Diseases of fruit trees. Diseases of fruit and berry crops and their control Diseases of fruit trees and control measures

Leaves- the most important organs of the fruit tree. In the axils of the leaves, new buds are laid annually. New leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits appear from them! The leaves nourish the aerial part and the root system of the tree. They take an active part in the development of the whole organism and new organs.
The plant is a leaf. In the leaves, the most important biological process takes place - photosynthesis, as a result of which carbohydrates and other organic compounds are formed. Through the leaves, transpiration and gas exchange are carried out in the plant, which in turn increases the winter hardiness and drought resistance of the tree; thanks to the activity of the leaves, reserves are deposited nutrients etc.
By morphological structure leaves of fruit and berry plants are divided into simple and compound. At simple leaves one leaf blade. A compound leaf consists of several plates and can be trifoliate, odd pinnate, paripinnate, palmately compound, etc.
In most breeds fruit trees leaves are arranged in a spiral. For every two full turns of the spiral, five leaves are placed; the sixth sheet is above the first, the seventh above the second, the eighth above the third, etc. In this case, the leaf arrangement is indicated by the fraction 2/5. There may be such leaf arrangements: 1/2, 1/3, 3/8, 4/11, 5/13, etc. It happens that there is one leaf arrangement cycle in the lower part of the shoot, and another in the upper part.
According to the number of leaves in the crown, trees are strongly, medium and slightly leafy. The largest leaves have fatty and basal shoots. On annual vegetative growths, the leaves are larger than on fruit formations. On young trees, the leaves are larger than on fruiting ones. because of low level agricultural techniques, the growth and size of the leaves are reduced. Depending on the external conditions and the nutrition of the tree, the number of stomata on the leaves and leaf nerves (network of veins) also change.
Flowers and inflorescences. The flower is a modified, very shortened shoot of a generative
type. The collection of flowers held by a simple or branched axis is called an inflorescence.
The reproductive organs are placed in the flowers in different ways. In some breeds, the flowers are bisexual, in others they are unisexual or dioecious. Bisexual flowers have stamens ( male organs) and pistils (female organs). Dioecious flowers have either stamens (staminate) or pistils (pistil).
Plants are also distinguished by the placement of flowers on them. Among fruit trees there are monoecious dioecious, dioecious dioecious and monoecious bisexual. Monoecious dioecious on the same tree are male and female flowers; in dioecious dioecious on some trees there are only male flowers, on others - only female.
Most fruit species are monoecious - apple, pear, cherry, plum, sweet cherry, apricot, peach, currant, gooseberry and others. Such flowers are pollinated mainly by insects and are called entomophilous.
Dioecious plants include walnut, hazel, edible chestnut, real pistachio, pecan. These plants are pollinated by wind and are called anemophilous. Dioecious species include some types of strawberries, figs, actinidia, sea buckthorn.
There is also a transitional group of plants with flowers various types. So, in mulberry there are also monoecious specimens - with male and female flowers, and dioecious, on which there are either male or female flowers. The Japanese persimmon on the same plant has most of the female flowers and a small part of the male ones; in other persimmon plants, on the contrary, male flowers predominate.
Most bisexual flowers have equally well developed stamens and pistils. But there are flowers with underdeveloped stamens or pistils. Flowers with underdeveloped stamens are called functionally female, with underdeveloped pistils - functionally male. From one flower bud develops different number flowers: peach, apricot, almond, quince - 1 flower each, apple tree - from 3 to 8 flowers, but most cultivars- 5 flowers. A pear develops from 3 to 11 flowers from one bud. 2-3 flowers develop buds of plums, walnuts, hazelnuts.
Flowers differ in the number of carpels that make up the pistil. Cherries, plums, sweet cherries, apricots have one carpel, an apple tree has two to five, a pear has five, a currant has two to four, a strawberry, a raspberry has several dozen. According to the number of fertilized carpels, fruits develop.
The number of nests in the ovary is also associated with the structure of flowers and fertilization: stone fruits have one nest, apple and pear trees have two, chestnuts have three to six, and citrus fruits have many.
According to the type of branching, inflorescences are divided into monopodial and sympodial.
Monopodial inflorescences are distinguished by the long growth of the central axis and the gradual blooming of flowers from the bottom up. Sympodial inflorescences have several axes and orders of branching. Monopodial inflorescences are divided into simple and complex. The simple ones include a brush, a shield, an earring, an umbrella. To complex ones - a complex brush, a complex shield. Currant, raspberry, gooseberry, bird cherry, Magaleb cherry have a brush. Pear, mountain ash, hawthorn have a shield. The lower flower blooms first in the inflorescence. Umbrella have an apple tree, cherry, sweet cherry. Earring - at a walnut, hazel, hazelnut, pecan, edible chestnut. It contains only male flowers. After flowering, the earring falls off, and the fruits develop from fertilized female flowers.
Fruit are formed as a result of fertilization from one or more flowers. Some fruits can develop without fertilization - parthenocarpic, or seedless (some varieties of pears, tangerines, oranges and others).
If only one pistil took part in the formation of the fruit, the fruit is called simple. A fruit formed by several pistils is called complex or prefabricated (raspberry, strawberry). Fruits formed from a whole inflorescence are called seedlings (figs, mulberries). In some plants, the fruits develop only from the ovary of the flower (drupaceous rocks), in others, in addition to the ovary, both the receptacle and the calyx (apple, pear) take part in the development of the fetus.
The constituent parts of the fetus are the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.

