Pear scab disease. Apple and pear scab: symptoms and control options. General description and life cycle of the scab pathogen

This fungal disease affects trees in conditions high humidity- especially dangerous in wet and rainy summers. Scab does not lead to the death of trees, but the crop decreases and deteriorates. If control measures are not applied, apples and pears on diseased trees will give birth to small, ugly shapes and tasteless. In order not to harm the fruits even more, experienced gardeners recommend fighting scab without chemistry. For beginners, for this you need to read special articles and even watch a thematic video.

Description, signs and stages of manifestation of scab

The fungus Venturia unequal is the causative agent of a disease called scab. It spreads from Fusikladium (Fusicladium dendriticum) - an asexual form of the fungus. Scab most often "attacks" on fruit trees in early spring with raindrops. In a humid environment, spores of the fungus are attached to young leaves with a mucous membrane and germinate in them.

This fungal disease most often affects pome trees such as apple and pear. Lemons, oranges, potatoes also suffer from it. Less commonly, scab affects cherries, sweet cherries, plums, beets and bulbous flowers.

It is noteworthy that the fungus that develops on the apple tree will not go to the pear. Although, in terms of signs and methods of dealing with them, these disputes are very similar.

Scab on fruits

Scab development occurs in 3 stages:

2 weeks after the buds open, spots appear on the leaves of the infected tree. olive color. These are breeding sites for fungus spores.
At the next stage, the scab affects young branches and the apples themselves. Damaged tissues appear on them - dark areas, under which the pulp of the fruit quickly deteriorates.
The last stage of the season occurs in autumn when the tree sheds its leaves. During this coprotrophic period, the fungus hides in the bark, fallen leaves and fruits to overwinter. And in the spring, awakened spores will lead to a new infection.

Scab does not affect the photosynthesis of trees, so apple trees continue to grow and develop even when infected. And this, in turn, contributes to the further development and maintenance of the vital activity of fungal spores.

Prevention of scab

Despite the fact that scab is a common disease, apple and pear trees can and should be protected from this fungus. Moreover, prevention is less time-consuming and simpler than treatment. You need to do this both in the fall and in the spring.

In autumn, as soon as the harvest of apples or pears is harvested, you need to remove all dried and spoiled fruits. Then you need to cut dry branches and clean the trunk from the old bark. The place of pruning of branches and peeled bark must be covered with whitewash. All "waste": fruits, leaves, bark must be removed from the garden and, preferably, burned outside the backyard. After that, the bare crown of the apple tree should be sprayed with a 5% solution. blue vitriol.

Advice. If for some reason it is impossible to destroy the foliage, it should be treated with a 7% urea solution, it will destroy the infection.

In the spring, prevention is carried out for apple and pear trees until the buds have blossomed on the trees. So it must be March. This month, gardeners are spraying trees with 1% Bordeaux liquid. A solution of cuprosan, captan, cineb is also suitable.

After flowering, if necessary, you can repeat the procedure. The third time the tree is processed again after 2 weeks. But you need to be very careful, as Bordeaux liquid can burn the leaves.

Advice. To check if there will be burns on the foliage, you need to pick a couple of small branches with leaves and try the product on them. If necrotic spots appear, you need to make the solution less concentrated.

Scab treatment without chemistry

Very often scab is recommended to be treated chemicals. But these funds can be absorbed into the apples and pears themselves. Therefore, with the fruits, chemistry will enter the human body. Therefore, in the treatment of this fungal disease, you should first turn to folk ways struggle.

scab on leaves

Trees can be processed with conventional saline solution. For 10 liters of water you need to take 1 kg table salt, which is sold in any store. It is necessary to process trees in early spring, when apple or pear trees have not yet departed from wintering. True, fruit trees treated in this way may linger in the growing season. But this should not scare the gardener.
Another effective natural solution for fighting scab is 1/3 bucket of horsetail per 10 liters of water. The remedy is insisted for 3 days, and fruit trees are sprayed during foliage blooming.
Scab can also be cured with mustard solution. For 10 liters you will need only 80-100 g of dry mustard powder. At the same time, it first needs to be diluted a little. warm water. Treat trees immediately after rain. Best of all, the solution will work until the beginning of summer, while the disease has not yet entered full force.
Experienced gardeners recommend treating tree branches with fire. Of course, doing this is not very convenient and quite dangerous. Processing is carried out in the fall, when the foliage has completely fallen off.

