Japanese quince: how to plant and grow a shrub. Chinese quince: beneficial properties, recipes

Japanese quince is light-loving and needs a lighted area; it develops poorly in the shade, which also affects flowering. Although it is drought-resistant, at a young age and after planting it requires moderate moisture, without signs of moisture stagnation.

All species and varieties of Chaenomeles grow well on light sandy loam, loamy and soddy-podzolic soils rich in humus with a slightly acidic reaction (pH 6.5); they tolerate peaty soils less well. If Japanese quince is planted in alkaline soil, it can cause chlorosis of the leaves. When choosing a place on garden plot priority is given to the territory with south side at home or in a corner protected from cold winds and severe frosts. If the garden is located on a hilly area, then southern and southwestern slopes are especially preferable.

Soil preparation and planting

Under spring planting the soil is prepared in the fall. If the area is clogged with weeds, they are completely removed and the area is kept fallow until planting time. In low-fertility and heavy soil, add leaf soil and sand (in a ratio of 2:1). In addition, peat manure compost (10 kg/m2), as well as phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (40 g/m2) are added. Adding these components to a depth of 10-15 cm helps create a loose water- and breathable soil horizon.

On permanent place Japanese quince with an open root system, it is best to plant in the spring - in the period after the soil has thawed and before the buds begin to open. Autumn planting, when the time comes for massive leaf fall, is possible, but less desirable, since the shrub is heat-loving and may die before it has time to take root. Japanese quince takes root well at two years of age, planted from a container (with a closed root system). For single plants aged 3-5 years, dig planting pits with a diameter of up to 0.5 m and a depth of 0.5-0.8 m, fill them with humus (1-2 buckets), with the addition of 300 g of superphosphate, 30 g of potassium nitrate, or 500 g of ash.

Japanese quince can be placed in a small group or along the edge garden path, forming it into a low hedge. In a row, plants are spaced 0.5-0.6 m apart from each other. The distance between plants in a group is about 0.8-1 m.

During landing root collar Japanese quince are placed at soil level. Under no circumstances should the root be exposed; this happens when planting incorrectly, when the root collar is placed above the soil level. It is also important not to deepen the root collar, which will slow down the growth of the shrub. You should know and remember that Japanese quince bushes do not tolerate transplantation very well, so you should not disturb them again by replanting them from place to place. They are immediately selected for a site for permanent cultivation and planted there as early as possible. Japanese quince can grow in one place without transplantation for up to 50-60 years.

Planting care

In the summer, in order for the Japanese quince bushes to bloom more luxuriantly, the soil around them is loosened to a depth of 8-10 cm. Loosening must be combined with weeding. Good result gives the use of mulch, which is poured in a layer of 3-5 cm around low growing bush. Peat shells are suitable as mulch pine nuts, sawdust or crushed bark. The best time Application of mulch is done in late spring, when the soil is still sufficiently moist, but already well warmed up. In autumn, mulching begins after the onset of a period of stable negative temperatures. The contour of the covering of mulching material should be no less than the projection of the crown of the bush, or exceed it by 15-20 cm.

In the first year after planting, Japanese quince is usually not given any liquid fertilizer, so as not to burn the young roots, since the nutrients stored in the planting holes are sufficient for the growth and development of the bush. Already 2-3 years after planting, in the spring, as soon as the snow melts, mineral and organic fertilizers in the form of feeding. For this purpose in trunk circle bush pour 1 bucket of compost, 300 g of superphosphate and 100 g potash fertilizer. During the summer, liquid fertilizers consisting of ammonium nitrate(20 g/bush) or bird droppings(3 l of 10% solution).

To protect the shrub from winter damage, late in the fall it is sprinkled with fallen leaves or covered with spruce branches. Such care is necessary for young and adult bushes, especially flowering varieties. Young seedlings and wintering cuttings are also protected for the winter with covering material (lutrasil, spunbond). For winter preservation of compact, low-growing bushes, large ones are suitable. cardboard boxes or wooden boxes.