1 - exocarp; 2-mesocarp - a) outer pulp, b) inner pulp, c) the border between the outer and inner pulp; 3 - endocarp; 4-vessels; 1 - seed; 6 - overgrown receptacle; 7 - fruitlets-nuts; 8 - stony cells

The exocarp is the outer shell of the fruit. It can be pubescent or non-pubescent, soft or leathery, lignified or non-lignified, thin or thick, colored or uncolored. So, the exocarp of a peach is pubescent, that of a cherry is not pubescent, that of a gooseberry is leathery, that of a hazel is lignified, that of citrus fruits is thick and soft.
The mesocarp can be edible - in apples, pears, inedible - in nuts, juicy - in grapes, dry - in hazel, single-layered - in stone fruits, double-layered - in pome fruits.
The endocarp in stone fruits is a hard shell, in apples - parchment-like plates of the seed chamber, in pears - stony cells, etc.
According to their structure, the fruits are divided into false, drupes, berries, nuts, citrus fruits, parthenocarpic. False fruits include apple, pear, quince. They develop from fertilized carpels and pericarp.
The figure shows the structure of the fruit of an apple tree, which shows an overgrown receptacle, calyx lobes, remains of stamens and pistil, inner pulp - endocarp, middle pulp - mesocarp, outer pulp - mesocarp, core and seeds.

1 - seed chamber; 2 - ovule vessel; 3 - vascular-fibrous bundle of the skin; 4 - vascular fibrous lumen of sepals; 5 - heart; 6 - one of the main vascular-fibrous bundles that feed the outer pulp of the apple; 7 - one of the main vascular fibrous bundles of the carpel

The fruits that form from a single fertilized carpel are called drupes. Their flesh develops without the participation of other parts of the flower. The exocarp of drupes is soft, the mesocarp is juicy, and the endocarp is hard. The hard shell, or shell, of the ossicle that protects the seed belongs to the pericarp, not to the seed. Berries include fruits with a juicy pericarp - currants, cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, grapes and others. Berries also include polynomial or composite fruits - strawberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries. Berry-like fruits include lemon, mandarin, orange. These fruits have a thick outer shell - the endocarp, followed by a spongy mesocarp, inside which is an edible endocarp with and without seeds.
In a pomegranate, the entire pericarp is inedible, very dense, leathery. Numerous seeds are covered with juicy edible tissue.

Consider the main diseases of apple trees, plums, cherries, sweet cherries, pears and raspberries. What diseases can be in garden trees apple, cherry, plum, pear, raspberry and cherry. How to cure diseases of garden trees?

A fungal disease that affects the leaves, buds, branches and flowers of plums, cherries and other stone fruits. In the spring on the leaves of trees are formed brown spots surrounded by a dark border. The affected tissue soon falls out, and through holes remain on the leaves. Small red-brown spots appear on diseased fruits. The affected tissue stops growing, the fetus takes on an ugly shape.

Reddish spots form on diseased branches, the diseased bark cracks, wounds appear, and gum is released. Young branches weaken and freeze slightly in spring. Affected trees prematurely lose their leaves, the yield drops sharply. The fungus overwinters in shoot wounds and fallen leaves. Its distribution is favored by rainy weather.

How to deal with perforated spotting?

This is exactly the case when prevention becomes the best medicine. Thickening should not be allowed, it is necessary to thin the crown in time and remove weeds. Fallen leaves in autumn must be raked and burned, the soil in the garden must be dug up. Cut and burn the affected shoots and branches, treat gum wounds in a timely manner.

