Fertilization of grapes and its top dressing after flowering. The value of potassium-phosphorus fertilizer for grapes

Grapes are an exquisite culture that requires rather delicate care. In addition to cutting regular watering and pest treatments, balanced organic and mineral supplements. But growers, especially beginners, should be aware that the vineyard's need for nutrients ax at different stages of the growing season changes somewhat. Since an excess of nutrients can be no less harmful than a deficiency, attention should be paid to the study of this issue. Consider, in particular, how grapes are fertilized in the summer.

Why you need to feed the grapes in the summer

AT summer period, when the vegetative mass is actively growing, and the fruits begin to form, the vineyard needs special care, without which full harvest do not have to count. Top dressing also plays an important role here.

By the time the fruits ripen, the nutrients introduced into the soil can be completely used up. Lack of nutrition does not allow the berries to fill up fully and accumulate sugar. The result is small, poor quality grapes that taste sour.

What the vineyard needs in summer

Usually grapes begin to bear fruit only in the third year of life. Therefore, summer top dressing in the first two years is not needed for a young vineyard. In the third year of life, fertilizing in the summer is no longer enough.

Many growers use complex fertilizers for this purpose, which are sold in a wide variety in gardening stores. When purchasing a complex fertilizer, we pay attention to the composition. There should be components that grapes need in summer.

Minerals

First of all, for the full development and formation of fruits, grapes require the following minerals and trace elements.

Fertilizer crumbles under the bush or applied in dissolved form. It is important not to exceed the dosage, otherwise you can burn the roots. Instructions for use must be on the packaging of each fertilizer. It is important to know the composition of the soil on which grapes grow. This will allow you to more accurately determine which substances it needs more, and which will only harm the plants.

Phosphorus is necessary for grapes to ripen fruitful shoots. It is best to carry out two top dressings with superphosphate. The first is carried out before flowering, the second in the summer, when the ovary is already formed.

Usually, the need of plants for potassium increases by the beginning of autumn, since a lot of energy is expended on the ripening of the crop. In addition, potassium contributes to the fact that the vineyard will be better prepared and protected before wintering. It is necessary to apply potassium fertilizers in the last decade of August. If harvesting is planned at this time, then top dressing should be done a little earlier. It is important that no fertilizing and watering is carried out 2 weeks before the fruit is harvested.

If the vineyard is cultivated on acidic soils, then calcium supplementation may be required in the summer. Calcium neutralizes oxalic acid, which negatively affects plant development and fruit formation. Keep in mind that adding calcium in the summer is the exception rather than the rule. In most cases, such top dressing is not needed.

organic

The best option for organic feeding of grapes in summer is wood ash. It contains all the necessary macro and microelements that contribute to the activation of plant life: phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. The most useful for feeding the vineyard is sunflower ash. It contains up to 40% potassium, up to 4% phosphorus and other useful components which are easily absorbed by the soil.

You can prepare a solution of rotted humus or compost. Such a solution should also be used sparingly, watering the plant around, and not at the very root. We retreat 50 cm from the trunk and water the plant into the formed groove. For better assimilation of nutrients, grape feeding is combined with regular watering.

Good combination of mineral and organic top dressing. Organics contribute to the fact that most of the nutrients are not absorbed into the soil, but pass into the plant.

The mullein solution activates the development of beneficial bacteria that help the root system absorb nutrients. Only this organic fertilizer should be applied either after harvesting, or in the spring immediately after the buds awaken. Then in the summer it will be possible to get by with only mineral top dressing.

Working solutions for summer top dressing of the vineyard

20 grams of superphosphate, 10 grams ammonium nitrate and 5 grams of potassium salt. All this dissolves in a bucket of water. This amount is calculated for 1 bush. It is necessary to feed the grapes with such a solution in June-July.

Mix 50 grams of superphosphate with a glass of ash. Dilute in a bucket of water. Water the bushes during the ripening period.

Conclusion

You can determine what specific fertilizing the grapes need by the appearance of the plant.

Yellowish foliage is an indication that the plant needs potassium top dressing;
A lack of phosphorus gives out a reddish-purple hue of some leaves;
Pale, as if faded leaves - clear sign lack of nitrogen.

It is believed that to grow a healthy, lush vineyard, giving bountiful harvest large and sweet berries hard. Grapes are a capricious culture that requires constant care. Such an opinion is erroneous.

Grapes really need a complex of certain nutrients and proper care. However, this plant is no more whimsical than, for example, strawberries or raspberries. You just need to know when to fertilize, choose the right fertilizing for grapes and follow the rules for their application.

Article outline

The main mistakes of winegrowers

When growing grapes, gardeners usually make the following mistakes:

mainly young grape seedlings are fed, while adult plants are given minimal attention;
top dressing is applied only in the form of complex fertilizers;
an excess amount of fertilizing is introduced under the grapes.

As practice shows, many gardeners feed young seedlings, while the adult vine is left without attention. It's believed that mature plant with a powerful rhizome, it will itself get nutrients from the deep layers of the soil. While young grapes need strength to grow and develop.