Propagation by seeds

The simplest and reliable way propagation of Chaenomeles japonica - by seeds. When ripe fruits prepare for processing and clean out the core with large brown seeds; it can not be thrown away, but used for sowing. The seeds are removed and sown in the ground immediately in the fall, that is, “before winter.” All of them have high germination rates (up to 80%), producing dense shoots already in the spring, regardless of the quality of the prepared soil. If the crop cannot be sown within this time frame, then the seeds will have to be stratified. To do this, they are kept for 2-3 months in moistened sand at a temperature of +3+5 o C. After they hatch, in the spring they are transferred to the ground. Two-year-old seedlings develop a long tap root, so careless replanting can cause damage leading to the death of seedlings. To save seedlings, they should be planted in a permanent place as early as possible.

Propagation by cuttings and grafting

All types vegetative propagation Japanese quince are less economically efficient than seed propagation. The advantage of cuttings or grafting is that the varietal qualities of the shrub are preserved.

Green cuttings are harvested in early June in dry and not hot weather. Cuttings are cut early in the morning. Each cutting has 1-2 internodes. A good rooting result (up to 80%) is observed in cuttings cut with a “heel”, that is, with a small piece of last year’s wood (up to 1 cm long). The use of growth stimulants is necessary: ​​0.01% solution of IBA (indolylbutyric acid) for 24 hours, or “Kornevin”. The cuttings are planted obliquely in a mixture of sand and peat (in a ratio of 3:1), the cuttings planting pattern is 7x5 cm. At a temperature of +20+25 0 C, rooting occurs in 35-40 days. The yield of rooted cuttings of Japanese quince is 30-50%; growth stimulants increase the survival rate by 10-20%.

Read more about green cuttings in the article Green cuttings of woody plants.

Spring grafting (improved copulation) is done in May varietal cuttings on a Chaenomeles japonica seedling. For eye grafting (budding), Chaenomeles varietal shoots (scion) are harvested in July-August during the second sap flow. To do this, cut off an eye (bud) with a piece of bark (with a shield) from the middle part of the varietal shoot using a sharp budding knife. A T-shaped cut is made on the bark of the rootstock (non-varietal Chaenomeles or other Rosaceae), the edges of the cut are folded back and a shield with a bud is inserted under the bark. Parts of the plant are pressed tightly, tied and protected with garden varnish. After 3-4 weeks, the survival rate of the “eyes” is checked. in spring next year If the bud has taken root and has given rise to a new shoot, the bandage is removed. On a low-growing bush of Chaenomeles japonica, you can graft two eyes against each other, or several closely related crops (pear, hawthorn).

Beautifully flowering varieties of Japanese quince, grafted onto a winter-hardy trunk, look very original. 3-year-old seedlings of “wild” pear, mountain ash, shadberry, and hawthorn are suitable as a rootstock that will serve as a standard. Due to the insufficient winter hardiness of varietal Japanese quince, the grafting site should be placed closer to the ground, at a height of 0.6-0.9 m, in order to protect the plant from winter period. With skillful budding, the survival rate of the eyes can be 50-80%.

During each season, it is necessary to form a crown, and periodically remove wild growth from the trunk below the grafting site. To increase stability, the trunk is tied to a stake. You can place metal supports under the long whip-like shoots that form on the trunk. However, we must not forget that standard forms are less winter-hardy, so they must be planted in a protected place and covered for the winter.

Reproduction by root suckers

Japanese quince tends to produce numerous root suckers. Due to them, the bush gradually spreads in all directions. At the age of 20, it covers an area of ​​up to 2 m2. Due to the overgrown offspring root system Japanese quince is able to firmly hold the soil on a slope. It is so branched and elastic that if there is a desire to completely get rid of an adult bush, it will not be so easy to do.

When digging up root shoots, shoots 10-15 cm long and 0.5 cm thick with a well-developed root system are selected. From one bush you can get no more than 5-6 root shoots. They are planted vertically, watered regularly, maintaining sufficient soil moisture, then mulched around the bush with humus, wood chips or shavings. However, the disadvantage of this method of propagation is that some offspring growing from the tap root have a poorly developed root system, and the resulting seedlings have to be grown. It has been noticed that at first such seedlings even produce smaller fruits than usual.

