it comes to anaphylactic shock, in which case the animal urgently needs veterinary care and hospitalization. Symptoms of shock are: shortness of breath, cyanosis of the mouth and mucous membranes, pallor, weakness or salivation. If the dog shows any of these reactions after vaccination, then before the arrival of the veterinarian it is advisable to give her suprastin or diphenhydramine.
I didn't have much difficulty. The first male after distemper vaccination developed symptoms of this disease, but in a milder form. A greenish sap oozes out of the nose and eyes.
The rabies vaccine is the only cure for a deadly infection.
The disease begins gradually, while the central and peripheral nervous system is affected, as a result of which the patient dies.
The rabies vaccine is given with the rabies vaccine. The concentrated culture-based rabies vaccine (KOCAV) is a rabies vaccine virus grown in special cultures, concentrated and purified using modern techniques and inactivated (killed) by ultraviolet rays. KOKAV is a hygroscopic porous white dry mass. For its dissolution, ampoules with water for injections of 1 ml are attached to the preparation.
Rabies immunoglobulin is produced in two types: from human blood serum and from horse blood serum. The drug contains specific antibodies Antibodies - "soldiers" of the immune system that can neutralize the rabies virus Rabies - the prognosis is unfavorable.
There are preventive and treatment-and-prophylactic courses of vaccinations against rabies. A prophylactic vaccination course is carried out for persons who carry out work on catching and keeping neglected animals, veterinarians, hunters, foresters, slaughterhouse workers, taxidermists, and persons working with the rabies virus. Primary vaccination is three injections
Rabies vaccination
To compile the answers, the regulatory documentation of the Russian Federation and international recommendations were used.
The vaccinated person should know: he is prohibited from drinking any alcoholic beverages during the entire vaccination course and 6 months after its completion. Overwork, hypothermia, overheating should also be avoided.
It is believed that these recommendations are an echo of the past, when previous "generations" of rabies vaccines were used. To ensure protection, it was necessary to introduce 40 vaccinations, people were given a sick leave for this period so that no activity would distract from vaccination. Some people used the free time to work on their own agricultural plots or drink, and missed vaccinations, which could lead to rabies and death.
It should be noted that this situation may be relevant today. The modern scheme of anti-rabies vaccination after contact with an animal is vaccinations for 0 (day of treatment) - 3 - 7 - 14 - 30 - 90 days. The first vaccinations are quite busy, so if the victim goes on a binge or leaves to do his own business (work in the country, etc.) and misses the vaccination period, this will lead to the ineffectiveness of the vaccination course.
Abroad, in the recommendations for anti-rabies prevention of the World Health Organization, the US Centers for Disease Control, in the instructions for rabies vaccines from foreign manufacturers, there are no restrictions on alcohol, physical activity, etc. not indicated either during the vaccination period or after the end of the vaccination course.
You naturally know about masturbation, you can hold on to it (those behind bars somehow hold on). If there is a chance for the recovery of the spouse and her adaptation in life, hold on with the help of masturbation to the last. If a
Claims about the possibility of reviving inactivated rabies
When is a rabies vaccination required? Indications, contraindications and side effects
Pets need to be vaccinated against rabies every year. Only in this case can we expect that the pet will not become infected itself and will not endanger people nearby. After all, this disease is incurable, if rabies has developed, nothing will help either the dog or the person. As for people, they do not need annual prophylaxis, the vaccine is used only as an emergency measure: if bitten by an animal that is suspected of being contagious.
The disease is caused by viruses of the genus Lyssavirus of the Rhabdovirida family. It is carried most often by wild animals, in particular, bats. The pathogen enters the blood along with the saliva of the carrier and affects the nerve cells of the spinal cord and brain. The result is acute encephalitis, leading to death within a week - one and a half from the onset of the manifestation of the disease. The cause of death was respiratory arrest. The incubation period can be either short (10 days) or long (up to 7 weeks).
Today, rabies vaccination is a widespread measure, and most pet owners regularly vaccinate them against the virus, so wild, stray dogs remain the main source of infection. In developing countries, disease outbreaks occur more frequently than in civilized ones. According to statistics, people are vaccinated about 10-12 million times a year, about 35 thousand people die as a result of rabies. Most often these are children.
One fine day you decided to get a dog and opted for a small breed. Among other advantages of the baby, you probably pleased yourself with the thought that he will be a convenient companion on any trip.
The rabies vaccine was invented by a French scientist named Louis Pasteur over a hundred years ago - in 1885 - based on a weakened virus. In the 1980s, researchers created a new, inactivated vaccine that was more effective and safer. After her in
Side effects of the rabies vaccine in humans
Side effects of rabies vaccination in humans, its complications, allergic reactions are the topic of many discussions. Although this disease is a huge threat to life, the fight against it is also unsafe.
