How is heating in multi-storey buildings. Heating of an apartment building: heat carrier distribution and the possibility of switching to autonomous heating

District heating systems apartment buildings created in accordance with the projects. Therefore, you can learn literally everything about heating an apartment and the whole house if you find a project and understand it to the last screw.

Next, let's take a look at what heating solutions are commonly used in apartment buildings and how they affect the quality of heating in apartments. And also, how issues related to the repair and operation of pipes, batteries and the entire centralized heating system of a high-rise building are resolved in practice. apartment building

Why are you interested in the heating scheme of a high-rise building

Heating system high-rise building may be of concern in several cases, for example:

When replacing a radiator in an apartment, the question arises - how to turn off the riser, which radiator can be installed and how best ...
If you change the riser, then what pipes can be used?
When the heating does not work well, it is natural to ask - why? - can be adjusted, even independently ...
If you want to organize your own boiler room together with other residents, then how to do it ...
When installing a heat meter, in what place of the system should it be inserted?

But without the approval of the housing office, no action with centralized heating. And such actions are performed, usually only by specialists of the same service organization.

What schemes are found in apartment buildings

Heating projects for entire districts from a central heating plant are always individual and depend on the housing stock. Usually, one boiler house was equipped for 1 microdistrict, but this is not a rule, both very large thermal power plants and small boiler houses were built.

But heating wiring for high-rise buildings built in the Soviet era, as a rule, is typical. Single-pipe schemes for connecting radiators were used, where one pipe was a vertical riser. The risers, of which there were many per house, were connected in parallel to the supply heat main, and thus found themselves in approximately the same hydraulic conditions.

An approximate diagram of a vertical single tube is shown in the figure.
It should be noted that there are up to 18 radiators on one pipe.

The correct schemes for connecting radiators are using a parallel bypass.

Scheme of connecting a radiator in an apartment with a single-pipe wiring around the house.

Turning off one radiator (drip!) will not affect the heating in other apartments due to the presence of a bypass. In addition, the balancing valve allows you to dampen the radiator at will.

But single tubes have a well-known drawback - the last radiators in the ring are cooler. How did you deal with it?

Features of heating in apartment buildings

So that the radiators on the upper floors do not turn out to be too cold, a high coolant velocity must be set in the riser, which equalizes the temperatures in the supply and return. In centralized heating systems, they were able to make it so that the temperature along the riser turned out to be without a significant difference for users. And no one struggled with an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bradiators with the equalization of heat transfer.

A centralized heating system is characterized by a high coolant velocity, up to the limit of noise in the pipes. Hence and big power pumps and high pressure drop.
The second feature is the high total pressure in the system. Filling was carried out from the bottom point, and in order to raise the coolant to the 9th floor, it was necessary to create an appropriate pressure, up to 12 atm.
The next feature is the high temperature of the coolant - poor thermal insulation, heat leaks, ownerlessness of the energy resource, often allowed the public utilities to solve the tasks “heat in houses” by simply winding up the flow and raising the temperature above the norm, even above 100 degrees C at elevated pressure.

All this places its own demands on radiators and pipes.

What pipes and radiators to use in a multi-storey building

All high-rise buildings in Soviet times were equipped with steel pipes and cast-iron radiators. Now there is a choice. Other types of pipes and radiators are more practical, cheaper, and more durable.

But it is unacceptable to make a choice on your own, when replacing a radiator in an apartment, without coordination with the Housing Office. Moreover, disassembling the riser and changing pipes - this will be done only by specialists.

Basically, Zhekovsky specialists solder PN30 foam 25 mm (outer diameter) with aluminum reinforcement, despite the fact that its limiting temperature is still +95 degrees, and in the central it can be even more ... Now PN25 has already appeared with similar characteristics.

Possible application metal-plastic pipes for connecting radiators in a multi-storey building - by decision of the service network. Applicable diameter is mainly 20 mm (outside).

When replacing a radiator, the employees of the housing office will oblige to create a circuit with two shutdown valves and a bypass parallel to the radiator.

When replacing a radiator in an apartment

The model, dimensions (heat transfer) of the radiator are agreed with the specialists of the service organization.
The riser is turned off, the liquid is drained.
Usually old steel pipes are cut off, since it is not possible to unscrew the threaded connections. More often, radiators are changed along with pipes, the types of pipes used are also agreed with the Housing Office.
The radiator is hung on a regular mount, supplied with plugs, ball valves, Mayevsky crane.
The radiator is connected to the riser with pipes according to the bypass scheme.