Shrub pruning

Chaenomeles japonica tolerates shearing and pruning well, which is valued in gardening. But gardeners reluctantly approach its thorny branches. It is more comfortable to work in thick long gloves - garden gloves, without damaging your hands with sharp thorns.

In spring, Japanese quince needs sanitary pruning . All dry shoots damaged by frost should be cut off. To trim bushes, take sharply sharpened tools: pruning shears and a garden saw. The cut areas must be lubricated with garden varnish. After removing dried and broken branches, the plant quickly recovers.

Trimming related with the formation of a bush, begin at 4-5 years of age and carry out early spring. In order to prevent the bush from growing in breadth and thickening, part of the root growth is cut out annually, leaving no more than 2-3 root shoots for further growth. The most valuable are the shoots that occupy a horizontal position at a height of 20-40 cm from the ground surface. Those shoots that spread along the ground or grow vertically upward must be removed.

TO anti-aging pruning Japanese quince planting begins when the age of the bush reaches 8-10 years. This is signaled by a weakening annual growth up to 10 cm. First, the bush is thinned out, removing all weak, thin and overly elongated branches, leaving only 10-15 of the strongest shoots. Since the main fruiting is concentrated on branches 3-4 years old, the Japanese quince bush is formed in such a way as to preserve them and remove those older than 5 years.

Protection from diseases

Japanese quince is practically not damaged by pests. In damp and cool weather, when air humidity is high, favorable conditions are created for the appearance of various spots on the leaves and fruits of Japanese quince, and sometimes necrosis appears. As a result of the development of fungal diseases, the leaves become deformed and gradually dry out. With ramulariasis visible brown spots, at cercospora - rounded brown spots, fading over time.

Most in an efficient way fight is to spray the bushes with 0.2% fundozol, or copper-soap liquid (100 g copper sulfate per 10 liters of water) until the leaves unfold. Less dangerous infusion from onions: 300 g of juicy scales (or 150 g of husk) are infused for 1 day in 10 liters of water. The filtered preparation is used three times every 5 days during the summer.

Collection and storage of fruits

The fruits of Chaenomeles japonica ripen in late autumn, at the end of September or October. The harvest from one bush can be 1-2 kg, and with good care more, up to 3 kg. Due to the fact that this crop is cross-pollinated, it produces good harvest It is necessary to plant 2-3 varieties or several seedlings nearby.

In central Russia, especially when the summer is cool and rainy, the fruits ripen poorly and remain green for a long time. Then hurry to collect the entire harvest before the onset of frost. Fruits caught by frost quickly fall off, become watery-soft, and lose their taste and aroma. In this state they are not suitable for processing and storage. The fact is that Chaenomeles fruits ripen normally when kept in room conditions, then they can be stored for a long time, acquiring a yellowish color. Sometimes the fruits, similar to small apples, wrinkle slightly, but do not rot and are suitable for all types of processing. At a temperature of +2 o C and high humidity air they persist until December - February.

Quince is a shrub or tree from 1.5 to 5 meters in height, the fruits of which are spherical or pear-shaped with a hard, tart, astringent, sweetish taste. People have known the beneficial properties of quince since ancient times, often using the fruit as medicinal plant. Its seeds are rich in iron, so quince is useful in decoctions taken to saturate the body with useful microelements, and also as a mild laxative, to reduce cough, for eye diseases, such as cosmetics, softening the skin.

What are the benefits of common quince?

Common quince is a rival to lemon and a competitor to apple in terms of the presence of nutrients. From early spring to late autumn it is eaten raw, baked, boiled delicious jam. Famous cuisines of Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Mediterranean cannot be imagined without this fruit: they season meat with it, make soft drinks and sweets. Quince is also called a false apple, because it is spherical in shape and golden in color, and its properties are amazing. The fruits, seeds, and leaves of quince contain:

• huge amount pectin;
• niacin, vitamin C;
• sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium;

Common quince varieties and their medicinal properties

There are many varieties of quince. Only on site Russian Federation There are more than 10 types of this fruit. Famous Russian varieties: Teplovskaya, soft-fruited Volgograd, collective, Krasnoslobodskaya and others. But in fresh Not everyone is allowed to eat the fruits. Many varieties are grown in Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Azerbaijan. We'll talk about the most famous varieties quinces, which have particularly beneficial properties.

