The medicinal plant grows in the swamp. The names of marsh plants and flowers that grow in the marsh. Common marsh crops

All swamps are formed with an excess of stagnant water. They are most widespread in the northern part of the forest zone, since cold summers and high humidity contribute to their development.

Marshes are especially developed in Western Siberia, which is facilitated by its flat relief; in mountainous Eastern Siberia few peatlands. Peat bogs are well developed in Kamchatka.

Peat raised, or sphagnum, bogs are formed in place of spruce or pine forests, sometimes in forest meadows, usually in depressions and hollows with stagnant moisture that prevents the penetration of atmospheric oxygen. Here, dying plants do not rot, as they did on dry soils, but turn into peat. The peat layer can reach a large thickness - several meters. Peat bogs are typical of the forest zone, their southern border in the European part runs approximately from the Baltic states through the south of the Minsk region, the north of the Chernigov region, through Smolensk to Moscow-Gorky. Peat moss is found in separate small areas further south, but does not enter the steppe zone.

To the north of the taiga zone, in the tundra, peat bogs are very common.

In peat bogs, plants are placed in special conditions of existence. Sphagnum moss annually grows with its tops by several millimeters, and thus the level of the entire swamp gradually rises, which is why it was called the riding one. Plants have adapted to this in different ways: in shrubs, roots grow higher along the stem, grasses, stretching out, bring their wintering buds to the surface of moss pillows in spring. Ground water is under a layer of peat and is often inaccessible to plants. Therefore, plants absorb water from moss cushions, which absorb atmospheric moisture - rain and dew, sucked up by moss like a sponge. In this regard, these swamps are wet only in the rain and cloudy weather and dry up in dry conditions. On a continuous carpet of peat, or sphagnum, moss (from the Greek "sphagnos" - sponge), a few low shrubs grow - wild rosemary, berry shrubs - blueberries, blueberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, cranberries, crowberries; herbaceous plants very little. A kind of insectivorous sundew plant. On some peatlands grow low, stunted and crooked pines, dwarf birch; spruce does not survive here.

Grassy, ​​or lowland, swamps, wet and in drought, look completely different. Here plants are available ground water. Lowland bogs are usually formed by overgrowing more or less large river oxbow lakes and drainless lakes, and are also located around the mouths of rivers or along their banks. This process can occur from the bottom, through the gradual deposition of dying underwater and coastal plants. Water bodies are inhabited by floating plants, such as duckweed, or, at shallow depths, rooted at the bottom. Some species grow under water, others carry leaves and flowers floating on water on long petioles - white water lilies and yellow capsules. In the shallow coastal strip, reeds and reeds form a belt, or calamus, cattail, and other plants settle here. Sedges, cotton grass, buttercups, killer whales, cinquefoil, water pepper, etc. live on marshy land. All this vegetation gradually moves towards the reservoir and reduces or completely closes the water surface. Along the mouths of large rivers sometimes large area occupied by reeds and reeds. In other marshes, sedges and cotton grass predominate.

Reservoirs can also overgrow from the surface by forming a floating carpet along its edges, and in the center - floating islands that gradually coalesce (alloys). Rhizomes and turfs are intertwined in this carpet. aquatic plants, its thickness gradually increases and unsteady swamps appear - bogs.

There are many grassy swamps in the northern forest zone and tundra; they are often found in more southern forests and in steppe zone. In some forests, black alder swamps develop, which are flooded with water in spring. Sometimes meadows become swampy, and then under the influence adverse conditions environments meadow grasses are replaced by swamps.

Many medicinal plants are collected in the swamps. Peat moss, cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, lingonberry leaves, wild rosemary branches, and sundew are harvested on raised bogs. In lowland swamps and in reservoirs - trefoil watch, calamus marsh; in wet meadows and along rivers - water pepper and a string.

Lesson-expedition on the topic "Medicinal plants of the swamp community". Natural history, 5th grade

Target: to introduce students to the variety of medicinal plants of the swamp community.

Tasks:

• find out the features of the external structure, beneficial features medicinal plants of the swamp community;
• learn to recognize medicinal plants in herbarium specimens, photographs;
• develop a cognitive interest in medicinal plants of their area;
• cultivate respect for plants.

Lesson form: lesson - expedition.

Teaching methods:

• reproductive,
• partial search,
• research.

