How central heating works in an apartment building. Heating system in an apartment building

The constructive varieties of heating systems of multi-storey residential buildings arose as a result of the gradual development of building technologies, an increase in the number of storeys and the desire of developers to obtain the best performance at the lowest construction costs.

Most residents are usually not interested in the device and principles of operation of central heating apartment building. This issue may become relevant only in the event of a decrease in the level of comfort in the premises and the need for adjustment or when carrying out repairs with the replacement of pipelines and batteries.

General classification

Heating systems in large urban buildings can be classified according to the type of heat source and the piping scheme used to connect the heating appliances. Heat supply to apartments can come from:

centralized urban heating networks;
an autonomous boiler house serving only one building;
individual boilers installed in each individual apartment.

To distribute heat to individual rooms, the heating scheme of an apartment building may provide for the following general house piping schemes:

single-pipe;
two-pipe;
collector or beam.

Each of these schemes and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed in more detail below.

The heat carrier used for heat supply

Hot water is used as a heat carrier circulating through pipelines and radiators. In central heating networks and autonomous boiler houses, it is treated in a special way to remove dissolved oxygen, hardness salts and insoluble impurities. This makes it possible to reduce the corrosive effect on metal pipes, to avoid scale deposits and the formation of silt blockages.

Prepared water is more expensive than ordinary tap water, and therefore its discharge to repair the heating system of an apartment building and its subsequent filling in order to start it can only take place with the permission and under the control of the heat supply or operating organization. Unauthorized draining of the coolant from the heating entails an administrative penalty in the form of a fine.

In individual apartment heating similar training not foreseen due to the small amount of circulating water and the guarantee that there is no leakage.

Supply from city networks

We have inherited the district heating supply of multi-storey residential buildings as a legacy of planned management since the existence of Soviet Union. Today, this method of providing the housing stock with thermal energy is still the most common.

The main advantage of central heating is that residents of houses do not have to deal with issues related to the operation and repair of equipment and pipelines. The annual launch and necessary overhaul of networks is the responsibility of the city heat supply organization. With centralized and autonomous heating, individual elements can be repaired or redone only in agreement with the heat supply organization.

The disadvantages of such engineering systems are considered to be large heat losses in distribution networks, the dependence of the population on the quality of work of the heat supply organization and the impossibility of providing individual comfort conditions.

The calculated supply temperature in urban networks can be in the range of 90-115˚C, and the existing norms safe operation equipment prohibit heating accessible hot surfaces above 60˚C to prevent possible burns.

Therefore, a special elevator assembly was installed at the pipe entry into the building. It mixes the hot coolant from the supply with chilled water from the return, returning from the consumer, changing the temperature to an acceptable one. Calculation of elements, maintenance of elements and change of the control nozzle of the elevator is carried out only by employees of the heat supply organization.

Autonomous boiler room for one building

Heat sources serving only one city house have been built in the last two decades. Boilers are installed in a special room on the roof, in an annex or in a separate building near the residential building. The level of automation of such a boiler house does not require the constant presence of maintenance personnel and can provide central dispatch control over the operation of the equipment.

The absence of large distribution networks eliminates the use of superheated water, which reduces heat loss and increases the level of comfort. The coolant is supplied to the apartments through the main risers located at each entrance or immediately through the pipes of the upper wiring if the boiler room is installed on the roof.

Boilers in apartments

This option for heating an apartment in an apartment building has been used relatively recently in modern new buildings and residential buildings after reconstruction. Autonomous apartment structures provide the most high level comfort in the apartment. The owners themselves determine the temperature schedule for the operation of the boiler, regardless of third-party heat supply organizations. Such a system starts and stops only when necessary, avoiding unnecessary consumption of energy resources.

Among the disadvantages of individual heating are the need to provide maintenance and repair of installed equipment and dependence on stable electricity in the network. Many residents faced essential choice companies for professional after-sales service and development of means of additional protection.

Types of in-house distribution systems

For the quantitative distribution of the coolant inside the MKD, pipes are used, through which water moves:

from the bottom up from the basement or underground;
from above from the attic or upper floor;
along the main riser of the entrance with the subsequent connection of each apartment.

The adopted method of distribution affects the uniformity of the operation of the heaters and the level of accessibility for regulation and the implementation of ongoing repairs.

Bottom heat supply

The central heating system with the lower distribution of the coolant usually works in apartment buildings up to six floors high, while it can be structurally one-pipe or two-pipe.

Schemes with single pipe supply

In this case, heating water is supplied through one vertical riser with successive passage through all installed radiators. On the last floor, the pipe passes horizontally into the next room and again falls vertically. The risers themselves are connected to an organized wiring of distribution decks in the basement of the building, running along the outer wall.