Anzherskaya

Precocious French variety differs from its relatives in the speed of maturation. This variety has fruits reminiscent of apples, the pulp is dense with granulation near the core. It is used fresh, for processing or for medicinal purposes. Flowering and fruiting Angers quince - very beautiful ornamental plant, which decorate squares and parks. A decoction of Anzherskaya is used to gargle the throat of a child or an adult for a sore throat. Quince compote helps with gastrointestinal diseases, which is worth taking note by women during pregnancy.

Japonica

Gardeners call Japanese quince Chaenomeles, and its flowers are very similar to apple trees. Chaenomeles is cultivated in Japan and China as an ornamental or fruit tree. Wild chaenomeles is often found on some islands of Japan. Japanese quince fruits contain a lot healing properties, for example, pectins, which cleanse the human body of salts heavy metals. Fresh or dried fruits of Chaenomelis japonica are used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus. Even more about medicinal properties you will learn chaenomelis from the video:

Chinese

Chinese quince fruits weigh up to 1.5 kg and contain:

• vitamins A, C, B;
• calcium, iron;
• apple, wine, citric acid;
• phosphorus;
• pectin.

Chinese quince, past heat treatment, useful for the gastrointestinal tract, organs cardiovascular system, it has the ability to reduce blood pressure and “bad” cholesterol. Jam is especially useful in winter, when it is easy to become infected with various viruses. It is also widely used in cooking. Marmalade is especially good, because it’s not for nothing that the word “quince” means “marmalade” in Portuguese. A decoction of Chinese quince seeds tends to affect the central nervous system calming effect.

Quince recipes for treating various diseases

The range of applications of the false apple is enormous. These fruits are used to prevent the risk of diseases such as:

1. Flu.
2. Stomach ulcer.
3. Hypertension.
4. Haemorrhoids.
5. Liver diseases.
6. Eye diseases.
7. Diarrhea.
8. Jaundice.
9. Dysentery.
10. Tuberculosis.

Fresh quince juice is indicated for anemia, and just 100 g of fresh fruit can provide the body with two daily requirements of iron. To ease bronchial asthma, leaves from 6 fruits should be poured with a glass of boiling water, boiled in a water bath for 20 minutes, then squeezed out, added water to the original volume and taken 4 times before meals daily, 2 tbsp. l. The infusion is stored in the cold for no more than 3 days.

Decoctions from seeds for inflammation of the bronchi

Subject to availability inflammatory processes quince seeds are used in the bronchi. They contain glycerin, starch, beneficial mucus, glycosites, tannins and fatty oil, which allows them to be used as an enveloping and expectorant agent. Less commonly, the seeds are used as a laxative, for painful periods, baldness, and dry mouth symptoms.

Only ripe fruit seeds are collected. The main thing is not to damage their shell, otherwise the seeds will become unsuitable for treating bronchi - they will lose beneficial hydrocyanic acid. The seeds are dried, placed in a glass jar, and stored for no more than one year. For inflammation of the bronchi, 1 tbsp. l. seeds should be filled warm water, shake for a few minutes until the liquid becomes mucous, take 100 ml before meals three times every day until recovery.

Decoction of leaves to stabilize blood sugar

The beneficial properties of false apple leaves are no less known than the seeds and fruits. The decoction is used for blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, asthma attacks and to reduce blood sugar levels. To prepare the decoction, you need to chop the quince leaves, pour one tablespoon with 200 ml of boiling water. The decoction is kept covered until it cools, then filtered and drunk three times daily, 2 tbsp. l.