Why is it cold on the upper floors

If the coolant speed is reduced, the temperature is also reduced, then it will be cold in the houses, this will especially affect the upper floors, where radiators are often the last in the ring. This happens both for technical reasons, due to overgrowth of pipes, wear and tear of equipment, and organizational ones.

Fuel is now expensive, and it is not known at what level of command, its allocated amount has halved, but the result is impressive - half of the prescribed coal, fuel oil, gas gets into the furnace. And the heating network specialists were asked to "get out" and redistribute heat, "find methods". As a result, part of the pumps is turned off, replaced, the boiler is turned off, the valves are tightened, and artificial “equipment wear” is created.

Another option for poor heating performance in a multi-storey building is that radiators do not heat. In any basement of a multi-storey building, adjustment options are possible when any riser will heat poorly - the scheme is very complicated. The problem may lie in the lack of worthy personnel in the organization, as a result of which the network is simply not established.

But the way out of the situation can be found only in ordeals for local organizations. Or creations for small house own boiler house in agreement with the authorities. Or switching to individual heating in the apartment.

Features in new buildings

Nowadays, more and more people are switching to modern projects heating. Two-tubes are used in the wiring, as a result of which energy losses on the movement of the coolant are reduced. Scheme of connecting a radiator in an apartment with a two-pipe heating system.

Such projects now include other materials, instead of steel, PEX is used, including reinforced with aluminum. Radiators with a minimum pressure of 16 atm, with a lower (concealed) supply.

The latest achievement is individual wiring for a separate apartment. Risers of two pipes designed for the whole apartment. The wiring around the apartment can be done as you like, but usually according to the projects, the location of the risers is such that it is convenient to make a beam scheme from the central collectors, while the pipes are laid under a false floor.

This makes it possible to install floor convectors under the balcony blocks.
Also - individual heat meter for an apartment.

But in the arrays of old buildings, with a centralized heating system of an apartment building, this is not achievable. They use the benefits that the housing office has established.

Option for installing heating in a modern apartment of a multi-storey building

Connection to the riser central heating(individual boiler) of the heating network of the entire apartment is carried out at one point, from which the wiring to the radiators goes.
Pipes are placed in the floor, the design of which allows this. Radiators with bottom connection and floor convectors are used.
A beam scheme for turning on radiators is preferable, in which only solid pipe sections are placed under the floor - from the central manifold to each heater.
In the case of using a passing, dead-end scheme, all hidden branching of pipes can only be performed with non-removable compression fittings, using proprietary tools.
Fittings and pipes from only one manufacturer are allowed for concealed installation. Soldered pipes for concealed installation are not allowed.

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An apartment in a high-rise building is an urban alternative to private houses, and a very large number of people live in apartments. The popularity of city apartments is not strange, because they have everything that a person needs for comfortable living: heating, sewerage and hot water supply. And if the last two points do not need special introduction, then the heating scheme of a multi-storey building requires detailed consideration. From the point of view of design features, the centralized one has a number of differences from autonomous structures, which allows it to provide the house with thermal energy in the cold season.

Features of the heating system of apartment buildings

With heating equipment in high-rise buildings needed in without fail comply with the requirements established by regulatory documentation, which include SNiP and GOST. These documents indicate that the heating structure should provide a constant temperature in the apartments within the range of 20-22 degrees, and the humidity should vary from 30 to 45 percent.

Despite the existence of standards, many houses, especially old ones, do not meet these indicators. If so, then first of all you need to do the installation of thermal insulation and change heating appliances, and only then contact the heat supply company. The heating of a three-story house, the scheme of which is shown in the photo, can be cited as an example of a good heating scheme.

To achieve the required parameters, use complex structure, requiring quality equipment. When creating a project for the heating system of an apartment building, specialists use all their knowledge to achieve an even distribution of heat in all sections of the heating main and create a comparable pressure on each tier of the building. One of the integral elements of the work of such a design is the work on a superheated coolant, which provides for the heating scheme of a three-story house or other skyscrapers.

How it works? Water comes directly from the thermal power plant and is heated to 130-150 degrees. In addition, the pressure is increased to 6-10 atmospheres, so the formation of steam is impossible - high pressure will drive water through all floors of the house without loss. The temperature of the liquid in the return pipeline in this case can reach 60-70 degrees. Of course, at different times of the year, the temperature regime can change, since it is directly related to the ambient temperature.