Vaccine Contraindications
There is a risk of developing adverse events after taking any drug. Rabies vaccinations for humans also have contraindications.
Exacerbation of any diseases (acute, chronic, non-infectious, infectious, tumors, immunodeficiency states, etc.). Sustained recovery, by the time of vaccination should last at least a month.
It must be taken into account that this is only true for the prophylactic administration of the vaccine if it is prescribed before the bite of a suspicious animal (to people who may come into contact with rabid animals). Vaccinations are applied to persons whose profession implies the possibility of such contact (hunters, veterinarians, foresters, etc.). For preventive purposes, vaccination of residents of natural foci of the disease can also be carried out. After all, the danger of contracting rabies from wild animals is quite real today.
If a bite with damage to the skin or contact of an animal (fox, wolf, dog, cat, etc.) with saliva getting into the places of scratches has already occurred, then there can be no question of the impossibility of prophylaxis. Pregnant women are vaccinated to save the mother's life. Since when symptoms of the disease appear, her death, and hence the death of the fetus, is inevitable. The vaccine is also given at the time of exacerbation of the bitten other life-threatening diseases (including neurological, oncological, etc.). This is done because rabies is a particularly dangerous disease caused by a virus. If left untreated, this disease leads to death in the vast majority of cases.
Vaccinations: vaccination schedule, forms of vaccination, side effects
Vaccinations against childhood diseases save millions of lives. Illness and death from diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella and Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenza) type B are reaching record lows. In adults, vaccinations against influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, hepatitis and other diseases have also saved many lives and prevented many serious illnesses. The new vaccine has been shown to be highly effective against a virus that causes cervical cancer, as well as cases of genital warts, oral and anal cancer.
Our bodies are designed to protect us from infections. When you are exposed to viruses or bacteria, the immune system actually learns from experience. The next time your body is exposed to the same infection, your immune system will often recognize it and mount it to destroy it.
Immunization exposes you to very small and safe amounts of the most dangerous and common infections. This action helps your immune system recognize and attack infections, which can help prevent disease. If you are susceptible to a full-blown disease later in life, you will either not get infected, or the infection will be much milder, because your body has already developed antibodies and knows how to resist this infection.
Most vaccines are given by injection, but some can be taken by mouth (by mouth) or as a nasal spray (through the nose). They usually contain components that trigger an immune response:
Live but weakened viruses. Live virus (live) vaccines provide longer-lasting immunity than inactivated vaccines, but they can cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems and, in rare cases, serious medical conditions.
— Inactivated vaccines(immune preparations containing microorganisms that have lost their ability to reproduce. The term “inactivated” refers to the viability of the microorganisms that make up this vaccine) - bacteria, viruses or toxoids. Inactivated vaccines are safe even for people with compromised immune systems.
— Toxoid-altered form harmful substances (toxins) with some bacteria. The toxoid in vaccines is modified in such a way that it does not harm the person, but always produces an immune response.
- Bacterial or viral components of not the whole organism. These are just some of the microbes that elicit a strong immune response. The harmless infectious components in the vaccine teach the immune system to recognize the full strength of the harmful substances. The immune system will know when to start fighting the real impact of these substances. Antibodies produced in response to a vaccine remain in the body, preventing future diseases from such exposure. This is called immunity.
- Combined vaccines. The use of combined vaccines, rather than individual components, is recommended whenever possible. Combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines (DPT - adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine - consists of a suspension of killed pertussis microbes and purified diphtheria and tetanus toxoids adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel) are also suitable for measles, mumps and rubella, and they available for many years.
New combinations are being developed that contain up to 5 vaccinations and are safe and well tolerated in children as young as 2 months of age. For example, a vaccine is available that combines DTP, hepatitis B, and the polio vaccine (Pediarix). It is just as effective when given to children aged 6 weeks to 6 years as separate vaccines. There is concern that the increasing use of combinations may reduce the potency of some vaccines. Some parents are also concerned about increased side effects. Research to date, however, shows that the combinations are effective and safe.
- Passive immunity. Another form of protection against disease is called passive immunity. This approach uses immunoglobulin, which is a blood product that contains antibodies. Immunoglobulin is usually used for people who cannot be vaccinated when immediate protection is needed, or to prevent severe complications of the disease. In some cases, passive immunity may interfere with active vaccination, especially with live virus vaccines. Therefore, if possible, these two types of immunization should not be carried out within one week or even one month.
Vaccines can have side effects, and they are almost always mild, such as swelling at the injection site or fever.
Conventional childhood vaccines. Experts recommend that all children be regularly vaccinated against the following diseases.