In fact, in the first two years, seedlings do not need additional dressings at all, if all the rules were followed during planting and in landing pit all necessary fertilizers were applied.

An adult plant, on the contrary, can completely deplete the soil in a few seasons. Top dressing should become mandatory for plants older than three years.

The use of complex fertilizers for the soil of the vineyard is a completely justified procedure, but only once during the growing season. Standard complexes contain the main elements of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, and trace elements valuable for grapes may be absent.

In addition, the introduction of nitrogen under the grapes is shown only twice in early spring. In subsequent top dressing, the presence of nitrogen can harm the plants. If you do not want to give up complex compositions, choose fertilizers special for grapes, which, in addition to the main NPK macronutrients, contain a complex of microelements from zinc, boron, sulfur, calcium, magnesium and manganese.

Another mistake of winegrowers is unsystematic application of excessive amounts of fertilizers.. Indeed, grapes are a nutritionally demanding plant, however, supplements of mineral and organic origin should be introduced in strictly normalized doses and only in certain time. Otherwise, the vine will become vulnerable to disease, the plant will lose its immunity, and the fruiting period may be delayed until the onset of autumn frosts.

What substances need to be fed grapes

To help plants develop properly, let's try to figure out how to feed the grapes, and what nutrients they need.

Nitrogen - stimulates the growth of foliage and young shoots, is necessary in spring, at the end of the growing season is harmful to grapes, as it delays the ripening of berries and wood, which protects the vine from the cold in winter.
Phosphorus - necessary for grapes to form inflorescences, ovaries and ripening berries, therefore, it is applied before flowering. Due to the prolonged decomposition time in the soil phosphate fertilizers for grapes, they are also laid in the fall, so that by the beginning of the growing season the plant will receive this macronutrient in full.
Potassium is an important macronutrient for grapes. The vine does not tolerate low temperatures well, and potassium increases the grapes' resistance to winter frosts. Potassium also increases resistance to drought and dehydration, diseases and pests. Apply potash fertilizers for grapes in the fall.
Boron - stimulates the flowering process and prevents the ovaries from falling off, affects the sugar level in fruits, accelerates their ripening.
Copper - enhances the growth of young shoots, affects the immunity of grapes.
Zinc - affects the amount of yield.
Magnesium - affects the absorption of phosphates, participates in the processes of photosynthesis and the formation of proteins, affects the taste of grapes.

Grapes do not tolerate chlorine well, so when choosing mineral fertilizers pay attention to the absence of impurities in the composition of this element.

Scheme for feeding grapes

Mineral supplements or organic?

For grapes, you can only get by with mineral fertilizers, which can be simple (two- or one-component) and complex (multi-component).

However, it is unlikely that it will be possible to manage only with mineral additives. Chemical compositions, although they provide nutrition to plants, do not change the structure of the soil. And grapes need fertile soil with a high content of humus and useful bioflora.

You can also use it, but very carefully so as not to harm the vine. In the litter, all chemical components are in a more concentrated form compared to other types of organic matter. High doses of nitrogen are especially dangerous.

To prepare liquid fertilizer, it is necessary to dilute the litter with water in a ratio of 1 part of organic matter / 4 parts of water, that is, for every 100 g of fertilizer, 400 ml of water will be needed.

The resulting mixture is infused for 3-7 days and then used, diluted tenfold with water. For a bucket of water of 10 liters, you need 1 liter of infusion of chicken manure.

Potassium chloride, which is dangerous for the chloride compounds it contains, will replace. Ordinary wood ash is suitable, although sunflower husk ash is considered the best, fruit trees and grape ash.

Scheme of root dressing of grapes

Farmers have different opinions on how many times to fertilize grapes. Someone believes that you need to start feeding the vine from early spring and the last snow. Some gardeners first fertilize the vineyard just before flowering.

We have selected a scheme for feeding grapes for depleted and sandy soils, where nutrients are presented in minimum quantity. If the vineyard is equipped on fertile lands or fertilizers have been laid under the vine since autumn, the first top dressing in the spring can be skipped.

During the season, the grapes will need 5 root dressings:

carried out in early spring, before the opening of the bushes after wintering;
carried out before flowering;
before the formation of ovaries;
before harvest, in a state of technical ripeness of grapes;
autumn, carried out depending on the type of soil.

First dressing

Top dressing of grapes in the spring begins with the establishment of a temperature of + 16 ° C. For top dressing prepare a solution:

from 20 g of superphosphate, 5 g of potassium salt, 10 g of ammonium nitrate.

This composition will help plants recover after winter. For one grape bush you will need 10 liters of liquid mineral fertilizer. Also, the first spring feeding of grapes can be carried out with any complex fertilizer prepared according to the instructions, or you can use slurry prepared at the rate of 1 kg of organic matter / 10 l.