The advantage of this design lies in the minimum consumption of pipes required for installation. Therefore, such thermal schemes were widely used in Soviet design developments, when design organizations received awards for saving materials. However, the main disadvantage of a single-pipe system is the uneven distribution of heat between consumers. The first battery of water is the hottest, and the last one will not be heated enough.

To change the situation, an improved Leningradka scheme was developed. It provides for the presence of a closing jumper between the two pipes for connecting the heater, which allows you to adjust the flow. In this case, part of the hot coolant passes by the radiator, and the heat distribution is more correct. However, as practice has shown, many enterprising residents began to install taps on these lintels and close them, which again led to the previous situation.

Two-pipe system

By the name of this scheme, it can be understood that the supply in the risers is carried out through one pipeline, and the chilled water is discharged through another. The heat in this case is supplied more evenly, since the supply temperature is the same on all batteries. However, the installation of a second riser almost doubles the consumption of pipes for installation, compared with single-pipe circulation. That is why in Soviet times two-pipe wiring was not widely used.

Operational practice has shown that the use of two pipes is not ideal and does not completely solve the problem of proper heat distribution. The hydraulic distribution of flows gives the first hike of water to the devices a clear advantage and launches more coolant into them. As a result, the lower floors are heated more efficiently, while the upper ones are worse. Performing forced adjustment does not give any effect in practice. After a while, the tenants will independently return everything to its original state.

Top heat supply

It is used in houses with a height of more than seven floors. In each entrance, the coolant is supplied upwards to the attic or the last floor through the main riser large diameter. After that, it is diverted to single-pipe risers through distribution pipes and goes down with the successive passage of each heater.

For high-rise buildings over 12 floors, the entire structure can be divided into two or three separate vertical blocks and a separate water flow distribution device for each of them. In this case, the building design often provides for the presence of a special technical floor or distribution wiring is carried out inside the apartments. In the basement or technical underground, all risers are again connected to one return pipeline.

The advantages and disadvantages of such systems are fully consistent with the traditional one-pipe systems described above, with an even greater difference in the quality of heating between the upper and lower floors. Quite often, the residents of the first floors are forced to live in the cold.

Separate connection for each apartment

The principle of operation of heat supply schemes with individual heat distribution provides for the installation of a supply and return pipeline of large diameter, passing through the entrance or located in a technical niche. All apartments are connected to this main riser separately. At the pipe inlet, a meter can be installed to organize the accounting of consumed energy, and control valves to organize the necessary temperature conditions in the premises.

The heat carrier inside the apartment can be distributed according to a horizontal one-pipe, two-pipe or beam scheme. The last version of water heating provides for a separate connection of each heating radiator to the distribution manifold. This allows not only to ensure uniform distribution of heat, but also to supply each radiator required amount hot water maintaining a minimum coolant temperature.

Apartment beam or collector circuits are by far the most efficient and reliable in operation and maintenance. Availability heat meter allows tenants to independently control their apartment heating costs. However, high capital costs for installation are not yet satisfactory for most companies and significantly limit wide application beam distribution systems in housing construction.

When designing large-scale heating systems (in particular, calculations for adjusting the heating system of an apartment building and its full functioning), special attention is paid to external and internal factors in the operation of the equipment. Several heating schemes for central heating have been developed and successfully applied in practice, differing from each other in structure, parameters of the working fluid and piping schemes in apartment buildings.

What are the types of heating systems in an apartment building

Depending on the installation of the heat generator or the location of the boiler room:

Heating schemes depending on the parameters of the working fluid:

Based on the piping diagram:

Functioning of the heating system of an apartment building

Autonomous heating systems of a multi-storey residential building perform one function - the timely transportation of the heated coolant and its adjustment for each consumer. To ensure the possibility of general control of the circuit in the house, a single distribution unit is mounted with elements for adjusting the parameters of the coolant, combined with a heat generator.

Autonomous heating system high-rise building necessarily includes the following nodes and components:

The route of the pipeline through which the working fluid is delivered to apartments and premises. As already mentioned, the piping scheme in multi-storey buildings can be single- or double-circuit;
KPiA - control devices and equipment that reflects the parameters of the coolant, regulates its characteristics and takes into account all its changing properties (flow rate, pressure, inflow rate, chemical composition);
A distribution unit that distributes heated coolant through pipe lines.

A practical scheme for heating a residential multi-storey building includes a set of documentation: a project, drawings, calculations. All documentation for heating in an apartment building is compiled by responsible executive services (design bureaus) in strict accordance with GOST and SNiP. It is the responsibility of the management company, as well as its repair or complete replacement of the heating system in a multi-carriage house.