Purpose and principle of operation of the elevator unit

It was said above that water heating system multi-storey building is heated to 130 degrees. But consumers do not need such a temperature, and it is absolutely pointless to heat the batteries to such a value, regardless of the number of floors: the heating system of a nine-story building in this case will not differ from any other. Everything is explained quite simply: the heating supply in multi-storey buildings is completed by a device that goes into the return circuit, which is called an elevator unit. What is the meaning of this node, and what functions are assigned to it?

warmed up high temperature the coolant enters, which, according to the principle of its action, is similar to a dosing injector. It is after this process that the liquid carries out heat exchange. Leaving through the elevator nozzle, the high-pressure coolant exits through the return line.

In addition, through the same channel, the liquid enters the heating system for recirculation. All these processes together make it possible to mix the coolant, bringing it to optimal temperature, which is enough to heat all apartments. The use of an elevator node in the scheme allows you to provide the most quality heating in high-rise buildings, regardless of the number of storeys.

Design features of the heating circuit

There are different valves in the heating circuit behind the elevator unit. Their role cannot be underestimated, since they make it possible to regulate heating in individual entrances or in the whole house. Most often, the adjustment of the valves is carried out manually by employees of the heat supply company, if such a need arises.

AT modern buildings often used additional elements, such as collectors, thermal and other equipment. AT last years almost every heating system in high-rise buildings is equipped with automation to minimize human intervention in the operation of the structure (read: ""). All the details described allow you to achieve better performance, increase efficiency and make it possible to more evenly distribute thermal energy for all apartments.

Piping in a multi-storey building

As a rule, in multi-storey buildings, a single-pipe wiring diagram with top or bottom filling is used. The location of the forward and return pipes can vary depending on many factors, including even the region where the building is located. For example, the heating circuit in five-story building will be structurally different from heating in three-story buildings.

When designing a heating system, all these factors are taken into account, and the most successful scheme is created that allows you to bring all the parameters to the maximum. The project may involve various options pouring the coolant: from the bottom up or vice versa. In individual houses, universal risers are installed, which ensure the rotation of the movement of the coolant.

Types of radiators for heating apartment buildings

In multi-storey buildings, there is no single rule that allows the use of a specific type of radiator, so the choice is not particularly limited. The heating scheme of a multi-storey building is quite versatile and has a good balance between temperature and pressure.

The main models of radiators used in apartments include the following devices:

Cast iron batteries. Often used even in the most modern buildings. They are cheap and very easy to install: as a rule, apartment owners install this type of radiator on their own.
Steel heaters. This option is a logical continuation of the development of new heating devices. Being more modern, steel heating panels demonstrate good aesthetic qualities, are quite reliable and practical. Very well combined with the regulating elements of the heating system. Experts agree that it is steel batteries that can be called optimal when used in apartments.
Aluminum and bimetallic batteries . Products made of aluminum are very much appreciated by the owners of private houses and apartments. Aluminum batteries have the most best performance, when compared with previous options: excellent external data, low weight and compactness are perfectly combined with high operational characteristics. The only disadvantage of these devices, which often scares off buyers, is the high cost. Nevertheless, experts do not recommend saving on heating and believe that such an investment will pay off pretty quickly.

Conclusion

Fulfill repair work in the heating system of an apartment building on its own is also not recommended, especially if it is heating within the walls of a panel house: practice shows that residents of houses, without having the appropriate knowledge, are able to throw away important element system, deeming it unnecessary.

Centralized heating systems demonstrate good qualities, but they need to be constantly maintained in working condition, and for this you need to monitor many indicators, including thermal insulation, equipment wear and regular replacement of spent elements.

Central heating provides heating of apartments in high-rise buildings in the winter season. However, what to do if the price of the services provided by public utilities does not match their quality? Many apartment owners decide to disconnect from central heating and switch to autonomous. It is realistic to do this, but at the same time it is quite difficult, because in addition to technical problems, you will also encounter bureaucratic factors.

This article discusses central heating in apartment building. We will study the design of such systems, temperature conditions, and also give recommendations on turning off the system and switching to individual heating.