How do I feed the grapes

Second top dressing

The second fertilization of grapes in the spring is necessary not only for the growth of leaves and shoots. The goal is to stimulate the flowering process, so in mineral compositions and organics, an additional 5 g of boric acid is added. To feed the grapes a second time, you can use the composition for the first top dressing or use a solution of nitrophos at the rate of 60 g - 70 g / 10 l. But the best option would be to use organics to fill the soil solution with humus:

2 kg of mullein is diluted in 5 liters of water and allowed to infuse for several days, then the resulting mixture is brought to a volume of 12 liters, this amount is calculated per 1 m² of grape plantings.

make a weakly concentrated solution, not more than 50 g of manure / 10 l, liquid fertilizer should be infused for 2 to 5 days.

Third top dressing

It is carried out at the end of flowering and 10 days before the start of the formation of fruit ovaries.

When choosing a fertilizer for the third top dressing, you need to understand that the main component should be active nitrogen, which will affect the weight of the fruit and the amount of the crop as a whole. Root top dressing of grapes with active nitrogen is prepared:

from 10 g of potassium magnesia and 20 g of ammonium nitrate, diluted in 10 liters of water.

Fourth dressing

It is carried out in a state of technical ripeness of bunches, approximately 10 - 20 days before harvest. The goal is to improve the palatability of the grapes, the keeping quality of the bunches and to increase the mass of the berries themselves. At this time, nitrogen is contraindicated for the vineyard, only phosphorus and potassium are introduced. Complex compounds and organics, especially bird droppings, it is better not to use because of the high content of active nitrogen in them. For feeding:

20 g of superphosphate and 20 g of any potash fertilizer without the admixture of chlorine per 10 liters of water.

After harvesting, if desired, you can additionally add 20 g of potash fertilizers in solution per 1 m², so that the plants replenish the nutrients spent during the growing season. If planned autumn dressing grapes, fertilizer can be omitted.

Fifth dressing

The last application of fertilizer for grapes falls on the autumn months. This procedure will prepare the vine for wintering and create a supply of nutrients for the beginning of the next season. Autumn application does not have to be carried out annually if the vineyard is planted on fertile soils.

For chernozems, it is enough to apply mineral additives and organics once every three years. For sandy loamy soils, autumn application is more frequent up to once every two years, when, as for light sandy soils, the annual laying of fertilizers in autumn is shown.

In autumn, mineral compounds or organics are used. Manure or bird droppings are applied rotted. Fresh organic matter in autumn can harm the vine, as it contains active nitrogen, and the main elements before wintering are phosphorus and potassium. Also, grapes will need sulfur, manganese, boron, zinc to increase immunity. Iodine can be added to fertilizer formulations for vineyards on sandy soils.

Mineral complex in autumn:

10 g of potassium salt, 20 g of granular superphosphate, 1 g of boric acid, 2 g of zinc sulfate, 2 g of manganese sulfate, 1 g of potassium iodine.

Organic fertilizers in autumn:

rotted manure - 2 kg / 1 m², applied dry or slurry;
bird droppings - 1 kg / 1 liter of water / 1 m² of plantings, applied only in liquid form, so as not to burn the roots of plants;
ash - 300 g / 10 l of water / 1 bush - is applied after abundant soil moisture.

How to properly fertilize grapes

Rules for fertilizing for grapes

The main mistake of gardeners is the surface laying of fats or the combination of watering and fertilizing grapes. With a surface laying, the grapes develop more roots in the upper layers of the soil solution.

Nutrients remain inaccessible to powerful rhizomes of adult plants. In winter, the upper roots will begin to freeze, and the grapes may simply die. The same situation occurs when watering is combined with fertilization.

In order for the top dressing of grapes in spring and autumn to give a result, any fats are laid in trenches dug in the near-trunk circle of bushes. Diameter trunk circle depends on the age of the vine and can be 40 cm - 80 cm. The depth of the trench varies between 20 cm - 50 cm.

Under a three-year-old vine, for example, nutrient mixtures can be applied to a depth of 20 cm - 25 cm, for older plants the depth should be greater - 35 cm - 50 cm.

In the spring, any formulations are applied in liquid form. Before making the soil abundantly spilled. So the nutrients do not burn the roots and become more available to the plants. In autumn, tuki can be applied in dry form and in liquid form. An exception is bird droppings, which are always applied in liquid form. After laying the fertilizer, the trench must be covered and compacted a little.

When using ash, special rules must be observed, since this type of organic matter can leave severe burns on the roots. Before adding ash, at least 3-4 buckets of water are brought into the trench around the bush, and only after that the solution with ash is poured.

Scheme of foliar top dressing

Sometimes root dressings do not bring results. Why? The reaction with the soil and fertilizer components among themselves leads to the formation of harmful salts that are not absorbed by the grapes. At the same time, several heavy rains must pass so that fertilizers applied by the root method dissolve in the soil and reach the rhizome. For these reasons, most growers prefer to replace root application with leaf feeding.