Attention! If the fruit trees of the neighbors are sick with scab, it is imperative to persuade them to also treat the seedlings. Otherwise, the spores of the fungus will constantly fly to the site, and prevention and treatment will be wasted.

Scab is a fungal infection that can destroy the crop before the hosts get to it. Therefore, this common disease must be closely monitored, prevented and treated at the first sign of scab.

Causes of apple and pear scab: video

Scab on apple and pear: photo

Since both the apple tree and the pear belong to the same fruit crop, namely, to the pome, their diseases are the same. For example, such an ailment as apple and pear scab weakens trees, reduces their fruiting strength and resistance to winter frosts. In this case, almost all parts of the tree suffer: flowers, ovaries, leaves, branches and fruits. But there are pear varieties that have a relative "immunity" to this terrible for fruit disease. Scab-resistant pear varieties are: Bere Gardi, Etude, Trembita, Bere Ardanpon, Vyzhnitsa, Bere Bosch and others.

But there are varieties that should be avoided if the information about the scab scared you, and you do not want to see it in your garden. Varieties susceptible to the disease: Bere Ligelya winter, Sapezhanka, Forest Beauty and Bergamot Mlievsky.

What is scab on a pear

This nuisance is caused by microscopic pathogenic fungi and bacteria that remain for the "wintering" in the garden in fallen affected leaves or on the branches of fruit trees. To the external signs of this dangerous infectious disease include the following:

Peeling of the skin.
The appearance of spots. They will be large if the infestation occurred in early spring, or small in case of later infestation.

The appearance of ulcers and warts on all parts of the tree (up to the fruit).

On a note! If it was rainy on the eve of the harvest, then late scab may appear on the pear, which is visually almost invisible. It can appear only at the storage stage (that is, stains will appear already in the warehouse).

20-22 days after bud break, the first signs of the disease can be easily detected on the tree with the naked eye.

Shoots affected by scab

The first to accept painful blow» shoots (especially young ones). Blisters appear on the bark, as a result of cracking which can be seen with the naked eye a large number of olive spore. The bark becomes rough and begins to peel off.

Affected leaves

The leaves are the next to take the disease: on their underside, olive-colored spots with a velvety coating are formed, which is nothing more than a plantation of fungal spores. The foliage dies and falls off as it is damaged, thereby weakening the tree and breaking it. water balance(and this, in turn, has a very negative effect on fruiting, not only in the current year, but also in the next).

Flowers and ovaries affected by scab

If the spring was rainy, then the first signs of the disease will appear very early: already on the flowers and the formed ovaries. The disease is manifested by small dark spots covered with fungal spores. The ovaries affected by the disease cease to exist: this, in turn, can lead to the loss of almost the entire crop.

On a note! The opinion of those who believe that the fall of the ovaries is caused only by bad weather conditions is erroneous.

Fruits disfigured by disease

Fruits can get sick with scab at any stage (both at the beginning of fruiting and at the end of the season). A sign of the disease is the formation of gray-black spots (sometimes framed by a light rim) of a round shape, the size can vary (sometimes they can merge with each other and cover a significant part of the fruit). A fruit affected by scab stops growing, its tissue hardens, it takes on an ugly shape and falls to the ground.

On a note! If the lesion occurred at a later stage of ripening, then spots may appear during storage, which subsequently crack and pathogens penetrate into them.