The device of the central heating system

Central water heating any apartment building consists of the following elements (listed in order of approximation to the internal contour of the building):

Inside the house itself there are spills - pipes through which the coolant enters vertical risers. A typical Soviet heating scheme for a five-story building assumes the presence of lower spills located in the basement of the building. From the spills, risers diverge, which are interconnected in the upper part of the house or in the attic.

The connection of the risers in the attic is fraught with freezing of the coolant when the circulation of water is stopped in winter, in order to avoid which the pipes must be carefully insulated. Also, air vents are installed in the upper part of the circuit (the usual Mayevsky crane is most often used) to discharge excess air.

In nine-story buildings, the spill, on the contrary, is mounted in the attic of the house. Unlike the lower spill, which has a number of problems when starting heating due to the airing of the risers, the top spill almost instantly distributes water to the risers.

1.1 In-house heating devices and temperature conditions

The type of heating devices used - batteries, depends on the year of construction of the building. So, in apartments built in the times of the USSR, there are two types of radiators:

sectional cast iron batteries, they are distinguished by their large weight and effective heat dissipation, which can reach 150 W per radiator, the disadvantages are unaesthetic appearance, high risk leaks;
steel convectors, which are a metal case, inside which there are coils of the DU-20 pipe, connected by transverse plates (used in the 80-90s).

Installation of central heating systems involves the use of a different number of radiators on different floors of the house. So, during the upper spill, the coolant circulating through the floors loses its temperature and reaches the batteries on the first floor when it is very cold. In order for the heat supply to have sufficient efficiency, heat loss must be compensated, which is done by increasing the number of sections or the size of the radiators.

To date, water heating systems are equipped with the use of bimetallic radiators. Such structures are made of aluminum, they are quite expensive, but at the same time they are characterized by maximum heat transfer - up to 200 W per battery.

The current provisions of SNiP determine the norms for the air temperature in the apartment, which should be provided by central heating:

bedrooms and living rooms - 20 0 С;
corner rooms - 22 0 C;
kitchen - 18 0 С;
bathroom - 25 0 С.

Also normalized Maximum temperature water in the pipes, which should not be higher than 95 degrees. Separate norms are put forward for heating kindergartens - 37 0 C, which is the reason for a significant increase in the size and number of radiators in preschool institutions.

1.2 Alteration of central heating in the apartment (video)

2 Is it possible to refuse central heating?

Refusal of central heating is possible, but it will take a lot of effort to get the right to turn it off and cut it off. So, the necessary document for this “Decision to disconnect from the central heating system” from utilities will most likely have to be beaten out through the courts.

Turning off the central heating and replacing it with individual heating is carried out according to the following algorithm:

The housing and communal services authorities clarify the technical possibility of disconnecting the apartment from central heating. It is here that most of the bureaucratic friction will arise, since the communal services are extremely reluctant to part with their payers.
Specialists develop an individual heating project, which is certified by the communal services and signed by the fire supervision services. The project must contain a complete package of documents - from the piping layout and gas consumption, to the technical documentation for the boiler.
If the used heat exchanger (boiler) is connected to the pipeline that leads the combustion products to the facade of the building, you need to obtain additional permission from SanEpidemNadzor.
Installation and connection of individual water heating is carried out by a licensed installation organization. The first start-up of the system is carried out under the supervision of a representative of the gas services.
The heat exchanger is put on regular service.

Note that unauthorized disconnection from the central heating is illegal and threatens with a serious fine and the forced return of broken communications to their original state.

Replacing the type of heating in an apartment is somewhat different from installing water heating in a private house, consider the main nuances of this process:

due to the impossibility of providing natural circulation coolant in a closed circuit by other means, the apartment will need to use a circulation pump or install a wall-mounted heat exchanger located above the level of the radiators;
the installed boiler must have a closed combustion chamber and be equipped with all necessary security systems;
the maximum water temperature in the system is 95 degrees, the maximum pressure is 1 MPa;
the wiring must be chosen depending on the size and layout of the apartment, the most affordable option in the arrangement is single-pipe wiring with a parallel tie-in of radiators (Leningradka).

In buildings with an upper spill, the jumpers between the risers cannot be cut out, since structurally they must pass through the apartment on the top floor. The only way is to negotiate with the neighbors below and move the jumpers to their apartment, but the likelihood that someone will agree to this is quite low. On the middle and lower floors, things are easier - just cut off the heaters and pipes through which they are connected to the riser.

Keep in mind that even having installed individual heating, you will be required to provide the housing and communal services repair team with access to the riser passing in your apartment, if necessary.