Foliar feeding of grapes can give results in a few days, because some microelements are absorbed by the leaf already during the first minutes after spraying. Add to this the minimum consumption of water and fertilizer compared to root application. The benefit is obvious, and therefore get acquainted with the following foliar top dressing scheme:

first leaf treatment - not earlier than 3 - 5 days before flowering, used boric acid 5 g / 10 l / 1 bush, spraying with this composition is usually combined with the use of fungicides in order to prevent the development of pathogenic flora, fertilizers containing nitrogen can be used in the first top dressing;
the second spraying - 5 - 10 days after flowering, phosphorus mineral fertilizers are used, ash can be selected from organic fertilizers, nitrogen compounds excluded;
third spraying - with an interval of 15 days after the second treatment with a similar composition;
fourth treatment - 15 days before the ripening of the bunches and harvesting, nitrogen-containing fertilizers are excluded, spraying is carried out with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers to bring the vine and roots to a state of rest and prepare for the winter period.

For processing, it is better to use the evening or early morning hours. The underside of the leaf is sprayed. In some cases, spraying can be replaced by manual wetting of the leaves.

As you can see, caring for grapes is not much different from the rules for caring for other berry growers. The introduction of the main components is carried out depending on the stage of development of the vine, the soil is taken into account and temperature regime. Follow the rules of fertilization, and your vineyard will give a bountiful harvest of delicious berries.

How to fertilize grapes after flowering

To grapes on kitchen table was tasty and large, the clusters were numerous and heavy bushes throughout the season need to be fertilized and fed, from early spring until preparation for wintering. At each stage, top dressing performs a specific function. For fruits, the period after the completion of flowering and at the time of the formation of fruits and clusters is especially important. At this time, grapes require substances and trace elements that can satisfy the needs for fruit formation.

Flowering - milestone in the development of the vineyard, and after it, top dressing should be carried out

Vine growers use two methods for top dressing: root and foliar. Both methods can be applied after the end of the flowering period (from mid to late June). In order for the "support" of the grapes to be as effective as possible, it is necessary to analyze in more detail all the nuances of the procedure.

General information about the need to fertilize grapes

For active and healthy growth and fruiting, grapes need a large amount of various minerals and elements throughout the entire period of life. Especially grape bushes need "help" in the first years of their life. For this reason, it is recommended to actively fertilize and feed the grapes when planting or transplanting. If the soil was fertilized correctly during planting, then in the first 3-4 years, the active addition of mineral and organic elements is not required. Later, an adult bush, having used up the available reserves of nutrients, will need periodic feeding if you want it to be healthy, actively develop and give a constant tasty and big harvest. It is worth understanding what more bush, the more nutrients and moisture it consumes to ensure normal life. That is, adult overgrown bushes are much more in need of replenishing the depleted soil with the necessary mineral elements and useful substances. The level of "help" depends on many factors:

grape sort;
climatic conditions;
soil fertility.

It should be understood that even in very fertile soil and with favorable conditions grapes may lack the full required amount of trace elements. Over time, the amount of nutrients in the soil decreases, which requires additional measures so that the grapes continue to produce a quality crop.

Grapes require a large number of various trace elements, and they need them in varying degrees depending on the vegetative stage, season and age. To "support" the bushes, various methods of fertilization and top dressing are used, depending on the above factors, as well as based on what specific substances are planned to be added. It is necessary to carefully approach the issue of choosing the timing for feeding with one or another type of trace elements and fertilizers. Single and simultaneous application of all known nutrients to the soil will lead to harmful effects, can completely destroy the plant. It is worthwhile to study in detail the features of the growth and development of grapes, to know at what time, in what substances and in what quantity grapes especially need to be fed.

The opening of grapes in the spring is accompanied by the first top dressing

Time frame for the procedure:

Spring. Before opening the bushes after winter, it is necessary to water the bushes with a special solution. For 1 bush in 10 liters of water, potassium salt (5 grams), superphosphate (20 grams), ammonium nitrate (10 grams) are diluted. The following consistency of solutions is also offered: for a bucket of water - 65 grams of nitrophosphate, 5 grams of boric acid. Often just manure is added as an alternative. Manure, well diluted in water (for 10-12 liters of liquid, optimally 2 kg of manure) is poured under the bush, next to the trunk. You can apply a solution with chicken manure (40-50 grams per bucket of water). Litter can be allowed to ferment for up to 14 days before being diluted with water.
Before the start of the flowering period. The solution is prepared in the following consistency: 8 grams of potassium magnesia, 15 grams of ammonium nitrate per bucket of water. Consumption of one bucket per 1 square meter.
After flowering, before the fruit ripens, the soil is fertilized with superphosphate, as well as potash fertilizers (without the addition of nitrogen-containing fertilizers). For 10 liters of water, 20 grams of minerals.
After the harvest. Potassium fertilizers are added. It is very good to pour the solution with chicken manure.

Additionally, after harvesting (in autumn), superphosphate, ammonium sulfide and ash are added to the soil during digging. The frequency depends on the quality of the soil (necessarily once every three years).

Grapes should be fertilized before flowering

Why do you need a feed

Top dressing of grapes is necessary for the full growth and development of grapes throughout the entire period of life.

In the spring, top dressing allows you to accelerate and enhance the processes of growth and development of bushes, the formation and development of shoots.
In summer, microelements make it possible to increase the volume and size of the emerging inflorescences, fruits and clusters. It also improves the quality and taste of the crop.
Autumn top dressing allows you to strengthen the plant before winter. In addition, it serves as a reserve for spring period plant activation.