How does the heating system work in an apartment building

The normal operation of the heating of an apartment building depends on compliance with the basic parameters of the equipment and the coolant - pressure, temperature, wiring diagram. According to the accepted standards, the main parameters must be observed within the following limits:

For an apartment building with a height of not more than 5 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 2-4.0 atm;
For an apartment building with a height of 9 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 5-7 atm;
The spread of temperature values for all heating schemes operating in residential premises is +18 0 C / +22 0 C. The temperature in radiators on landings and in technical rooms-+15 0 C.

The choice of piping in a five-story or multi-story building depends on the number of floors, the total area of \u200b\u200bthe building, and the heat output heating system taking into account the quality or availability of thermal insulation of all surfaces. In this case, the difference in pressure between the first and ninth floors should not be more than 10%.

Single pipe wiring

The most economical variant of pipe wiring is according to a single-loop scheme. A single-pipe circuit works more efficiently in low-rise buildings and with a small heating area. As a water (and not steam) heating system, single-pipe wiring has been used since the beginning of the 50s of the last century, in the so-called "Khrushchev". The coolant in such a wiring flows through several risers, to which apartments are connected, while the entrance for all risers is one, which makes the installation of the route simple and fast, but uneconomical due to heat losses at the end of the circuit.

Since the return line is physically absent, and its role is played by the working fluid supply pipe, this gives rise to a number of negative points in the operation of the system:

The room warms up unevenly, and the temperature in each individual room depends on the distance of the radiator to the point of intake of the working fluid. With such a dependence, the temperature on distant batteries will always be lower;
Manual or automatic temperature control on heaters is not possible, but bypasses can be installed in the Leningradka circuit, which allows you to connect or disconnect additional radiators;
It is difficult to balance a single-pipe heating scheme, since this is possible only when shut-off valves and thermal valves are included in the circuit, which, if the coolant parameters change, can cause the entire heating system of a three-story or higher house to fail.

In new buildings, a single-pipe scheme has not been implemented for a long time, since it is almost impossible to effectively control and account for the coolant flow for each apartment. The difficulty lies precisely in the fact that for each apartment in the "Khrushchev" there can be up to 5-6 risers, which means that you need to embed the same number of water meters or hot water meters.

A correctly drawn up estimate for heating a multi-storey building with a one-pipe system should include not only the cost of Maintenance, but also the modernization of pipelines - the replacement of individual components with more efficient ones.

Two-pipe wiring

This heating scheme is more efficient, since in it the cooled working fluid is taken in through a separate pipe - the return pipe. The nominal diameter of the heat carrier return pipes is chosen the same as for the supply heating main.

The double-circuit heating system is designed so that the water that has given off heat to the premises of the apartment is fed back to the boiler through a separate pipe, which means it does not mix with the supply and does not take the temperature from the coolant delivered to the radiators. In the boiler, the cooled working fluid is heated up again and sent to the supply pipe of the system. When drawing up a project and during the operation of heating, the following number of features should be taken into account:

You can regulate the temperature and pressure in the heating main in any individual apartment, or in a common heating main. To adjust the parameters of the system, mixing units crash into the pipe;
When carrying out repair or maintenance work, the system does not need to be turned off - the necessary sections are cut off shutoff valves, and the faulty circuit is repaired, while the rest of the sections work and move heat around the house. This is both the principle of operation and the advantage two-pipe system before the rest.

The pressure parameters in the heating pipes in an apartment building depend on the number of floors, but lie in the range of 3-5 atm, which should ensure the delivery of heated water to all floors without exception. In high-rise buildings, to lift the coolant to the last floors, intermediate pumping stations. Radiators for any heating systems are selected according to design calculations, and must withstand the required pressure and maintain a given temperature regime.

Heating system

The layout of the heating pipes in a multi-storey building plays big role while maintaining the specified parameters of the equipment and the working fluid. So, the upper wiring of the heating system is more often used in low-rise buildings, the lower one - in high-rise buildings. The method of delivery of the coolant - centralized or autonomous - can also affect the reliable operation of heating in the house.

In overwhelming cases, they make a connection to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But in practice, the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, if there is a choice, preference is given to autonomous heating of a multi-storey building.

Modern new buildings are connected to mini-boiler rooms or to centralized heating, and these schemes work so efficiently that it makes no sense to change the connection method to an autonomous one or another one (common house or apartment). But the autonomous scheme gives preference to apartment or house-wide heat distribution. When installing heating in each apartment, an autonomous (independent) piping is performed, a separate boiler is installed in the apartment, control and metering devices are also installed separately for each apartment.