Causes of the disease

There are a number of factors leading to the appearance of scab on a pear:

High degree of soil moisture. The presence of moisture is necessary condition scab development. In the spring, water is formed due to the melting of snow, and in the summer as a result of rains, dews and fogs.
Very dense landing fruit crops. Spores are very quickly transmitted from one tree to another.
Genetic uniformity (when plants of the same species are quite close to each other).

Advice! We strongly recommend planting trees nearby different kind. For example, you can plant a plum next to a pear: there is a chance that the scab will not infect a neighboring tree. If you planted several pears in the backyard that are in close proximity to each other, then infection of all trees (if there is one sick person) with scab is just a matter of time.

Wrong variety. It is more expedient to choose varieties that are resistant to scab (especially since breeders are constantly working in this direction).

Agrotechnical measures to combat the disease

Now you have information about what scab on a pear is. How to deal with it, we will tell further.

Agricultural measures:

We collect the fallen fruits, we burn the fallen leaves.
We remove the affected shoots with a pruner and burn them.
We keep it in perfect cleanliness: we weed out the weeds and also burn it.
In late autumn, we also dig the soil under the trees.
After autumn loosening, we feed the earth with a solution of urea (7%), nitroammophos (10%) or ammonium nitrate (10% solution). In addition to nutrition, pests and pathogenic microflora are destroyed.
Early spring in without fail we carry out sanitary and thinning pruning of the crown.
Throughout the growing season, we carry out visual diagnostics of trees in our garden: leaves and fruits that cause suspicion are immediately removed.
We periodically carry out top dressing (foliar) with potash and phosphorus-silicon fertilizers.

Chemical treatment of trees

The fight against pear scab involves, in addition to agrotechnical measures, also chemical treatment. Such drastic measures are resorted to when other methods no longer help. Treatment is carried out in several stages:

First stage. We spray fruit trees with Bordeaux liquid (3%) in the green cone phase (that is, before flowering).
Second phase. In the phase of a pink bud (just before flowering), we spray, for example, with the help of "Skor", "Zineb" or "Khom" in the proportion of 2 grams of the drug per 10 liters of water.
Third stage. We spend it after all the petals have fallen, and the pear leaves have coarsened. We process with colloidal sulfur or other means that have a similar effect.

Important! All sprayings during the summer season are recommended to be carried out at intervals of 2.5-3.5 weeks. The exception is periods characterized by high humidity: in this case, we increase the number of treatments (up to 5-6 pieces).

Scab on a pear can be completely avoided if you strictly adhere to all our recommendations.

Scab is one of the most harmful and widespread diseases of apple and pear trees. It affects fruits, leaves, shoots, resulting in a decrease in yield, fruit quality and frost resistance of trees, especially winter and autumn varieties.

Pathogen scab hibernates on fallen pear leaves and on its branches.

In April, after heavy rain and wetting of old leaves, spores are carried by the wind and infect young leaves. The dispersal of spores can continue until July, but their mass maturation and distribution occurs before flowering - in the period between the beginning of leaf blooming and the isolation of buds.

The first signs of the disease can be seen two to three weeks after the full bloom of the kidneys. Dark green velvety spots appear on the leaves and fruits, causing further infection.

On the leaves scab has the appearance of rounded olive-colored spots, covered with a velvety coating.

When infected in spring and in the first half of summer spots large on pear, small in case of late infection, as well as on more resistant varieties. In pear, spots are predominantly located on the underside of the leaf.

On fruits scab has the form dark spots covered with a velvety coating. The pulp of the fruit in places of spots becomes corked, the growth of fruits is disturbed and cracks appear on them.

So-called " late scab» appears in years when there is wet weather before harvesting. In such cases, the spots are very small, hardly noticeable. They are more pronounced during storage. This is where the other name comes from. warehouse scab».

The defeat of the shoots is observed mainly on the pear and very rarely on the apple tree.