In autumn, grapes accumulate useful substances for wintering.

What substances do grapes need

Phosphorus. Grapes need it most of all initial period flowering, activates the metabolic processes in the plant. The addition of superphosphate allows you to speed up the process of inflorescence formation, fruit set, bunch ripening.
Copper (Bordeaux liquid). Enhances the growth of shoots, enhances their resistance to frost and drought.
Zinc. Allows you to significantly increase productivity. It contributes to the timely and high-quality passage of the processes of fertilization of grapes.
Nitrogen (urea (urea), ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate). Responsible for the development and growth of green mass (leaves and shoots). The optimal time for application is the beginning of the growing season of grapes (spring). Harmful at the end of summer.
Potassium. Helps accelerate the process of maturation of vines and fruits, enhances stability in the "calm" winter period as well as during dry periods. Potassium is responsible for the quality of cell juice, which increases the ability to receive other important substances and elements, and reduces fluid loss. An alternative to the harmless potassium chloride is ash (potassium, phosphorus).
Boron (boric acid). A substance that allows you to influence the level of sugar in fruits and accelerate the timing of their ripening, is responsible for the movement of sugars and carbohydrates. It has a positive effect on the formation of pollen. It is very important for fruit formation.

In addition to the above trace elements, grapes also really need calcium, iron, sulfur, magnesium, etc.

The soil contains and replenishes these elements in sufficient quantities, so that their addition is quite rare. So, to replenish iron during planting, rusty nails and tin cans are added.

A variety of fertilizers are used to feed grapes:

one-component (superphosphate, ammonium nitrate, potassium salt, potassium chloride, etc.);
containing several elements at the same time (ammophos, nitrophoska);
complex, containing in certain proportions many substances (Novosil, Mortar, Aquarin, Novofert, Florovit, Kemira).

In addition to trace elements, one should not lose sight of the need to add manure to the soil, that is, fertilizers of organic origin. It helps to restore the soil, improve its properties in terms of water permeability and aeration, and is favorable for the development of microorganisms beneficial to the roots of grapes. Manure itself is a complex remedy containing the majority essential trace elements in moderate concentration.

As an alternative or addition to manure, winegrowers actively use compost containing food waste, tops, litter, manure, mowed grass, wood ash and others organic waste. You can not use the organic remains of the grape itself (bark, foliage).

Urea is applied in spring and early summer

Foliar top dressing after flowering

In addition to the root method of fertilizer, leaf fertilization is often used as a means of replenishing plants with some useful substances. Leaves perfectly absorb soluble microelements together with moisture. Since the leaves very quickly absorb moisture with the substances they contain, they quickly enter the plant and begin to have a fruitful effect almost immediately, after a few days the effect is clearly visible. Speed is the main advantage of foliar feeding. With the foliar method, almost all nutrients are absorbed into the plant, which cannot be achieved with soil fertilization. Such features allow you to seriously save the consumption of nutrients. Foliar top dressing is applied several times per season: before the formation of flowers, after flowering is completed, when the fruits ripen. This method allows you to solve several very important problems:

Strengthen plants before winter.
Prevent shedding of flowers.
Increase ties.

An important requirement when preparing a solution for spraying grapes after flowering is not to add nitrogen-containing fertilizers. The solution is prepared in the following consistency: ash, phosphate fertilizers, water. Many growers recommend using the following composition: 1 tablespoon of potassium humate, 1 teaspoon of Novosil, 0.5 teaspoon of iodine, crystalline manganese at the tip of a knife, 5 grams are taken for 12 liters baking soda, 0.5 tablespoon of boric acid, 15-20 grams of Kemira-Lux.

As a solution, in addition to the huge variety industrial species, sold in stores, uses ash diluted in water, mixed with a fermented infusion of various herbs.

Spraying is carried out using special sprayers. But many winegrowers (especially beginners), for lack of those, use improvised means (buckets, cans, syringes, etc.). The spraying procedure is carried out in clear calm weather in the morning or in the evening. AT cloudy weather you can do activities during the day, the main thing is that the plant does not get burned from the sun's rays.

Ash mixed with a solution of herbs is an excellent fertilizer

Feeding after flowering

To feed the bushes after flowering, you will need:

Shovel.
Bucket.
Chemical fertilizers: nitrogen, potash, phosphorus, boric acid, ammonium nitrate, fungicide, superphosphate.
Manure, chicken manure, water, ash.

Top dressing of grapes is carried out by sequentially performing the following activities:

Around the bushes, it is necessary to dig small indentations (depth up to 40 cm). The distance from the trunk should not be less than 50 cm, experienced growers determine the size and distance depending on the age of the grapes, its size. Often the recess is made in the form of a continuous trench around the circumference of the bush.
Often, a special pipe (diameter 12-15 mm) is prepared for top dressing, which deepens 0.5 meters into the ground during the preparation of the deepening and planting of bushes. 10-15 cm of the pipe is left on the surface, which is located vertically with some deviation of the lower end to the center of the recess, that is, to the roots of the grapes. The necessary fertilizers are poured into it during root feeding. But this method is not always effective; with an overgrown root system, it is better to apply methods of adding fertilizers to additional recesses.
The fertilizer used is added to the prepared recess and carefully spilled with water. Top dressing should be combined with watering in sufficient quantities. Moisture increases the efficiency of absorption of dissolved trace elements by the root system.