What are gum wounds? These are tree wounds that appear from any damage. In such wounds, gum accumulates - resinous secretions, which are very suitable for the development of all kinds of diseases and infections. To prevent this from happening, such wounds are cleaned to wood and disinfected with 3% copper or iron sulfate and covered with garden pitch.

Garden pitch is a specific putty, similar in consistency to plasticine. Stores have long sold all kinds of garden varieties, but you can make it yourself. For example, like this: melt paraffin (6 parts), add crushed rosin (three parts), bring the mixture to a boil and add vegetable or vegetable oil to it. mineral oil(two parts), boil for 10 minutes. After cooling, knead the var and place it in a jar with a lid. Experts advise adding one crushed heteroauxin tablet per 1 kg of mass to it before solidifying a home-made garden var, which speeds up the healing process of tree wounds after pruning branches and smearing cuts with var.

Gum treatment

This is a disease associated with the appearance of cracks in fruit trees, cuts, frost holes and sunburn.

It affects plums and cherries and appears as a thick, colorless, yellowish or brown drying resin (gum). Resin solidifies in the form of vitreous formations different shapes. Affected branches usually dry out. Gum-soaked bark harbors bacteria that can cause cancer of the trunk, twigs, and branches.

How to deal with gum disease

Trees must be kept good conditions, to prevent mechanical damage to the stem bark and branches. Severely affected branches should be removed and burned. After cleaning the dead bark, it is recommended to rub the sore spots with horse sorrel leaves two, three times in five, ten minutes, and then cover it with garden pitch, which we have already talked about. To protect against sunburn, it is important to whitewash the trunks in late autumn and in early spring lime with the addition of a small amount of glue - for better adhesion.

coccomycosis

This is a dangerous fungal disease. Strongly affects cherries and sweet cherries, less plums. It affects leaves, and sometimes young shoots and fruits. The disease begins to appear in early - mid-June in the form of reddish-brown or purple-violet small spots on the upper side of the leaf. Then these spots increase and merge with each other. On the inside a whitish-pink bloom is formed. These are fungal spores. The leaves gradually turn yellow and fall off or dry out, acquiring a brown color. The fruits stop developing, become watery and dry out.

The spread of the disease is facilitated by warm, humid weather. The bushes are weakened, poorly prepared for winter and often freeze out. Young trees are more affected by the disease than adult fruiting cherries. The causative agents of the disease overwinter in fallen leaves.

How to deal with coccomycosis?

Growing disease-resistant varieties felt cherry, for example, resistant to coccomycosis). Careful collection and burning of leaves in autumn. Autumn deep digging of the soil with obligatory incorporation of leaves.

Mycoplasma disease, or "witch's broom"

This is a disease of pears and raspberries. In the spring, when the trees give new shoots, sprouts appear that do not develop. They make it difficult for healthy shoots to grow, they are carriers of the disease. The disease is carried planting material or insect pests.

How to treat mycoplasma disease

Diseased plants are uprooted (but not composted), burned (ash can be used).

powdery mildew

A fungal disease that affects an apple tree, rarely a pear. It affects buds, leaves, shoots and inflorescences. At first, they are covered with a dirty white powdery coating, then the coating turns brown, and small black dots form on it. The affected shoots lag behind in growth, the leaves turn yellow and dry out, the inflorescences do not set fruit.

How to get rid of powdery mildew on apple and pear trees?

When plants enter the phase of intensive growth and the first signs of the disease appear, apple and pear trees are treated with the Topaz or Skor systemic preparation (1 ampoule per 10 l of water), after flowering - with the Hom preparation (copper oxychloride) at the rate of 40 g for 10 liters of water.

Good results are also obtained by treatment with colloidal sulfur: 70% paste - 80 g per 10 liters of water; 35% paste - 100 g per 10 liters of water. The first processing of trees is carried out in the spring, when the leaves bloom. Subsequent second and third treatments are carried out at intervals of 12-15 days.

In autumn, after harvesting, spray with 1% Bordeaux liquid. Fallen leaves after processing are collected and burned.

Scab on apple and pear trees

This is a disease of apple and pear. It affects the leaves and fruits of the apple tree, and the pear also shoots and branches. The disease begins to develop in early spring, immediately after bud break. Spots with a greenish-brown coating appear on the leaves, then the leaves dry up and fall off. The fruits are infected from the leaves: gray-black spots appear on them and they stop growing. Pathogens of other putrefactive fungi easily penetrate the spots. Fruits affected by scab become ugly one-sided, fall prematurely and are unsuitable for food. With the defeat of the branches and shoots of the pear, swellings appear on the bark, it cracks, peels off. The fungus-causative agent of the disease hibernates on fallen leaves of an apple tree, and in a pear - on young shoots. Scab is most pronounced in years with wet and warm summers.