When organizing a common house wiring, it is necessary to build or install a common boiler room with its own specific requirements:

Several boilers must be installed - gas or electric, so that in case of an accident it is possible to duplicate the operation of the system;
Only a double-circuit pipeline route is carried out, the plan of which is drawn up in the design process. Such a system is regulated for each apartment separately, since the settings can be individual;
A schedule of planned preventive and repair activities is required.

In a common building heating system, control and accounting of heat consumption is carried out on an apartment-by-apartment basis. In practice, this means that a meter is installed on each coolant supply pipe from the main riser.

Centralized heating for an apartment building

If you connect the pipes to the central heating system, then what will be the difference in the wiring diagram? The main working unit of the heat supply circuit is the elevator, which stabilizes the liquid parameters within the specified values. This is necessary because of the long length of heating mains in which heat is lost. The elevator unit normalizes the temperature and pressure: for this, the water pressure in the heat point increases to 20 atm, which automatically increases the coolant temperature to +120 0 C. But, since such characteristics of the liquid medium for pipes are unacceptable, the elevator normalizes them to acceptable values.

The heating point (elevator unit) functions both in a two-circuit heating scheme and in a single-pipe heating system of an apartment high-rise building. The functions that it will perform with this connection: operating pressure liquids using an elevator. The cone valve changes the flow of fluid into the distribution system.

Conclusion

When drawing up a project for heating, do not forget that the estimate for the installation and connection of centralized heating to an apartment building differs from the cost of organizing an autonomous system downwards.

Basic housing stock cities former USSR, including the Russian Federation, are multi-storey apartment buildings, from two or three floors to sixteen-story buildings, then considered high-rise. Plus, modern construction has long been putting into operation houses with several dozen floors, and in all these apartment buildings not only central heating but also autonomous. The standard scheme for heating an apartment building is shown below:

About the centralized heating system and schemes for its implementation

The CSO (central heating system of a multi-storey building) has never been very efficient - on the way to the consumer, up to 30% of heat is lost, which the consumer pays for. Therefore, many apartment owners are abandoning the CSO in favor of an autonomous system due to its greater efficiency and cost-effectiveness. But how does centralized heating of apartments work, and can it be improved?

The system of piping around the house is schematically very complex, plus the supply of pipes to a residential building, and the distribution of heat in the districts. In just one single house, hundreds of valves, taps, drains, fittings, distributors and flanges are included in the scheme, which work on the central equipment - the elevator unit that regulates the distribution of heat throughout the house.

Schemes for supplying coolant to a separate apartment with elevator node are different. So, the scheme with a bottom spill uses the principle of supplying the coolant in the direction from the bottom up. Those who live in Brezhnevka, Khrushchev and Stalinka houses know how it works.

In a multi-storey building with such a scheme for supplying a coolant, the supply and return pipes are mounted around the perimeter of the house, starting from the basement, and act as jumpers between the heat pipes. Such a scheme is a closed cycle with the beginning and end in the basement of the house. The top point of this piping is the highest flat(s) in the house.

Main disadvantage, from which this heating system in an apartment building never got rid of - the mandatory air release at the highest point of the wiring when the system is started. To do this, use Mayevsky cranes or conventional valves. If the air is not released, then the air lock will necessarily block the system at some arbitrary point, closing the heating of the entire house.
Another minus of the bottom spill scheme is that half of the house is heated by hotter batteries (from the coolant supply pipe), and the second half of the residents receive a slightly cooled coolant (mostly from the return), and nothing can be done about it. The temperature difference is especially noticeable on the lower floors of the house.

Important: For those who are still connected to the central heating system and live on the top floor, do not transfer the Mayevsky crane to the attic so that there are no questions, including financial ones, to you from your housing and communal services. Moreover, the attic is not heated, and the pipes can simply freeze and break.

Top pouring is used for taller houses, starting with nine-story buildings. The coolant supply pipe does not enter the apartments, but is carried out to the technical floor - the topmost one, immediately after the last residential one. This floor houses an expansion tank, air valve and valves, with the help of which the necessary risers are turned off in case of need - repair or accident. When organizing a scheme with top filling, the heat is distributed more evenly among the apartments, and the distribution does not depend on which floor and in which entrance the apartment is located. Such a heating system in an apartment building, the scheme of which is shown in the figure below, is optimal for high-rise buildings.

There is only one drawback of the scheme: after transportation through all floors of an apartment building, the coolant reaches the last branch of heat distribution cooled down, and heat transfer in the apartment can only be increased by increasing the number of sections in the radiators throughout the apartment.