For maximum effect it is recommended to apply a complex method of top dressing after the flowering of the grapes. It should combine both foliar and root methods. Subject to the concentrations right choice trace elements and fertilizers, compliance with the requirements of the procedures themselves, the grapes will become stronger, and will delight with a large and tasty harvest. Do not forget about the "support" of the grapes at other times: before flowering and after harvest. Everything should be complete, balanced and balanced.

Growing grapes on your site is not the most simple task, which the gardener puts in front of him. Cultivation of this crop should be taken seriously . Shelter, watering and fertilizing of grapes must be done in a quality and timely manner., and then a rich harvest will not keep you waiting.

First of all, when laying a vineyard, you need to choose a variety suitable for climatic conditions region. Then you should pay close attention to the acquisition of high-quality planting material. You can buy it or grow it yourself. In the absence of experience, it is advisable to use purchased seedlings purchased from proven, well-established nurseries.

Choosing planting material

First of all, evaluate the appearance of seedlings. The leaves should be green and fresh, with no signs of overdrying. The stem is strong and resilient, covered with brown bark, without visible wounds and growths. When planted, such grapes will quickly take root and grow.

A quality young vine cannot be lower than 50 cm. well developed root system has at least 3-4 branches. It is better to buy plants with closed roots, in a container or pot. If the buds have not yet blossomed, then the quality is determined by them. The dry, flaky surface of the integumentary scales is a reason to think about whether the seedling was stored in good conditions? Most likely, he is already weakened, and there is no point in investing in his cultivation.

Ask the seller what fertilizers were applied under the grapes, and how many times. If there were more than 4-5 top dressings during the growing season of the seedling, then the plant already depends on them. It needs to be adapted to normal life cycle. At first, you will have to feed intensively, as in a nursery, and then gradually reduce the rate of fertilization.

Propagation of grapes by cuttings

winter distillation

This method is most often used by gardeners expanding their vineyard. It consists in the fact that in the fall, when pruning, cuttings are harvested and placed in a jar of water. The kidneys must not fall into the water. If the length of the trunk does not allow to protect the kidneys from contact with the liquid, then they are cut off. Closer to mid-January, new roots appear, and then the plant wakes up. In mid-March, cuttings with roots must be transplanted into pots and grown on the window. When planting, they can be watered with the growth stimulator "Epin", or "Khom". It is advisable to sometimes spray the leaves, as steam heating dries the air in the room, creating not the most comfortable conditions for the plants.

planting grapes

Overwintered cuttings

Planting material is prepared different ways. For example, autumn cuttings they are not brought into heat, but left to winter on the site. So that in winter they do not freeze, a trench is dug for them, and the cuttings are dug in it until the onset of spring. They come to life beautifully, and quickly take root after such stratification.

Also, dormant grape seedlings can be stored in the cellar or in the refrigerator in winter. They are periodically checked and sanitized - wiped with a solution of potassium permanganate to prevent mold. In the spring, the cuttings are rooted and transplanted to a permanent place.

Video: propagation of grapes by cuttings

Seedlings from the stone

You can try to propagate the variety you like at home by planting a bone in a pot with soil. This must be done in advance, as it can hatch for several months. Therefore, it is recommended autumn planting. There is a way to hasten the spitting of the seed - it is soaked in a damp cloth for about a month. The cloth must be rinsed every three days, otherwise pathogenic microflora will form on it. In the spring, after the onset of warm days, a small vine is transplanted to a permanent place, and they grow it there, without pruning, for several years, until the first fruiting.

Growing in the middle lane

Despite the fact that many consider the cultivation of grapes the prerogative of the inhabitants of the southern regions, it can be planted in cooler climates. For example, in the Pskov, Leningrad, Kirov and Novgorod regions, many summer residents successfully grow both covering and non-covering varieties. Each of them has its pros and cons, but most importantly, with proper care and timely feeding of grapes, you can get quite a decent harvest from both varieties.

Covering varieties

A prerequisite for the wintering of these grape varieties in regions with a temperate climate is the construction of shelters over them. To do this, you can use roofing material, or a black film, in general, any material that does not allow moisture and light to pass through. This method is used if the grapes are cut short enough. But long vines are insulated in a different way. Above them, a frame is constructed from greenhouse arcs of small radius, and covered with several layers polyethylene film. Other available materials can be used for this purpose, for example, wooden boxes. In the spring under the grapes can fall melt water and it can rot. To avoid such a nuisance, ventilation is necessary. To do this, the covering material is lifted during the day and propped up with sticks or bricks so that the soil under the plant can dry. And at night the vine is covered again.

After the onset of stable warm weather, the shelter is finally removed, and the vines are pruned. For more rapid development grapes are watered with growth stimulants. For example, you can use .