Equipment:

• Expedition member's phytobook ,
• information card and blanks for filling in the table ,
• multimedia projector, presentation CD ,
• herbariums and postcards of medicinal plants of the swamp community,
• epigraph on the board
• glue sticks,
• to demonstrate the experience of dry sphagnum moss,
• water glass,
• tokens with the names of swamp medicinal plants.

During the classes

1. Org. moment (greeting, attitude to work).
2. Goal setting and motivation (an explanation of how the lesson will take place, goal setting).

Teacher: Today our lesson on the topic “Medicinal plants” will be unusual. I invite you to become members of a scientific expedition. To find out where it will take place, guess the riddle:

Everyone bypasses this place:
Here is the earth.
Like dough;
Here sedge, tussocks, mosses.
No leg support.

Students: this is a swamp.

Teacher: So, the route of our expedition will pass through the swamp.

People have long been adding legends about the swamp. What kind of pictures do you imagine when it comes to the swamp? (Something frightening, sinister is heard in this word. Others see in it something mysterious, fabulous, etc.)

Appeal to the epigraph

The swamp is a special world, living its own special life, having permanent residents and temporary guests, their voices, their noises and, most importantly, their secret... (Guy De Maupassant)

There are many undisclosed secrets of swamps, they are studied by swamp scientists. We will also try to reveal the secrets of some plants - their external biological features, healing properties. The route of the expedition will pass along the eastern edge of the swamp in the vicinity of our native village Novobureisky. Until 1900, this territory was a continuous single swamp. As a result of construction, land drainage, only small areas. ( . slides).

1. Knowledge update

Teacher: To check the readiness of the expedition members for research work, let's remember what is called a swamp? (Students give their definition, then refer to the dictionary in the phytobook).

A swamp is a territory of excessive moisture, where moisture-loving plants grow and peat accumulates.

What plants are found in the swamp? (Sedge, marigold, iris, sundew, wild rosemary, three-leaf watch).

Teacher: Right. The swamp is characterized by a small species diversity plants. What is it connected with? (Not all plants can grow in conditions high humidity). Let's get acquainted with medicinal plants - typical representatives of the swamp community.

1. Learning new material

Teacher: For unusual trifoliate leaves, this plant is popularly called “three-leafed”. This is a three-leaf watch ( slide).

This is a primrose plant. As soon as the sun warms, yellow inconspicuous flowers appear, which are located in a kind of plate of bright greenish-yellow leaves. The plant got its name from its use in traditional medicine in the treatment of diseases of the spleen. This is a spleen slide).

This plant is known in science as a predator. Its entire aerial part is used for dry cough, as an antipyretic. It... (Slide sundew round-leaved).

A well-known berry plant - blueberries also grows in the swamp. Unfortunately, you will not meet her on our route. Why? (Students give their guesses.)

In connection with the annual fires, mowing the grass, this plant disappeared from the swamp community in the vicinity of our village.

Moss sphagnum - amazing plant, which has unique properties. (Demonstration of experience: place dry sphagnum moss in a glass of water).

What happened to the dry moss? (Sphagnum, like a sponge absorbed water). This is due to empty dead cells. During the Great Patriotic War sphagnum moss was used instead of cotton as a dressing. It not only absorbs water, but also has antibacterial properties.

In addition to the listed medicinal plants in our swamp, there are also: valerian officinalis, marsh belozor, knotweed mountaineer, marsh cinquefoil, marsh chickweed, swamp cudweed, loosestrife.

Please note that many plants have the species name "marsh", which indicates their typical habitat. (Slides).

And now our expeditionary group will have to work on the processing of the collected information. Fill in the table “Medicinal plants of the swamp” in the phytobook. Use information cards and ready-made blanks for this (paste them in the appropriate column of the table). Be careful, pay attention to the screen, which depicts medicinal plants of the swamp.

swamp medicinal plants

plant name	Medicinal raw materials	Therapeutic action	For what diseases is it used
Ledum marsh	Young leaves and stems	Antimicrobial, expectorant.	Bronchitis, dry cough
Three-leaf watch	Leaves	Stimulates the appetite choleretic, laxative.	Gastritis, constipation.
Valerian officinalis	Roots and rhizomes	Sedative.	Nervous excitement, insomnia.
Highlander	whole plant	Laxative, hemostatic, antimicrobial.	Bleeding, hemorrhoids.
marsh cinquefoil	whole plant	Antimicrobial, diaphoretic, astringent	Rheumatism, dysentery.
marshwort	whole plant	Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory	Gastric and duodenal ulcer

1. Consolidation and application of knowledge

Didactic game “Guess!”