Partially overcome the scab will help right choice fruit tree varieties. Resistant to this disease are the varieties of apple trees Welsey, Pepin saffron, Cinnamon new, Medunitsa and others. Of the pears grown in the middle lane, the varieties Marble, Dessert Rossoshanskaya, Memory Neporozhny, Klapp's Favorite, Venus, Severyanka, Rumyanaya, Botanicheskaya are more resistant.

How to overcome apple and pear scab?

Again, prevention is key. And there is nothing difficult in carrying out timely pruning and thinning the crown to ensure good ventilation. To destroy wintering scab spores in fallen leaves in autumn, after leaf fall, loosening is carried out. trunk circles and row-spacing with incorporation of fallen leaves into the soil. Leaves can also be raked for later incineration or composting. Cut and burn dry and diseased shoots and branches, especially in pears. You can treat trees with a solution of Bordeaux mixture or copper oxychloride.

fruit rot

This is a very common disease of apple, pear, cherry, plum. The disease is most severe in damp rainy summers. The first signs of it appear in the second half of summer, when the fruits are poured. First of all, fruits that have any damage suffer from it. First, a brown spot appears, and under favorable conditions (the presence of heat and moisture), it begins to increase and quickly covers most of the fetus. Large grayish-brown pads with rot spores appear on the surface of the fruits, arranged in concentric circles, which are easily separated and carried by the wind around the garden, infecting other fruits. Some of the damaged fruit may remain hanging on the tree.

Hanging diseased fruits are clearly visible in late autumn after the leaves fall and the crown is exposed. By that time, they have already dried out (mummified), acquiring a brilliant black color. Mummified fruits overwinter, and in the spring of the next year, spores appear on them, infecting a new crop.

How to deal with fruit rot

All fruits affected by the disease should be constantly removed from the garden and buried in a separate place. They can also be introduced into compost, pathogens become harmless during composting. When picking rotten fruits, do not touch the hands of others, intact apples so as not to infect them.

Rust

This is a disease of almost all fruit-bearing trees. The fungus infects the leaves, on the outer side of which swelling-pads of an orange or reddish-brown hue are formed, which are very reminiscent of rust on metal.

Rust control measures

In summer and autumn, the affected leaves are collected and burned, there is nothing more to offer here.

sooty fungus

The name of the disease speaks for itself - from the word "soot". A black coating appears on the leaves and shoots of fruit trees, the result of the development of a soot fungus that settles on the surface of leaves, shoots and even fruits. The plaque of the fungus can be easily erased, and this disease differs from others. Its harmfulness lies in the fact that it makes it difficult for light and air to enter plant cells, spoils appearance trees and fruits.

Sooty fungus control measures

It is necessary, first of all, to find out the cause of the appearance of soot fungus and eliminate it. Spray the trees with a copper-soap solution (5 g blue vitriol and 150 g of soap per 10 liters of water). You can treat trees with a solution of Bordeaux liquid or copper oxychloride, as in the case of scab. To not allow excess moisture soil and thin out thickened tree crowns.

Gray rot, or monilial burn

This is a common fungal disease of plums and cherries. It affects flowers, ovaries, fruits and branches of stone fruit crops. Leaves and shoots take on the appearance of scorched by fire, hence the second name of the disease is monilial burn. With a strong development of the disease, drying and death of the crown is observed.

Affected fruits turn brown and soften, grayish pads with fungus spores appear on their surface. Then the fruits dry up and often remain hanging until spring. The causative agent of the disease overwinters on the affected fruits, shoots and begins to appear in early spring. Most favorable condition for the development of the fungus and its strong spread is wet weather. Infection of fruits is promoted by mechanical damage and damage by pests.

Control measures. In early spring, infected and dead branches are cut and burned. When cutting, they capture the healthy part of the shoot. In the autumn, after leaf fall, the tree trunks and row spacings are dug up with fallen leaves embedded in the soil.