To normalize an asthma attack, it will be useful to simmer boiled quince leaves for 15-20 minutes, then strain and bring to the original volume (200 ml) with water. Drink 4 times before meals, 2 tbsp. l. daily until the attack goes away. If you use quince decoction for a long period of time, asthma will completely stop bothering you. Hypertensive patients will benefit from an alcohol tincture, which is prepared as follows: take 100 g of freshly picked quince leaves and pour in 100 g of vodka. The infusion is kept for a week in a dark place, filtered and consumed daily, 20 drops 2 times.

Quince compote to strengthen the body

For prevention colds, prudent housewives stock up on quince compote for the winter, which preserves everything beneficial properties fruits, even boiled. It is easy to prepare: to do this, ripe fruits are peeled, cut, removing the core, and then immersed in acidified water to soften. When the fruits, pricked with a needle, slide off easily, they are taken out and left to dry. At this time, add 300 g of sugar to 1 liter of water and bring to a boil. Then the syrup is poured over the quince, placed in glass jars and then sterilized.

Quince tea has no less beneficial properties. The diuretic properties of the drink serve as a salvation for edema various types, as well as for acute respiratory diseases, hypertension and cough. To prepare quince tea, take equal proportions of quince seeds and leaves, which are poured with boiling water, simmered over steam or very low heat for 5 minutes, infused under a lid for 5 hours, and then filtered. You should drink this tea 3 times daily until swelling or an attack of illness disappears.

Quince jam for gastrointestinal diseases

The beneficial properties of the golden fruits of the false apple are perfectly manifested in jam, which is a more popular dish among housewives. It is very tasty, surprisingly aromatic and retains the beneficial substances of the false apple as much as possible. Jam is especially indicated for any problems of the gastrointestinal tract. To cook it properly, you will need: 1 kg of ripe fruits, 1 liter of water, 1 kg of granulated sugar.

The washed fruits are placed in a pan, filled with water, boiled for 10 minutes, then transferred to a container with cold water and peeled. The peeled fruits are cut into 8 parts, the core is removed, and poured with pre-prepared syrup for 4 hours. Afterwards, the jam is put on the fire, brought to a boil, boiled for 5 minutes, and infused for 8 hours. This procedure is repeated 3 more times, after which the finished jam is sterilized and stored.

Baked quince is a favorite and healthy delicacy for children and adults. When baked, the aroma of fruits intensifies, they cease to be tart, retaining all their beneficial properties. To do this, remove the core from the fruit, pour honey into the hole, sprinkle a little cinnamon, add any chopped nuts and let the fruit bake well for 40-60 minutes.

Contraindications to eating fruit

Quince is contraindicated for pleurisy, constipation, inflammation of the larynx or malfunction vocal cords Therefore, professional singers or teachers should use this fruit with caution. But you can replace internal use with external use of quince in the form of lotions or balms. Also, eating the fruit is undesirable if you have enterocolitis - the seeds and pulp will cause intestinal blockage or spasms.

For many centuries, residents of China and Japan have been growing Chinese quince. It is called the “fruit of longevity” and is highly valued for its unique composition and medicinal properties.

In Russia, this plant is considered decorative. Not so long ago it began to gain popularity among gardeners. Raw quince is practically not eaten. But the fruits are used to make very tasty and, most importantly, healthy jams, preserves, syrups, compotes, jellies, and candied fruits.

Benefit

Chinese quince is a source of vitamins A, C, E, group B, calcium, iron, pectin, phosphorus, tartaric, citric, and malic acids. It refers to dietary products.

Dried quince flowers, prepared as an infusion, help with bronchitis, cough and other respiratory diseases.

Fresh Chinese quince is a difficult product to digest. But when it has undergone heat treatment, on the contrary, it becomes useful for the gastrointestinal tract.

Quince jam, sauces, jams and marmalades are a source of potassium, which is responsible for the health of the cardiovascular system. It normalizes high blood pressure and reduces cholesterol in the blood.

Chinese quince contains ascorbic acid, which is essential for heart health. It also slows down the aging process in the body and reduces the risk of eye diseases.

Quince fruits have powerful antioxidant properties.

The substances that make up the fruit fight free radicals, which means they reduce the risk of cancer.

Freshly squeezed juice from ripe fruits is an excellent antiseptic. It is very useful for asthmatics and those suffering from respiratory diseases.