On the affected shoots, the bark is initially covered with small bubble-like swellings, due to which it becomes rough and flaky. Scab also infects leaf cuttings, stalks and flowers. The development of the disease is favored by a damp and cool spring, abundant dews and rains in the summer.

Pears are most affected by scab Forest beauty, Ilyinka, Bergamot Mlievsky, Bere Ligel winter, Sapezhanka. Relatively resistant to this diseases Favorite Clapp, Bere Gardi, Bere Bosk, Mliyevskaya autumn, Bere Ardanpon.

How to deal with scab.

First of all, it is necessary to collect and burn fallen leaves, dig up tree trunks. Pruning and burning all affected and dry branches until the buds swell, and in the fall try to collect and burn dry mummified fruits.

A good effect on the destruction of the wintering stage of the fungus is given by late autumn and early spring spraying of trees and fallen leaves in the rows and aisles of the garden with a 1% solution of DNOC or a 3% solution of Nitrafen. A hundred square meters will require 20 liters of such a solution.

It is also very important for the improvement of pears and apple trees to spray them soon, strobi, Vectroy or substitutes Bordeaux in early dates: the first - during the period of bud break ("green cone"), the second - before the flowering of the pear and apple tree ("pink bud"), the third - immediately after the end of flowering, the fourth - 6-8 days after flowering, the fifth - after 6- 8 days after the fourth (coincides with spraying against the first generation of codling moth).

In rainy summer conditions, it is necessary to carry out one or two more sprayings at intervals of 8-10 days. The last spraying is carried out no later than 20 days before harvesting.

It is very important to carry out spraying in a timely manner, especially the first.