By the way, you can start feeding the grapes even before he woke up. In early spring when there is still snow, granular is scattered around the entire radius of the near-stem hole. Application rate - about 40 g per sq. m. Since phosphorus belongs to a class of fertilizers that are difficult to digest, its early application is very natural. Until the moment when the long-awaited heat comes, this “slow” element will be able to move from the granules to the soil complex, and will be ready for absorption by the roots of the plant.

So, after we have taken care of the “awakening” of the vine, and stocked up phosphorus for the future, it is necessary to think about feeding the grapes with other necessary elements. In May, the plant will need nitrogen to form and build up green mass. Therefore, after the buds swell, the vines are watered. It contains a large amount of the macronutrient nitrogen, as well as many microelements, such as magnesium, which are necessary for grapes for full-fledged qualitative development. It is prepared as follows - 1 part of the liquid substrate is mixed with two parts of water, and set to ferment in a warm place for a week. After that, the working solution is diluted in a ratio of 1:10, and the grapes are watered, spending about a liter per plant. This solution should not be poured under the root. It is better to make a groove around the circumference of the hole, and pour fertilizer into it. Then the earth is leveled, and watered abundantly with plenty of water.

In July, berries appear on the grapes, which, under conditions temperate climate often grow not too sweet. This is mainly due to the fact that the grapes do not have enough heat, because when high temperatures vegetable sugar is better synthesized. This disadvantage is compensated by feeding the grapes with a variety.

Video: pruning and sheltering grapes for the winter

Uncovered varieties

Unfortunately, these are the easiest to grow and most frost-resistant varieties, moving to the northwest, often do not withstand local weather conditions, and again, they have to be covered. But for a shorter period than those that are officially considered covering. That is, not for the whole winter, but only in the spring, in April-May, with a special material called a spandball, which protects already blossoming buds from return frosts. The harvest of non-covering grapes ripens only in September.

In connection with this feature, the grape fertilization schedule is shifting. In April and early May, the vine of a non-covering variety is only ventilated without adding anything under it. Nitrogen, which is the starting element of growth, is introduced at the end of May under the root, in the form of extracts from animal organic matter. For their preparation, you can use chicken manure, lamb or.

Mineral fertilizers are used in combination with natural fertilizers, alternating their application. If a nitrogen fertilization was of animal origin, then agrotuki is used further. At the end of June, phosphate fertilizers are applied, it is possible in combination with nitrogen, for example, azofoska. The rate of use is 20 g per 1 sq.m.

In late July - early August, they begin to introduce potassium in the form of foliar top dressing. For example, you can use this recipe (for 10 liters of water):

- 1 l;
Sugar - 3 tbsp. l;
Boron - 1g;
Copper - 1.5 g.

Also potash fertilizers are also applied under the root. They help grapes in the synthesis of vegetable sugars, which, in turn, affects the taste of berries. In addition to loose mineral fertilizers, ready-made mixtures with a balanced composition are also used. You can buy them at any gardening store. The best, according to the reviews of practicing winegrowers middle lane it could be considered " Blank sheet”, “Biochelate”, “Master” with NPK 15:5:30.

Video: seminar on growing grapes in the middle lane

Growing grapes in the northern regions

Previously, in these regions, grapes were not cultivated at all, as they believed that this was a hopeless occupation. The average annual sum of positive temperatures in the cold regions of our country is so small that it would seem that it is not even worth trying. But there were enthusiasts who tried. It did not work out right away, but the great desire of gardeners to adapt the grapes to almost extreme conditions won, and they developed several ways to grow it in the northern regions.

For example, in Tyumen grow such early and super early varieties like "Super-Extra", "Julian", "Victor", "Galhard", "Brilliant". They are grown there exclusively in greenhouses with a removable roof., cover very well in winter. Another option for the north is to grow grapes in tubs, and for the winter period, transfer the plants to the basement, where the minimum positive temperature is maintained so that it can “rest” in the winter, but does not freeze out.

Main problem northern varieties grapes - tasteless and small berries. They do not have enough heat and sun to synthesize enough vegetable sugars. The situation can be corrected with the help of fertilizers for grapes. They are brought in at the time of boarding. The following soil mixture recipe is recommended:

Sod land - 10l;
River sand - 10 l;
Clay yellow - 5 l;
Styrofoam (crumb) or hydrogel (granules) - 5l;
Superphosphate simple powder - 30 g;
Wood ash - 30 g;
- 20 g;
Dolomite flour - 10 g.

Such an original ingredient as polystyrene is included in this list for a reason. Grapes need well-drained soil that does not stagnate with excess moisture. Otherwise, the roots of the plant begin to rot, and it dies.

Grapes growing in barrels need to be fed as often as growing in open field, but the concentration of fertilizers must be reduced. It is fed with all popular fertilizers for grapes. Chicken manure is considered the best nitrogen-containing top dressing for the vine.

An earth ball limits the amount of macro and microelements that can be applied to plants. It is most convenient to use chicken manure pellets, which can be purchased at specialized garden centers. Under one vine, depending on its age and the volume of the container in which it grows, you can apply from 70 to 10 g of this granular fertilizer, slightly deepening it into the ground. After top dressing, abundant watering is necessary.