Marsupial plum disease ("pockets")

Affected fruits grow without forming a stone, and remain empty, puffy. The surface of damaged fruits is covered with a powdery-white wax coating with sporulation of the fungus. The disease is detected shortly after plum blossom. Once, having appeared on a tree, the disease repeats itself from year to year and gradually spreads to other branches. The fungus overwinters on the scales of the kidneys in the form of spores and in the shoots in the form of mycelium. Infection occurs in spring during flowering and immediately after fruit set. High humidity air contributes to the development of the disease.

Control measures. It is useless to treat this disease. The only method is surgical. They simply cut out the affected branches and immediately burn them, and the affected fruits are collected and destroyed until they form a wax coating. Believe me, it is better not to allow this disease.

Foreword

Diseases of fruit trees, just like human diseases, can be caused by a wide variety of factors. If you do not start fighting diseases of fruit trees in time, you can lose the entire crop. We will tell you about the protection of trees on your site.

Non-infectious diseases of trees - how to deal with them?

First of all, you need to consider diseases that are caused by factors such as an excess or lack of moisture, as well as frost. Let's start with a lack of moisture, which for fruit trees can result in at least drying of the leaves. It should be said right away that many shrubs and trees can tolerate a lack of moisture for a long time. But this does not mean at all that you should not water the plants in the garden, because the lack of moisture can lead to a number of problems:

shoots stop growing and developing;
drying leaves deprive the plant of important "building" elements - phosphorus and nitrogen;
after several fruiting seasons, when the fruits absorb the remaining moisture, the tree may die;
leaves begin to fall prematurely;
the tree becomes more susceptible to diseases and pests.

However, an excess of moisture can also adversely affect the development of plants. The most known disease caused by excess fluid is called dropsy. Its main symptoms include:

sudden fall of healthy leaves;
death of shoots (if you do not start fighting the disease, the tree itself will die in a couple of years);
fruits become tasteless and quickly deteriorate;
plants can become covered with lichen.

Plants in the garden also need protection from snow, this is especially true for fragile and young trees. The most terrible natural enemy of the inhabitants of your garden is frost, which can lead to cracks in the wood, cracking and death of the bark. As a result of such damage, plants on the site become more vulnerable to a variety of infections and diseases.

To avoid such problems, we must not forget about the importance of carrying out agrotechnical measures in the garden, which will ensure the timely preparation of plants for cold weather.

So, for example, to prevent frost burns, clean the tree from the old bark, and treat the skeletal stems with a mixture of 20% lime milk and 3.5% copper sulphate solution. In the spring, the treatment is repeated again. So that the plants do not suffer from frost, before the winter cold, tree trunks are tied with spruce paws, straw and white paper.

Infectious diseases and their treatment

There are a lot of tree diseases, and their treatment is individual in each case. Experienced gardeners diseases are easily distinguished by their characteristic features, which allows them to accurately determine the method of treatment, but young gardeners first need to know these very signs. And only then spray the plants by suitable means for guard.

Scab. This disease is considered one of the most common. It is quite simple to determine the scab - brown spots form on the leaves, and after a few weeks the leaves begin to fall off. The fruits lose their appearance - black blotches appear on the apples. Blisters can be seen on the shoots. The main problem with scab is that the infected tree develops very slowly, can freeze in winter and bloom very poorly.

The fight against this disease must be serious. In March, gardeners carry out an eradicating spraying of the soil near the trunks with a solution of sulfate (1 l) and urea (700 ml). A solution of nitrophoska is also suitable (dissolve 1 kg of the product in 10 liters of water). The consumption of the mixture for spraying an adult tree is an average of 4 liters. You can use Bordeaux liquid for spraying the garden. In this case, the processing is carried out twice a year - in early spring and after the petals fall. The main thing is to prepare the solution correctly. So, for the first spraying, mix 300 ml and lime in 10 liters of water, for the second - 100 ml in the same volume of water. Such treatment will be very effective.

However, the best protection for trees is preventive measures, as any gardener will tell you. So be sure to practice foliar top dressing plants with a solution of urea - about 60 g of the product per bucket of water. It is also necessary to collect the fruits affected by the disease in time and destroy them. Be careful in the spring - as soon as the snow melts, scrape off the remaining foliage with shoots and burn them. And during the season, cut out branches that you think are diseased so that the sore does not transfer to healthy parts of the trees.

Powdery mildew. The main symptom is a white coating, which at first can be removed quite simply. If you do not provide high-quality protection to fruit trees, the infected areas will begin to die off, the tree will stop developing, the leaves will fall off. The infection most often affects the lower leaves first, slowly flowing upwards, gradually affecting the fruits, which leads to their rapid decay.