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Scab apple and pear studying control measures Many summer residents and gardeners who grow apple trees on personal plot faced with such a disease as scab of apple and pear. This fungal disease manifests itself in apple trees, pears and other fruit trees. It should be said that without due attention from the gardener, when the trees are damaged by scab, the yield indicators deteriorate significantly, and soon the plantings die. We will tell you about what scab is, how to deal with it and what preventive measures are effective. Scab is called a fungal infection, which manifests itself in the form of dots of various sizes on the foliage, covered with a velvety coating with an oily structure. It should be said that the causative agents of this disease in apple and pear trees are different, so infection of trees in a mixed garden usually does not occur. Apple and pear scab appears when the trees are weakened, improper care for landings, as well as under the influence of external factors (excessive humidity and coolness). It is extremely easy to define this disease. Numerous small dark red spots appear on the foliage, which increase in size, and soon become covered with a greenish-brown velvety coating. When the disease is activated in autumn, the size of the spots is usually no more than three to four millimeters. Whereas in the spring, scab on apples can form large-sized spots with a diameter of one and a half centimeters. Initially appearing spots on the foliage quickly spread. Soon, signs of this fungal disease will be noted on flowers, branches and fruits. Leaves affected by this disease look withered and dry out quickly, which leads to a significant weakening of apple and pear trees. It should be said that rainy and cold weather can contribute to the appearance of scab. Whereas in the heat and at low humidity, the fungal infection of fruit trees practically does not occur. Prevention of the disease As a preventive measure, we can recommend that you, without fail, destroy the affected branches and leaves. After autumn leaf fall it is imperative to remove all the foliage, and burn it at a distance from the planted trees. Also, it will not be superfluous to additionally treat the near-stem circle with various copper-containing preparations. In case of severe damage to fruit trees, it is necessary to cut off all diseased branches, after which the place of the cut must be treated with garden pitch. It is recommended that the near-trunk circle be regularly cleaned of weeds, and in the fall it should be mulched with peat or humus. As mentioned above, increased humidity provokes the appearance of this disease. That is why it is necessary to choose a place for planting trees in such a way that the crown is well blown by the wind, which will eliminate the appearance of high humidity. Also remember the need for annual spring pruning with the removal of old diseased branches. Quite often, this fungal disease is observed in weakened trees, which gardeners do not provide proper and proper care. That's why proper care behind fruit trees will be the best prevention against the appearance of scab. Water apple and pear trees regularly, apply appropriate fertilizers, including complex mineral compositions, loosen the trunk circle and harvest on time. Also, be sure to carry out annual pruning, this should be done with the help of high-quality disinfected tools. All this will guarantee the health of your apple and pear trees, and you will be able to get an excellent harvest. Effective ways to combat scab Solution of mineral fertilizers Excellent efficiency in the fight against scab is shown by the treatment of the near-stem circle with highly concentrated solutions of mineral fertilizers. it folk remedy time-tested. This treatment is carried out in early spring before bud break. You will need to prepare a concentrated solution to dissolve in 2.5 liters of water 250 grams of potassium chloride, 165 grams of urea or 250 grams ammonium nitrate. The prepared concentrated solution will be enough to process 10 square meters area. Remember that when working with concentrated solutions, some care must be taken. Treat only the near-stem circle, while the solution is not allowed to get on the tree trunk. Spray fungicides are the most popular Bordeaux mixture, which is kept on the treated trees for up to a month. This ensures maximum efficiency landing treatments. Experts recommend spraying the tree with a solution of copper sulphate and lime to combat scab. You need to dilute 30 grams of copper sulfate and 40 grams of lime in a liter of water. The first treatment with such fungicides is performed before bud break, and the second during the period of budding. This solution is sufficient for processing young tree. For an adult fruit-bearing tree, about 5 liters of such a nutrient solution will be needed. We can also recommend you such long-acting products as Horus and Skor. It is recommended to treat apple and pear trees with such fungicides twice a season. It is possible to use such fungicides as an excellent preventive measure against scab on apples. Comprehensive treatment of plantings It must be said that comprehensive measures and the right approach to the treatment of fruit trees will allow you to completely get rid of scab, even with a strong degree of damage to plantings. We can recommend that you spray the trees with the following solutions before autumn leaf fall, immediately after harvesting. Ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate is diluted at a concentration of about 10%. You will also need potassium chloride and potassium sulfate. These solutions must be used at a concentration of 3 to 10%. Potassium nitrate or potassium salt is diluted at a concentration of 15%. Processing with such a complex treatment of apple and pear trees can be carried out at temperatures not lower than plus 4 degrees. With the help of spraying, you can not only completely destroy the fungus that causes scab on apples, but also get rid of other pathogens. Scab-Resistant Varieties At present, high-yielding early-fruiting varieties of apple trees have been developed that are resistant to scab disease. Of these varieties, the following can be distinguished: Macintosh, Lobo, Pink filling, Melba, Grushovka Moscow, Wesley, Pepin saffron. Of the pear varieties resistant to scab, it is customary to distinguish: Severyanka, Kosmicheskaya, Lada, Chizhevskaya. Remember that scab on an apple tree, even when this disease appears on the site, is not so dangerous if you notice this disease in time and start treating the affected trees as soon as possible. At right fight with scab, you can completely get rid of the manifestations of this disease, and at the same time you can get an excellent harvest. To summarize Scab on an apple tree is a common fungal disease that affects apple, pear and other fruit trees. The causative agent of this disease is activated at high humidity, if not properly treated, it significantly worsens the yield, and soon the weakened trees die. Currently, there are special fungicides and tree treatments in gardening stores that can effectively destroy the scab pathogen, which will allow you to completely cure your garden, get rid of various diseases and return the previous yield of planted trees.

Scab pathogens are found on pears and apple trees. Scab on a pear appears during the blooming of buds on it. This is much earlier than on the apple tree. But the methods of dealing with the disease are the same.

Scab on a pear appears during the blooming of buds on it

Why does scab appear on pears and apple trees?