Video: growing grapes in northern latitudes

Grapes are considered a capricious plant, but, as practical experience shows, it can be grown anywhere. By adhering to the basic rules of care, not forgetting about fertilizers for grapes, you can get beautiful berries in all regions of the country, and surprise your neighbors and friends with harvests.

Grapes are often called unpretentious plant. This statement can be called fair, because in natural conditions it is able to produce abundant fruits without outside interference and special fertilizer. However, when cultivated for household plots and in conditions of large-scale breeding in the spring requires the skillful application of minerals and nutrients. This approach is the key to a rich harvest.

However, fertilizer and top dressing are different types, and all procedures require strict adherence to certain rules. Otherwise, there is a big risk not only to reduce the harvest, but also to be completely left without grapes. In viticulture, there have been cases when inexperienced farmers applied too much fertilizer in the spring and burned the plant during the period of the most active growth.

Many gardeners traditionally fertilize the soil on a large scale in the spring in their gardens, but a special procedure is needed for grapes. This is due to the fact that the mineral elements must be in a certain form, available for absorption by the root system. Otherwise, the plant may not receive the right amount of nutrients necessary for the ripening of berries.

A special fertilizer system for grapes has the following objectives:

creation of conditions for organic nutrition;
creating conditions for mixed nutrition, consisting of several types of fertilizers.

There are several types of fertilization procedure, which differ in the way nutrients are applied:

Complete fertilizer, when microelements are introduced into the soil during its deep processing. This is usually done when new vines are planted. The procedure provides the plant with nutrition for two years. It is repeated with the same frequency. The long period is due to the fact that the vineyards only partially absorb fertilizers from the soil.
Top dressing of grapes, which can be root and foliar. It is an additional way to increase yields and is used along with a complete fertilizer.

Root top dressing of grapes

This procedure should be carried out in the spring two to three weeks before flowering. The raw materials selected as fertilizers are placed in the root hole to a depth of 0.3 meters. If the plant is planted on dense soils, loams or chernozems, then the depth can increase up to half a meter. If the plant is already several years old, then top dressing should be applied along the perimeter two to three meters from the main trunk. In the spring, before the vines bloom, the most suitable fertilizers are ammonium sulfate, urea, saltpeter, superphosphate and potassium salts.

To prepare fertilizer for root dressing, you will need 10 liters of water, 20 grams of saltpeter (you can take 20 grams of urea or 40 grams of ammonium sulfate), or 20 grams of any potassium salt, or 50 grams of superphosphate. Such a composition can significantly increase the yield of the vineyard.

As organic fertilizers to feed the grapes, you can use manure, bird droppings or ash. For better penetration of nutrients into the soil and plant roots, organic matter must be diluted with water. It is advisable to water the soil around the root system of the vine after digging up and forming a protective barrier that will prevent the spreading of the water solution.

In the spring, two weeks after the flowering of the vine, it is necessary to produce another root dressing grapes. It will help stimulate the growth of grapes and berries. When the grapes begin to ripen, you can feed the plant again. Superphosphate and potassium salt are suitable for these purposes. In order for the plant to overwinter well and survive the frost period, after harvesting the grapes should be fed with a solution of potassium salt.

Foliar top dressing of grapes

This procedure involves spraying plants with a solution of nutrients. The leaves of the vine have a unique surface that is able to absorb potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and distribute them to all parts of the vine. Foliar top dressing of grapes is most often used in climatic extremes. It is under such conditions that the root system of the bush weakens, and its ability to absorb minerals from the soil is sharply reduced.

To achieve good harvest, spraying should be carried out together with root fertilizer. The ideal time for this procedure is 10 days before the flowering of the vine. Top dressing will allow you to save flowers and increase the number of ovaries of berries. The composition for spraying is prepared as follows. For 10 liters of water, you should take 150 grams of superphosphate, or 100 grams of ammonium sulfate, or 50 grams of ammonium nitrate, or 50 grams of any potassium salt, or 10 grams of zinc, or 1/2 gram of boric acid.

To prepare a complex fertilizer for spraying, it is necessary to insist 200 grams of superphosphate in 1.5 liters of water during the day. Then remove the solution from the sediment and add water so that the total volume becomes 2 liters. Separately, you should prepare a mixture of 100 grams of ammonium sulfate, 70 grams of potassium sulfate and 2 liters of water. The next step is mixing the two solutions and bringing the total volume to 10 liters. Boron, chromium, as well as glycerin or sugar can be added to the resulting extract in order to ensure good adhesion of the solution to grape leaves.

Any foliar top dressing is not recommended to be carried out before direct sunbeams. The optimal time for this procedure is morning, evening or cloudy weather, but without precipitation. Following this rule will protect the vines from sunburn. It is necessary to avoid spraying grape bushes in the fall. Such actions can provoke the growth of shoots, which is extremely undesirable in the autumn-winter period, when the plant can simply die under the influence of low temperatures.

A special type of top dressing is the so-called "green". It consists in planting peas between vines in the spring before flowering. The cultivation of this plant allows you to additionally supply the grapes with useful substances.