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On the territory of Russia, the central heating system of an apartment building is usually used, the coolant in which comes from a city boiler house or a CHP. At the same time, water circuits are equipped according to different schemes, since they are single-pipe and two-pipe. Usually, heat consumers are of little interest in such nuances, but if necessary, repair an apartment and change old batteries for new modern heating radiators, it is advisable for owners of residential real estate to understand such subtleties.

Individual heating in residential buildings

In addition to the central one, you can find autonomous heating of an apartment in an apartment building, usually such a heat supply is rare and has been installed in new buildings in recent years. Also, local heating systems are used in the private residential sector. When the boiler room is usually located either in the building itself in a separate room or close to the house, since it is required to regulate.

In addition, dependent heating systems are used in apartment buildings. In this case, the coolant is transported to apartment batteries without additional distribution directly from the CHP. At the same time, the temperature of the water is independent of whether it is supplied through a distribution point or directly to consumers.

Types of heating systems in an apartment building are open or closed (in more detail: "").

In the latter version, the coolant from the CHP or central boiler house, after entering the distribution point, is supplied separately to heating radiators and hot water supply. AT open systems such a separation is not provided for by the design and heated water for the needs of residents is supplied from the main pipe, so consumers outside the heating season are left without hot water supply, which causes a lot of complaints about utilities. See also: "".

Single pipe heating system

Single-pipe heat supply of an apartment building has a lot of disadvantages, the main among which are significant heat losses in the process of transporting hot water. In this circuit, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up, after which it enters the batteries, gives off heat and returns back to the same pipe. To end consumers living on the upper floors, before hot water Arrives lukewarm.

There are cases when a single-pipe system is further simplified, trying to increase the temperature of the coolant in the radiators. To do this, the battery is cut directly into the pipe. As a result, it seems that the radiator is its continuation. But from such a connection, only the first users of the system receive more heat, and the water reaches the last consumers almost cold (read also: ""). In addition, the single-pipe heat supply of an apartment building makes it impossible to adjust the radiators - after reducing the coolant supply in a separate battery, the water flow along the entire length of the pipe also decreases.

Another disadvantage of such heat supply is the impossibility of replacing the radiator in heating season without draining water from the entire system. In such cases, it is necessary to install jumpers, which makes it possible to turn off the battery and direct the coolant through them.

It does not matter how the battery is connected - to a riser or sunbed pipe, the coolant has a constant temperature throughout its transportation through the supply pipes.

One of the important advantages of two-pipe water circuits is the adjustment of the heating system of an apartment building at the level of each individual battery by installing thermostatic taps on it (read also: ""). As a result, the apartment provides automatic maintenance of the desired temperature regime. In a two-pipe circuit, it is possible to use heating radiators with both bottom and side connections. You can also use different movement of the coolant - dead-end and passing.

Hot water supply in heating systems

DHW in multi-storey buildings is usually centralized, while the water is heated in boiler rooms. Hot water supply is connected from heating circuits, both from single-pipe and from two-pipe. The temperature at the faucet hot water in the mornings it is warm or cold, depending on the number of main pipes. If there is a single-pipe heat supply for an apartment building with a height of 5 floors, then when you open a hot tap, it will first go out of it for half a minute cold water.

The reason lies in the fact that at night rarely any of the residents turn on the tap with hot water, and the coolant in the pipes cools down. As a result, there is an overspending of unnecessary cooled water, since it is drained directly into the sewer.

Unlike a single-pipe system, in a two-pipe version, hot water circulates continuously, so the above problem with hot water does not occur there. True, in some houses, a riser with pipes - heated towel rails, which are hot even in the summer heat, is looped through the hot water supply system.

Many consumers are interested in the problem with hot water after the heating season has ended. Sometimes hot water runs out long time. The fact is that utilities are required to comply with the rules for heating apartment buildings, according to which it is necessary to carry out post-heating tests of heat supply systems (read also: ""). Such work is not carried out quickly, especially if damage is found that needs to be repaired.

Features of heat supply in an apartment building, details on the video:

Radiators for heating systems of high-rise buildings

Familiar to many residents of multi-storey buildings are cast-iron radiators, which have previously been used for decades. If it is necessary to replace such a heating battery, it is dismantled and a similar one is installed, which is required by the heating system in an apartment building. Such radiators for centralized heating systems are considered best solution, because they can withstand quite high pressure without problems. In the passport for the cast-iron battery, two numbers are indicated: the first of them indicates the working pressure, and the second indicates the test (pressure) load. Usually these values are 6/15 or 8/15.