The regulation for the provision of central heating services in an apartment building stipulates temperature limits in the apartment: during heating season the temperature in residential premises should not be less than +20 0 С, and in the bathroom or in the combined bathroom +25 0 С. For the kitchen, the temperature threshold is lower - up to +18 0 С, since it is almost always heated additionally - by a stove (gas or electric ) for cooking food.

Important: all temperature requirements apply to apartments in the center of the house. For corner and side apartments, the temperature should be 3-5 0 C higher.

Experts working in this field argue that central heating in an apartment building is becoming obsolete, and the era of mini-boiler rooms and autonomous heating systems is coming. But until that happens, you have to choose.

About autonomous heating

An autonomous heating system in an apartment building is the dream of many apartment owners, but the process of switching to independent heating is not easy and expensive. These are lengthy legal troubles, and a technical solution to the issue - the correct selection of equipment, installation and commissioning. And the problems associated with the technical implementation of the project are much simpler.

The market for household appliances, including heating, offers the widest range of boilers, radiators, pipes and all kinds of fittings, and in each city there are several dozen specialized companies working in this direction. The organization will not only do all the installation and adjustment work, but also issue all the necessary acts and permits. But the cheapest, of course, is to install a heating boiler and lay pipes with your own hands.

The main documents required in order to connect the autonomous heating of an apartment building on your own:

A statement with justification from the operating company that you can heat your apartment on your own, and the reason for refusing the centralized heating system;
Project with specifications for connecting an autonomous system:
1. Technical calculations about the feasibility of your autonomous heating and calculations that the change general scheme CSO will not harm the heating of the house as a whole;
2. Calculations of heat consumption from the remaining risers in the DSP according to the residual principle;
3. Conclusion from the operating company that after the installation of your autonomous heating system, the thermal-hydraulic mode of the DSP will not be violated;
Act from the fire inspectorate;
Permission from the gas service and from the SES to heat the apartment with natural gas;
Copies of licenses from the company installing gas equipment- independent connection of a gas boiler is prohibited. On your own, you can only separate pipes and connect radiators. If the boiler is electric, then all work can be done by hand;
After installing the boiler, connecting the heating pipes and radiators, the presence of a representative of the local gas service is necessary to connect the boiler and seal the meter and system. At the same time, an agreement is drawn up for warranty and post-warranty maintenance of the boiler.

Having issued all the certificates and acts, you can begin the practical realization of a dream and cut off the radiators and pipes of the house or apartment wiring of the DSP. And do not forget to block the heat pipe inlet and seal it. In houses to which a central heating system is connected, it is easier to do this than in high-rise buildings - in apartment buildings, pipe risers were laid through the premises, and in order to dismantle them, you will have to obtain the consent of the neighbors from above and below, and the continuation of the cut pipes - to loop.

Important: Risers that are not connected to your radiators, but run through the apartment, are considered a source of heat. not to pay for them thermal energy in the housing office, the pipes should be well insulated - so you can prove that you do not use central heating.

Radiators and batteries for heating an apartment or house

If it is decided to install individual heating, then it works without a gas supply in two ways: turn on electric convectors, and install a heating system with an electric boiler and a liquid heat carrier. Local heating of an apartment with convectors is effective only for small spaces. If the apartment has two or more rooms, then optimal solution there will be an installation of a gas or electric boiler, especially in a high-rise building - solid fuel equipment is preferable for a private house.

Heating with gas is the most profitable in all respects, and for its implementation it is recommended to purchase a double-circuit boiler for the house, the connection scheme of which is the same as for a boiler with one circuit, in order to immediately provide a house or apartment with heat, and hot water.

In second place in terms of energy efficiency are electric boilers- their power is approximately equal to the power of gas equipment. Electric units are also produced with one or two circuits, but their cost is lower than the cost of gas boilers. But there is also an element of a catch in this - their further exploitation shows that you have to pay more for energy carriers.

A separate list is electrode-type boilers. Their dimensions allow you to place the unit in an apartment, the cost is comparable to the price of gas equipment, but the efficiency is higher than that of electric boilers. The only, but significant drawback is that they do not have a secondary circuit, which means that it is impossible to organize hot water supply.

A city apartment is a hearth of comfort and coziness, a place to live, which many of our compatriots choose for themselves. Indeed, in a modern apartment building there is everything a person needs for a normal life, from hot water supply to centralized heating and sewerage.

It should be noted that the heating system plays a huge role in ensuring a comfortable atmosphere in the apartment. At present, the scheme of the heating system of a multi-storey building has some design differences from an autonomous one, and it is they who guarantee effective heating of an apartment even in the most severe frosts.