Scab is fungal disease and it is not so easy to deal with it, but it is possible. Usually, it actively develops on apple and pear trees during rainy and cool summers. With heat and dryness, the disease may not occur. The percentage of tree infection depends on what moisture and air temperature. It is important to understand that humidity can be created not only by rainy weather, but also dew at night. Therefore, sometimes a fungus can appear on fruit trees even in hot summers.

Definition of the disease by the first signs

You can find out if there is a scab on an apple or pear tree by examining their leaves. If they have black velvety spots on them, this is a sign of illness. In the early stages of infection, blurry chlorotic spots are visible on the leaves of apple and pear trees. The infection begins to destroy plant tissues. After a few days, the spots become darker and a velvet coating is clearly visible on them. If you do not take any measures, the fungus will develop throughout the crown.

Preventive measures for the spread of scab

To prevent the appearance of scab, you need to do the following measures:

The crown of an apple tree and a pear should be illuminated by the sun. In wet weather, it is good when the crown is blown by the wind. So moisture dries faster on it. For this purpose, every year it is necessary to cut the crown.
Fallen Infected autumn leaves, are the main source of scab spread in spring. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to collect the leaves in the fall, bury them in the ground and dig the aisles. Since the pear scab appears earlier, it is necessary to destroy not only the infected leaves, but also the diseased shoots on it.
Infected leaves can not be dropped, but destroyed by spraying with urea (7% - per 10 liters of water, 700 grams of urea). Urea helps well in the fight against scab, killing the infection.
In order to prevent the occurrence of scab on apple and pear trees, it is useful to treat them with Agate - 25 K (dilute three grams of the drug in 10 liters of water). This procedure is carried out at the time of bud break. It is important to know that the buds open within 2-3 days, so you need to prepare for it in advance.

Barely noticeable blurry chlorotic spots appear on pear leaves.

Scab treatment

In the initial stages of the disease, you can get by with Agate 25K or Zircon. Bordeaux mixture is most often used in the treatment of apple and pear trees for scab, which retains its properties for fourteen days. During the growing season, 6-7 treatments are carried out in the following sequence:

The first time the tree is treated just before bud break. To do this, mix 300 grams of copper sulfate and 350 grams of lime in ten liters of water.
Subsequent times, the diseased tree is treated every fourteen days with a weaker concentration (100 grams of vitriol and the same amount of lime are diluted in 10 liters of water).

In the absence of Bordeaux mixture, it can be changed to another preparation containing copper.

Effectiveness was shown by drugs of systemic action:

The drug Skor is able to maintain its property for 20 days. Treatment with Skor is carried out only twice. The first time before the flowering of the tree and the second time 14 days after flowering.
Strobi is used to combat scab on apple and pear trees, as well as against powdery mildew. During summer period do no more than three treatments with Strobe with an interval of two weeks. The drug remains active for 35 days. It is allowed to combine Strobi with other fungicides.
Horus differs in that it remains effective at temperatures down to -10 degrees below zero, remains on the tree even after rain. The drug is treated twice a season. The first time at the time of bud break, the second time - at the end of the flowering of the tree.

In order to treat scab, mineral fertilizers with different concentrations are effective:

Ammonium nitrate (10%);
Ammonium sulfate (10%);
Potassium chloride (from 3 to 10% concentration);
Potassium sulfate (3 - 10%);
Potassium nitrate (5 - 15%);
Potassium salt (5 - 10%).

An integrated method for the destruction of scab is the most effective. Conducted from this way:

In autumn, trees are treated with a solution of mineral fertilizer. It is important to know that the air temperature during processing should not be below four degrees Celsius. In addition to treatment and prevention of diseases, the yield of fruitful trees will increase.
In the spring, the tree is treated with Bordeaux liquid before it blooms. Mandatory processing trunk circles. If there is no Bordeaux liquid, use another preparation with copper.
After the flowering period is carried out by spraying with one of the fungicides.

When buying apple or pear seedlings, it is better to choose varieties that are resistant to Porsche.