The development of powdery mildew occurs mainly in the warm season in conditions of sharp fluctuations in temperature and high humidity. Often the disease appears after overfeeding the plant. nitrogen fertilizers. One of the most important conditions in the fight against powdery mildew is the removal of diseased shoots. The second stage of protection is the use of phosphate fertilizers and organic fertilizers. Be sure to spray the trees with fungicides, the most effective of which is Topaz. There are also several folk recipes that can protect against powdery mildew:

Pour 100 g of ash with a liter of boiling water and infuse the mixture for a day. After that, strain and add a little soap diluted in water. Spray the trees with this solution twice at weekly intervals;
Fresh mullein may also help. To prepare the solution, take 3 liters of manure, fill it with water and leave the mixture for a couple of days, stirring occasionally. After this time, strain the solution through a cloth and dilute again with water in a ratio of 1:10. It is advisable to spray the trees with such a solution in the evening to avoid sunburn. It must be remembered that only fresh mullein will be effective, and therefore the solution must be prepared before each use;
Use of curdled milk. In the fight against powdery mildew, yogurt helps - dilute it with water in a ratio of 1:10. After that, spray the plants with the resulting mixture.

Fruit rot. It is not so difficult to notice it - brown spots appear on the leaves, which grow quickly and flow to the fruits. Fruits infected with this disease rot, change shape and fall or dry out. If the fruits remain on the tree, then next season they will begin to form spores that can infect a new crop. In this case, as in the case of scab, spraying with a solution of urea will help, as well as treatment with lime "milk", for the preparation of which you need to dissolve 1.5 kg of lime in 10 liters of water.

Leaf spotting. This disease most often manifests itself in the form of light-colored spots with black dots on the leaves. The tissue affected by the disease soon falls out, leaving behind holes in the leaves, the bark of the diseased tree cracks, wounds appear on the trunk, releasing gum. Young shoots weaken due to spotting, become more susceptible to cold and frost, and yields also decrease. If the plant is not sprayed in time, it may die.

The main problem is the resulting gum wounds, which are dangerous because another infection can get into them. That is why they need to be treated with a solution of copper sulfate (100 g of product per 10 liters of water), and at the end with a garden pitch that will protect open space on the tree from diseases. Preventive measures are simple - thin out the crown in time. Before the buds swell, be sure to treat the plant with a solution iron sulphate(for 10 l of water 500 g of the agent) and spray with a solution of nitrofen (dissolve 300 g of the agent in 10 l of water).

In order for the garden to please with a rich harvest of fruits, the summer resident will need more than one year of hard and painstaking work. It is not enough just to plant seedlings, water them and loosen them in time. You need to carefully monitor the health of apple and pear trees. After all, diseases of fruit trees can quickly destroy both young and adult plants.

Causes of diseases

Prevention is always easier than cure. Therefore, it is important to know the causes of the occurrence and development of diseases in fruit crops.

The most common of them is mechanical damage to shoots, leaves and bark. fruit trees. Such damage occurs at any time of the year. In winter, this is due to heavy snowfalls and freezing rain. In the cold season of the year, rodents are a great danger. The bark and young shoots suffer from their sharp teeth.

In summer, leaves are torn and branches are broken from strong wind, rain and hail. The green parts of the plant and the root system are destroyed by pests. The person himself often becomes a dangerous cause. For example, the trunk of an apple tree is easily damaged by careless processing in the spring; branches may suffer during harvesting.

Important! Even a small crack in the trunk of a plant can become a favorable environment for the penetration of pathogens.

Another cause of disease and even death of trees is thermal damage. They arise as a result of the action of high or low temperatures. For example, in frosty winters with little snow, the wood of the trunk and branches freezes. As a result, it destroys vascular system trees. In spring, the mineral nutrition of plants occurs sluggishly, which leads to its death.

Summer heat, as well as frost, can lead to disease in fruit trees. Under the scorching sunbeams burns form on the bark and leaves. They lead to the development of necrosis. This, in turn, reduces the rate of photosynthesis, respectively, reduces the quality organic food. The fruits in this case develop poorly. They are small and often ugly.

One of the main causes of disease of fruit trees are pathogenic microorganisms: fungi, bacteria and viruses. This leads to the development of such dangerous diseases as putrefactive necrosis, powdery mildew, infectious chlorosis, rust, scab, and vascular mycosis. Dangerous pathogens inhibit the vital activity of the plant and disrupt metabolic processes. As a result, crop yields drop sharply.