The heating system of an apartment building: features

The instruction for the heating scheme of any modern high-rise building requires mandatory compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, heating in an apartment should provide a temperature in the range of 20-22C, and humidity - 30-45%.

Advice. In older houses, such parameters may not be achieved.
In this case, it is important to first competently perform the thermal insulation of all cracks, replace the radiators, and only then contact the heat supply company.

The achievement of such indicators of temperature and humidity is achieved due to the special design of the system, the use of only high-quality equipment. Even at the stage of designing a heating scheme for multi-storey buildings, qualified heat engineers carefully calculate all the subtleties of its work, achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes, both on the first and on the last floor of the building.

One of the main features of a modern centralized heating system of a high-rise building is operation on superheated water. Such a coolant comes directly from the CHP, has a temperature of about 130-150C, and a pressure of 6-10 atm. Steam generation in the system is excluded due to high pressure - it also helps to distill water even to the highest point of the house.

The return temperature, which is also assumed by the heating scheme of a multi-storey building, is about 60-70C. In winter and summer, the temperature readings of water may differ - the values \u200b\u200bare dependent only on the environment.

Elevator node - a feature of the heating system of a high-rise building

As mentioned earlier, the coolant in the heating system of any multi-storey building has a temperature of about 130C. Of course, there are no such hot batteries in any apartment and simply cannot be. The thing is that the supply line, through which hot water flows, is connected to the return line by a special jumper - an elevator assembly.

The heating scheme in an apartment building with an elevator unit has some features, since the unit itself performs certain functions.

The coolant that has high temperature, enters this device, which plays the role of a certain injector-dispenser. Immediately after this, the main heat transfer process occurs;

superheated water under high pressure passes through the elevator nozzle and injects the coolant from the return. At the same time, water from the return pipeline also enters the heating system for recirculation;
As a result of such processes, it is possible to achieve mixing of the coolant, bringing its temperature to a certain level, which will be able to provide effective heating of apartments throughout the building.

This scheme is the most efficient and productive, allows you to achieve better conditions for living, both on the first and on the last floor of a high-rise building.

Design features of the heating scheme of a multi-storey building: elements, components, main units

If you move along the thermal system from the elevator unit, you can also see all kinds of valves. The role of such details is also great, because they provide heating control, both for individual entrances and for the whole house. As a rule, such valves can be adjusted manually. Of course, only specialists of the relevant state services are engaged in this, and if any need arises.

In more modern houses with a large number of floors, in addition to, in fact, thermal valves, various collectors, heat meters and other equipment, up to automation, can also be located. Naturally, such a technique makes it possible to achieve more productive heating, efficient distribution of the coolant over all floors, up to the very last ones.

Schemes for piping in a multi-storey building

Usually, in most high-rise buildings, both old and new, with upper or lower wiring. It should be noted that depending on the design of the building and other parameters (up to the region where the building was built), the location of the supply and return may vary.

Depending on the design of the building, the coolant in the risers of the heating circuit can move in different ways - from top to bottom or vice versa. Also, in some houses, universal risers are installed, they are designed to alternately supply hot water up and, accordingly, cold down.

Radiators in heating a multi-storey building: main types

As you can see in many photos and videos, a wide variety of types of heating batteries are used in multi-storey buildings. This is due to the fact that the system is universal, has a relatively optimal ratio of temperature and water pressure.

Among the most basic types of radiators are:

Cast iron batteries. The traditional type, which today can be found even in the newest high-rise buildings. They are distinguished by low cost and simplicity - you can even install them yourself;
Steel heaters. A more modern version, characterized by high quality, reliability and beautiful appearance.
A practical option in which you can effectively use the elements to adjust the temperature of the heating in the room;

Advice. It is steel batteries that perfectly combine price-quality parameters, and therefore their heating specialists recommend installing them in high-rise buildings.

Aluminum and. The price of such radiators, of course, is somewhat higher than that of steel or cast iron. But also performance just amazing.
Good heat transfer, stylish appearance and light weight are just a few of the qualities that non-ferrous batteries have.

Conclusion

If we consider such characteristics of heating batteries for multi-storey building systems as the number of sections and dimensions of products, then they directly depend on the process and rate of cooling of the coolant. As a rule, the choice of parameters of heaters is made by means of a special calculation.

It is important to remember that if it becomes necessary to replace the heaters in the apartment with new ones, it is important not to disrupt the performance and performance of the entire system as a whole. Also, you can not throw out the jumpers in the pipelines, otherwise the service company will still require them to be restored, and this is fraught with unnecessary financial and labor costs.