A mucous decoction of the seeds of this fruit helps with uterine bleeding and expectoration of blood.

Chinese quince has astringent and diuretic properties, so it is used in the treatment of cystitis.

Quince fruit syrup is useful for people with low hemoglobin.

The fruit is rich in copper, which is responsible for the health of bones and tissues, as well as the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. In addition, this microelement relieves fatigue.

The dietary fiber contained in quince fruits prevents hemorrhoids and constipation, and also helps get rid of extra pounds.

The fruit is a whole complex of vitamins and minerals that are very useful for skin, hair and nails.

An infusion of quince seeds accelerates the healing of burns and bedsores, and a decoction of its seeds relieves inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

It should also be noted that Chinese quince:

• good antispasmodic;
• promotes rapid healing of bruises and injuries;
• normalizes liver function;
• effective against edema in hypertension and during pregnancy;
• relieves pain from radiculitis and rheumatism.

Harm

Despite all the benefits of Chinese quince fruits, doctors do not recommend getting carried away with this fruit. The fact is that quince is a rather strong allergen. And you need to eat no more than 1/4 of the fruit at a time.

Speakers and singers should be wary of the fruits of this plant. Scientists have proven that consuming quince does not have the best effect on the condition of the vocal cords and larynx. The fact is that the fluff on the surface of the fetus has an irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the throat and causes a cough.

Calorie content

100 grams of fruit contains about 50 kcal. And none of these calories come from fat; carbohydrates – 14 gr. (12 g sugar), a small amount of vitamin C, calcium and iron.

Contraindications

Chinese quince is contraindicated for pleurisy and chronic constipation. Raw fruits should not be consumed by people with enterocolitis, as well as gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Pregnant women can consume Chinese quince, provided they do not suffer from constipation. Moreover, the fruits must first undergo heat treatment.

Nursing mothers should introduce quince into their diet with extreme caution and in small quantities, monitoring the baby’s reaction to new product. If a child is allergic and regularly experiences problems with the digestive system (diarrhea, constipation), quince should be avoided. Since tannins contained in fruits are able to penetrate into breast milk and cause intestinal dysfunction in the baby.

Baked Chinese quince can be given to children no earlier than 10-11 months of age, if they do not have the problems described above.

Nutritional value

Vitamins and minerals

A large amount of vitamins, minerals and trace elements important for health make it very healthy.

This deciduous tree, belonging to the genus Pseudosidonia. Distribution area: China, Japan, Korea. The tree is quite heat-loving. On the territory former USSR It is rarely cultivated and only on the Black Sea coast, as it is completely unsuitable for it. temperate climate and climate middle zone. IN eastern Asia, the plant has long been cultivated as an ornamental, fruit and medicinal plant. In spring, the leaves of the Chinese quince turn red and look beautiful against the background of its yellow fruit.

The height of Chinese quince in nature reaches 10 - 18 m. The leaves of the tree are oval with a jagged edge. It has five-petaled light-colored flowers. pink color, approximately 2 cm to 4 cm in diameter. The fruits of Chinese quince are oval and large (12 - 17 cm long), some of them can weigh up to 1.5 kg. Fragrant llods are edible, although they have hard, sour flesh and are used mainly for making various desserts and jams. Chinese quince fruits are perfectly stored for 3 months at a temperature not exceeding +10 C°.

Growing Chinese quince in the garden. The plant prefers fairly moist, well-drained soils. Tolerates drought quite well, but loves regular watering. For planting, choose a sunny place, preference is given to loamy and sandy soils. In the spring, the tree is not pruned, since fruiting occurs on the shoots of the current year. For the winter, the Chinese quince is covered. In spring - summer period contribute mineral fertilizers(twice).

Height: 10 - 18 m
Flowering: April - May.
Flower color: pale pink.
Location: sunny.
Use: for decorative, medicinal purposes. Use as a fruit plant is not very common. The plant is used to make bonsai. Chinese quince is often crossed with common quince to produce various new varieties.
Reproduction: stratified seeds in spring. At autumn sowing seeds, no stratification required.