Students take turns drawing tokens with the names of medicinal plants of the swamp, do not show them to anyone. Give a brief morphological (external) description of the plant. The rest of the guys must guess what kind of medicinal plant they are talking about, find and show it on the herbarium or on postcards.

1. self control

Crossword puzzle (work in phytobook).

1. Summing up the results of the expedition

Our correspondence expedition through the swamp of the environs of the village of Novobureisky has ended. We revealed with you the healing secrets of the plants that live in this amazing community. Currently, in our swamp, in the vicinity of the village of Novobureisky, more than 30 species grow. various plants. Such a large species diversity is due to the fact that environmental conditions, the appearance of the swamp change over time. Increasingly, various weed, meadow, forest plants can be found in the swamp.

In the future, we will go out with you to the swamp more than once, and in practice we will determine medicinal plants, replenish our knowledge about them.

If you have to collect medicinal plants, do not forget the rules for collecting them. Remember, used in large doses, some medicinal plants are poisonous. So, for example, wild rosemary causes dizziness, sundew - paralysis of the nervous system.

And, of course, being in a swamp, do not allow such a picture .... ( Slides of fire, pollution of the swamp with household waste).

1. Reflection

Making judgments about one's own achievements. For example,

• I enjoyed the lesson...
• In class, I remember...
• I was surprised when...
• I learned in the lesson... and so on.

1. Homework:

§ 41 (textbook of natural history, class 5, V.M. Pakulova, N.V. Ivanova).

I invite you to become participants in the competition of traditional healers. Create your own or find a ready-made treatment recipe various diseases with the help of medicinal plants of the swamp. Best Recipes we will send it to the newspaper “Aibolit”.

Thank you all for your work. Good health to you!

Literature:

1. Ryzhkova N.P. medicinal plants Far East. - Blagoveshchensk, - 1994. - 216 p.
2. Russian R.D. Forest Robinsons. -Izhevsk, "Udmurtia", 1973. - 168 p.
3. Sokolov S.Ya., Zamotaev I.P. Medicinal plants. - M.: "Vita", 1993. - 512 p.

Bog plants are very diverse. We list some types of marsh plants:

Grows in peat bogs. It is widely used in the food industry for sugaring, preparing candy filling, jam, marinade, fruit drink, extract, etc. The range of application of this marsh plant as a medicinal and prophylactic agent is unusually wide. Cowberry is used in medicine as a disinfectant and diuretic, in the treatment of urinary system disorders, rheumatism, gout, pulmonary tuberculosis and catarrh of the stomach, for the prevention of anemia in pregnant women, with neurosis, with high blood pressure.

Cranberry(marsh plant)- grows in upland and transitional bogs. Cranberries are used for the preparation of fruit drinks, juices, kvass, extracts, jelly, are good sources vitamins. Leaves can be cooked herbal tea. The berries are used as an antiscorbutic colds, rheumatism, tonsillitis, beriberi, as well as in the food and alcoholic beverage industries.

Cloudberry (marsh plant)- grows in peat bogs. The berries are tasty, used in fresh, in the form of jam, juice, marmalade, jam, compote, etc. Cloudberries are used in dietary and clinical nutrition, for the treatment of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases, burns and skin diseases, in case of poisoning heavy metals as an anti-febrile agent. Cloudberry berries have antimicrobial, diaphoretic, antispasmodic effects. The leaves have astringent, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic and diuretic effects.

Sundew(marsh plant) - carnivorous plant, due to the lack of minerals in the soil, is engaged in passive catching of insects. Sundew grass, collected during the flowering period, was used for coughs, including whooping cough. Used in homeopathy.

swamp cypress(marsh plant)- deciduous conifer tree, common in North America and the Danube Delta. Reaches 50 meters in height. The roots, expanding downwards in the form of a cone, rise 1-2 meters above water or marshy soil. The wood is rot-resistant and is used in construction and furniture production.

moss sphagnum (marsh plant)- growing top, and dies off from below, forming peat. Sphagnum practically does not rot, as it contains carbolic acid, which is a powerful antiseptic. Holds moisture well. It has bactericidal properties, is used in medicine and veterinary medicine as a dressing. Due to its low thermal conductivity, it is used in construction as a heat-insulating material.

wild rosemary (marsh plant)- Together with tar, rosemary essential oil can be used in the treatment of leather, it can be used in soap making and perfumery, as well as in textile industry as a fixer. The smell of fresh leaves and branches of wild rosemary repels blood-sucking insects, protects furs and wool from a moth.