May contribute to lower yields

Numerous agricultural pests - insects, molluscs, spiders and mites - en masse affect gardens. Gluttonous caterpillars, bark beetles, codling moths, leafworms and silkworms damage everything. As a result, the development of trees stops, which can provoke death. If the apple tree survives, expect a rich harvest from it for next year not worth it.

To provoke dangerous diseases of fruit trees can be a deficiency or excess of minerals in the soil. So, the pale green small leaves of the plant are a signal of a lack of nitrogen. Weak chlorosis between the veins of the leaves will tell the gardener about the lack of soil potassium. brown spots leaves indicate copper deficiency.

Signs of diseases

In fruit crops, the following groups of diseases are distinguished:

fungal (phyllostictosis, septoria, moniliosis, milky sheen, cytosporosis, etc.).
bacterial (root cancer, bacteriosis, bacterial burn, etc.).
viral (proliferation, chlorosis, etc.).

In order to successfully treat the disease, you need to accurately diagnose. Each disease is characterized by certain signs, for example, a change in the color of the leaves and bark, the appearance of a white or black coating on different parts plants, putrefactive changes, etc.

The pear often suffers from rust. It can be recognized by the round orange spots that appear on the leaves of the crop. The spots grow rapidly, darken and become covered with a gray moldy coating. Rust growths form on the reverse side of the leaf, in which spores ripen. Per short term leaves dry and fall. If measures are not taken in time, the tree will cease to bear fruit and die.

Phyllosticosis affects the leaves of the apple tree. It can be recognized by small oval spots that are predominantly brown in color. The spots are surrounded by a black rim.

leaf phyllosticosis

Moniliosis is one of the most common diseases of fruit crops in places with temperate climate. It is very easy to recognize it by continuous brown rot, which almost completely covers the fruits of apple and pear trees. The pulp becomes pasty. Concentric circles appear on the affected part of the fruit. In appearance, the spores of a dangerous fungus resemble miniature light gray beads.

Bacterial burn can be recognized by characteristic lesions resembling severe burns. Shoots and branches of plants quickly blacken. The bark on young branches swells with bubbles and becomes wet. A yellowish liquid with a sour odor is released at the sites of injury. Unripe fruits rot.

Fruit tree seedlings can be affected by bacterial cancer. Pathogenic bacteria penetrate the roots young plant from contaminated soil. They cause rapid division of root cells, which contributes to the growth of dense woody formations. This inhibits the work of the root system. The tree begins to dry and quickly dies.

Note! Bacterial cancer spores are able to remain viable in the soil for many years.

Methods of treatment and prevention of diseases

Today, the description of diseases of fruit crops is easy to find in the specialized literature. Most diseases are successfully treated. With the help of timely prevention, the development of many ailments can be prevented. Therefore, it is important to highlight common methods control of diseases that every gardener should know and apply. The most effective among them are:

annual sanitary pruning damaged and old branches in spring and autumn;
careful collection and destruction of infected fruits;
protection against mechanical damage;
preventive treatment of fruit trees in the spring;
careful collection and burning of leaf litter, dry and damaged branches;
bookmark for storage only healthy fruits.

Means for the treatment of fruit trees

fruit and gray rot, white spotting, alternariosis, leaf curly, klyasterosporiosis, scab, mildew and oidium - this is a far from complete list of diseases of horticultural crops. by the most effective way control of dangerous microorganisms are the treatment of plants with fungicides.

The popular antifungal agent chorus refers to drugs a wide range actions. Its use is possible at low spring temperatures (3-5°C). The active substance easily penetrates into the cells of the mycelium even at the stage of wintering and destroys them. The instruction recommends preparing a chorus solution only before processing plants. The granules of this pesticide are easily dissolved in water. It is impossible to store the prepared fungicide solution.

Often gardeners are frightened by the cobwebs that form on fruit trees in the spring. The reason for its appearance may be spider mites, apple moth, gypsy moth, winter moth or sucker.

Spider mite is a dangerous pest that damages all parts of the plant. If the cobweb is very small, and the leaves are covered with silver-cream spots, then this is a red tick. In this case, the apple tree must be treated with bicol or verticillin.

spider mite

Other types spider mite more aggressive. They suck the juice from the foliage, which leads to premature leaf fall and even death of the apple tree. That is why it is recommended to spray the orchard with a tobacco solution. For it, they take 1 kg of tobacco dust and fill it with 10 liters of water and insist for several days. Tobacco infusion should be filtered and the same amount of water and 45-50 g of chips should be added. laundry soap. Processing is carried out twice with a break of 7 days.