The higher the residential building, the greater the value of the working pressure. In nine-story buildings, it reaches 6 atmospheres, so cast-iron radiators are suitable for them. But when it is a 22-storey building, then 15 atmospheres will be required for the working functioning of centralized heating systems. In this case, steel or bimetallic heaters are needed.

Experts do not recommend using with centralized heating aluminum radiators- they are not able to withstand the operating condition of the water circuit. Also, professionals advise property owners, when carrying out major repairs in apartments, in case of replacing batteries, to change the pipes for distributing heat carriers by ½ or ¾ inches. Usually they are in poor condition and it is desirable to install ecoplast products instead.

In some types of radiators (steel and bimetallic), the watercourses are narrower than those of cast iron products, so they become clogged and subsequently lose power. Therefore, at the place where the coolant is supplied to the battery, a filter should be installed, which is usually mounted in front of the water meter.

When designing large-scale heating systems (in particular, calculations for adjusting the heating system of an apartment building and its full functioning), special attention is paid to external and internal factors in the operation of the equipment. Several heating schemes for central heating have been developed and successfully applied in practice, differing from each other in structure, parameters of the working fluid and piping schemes in apartment buildings.

What are the types of heating systems in an apartment building

Depending on the installation of the heat generator or the location of the boiler room:

Heating schemes depending on the parameters of the working fluid:

Based on the piping diagram:

Functioning of the heating system of an apartment building

Autonomous heating systems of a multi-storey residential building perform one function - the timely transportation of the heated coolant and its adjustment for each consumer. To ensure the possibility of general control of the circuit in the house, a single distribution unit is mounted with elements for adjusting the parameters of the coolant, combined with a heat generator.

The autonomous heating system of a multi-storey building necessarily includes the following components and components:

The route of the pipeline through which the working fluid is delivered to apartments and premises. As already mentioned, the piping scheme in multi-storey buildings can be single- or double-circuit;
KPiA - control devices and equipment that reflects the parameters of the coolant, regulates its characteristics and takes into account all its changing properties (flow rate, pressure, inflow rate, chemical composition);
A distribution unit that distributes heated coolant through pipe lines.

A practical scheme for heating a residential multi-storey building includes a set of documentation: a project, drawings, calculations. All documentation for heating in an apartment building is compiled by responsible executive services (design bureaus) in strict accordance with GOST and SNiP. It is the responsibility of the management company, as well as its repair or complete replacement heating systems in a multi-cabin building.

How does the heating system work in an apartment building

The normal operation of the heating of an apartment building depends on compliance with the basic parameters of the equipment and the coolant - pressure, temperature, wiring diagram. According to the accepted standards, the main parameters must be observed within the following limits:

For an apartment building with a height of not more than 5 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 2-4.0 atm;
For an apartment building with a height of 9 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 5-7 atm;
The spread of temperature values for all heating circuits operating in residential premises is +18 0 C / +22 0 C. The temperature in the radiators at landings and in technical rooms-+15 0 C.

The choice of piping in a five-story or multi-story building depends on the number of floors, the total area of \u200b\u200bthe building, and the heat output of the heating system, taking into account the quality or availability of thermal insulation of all surfaces. In this case, the difference in pressure between the first and ninth floors should not be more than 10%.

Single pipe wiring

The most economical variant of pipe wiring is according to a single-loop scheme. A single-pipe circuit works more efficiently in low-rise buildings and with a small heating area. As a water (and not steam) heating system, single-pipe wiring has been used since the beginning of the 50s of the last century, in the so-called "Khrushchev". The coolant in such a wiring flows through several risers, to which apartments are connected, while the entrance for all risers is one, which makes the installation of the route simple and fast, but uneconomical due to heat losses at the end of the circuit.

Since the return line is physically absent, and its role is played by the working fluid supply pipe, this generates a series negative points in system operation:

The room warms up unevenly, and the temperature in each individual room depends on the distance of the radiator to the point of intake of the working fluid. With such a dependence, the temperature on distant batteries will always be lower;
Manual or automatic temperature control on heaters is not possible, but bypasses can be installed in the Leningradka circuit, which allows you to connect or disconnect additional radiators;
It is difficult to balance a single-pipe heating scheme, since this is possible only when shut-off valves and thermal valves are included in the circuit, which, if the coolant parameters change, can cause the entire heating system of a three-story or higher house to fail.