Sedge (marsh plant)- a genus of perennial herbs, including up to 2000 species. unpretentious plant, grows in all climatic zones Total the globe. In swamps, it is the main peat former. Used in landscape design, in pharmaceuticals.

air (marsh plant)- grows in damp places or in shallow waters - along the banks of streams, rivers and lakes, on the outskirts of swamps. It is used in landscape design, in medicine. Calamus oil is used in the perfumery and food industries, as well as the dried rhizomes of the plant.

Pemphigus (marsh plant)- aquatic insectivorous plant, recognized as the fastest carnivorous plant in the world. The victim is drawn into the trap in less than a millisecond.

Swamp Animals:

• European marsh turtle (Emys orbicularis).
• Various types of toads, frogs.
• Mosquitoes, ticks and other insects.
• Moose, raccoons, otters, minks, muskrats.
• Birds (cranes, partridges, herons, waders, lapwings, ducks, moorhens, etc.)

You can read more about swamp animals in the article "Swamp Inhabitants: Swamp Animals".

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It was an article Swamp plants. Names and descriptions of marsh plants. "Read more:

Without water, no living organism can exist. But it should be in moderation, an excess of moisture causes air to be forced out of the soil and leads to the fact that plants begin to experience a lack of oxygen. However, there are marsh plants that feel comfortable even in such conditions. There are a great many varieties and names of marsh plants, as well as flowers that grow in a swamp.

Features of wetlands

Swamp - a piece of terrain with a characteristic excess of moisture, inhabited by shrubs and marsh flowers that can grow in conditions of excessive soil moisture. In addition to the low oxygen content, swampy soil is different reduced level micronutrients needed for plant life. This article will consider not only the most common plants, but also flowers in the swamp, the name of which can be found in many medicines. There are three types of swamps according to diversity flora:

• Sphagnum or peat bogs. The most common plant is sphagnum moss. Sundew and cranberries are quite common.
• Grass swamps. Sedges are the main representative of the flora in them. In addition, other herbs and mosses grow here.
• Forest swamps. In addition to the flora found in other types of swamps, bushes, shrubs and trees grow here.

In addition, three types of swampy areas are distinguished according to the method of filling the soil with water:

Under the action of substances secreted by sphagnum, the dead plants decompose. Residues that have not been decomposed turn into peat over time.

marsh sedge

Tincture prepared on black alder bark has an excellent anti-inflammatory effect and is used in the fight against colitis. The decoction is used as a hemostatic agent for inflammatory processes in the intestine. In addition, decoctions are used for acute respiratory diseases, inflammation of the nasopharynx, wounds, suppuration and ulcers.

An infusion is made from the leaves of the plant, which is used for colds and coughs, gout and rheumatism. Baths from the decoction help get rid of the feeling of fatigue and pain in the legs.

Glutinous alder extracts are often found in toothpastes and other tooth and mouth rinses. In addition, plant earrings are one of the components of the gastric collection.

The main representatives of the flora of raised bogs

Cotton grass multi-spike

Representative of the sedge family. The rhizome of the plant is elongated, horizontal. The stem can reach 70 cm in height. Cotton grass leaves are 3 to 5 mm wide and have a so-called tongue. On peduncles, from 3 to 7 spikelets are formed. Flowering occurs in May-June, the fruits ripen by June-July. The seeds are shiny, black, about 2.5–3 mm long and 1 mm wide.

In medicine, the stems, inflorescences and leaves of cotton grass have been used. An infusion of cotton grass is used to treat the following ailments:

• duodenal ulcer,
• stomach ulcer.
• colitis,
• gastritis,
• other.

Thanks to astringent properties plants, it is advisable to use it in the form of decoctions for diarrhea.