In general, heating schemes for multi-storey buildings (not only residential, but also administrative and industrial) are productive and efficient in operation. But at the same time, if we consider old buildings, then heating in them requires not even complete replacement but rather modernization. In apartments, for example, you can install new batteries, pipes and modern equipment for automation.

Today we have to find out how the water supply and heating of a residential building are arranged. The object of the study will be the most popular in Soviet-built houses, which make up more than 90% of the housing stock of our endless and immense, open heating scheme with the selection of hot water for household needs directly from the heating main.

How it all works

First, some general information.

Hot water supply and heating of an apartment building begin with the introduction of a heating main into the house. Through the foundation, two threads are started from the nearest thermal chamber - supply (through which process water, which is also a heat carrier, enters the building) and return (water, respectively, returns to the CHP or boiler house, giving off heat).

In the thermal chamber at the entrance to the house (as an option - at the group entrance to several houses located in close proximity to each other) there are shut-off valves or taps.

The heating point, which is also an elevator unit, combines several functions:

Provides a minimum temperature difference between the supply and return of the heating system;

Reference: the upper peak of the supply temperature is 150 degrees, while according to temperature chart The return flow must return to the CHP plant cooled down to 70°C. However, such a difference would mean extremely uneven heating of the heating devices, therefore water with a more modest temperature - up to 95 degrees - enters the heating circuit from the elevator.

Manages hot water supply DHW system and its shutdown on the scale of the house in case of accidents and current repairs;
Allows you to stop and reset the heating system;
Allows you to take control measurements of temperature and pressure;
Provides purification of the heat carrier and water for the needs of hot water supply from large contaminants.

The heating system can be organized:

With top bottling: the supply bottling passes through the attic or technical floor under the roof of the house, and the return bottling is located in the basement or underground. Each heating riser is turned off independently of the others by two taps in the upper and lower parts of the house;

It is curious: there is also a reverse scheme - with supply in the basement and bottling of the return in the attic. However, it is much less popular and, as far as the author knows, is used mainly in small buildings with their own boilers.

With bottom filling: supply and return are bred in the basement; heating risers are connected to the spills in turn and are connected in pairs by jumpers on the top floor or attic. Each jumper is equipped with an air vent (Mayevsky tap or conventional valve) to bleed the air lock.

The DHW system in buildings built in the 70s and in older houses is usually dead-end - completely identical to the cold water supply system. On the practical side, this means that hot water during drawdown has to be drained for a long time before it is heated, and heated towel rails installed on hot water connections are heated only when drawdown.

In newer buildings, hot water supply and heating of a residential building operate according to general principle- water continuously circulates through the circuits, providing a constant temperature of heated towel rails and instantaneous heating of water during disassembly.

To learn more about how the heating and water supply system of residential buildings is arranged, the video in this article will help you.

Elements

Now let's move on to a detailed acquaintance with the nodes of the systems that provide water supply and heating in apartments.

Elevator node

Its heart is a water-jet elevator, in the mixing chamber of which hotter and higher-pressure supply water is injected through a nozzle into a relatively cold water from the return. At the same time, it involves part of the coolant from the return pipeline, which enters through the suction (the jumper between the supply and return), into recirculation.

The pressure at different points of the elevator assembly is distributed approximately as follows:

Feed to the elevator - 6-7 kgf / cm2;
Return - 3-4 kgf / cm2;
The mixture (on the supply line after the elevator) is 0.2 kgf/cm2 higher than on the return line.

We emphasize once again: the entire coolant in the heating circuit is set in motion by a difference of only 1/5 of the atmosphere, corresponding to a pressure (read - the height of the water column) of 2 meters. This explains the relatively slow circulation of the coolant, the absence of hydraulic noise in the radiators and the relatively large (15-25 degrees) temperature difference between the radiators in the house.

There can be several elevator nodes in the house; however, usually only one of them is equipped with DHW tie-ins. The tie-ins of the dead-end system are located on the supply and return lines to the elevator and suction and are connected to the general bottling. Only one of the tie-ins is open at the same time: otherwise, the bypass created by them between the supply and return will extinguish the difference necessary for the operation of the elevator.

DHW with recirculation requires wiring around the house of two bottlings.

In the elevator unit, they can be connected in three ways:

From supply to return. The flow of water through the DHW system is limited by a washer (steel pancake with a hole of a fixed diameter) installed on one of the tie-in flanges on the return;
From feed to feed. Two tie-ins are mounted on the feed line to the elevator. Between them, a retaining washer is placed on the flange with a hole diameter 1 mm larger than the diameter of the elevator nozzle;

Note that the washer creates a minimal pressure drop between the tie-ins with little or no effect on the operation of the water jet elevator.