A common disease of fruit crops, scab, is known for the fact that the fungus settles on fruits and spoils their appearance. First, cracks appear on apples and pears. Later they turn into a black lichen-like plaque. The leaves are covered with light green spots. Damaged areas quickly darken and die off, while holes are formed that look like raindrops. Affected fruit will not tolerate long-term storage.

Mosaic is a disease of a viral nature. Its distinctive symptomatology is the appearance of a yellow-green mosaic pattern on the leaves. Parts of the leaf, devoid of chlorophyll, begin to dry out quickly, which leads to disruption of metabolic processes. The wood softens, the branches become brittle and break easily under the weight of the fruit. The infection contributes to the development of bunches of fattening shoots. Fruits crack, become covered with a dense crust, lose their taste and presentation.

Unfortunately, the treatment of viral diseases of fruit crops with chemicals brings no success. Therefore, simple agrotechnical rules will help to reduce the risks of infection of apple trees with a mosaic virus:

pruning can be carried out only in the phase of deep dormancy of plants (February);
complex fertilizers should be used for top dressing, and nitrogen and phosphorus should be discarded;
zinc sulfate reduces the effect of the virus, so you should fertilize with zinc microfertilizer;
it is necessary to increase the immunity of plants to viruses by spraying fruit trees with epin or zircon phytohormones.

Folk recipes for the fight against diseases of fruit crops

You can also fight dangerous diseases in the orchard with the help of proven folk remedies. This is especially true during fruit ripening.

One of the most common diseases of fruit trees is powdery mildew. The leaves are covered with a white powdery coating, which gradually turns brown. At the same time, the leaves dry out, the fruit ovaries form poorly and crumble. In order to save the crop, gardeners can try several good recipes in the fight against this fungal disease.

For 4.5-5 liters of water 1 tbsp. a spoonful of soda, 0.5 teaspoons of small shavings of laundry soap, 20 ml vegetable oil and 1 aspirin. The solution must be thoroughly mixed. Spray trees every 10 days.
Whey is a good remedy for powdery mildew. Lactic acid bacteria that are safe for fruit crops quickly crowd out fungal infections in competition. For processing the culture, an aqueous solution of whey is used in a ratio of 1:10.
Medicinal phyto-infusions based on marigolds, calendula, wormwood and celandine are prepared at the rate of 3 kg of grass per 10 liters of water. Plants need to be crushed well warm water and insist 10 days. Spraying of fruit crops is carried out once a week.

Important! If you plant pyrethrum (Dolmatian chamomile) in the garden between fruit trees, then the likelihood of infection cultivated plants powdery mildew is reduced significantly. In addition, the plant is not demanding to care for and will delight gardeners with its bright colors all summer and autumn.

A dangerous pest of horticultural crops, aphids form entire colonies on the shoots of plants. Bottom line mass destruction the pest can be a complete loss of crop and even death of the plant. Get rid of dangerous pest not easy, but the usual help can come wood ash. To prepare the product, take 2 tbsp. ash and pour it 10 liters hot water(70-80°C). Add 1 tbsp to the mixture. spoon liquid soap and insist for days. Spray the plants with a strained solution in warm weather. The terms of processing coincide with the period of flowering and the formation of ovaries.

Another effective way to deal with aphids is to treat black henbane with infusion. It will take 1 kg of dry crushed raw materials, which should be poured with 10 liters of water and insisted for 12-15 hours. Strain the finished infusion, dissolve 40-50 g of soap chips in it and spray the plant.

Important! Treatment with black henbane infusion should be carried out strictly before flowering. All parts of the plant are poisonous and contain alkaloids dangerous to humans, so you need to work with it carefully: allow it to come into contact with the skin of the hands and mouth, keep it away from children and pets.

With a dangerous codling moth that can destroy a rich harvest of fruits, you need to start fighting in the spring. This prolific pest hibernates in the soil and in the bark of apple trees. With the onset of heat, it begins to actively multiply. To combat voracious larvae, a decoction of wormwood is best suited. Fresh grass (0.5 kg) should be finely chopped and poured with water (8-10 l). Bring the mixture to a boil and simmer for 30-40 minutes over low heat. Cool the broth, dissolve 30-45 g of grated soap in it and spray garden crops. Terms of processing coincide with the end of flowering plants. Spraying should be repeated after 6-7 days.

look after orchard difficult but interesting. A caring owner must be patient and attentive to his plants. After all, only timely work and preventive measures can prevent crop loss and the death of fruit trees.