A variety of herbs, shrubs, and berries also grow in the swampy area. This plant community is able to live in conditions of very intense soil moisture, or simply in flowing or stagnant waters. Swamp soil is poor in oxygen, there is very little nutrients, mineral salts necessary for the normal life of any plant.

Of course, all living organisms need water, because life without it is impossible. But when there is a lot of water, this is also bad. Not all living beings can survive in such conditions, plants are no exception. However, some species of fauna have perfectly adapted to constant humidity.

For example, sphagnum moss grows in a swamp. It's wonderful medicinal plant has antimicrobial properties, has a soft, porous structure resembling a sponge. During the war, doctors replaced the missing bandages and cotton with moss. With its help, wounds were disinfected, they were cleansed of pus, which contributed to rapid healing. In addition to sphagnum, there are other very valuable medicinal marsh plants. Let's talk more about the most famous of them:

Healing plants of swamps

calamus ordinary

it medicinal plant can be found along the banks of reservoirs, on the outskirts of swamps. Calamus rhizomes have medicinal properties. Means based on it are used in the treatment of diseases of the stomach, intestines (ulcer, gastritis). Calamus preparations are effective for flatulence, heartburn, as well as nausea and vomiting.
Preparations are prepared from it for the treatment of bronchitis, pleurisy, cholelithiasis, kidney stones, neuroses. It is used to improve the quality of vision and memory. A decoction of rhizomes is used externally in the form of baths, lotions, washes in the complex treatment of scabies, diathesis, skin ulcers. Powder from the crushed root is sprinkled on old wounds.

wild rosemary

It is widely used in both traditional and folk medicine. FROM therapeutic purpose use young shoots that are harvested in August-September. In addition to shoots, the entire aerial part of the shrub has a pronounced bactericidal effect on the human body. Therefore, a decoction of wild rosemary has a detrimental effect on staphylococci, dysentery bacillus and many other pathogens.

It is used in the treatment of bronchitis (as an expectorant), respiratory diseases, whooping cough. Effective preparations based on it in the treatment bronchial asthma and pulmonary tuberculosis.

hemlock

The plant is included in the list of the most poisonous flora of Russia. All parts of hemlock contain toxic alkaloids. For example, one of them called koniin, is the strongest nerve paralytic poison. When dried, some of the poisons disappear, but still, the resulting raw material requires special treatment.

Despite all its danger, hemlock has remarkable medicinal properties. In small doses, it eliminates pain of various etiologies, suppresses the development of tumors. It is used as an anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory agent. In addition, the plant is considered a strong immunostimulant. Therefore, preparations based on it are included in the complex therapy of oncological diseases.

Three-leaf watch (trifol)

A bitter infusion is prepared from the leaves of the watch, which is used to stimulate appetite. The infusion enhances, activates the production of gastric juice, which improves digestion. It is used in the treatment of gastritis (with low acidity), used to eliminate flatulence. Watch leaves are a well-known choleretic agent. The watch is included in the compositions of various choleretic, laxative, diuretic, as well as sedative fees.

marsh cinquefoil

Sabelnik is a very valuable medicinal plant growing in swamps. Its roots contain a large number of tannins. The plant also contains flavonoids, valuable essential oils. There is carotene vitamin C, mineral salts, carbohydrates and many other biologically active substances. Medicines on the basis of cinquefoil, they have anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, diaphoretic effects.

With their help, diarrhea, stomach diseases, tuberculosis, rheumatism are treated. In steamed form, the herb is used externally in the treatment of mastitis and hemorrhoids.

Blueberry

In the swamps you can find this very useful berry. Blueberries contain very important organic acids for health, as well as vitamins, minerals, natural sugars and tannins. The berry is recommended for use in case of radiation sickness. Blueberries, just like honeysuckle, improve the functioning of the stomach, activate digestion. Berries are included in the diet for catarrh of the stomach, with enterocolitis, dysentery, as well as with pyelitis and scurvy.

Also in wetlands grow at least healthy berries: cloudberries, blueberries, lingonberries, etc.

Medicinal marsh plants listed by us today are only a small part of the huge variety of their species. It is impossible to tell about all at once. Therefore, we will talk about other swamp plants next time.

Common reed

The established opinion that almost nothing grows in the swamp has no real basis. In terms of the diversity of its plant species composition, a swamp is in no way inferior to a forest or meadow, and in some places even surpasses it.