In new buildings, a single-pipe scheme has not been implemented for a long time, since it is almost impossible to effectively control and account for the coolant flow for each apartment. The difficulty lies precisely in the fact that for each apartment in the "Khrushchev" there can be up to 5-6 risers, which means that you need to embed the same number of water meters or hot water meters.

A correctly drawn up estimate for heating a multi-storey building with a one-pipe system should include not only the cost of Maintenance, but also the modernization of pipelines - the replacement of individual components with more efficient ones.

Two-pipe wiring

This heating scheme is more efficient, since in it the cooled working fluid is taken in through a separate pipe - the return pipe. The nominal diameter of the heat carrier return pipes is chosen the same as for the supply heating main.

The double-circuit heating system is designed so that the water that has given off heat to the premises of the apartment is fed back to the boiler through a separate pipe, which means it does not mix with the supply and does not take the temperature from the coolant delivered to the radiators. In the boiler, the cooled working fluid is heated up again and sent to the supply pipe of the system. When drawing up a project and during the operation of heating, the following number of features should be taken into account:

You can regulate the temperature and pressure in the heating main in any individual apartment, or in a common heating main. To adjust the parameters of the system, mixing units crash into the pipe;
When carrying out repair or maintenance work, the system does not need to be turned off - the necessary sections are cut off shutoff valves, and the faulty circuit is repaired, while the rest of the sections work and move heat around the house. This is the principle of operation, and the advantage of a two-pipe system over the others.

The pressure parameters in the heating pipes in an apartment building depend on the number of floors, but lie in the range of 3-5 atm, which should ensure the delivery of heated water to all floors without exception. In high-rise buildings, to lift the coolant to the last floors, intermediate pumping stations. Radiators for any heating systems are selected according to design calculations, and must withstand the required pressure and maintain a given temperature regime.

Heating system

The layout of the heating pipes in a multi-storey building plays an important role in maintaining the specified parameters of the equipment and the working fluid. So, the upper wiring of the heating system is more often used in low-rise buildings, the lower one - in high-rise buildings. The method of delivery of the coolant - centralized or autonomous - can also affect the reliable operation of heating in the house.

In overwhelming cases, they make a connection to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But in practice, the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, if there is a choice, preference is given to autonomous heating of a multi-storey building.

Modern new buildings are connected to mini-boiler rooms or to centralized heating, and these schemes work so efficiently that it makes no sense to change the connection method to an autonomous one or another one (common house or apartment). But the autonomous scheme gives preference to apartment or house-wide heat distribution. When installing heating in each apartment, an autonomous (independent) piping is performed, a separate boiler is installed in the apartment, control and metering devices are also installed separately for each apartment.

When organizing a common house wiring, it is necessary to build or install a common boiler room with its own specific requirements:

Several boilers must be installed - gas or electric, so that in case of an accident it is possible to duplicate the operation of the system;
Only a double-circuit pipeline route is carried out, the plan of which is drawn up in the design process. Such a system is regulated for each apartment separately, since the settings can be individual;
A schedule of planned preventive and repair activities is required.

In a common building heating system, control and accounting of heat consumption is carried out on an apartment-by-apartment basis. In practice, this means that a meter is installed on each coolant supply pipe from the main riser.

Centralized heating for an apartment building

If you connect the pipes to the central heating system, then what will be the difference in the wiring diagram? The main working unit of the heat supply circuit is the elevator, which stabilizes the liquid parameters within the specified values. This is necessary because of the long length of heating mains in which heat is lost. The elevator unit normalizes the temperature and pressure: for this, the water pressure in the heat point increases to 20 atm, which automatically increases the coolant temperature to +120 0 C. But, since such characteristics of the liquid medium for pipes are unacceptable, the elevator normalizes them to acceptable values.

Heat point ( elevator unit) functions both in a two-circuit heating scheme and in single pipe system heating of an apartment high-rise building. The functions that it will perform with this connection: operating pressure liquids using an elevator. The cone valve changes the flow of fluid into the distribution system.

Conclusion

When drawing up a project for heating, do not forget that the estimate for the installation and connection of centralized heating to an apartment building differs from the cost of organizing an autonomous system downwards.