Most of the marsh plants are hygrophilous (moisture-loving) plants.

Almost all of them are submerged in water, as a result of which they are deprived of water-retaining stomata. The leaves of marsh plants better than others retain oxygen, which is so rare in marsh water.

All marsh plants are classified into 5 groups:

• microphytes These are plants that inhabit the bottom of the swamp.

  Here, at a depth of about 6 meters, a large amount of algae grows. Among them are blue-green, diatoms and filamentous green algae.

• macrophytes These are plants that inhabit the water column of the swamp (3-6 meters from the shore). Among them are also flowering plants. Here you can find such green algae as hara and nitella, many mosses, among which sphagnum (peat) prevail.

  Flowering plants include narrow-leaved pondweed and hornwort.

• swamp plants level 1 These are plants that inhabit the immediate water area of ​​​​the swamp (1.5-3 meters from the shore).

  It is they who make up the usual idea of ​​a swamp. Among the growing specimens, there are many broad-leaved pondweeds, white water lilies (water lilies), yellow capsules, floating pondweed, etc.

• swamp plants level 11 These are plants that inhabit the coastal area of ​​the swamp (less than 1.5 meters from the shore). Among them are reeds, reeds, horsetails, a lot of sedges, arrowheads, susak, burdock, chastuha, sitnyag, buttercup, sheikhzeria, rhynchospore, marsh iris, etc.
• coastal swamp vegetation These are plants that grow along the banks of the swamp.

  Among them are watch, cinquefoil, calla, a lot of green mosses (drepanokladus, calliergon). Grow often small trees: alder, birch and willow; among shrubs - cranberries, cassandra, heather, cotton grass.

  There are also very rare plants-predators - sundew and zhyryanka.

Marsh marigold

River gravel

Cuckoo color

calamus marsh

buttercup caustic

Marsh calla

forget-me-not marsh

Common loosestrife

All organisms need water, life without it is impossible.

But everything is good in moderation. When there is too much water, plants suffer from a lack of oxygen for breathing, because water has displaced it from the soil. Life in wet places it turns out that not everyone is “on the shoulder”, but there are plants that have adapted to such a life.

A swamp is a community of perennial plants that can grow in conditions of abundant moisture from flowing or stagnant waters. The swamp soil contains little oxygen, and often nutrients (mineral salts) that plants need.

Exist different types swamps.

There are sphagnum bogs (they are also called peat, riding). Among the plants, sphagnum moss prevails there - you will read about it in the book. Only here you can meet the well-known cranberry and the amazing sundew plant. They are also discussed ahead.

There are swamps where sedges predominate. Other herbs grow along with them.

These swamps are called so - grassy (or lowland). Swamps, where you can meet not only perennial herbs and mosses, but also many trees and shrubs, are called forest.

In a meadow, in a forest, along the banks of rivers and lakes, along the road, there are often areas with a high water content in the soil. Plants adapted to life in waterlogged conditions also settle here.

1. Underline marsh producers in green, consumers in red, destroyers in brown.

White partridge, sandpiper, cranberry, wild rosemary, crane, microbes, frog, blueberry, sedge, elk, mosquito, cloudberry, sphagnum.

What did the artist get wrong? Get the arrows right.

Swap pike and eagle, partridge and carp.

Guess and write the name of the natural wealth of the swamps, from which jelly and jam are cooked.

4. Solve the crossword puzzle, and then you can read the name of the "profession" of organisms that have a hard time in the swamp.

1. Mosquito larvae living at the bottom of the lake. — bloodworm

2. Talking bird with long legs. — Crane

The most important plant of swamps. — Sphagnum

4. coastal plant, which is often incorrectly called reeds. — cattail

5. Fuel formed from dead plant residues. — Peat

6. Predatory lake fish. — Pike

7. Long-nosed wading bird. — Sandpiper

8. An insect that "eats" moose.

— Mosquito

Garbage man

Learning to understand the text

Read the text "How peat is formed" on page 52 of the textbook. Complete the tasks.

1. What is peat formed from? Choose the correct answer and mark it.

From the dead remains of sphagnum moss.

From the dead remains of marsh animals.

Why does peat form in swamps? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Because there is no oxygen in wet marsh soil and destroyers cannot live.

3. Why are there so few destroyers in the swamp? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Sphagnum kills germs.

How do people use peat? Choose only one answer and mark it.

as a fuel.

5. Write, from the dead remains of which living organisms peat is formed.

From the dead remains of marsh plants and animals.

Which sentence best helps to understand the main idea of ​​the text? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Therefore, the dead remains are not destroyed, but gradually become compacted and turn into peat.

On the features of peat formation.

8. If there was one more paragraph in the text, what would it be about?

About what ecosystem was formed on the site of swamps.

Which heading best describes the content of the text? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Where does sphagnum live?

10. What did you find most interesting in this text? Why are you interested?

I wonder how people use sphagnum.

swamp plants

All organisms need water, life without it is impossible. But everything is good in moderation. When there is too much water, plants suffer from a lack of oxygen for breathing, because water has displaced it from the soil. Life in humid places is not for everyone, but there are plants that have adapted to such a life.

A swamp is a community of perennial plants that can grow in conditions of abundant moisture from flowing or stagnant waters.

The swamp soil contains little oxygen, and often nutrients (mineral salts) that plants need.

There are different types of swamps. There are sphagnum bogs (they are also called peat, riding). Among the plants, sphagnum moss prevails there - you will read about it in the book. Only here you can meet the well-known cranberry and the amazing sundew plant.

They are also discussed ahead.
There are swamps where sedges predominate. Other herbs grow along with them. These swamps are called so - grassy (or lowland). Swamps, where you can find not only perennial grasses and mosses, but also many trees and shrubs, are called forest.
In a meadow, in a forest, along the banks of rivers and lakes, along the road, there are often areas with a high water content in the soil.

Plants adapted to life in waterlogged conditions also settle here.

The most famous of the swamp shrubs - cranberry. It grows both on ridges and in hollows, and in some places forms a continuous cover. Everyone has seen cranberries, but some townspeople do not know how beautiful they bloom. The common marsh cranberry grows throughout the swamp, its berries differ in both size and shape (both round and pear-shaped, both large and smaller), and sometimes small-fruited cranberries are also found on high hummocks.

She has very small berries and smaller flowers. It has no economic significance, but it is precisely by its presence that one can judge that the “swamp is untouched” and it should be protected.

There is also a shrub with berries - black crowberry. It grows on ridges and swampy pine forests on the outskirts of the swamp massif. It is also called crowberry - the berries are tasteless, but they quench their thirst well. And the name "crowberry", of course, is due to the fact that the berries look like bird's eyes.
Two other amazing marsh shrubs - common bog and marsh myrtle, or Cassandra, do not have tasty berries. Their flowers have a similar shape - they resemble a ball, and, probably, this shape is not accidental ...

Podbel is called podbelom for the white leaves below, and the leaves of the marsh myrtle resemble real myrtle, growing much further south. These plants are found only in swamps.

And here are a couple more bushes - heather and wild rosemary grow not only in swamps, but also in pine forests on the sands and in marshy pine forests.

Marsh rosemary smells remarkably strong and intoxicating. They say that if you breathe it for a long time, you can get a headache, but, like any medicine in small doses, it is, of course, useful and used in medicine. Heather is also used in medicine. In addition, he is a good honey plant. Heather flowers are pink, it is very decorative.

Swamp plants.

The treeless swamps of the taiga zone are dominated by plants from the sedge family (fluffy, cotton grass, reeds, black-eyed), rushes (Scheuchzeria, Triostenica), grasses (reed grass, reed, lightning).

Water lily pure white large white water lily flower. It grows in quiet backwaters of rivers and deep hollows of aapa swamps. Flowers reach 12 cm in diameter, and rounded leaves - 30 cm. Pure white water lily is a living clock. In the evening at 6-7 o'clock its flowers close and plunge into the water, and in the morning, also at 6-7 o'clock, they appear above the water and open again.

But if the flowers did not appear in the morning, wait for the rain. The rhizomes of water lilies contain up to 20% starch, they are readily eaten by muskrats, water rats and even pigs. The water lily is used in medicine. The alkaloid nymphein, extracted from the plant, is used for diseases of the bladder and gastritis.

Common reed. The ubiquitous reed is found from the forest-tundra to the tropics. It forms floodplains in river mouths, thickets in the shallow waters of lakes and on saline coasts of the seas, phytocenoses in open and forest lowland and transitional swamps.

In the swamps optimal conditions it reaches a height of 2 m, and in the extreme - only 50-70 cm. Actually loves the reed running water; therefore, it also settles in swamps where water moves along the surface or in the depths of a peat deposit. And the better the flow and the richer the nutrition, the greater the green mass of reeds annually. From 1 hectare of reed beds, you can get from 8 to 60 centners of hay, and it is the richer in carotene (provitamin A) than it was mowed before.

Water, flowing through the reed floodplains, is purified like a filter: the reed extracts many harmful substances (sodium, sulfur) from the water, retains oil slick, clay, and suspensions. But the significance of the reed is not limited to this: the fate of many species of birds and animals living in its thickets is connected with it. Since ancient times, the leaves and stems of the reed have been used to weave baskets, shields, and mats.

It is used for fuel, for covering roofs, on hedges. Paper is made from cane: its output from dry raw materials is up to 50%.

sedges. The most common marsh plants are sedges: about 40 species of them are found in peat bogs, along the banks of rivers and lakes, in swampy forests and meadows. The height of the sedges is different: from 10 cm to 1 m, and the spikelets are either very small (about 0.5 cm) or large (up to 10 cm).

The spikelet is either one or several of them, collected in a panicle, they are upright or drooping. Due to morphological diversity and biological plasticity, sedges occupy different habitats in swamps: from oligotrophic to eutrophic.

Sedges have and practical value. They are primarily used as hay. Mowed before flowering or heading, but not later, they contain twice as much digestible protein. Some sedges are even higher in protein content than many cereals.

Some sedges are well eaten in hay, others are used in the production of silage. Large sedges are suitable for coarse fiber and even paper.

Valerian officinalis. Valerian is becoming increasingly rare in natural habitats. And yet it can still be found in lowland swamps, in swampy meadows, on wet forest edges. Large pinkish-lilac fragrant inflorescences adorn this plant in summer.

Her rhizome is 2-3 cm long and thick, biennial, with many cord-like roots, with a strong peculiar smell.

Yellow capsule. This is a constant neighbor of the water lily. Their leaves are similar, but the flowers of the capsule are different: yellow, small.

hellebore common. It is an inhabitant of wet meadows, individual lowland swamps and wet thickets of shrubs. The folk names of hellebore are green anchar, spinning top.
Hellebore is very poisonous!

Already 2g of fresh hellebore roots can kill a horse. Cattle usually do not touch hellebore, but young animals still often die after eating it, and even their meat becomes poisonous. Hellebore is also dangerous in hay, since its poisons are not destroyed when dried. Hellebore poisons penetrate the blood even through the skin. If its juice gets on the skin, then at first there is a burning sensation, then coldness and sensitivity is completely lost.

Milestone poisonous. it perennial with a thick root large leaves divided into narrow lobes. It is found in lowland swamps, swampy meadows, along the banks of rivers and lakes ( Latin name milestone Cicuta comes from the Greek word for "empty").

Especially poisonous is the milestone rhizome, pink from the inside, empty, separated by partitions. It tastes like a turnip or radish, and smells like carrots. 100-200g of raw rhizome already kills a cow, and 50-100g a sheep. Often they poison children, attracted by the juicy and appetizing-looking rhizome, and pets. Poison strikes and oppresses nervous system, lowers motor activity and blood pressure.

You can avoid progressive poisoning by giving milk, eggs, anticonvulsants.

And yet milestone poisonous also has a certain practical significance.

Its roots and rhizomes in folk medicine are used externally in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, and some skin diseases. An infusion of milestone herb is considered anticonvulsant and diaphoretic, expectorant and sedative. It is used to treat whooping cough, epilepsy, hysteria, stuttering, psychosis.

Use milestones in gardening. Infusion of his herb - good remedy against leaf-eating caterpillars and sawfly larvae.

Marsh calla.

This plant forms dense thickets along the swampy banks of rivers and lakes; it is found in lowland forest (spruce, black alder) and swamp bogs.

The plant is named after the calla white sheet covering the inflorescence.

Marsh marigold. It often grows right in the shallow water of rivers and lakes. It is noted that during the flowering period of the plant is poisonous, but very large doses are needed for poisoning. Cattle do not eat it, but people eat marigold buds, preparing them in a special way and using them instead of capers as a seasoning for meat dishes.