From back to back. The tie-in and washer device is the same as in the previous case, but already on the return pipeline.

Please note: DHW switches to the return pipe when the flow temperature reaches 80 degrees Celsius. The current SNiP limits the temperature of hot water supplied from an open heating system to a value of 75 ° C.

In addition to the elevator and DHW tie-ins, the elevator assembly includes:

Gryazeviki(always at the supply inlet, optionally at the return) with flushing outlets;

Control valves for measuring pressure. They can be equipped with pressure gauges, however, if the elevator unit is located in the basement for household purposes, the pressure gauges are often removed to prevent their theft;

Oil pockets for measuring temperature;
Discharges of the heating system. They open onto the floor of the heating point or, which is much more reasonable, into the sewer. Discharges allow you to completely drain the heating and water supply systems apartment buildings. In addition, they are used in the annual hydropneumatic flushing of heating;

gate valves or Ball Valves at the inlet of the elevator unit, at the heating after the elevator and at all DHW tie-ins. Optional in heating point intermediate valves may be present, allowing, for example, to drain the elevator to dismantle the nozzle without turning off the DHW.

Heating spills

If the heating and water supply scheme of an apartment building is implemented with the laying of heating spills in the basement, they are mounted horizontally, without slopes. Typical filling diameter - 32 - 50 mm. The risers are connected by welding, less often by threaded connections, on tees.

It is curious: in the houses of Stalin's construction, galvanization was massively used for heating. Welding is contraindicated on galvanized steel, since the anti-corrosion coating will inevitably burn out in the weld area. Therefore, all elements of the heating system were mounted only on threads.

With top filling, the supply in the attic of the house is laid with a constant slope. At the top filling point of the supply, an expansion tank with a bleeder for bleeding air is mounted.

What is the difference in installation? With the order of starting heating systems.

In the first case, when starting the reset circuit, it is distilled to reset in order to drive it out of the risers maximum amount air; then air plugs from the remaining cold risers are bled through the Mayevsky taps in each jumper. Long, inconvenient and often associated with the search for absent residents of the upper floors.

But the instructions for starting a top filling house are much simpler:

Fill the heating circuit by slowly opening the house (heating) valves on the return and supply;
Climb up to the attic and bleed air through the expansion tank vent. Due to the slope of the filling of the feed, it will be displaced by water exactly there.

Heating risers

The typical diameter of heating risers is 20-25 mm.

Let's clarify: with which heating and hot water supply of apartment buildings are mounted, they are indicated by a conditional passage (DU, or DN). It indicates the possibility of connecting the pipeline to pipe thread appropriate size and approximately corresponds to its inner diameter.

Risers go into piping to heater; between the connections, a jumper-bypass is usually mounted the same as the riser, or a step smaller. The bypass provides circulation in the riser with shut-off and control valves on the inlets (throttles, thermal heads, ball or three-way plug valves) completely or partially closed.

At the bottom bottling, a jumper between the paired risers is laid:

At the level of the upper collector of heating radiators;

Under the ceiling of the top floor apartment;
Through the attic.

DHW filling

The diameter of hot water spills varies from 25 to 100 mm. Spills with a cross section of 50 mm or more can be found mainly in houses built before the 80s of the last century: they were designed taking into account the overgrowth of steel water pipes with rust and lime deposits.

In later buildings, the diameters were already selected without a margin, taking into account the estimated service life of black steel in water supply at 15 years.

Spills of water supply systems are laid only in the basement or subfloor.

The functionality of two DHW fillings in a system with recirculation can be:

Identical (both bottlings are joined by hot water risers with draw-off points and heated towel rails);

Separate (filling the supply is connected to the risers, on which the points of water intake are mounted, and the risers with heated towel rails are connected to the filling of the return flow). More rarely, a group of risers with mixers and towel dryers is combined with a single idle (without attached appliances) return riser.

Curiously: up to 7 DHW risers can be combined into groups. In the practice of the author, the risers were usually combined into groups common to a separate apartment or entrance.

DHW risers

Typical diameters (DU) of DHW risers are 20-32 mm.

In apartments, they can be mounted:

Image	Location of DHW risers
	In the niche of the bathroom (open or closed).
	At the entrance to the toilet or shared bathroom.
	In the niche of the kitchen (DHW kitchen riser with apartment-by-apartment combination of risers in the circulation scheme).

The connection of modern heated towel rails in hot water circulation circuits is carried out in a break in the riser and ensures their constant heating.

Useful: when installing a heated towel rail with your own hands, it is better to connect it not to the gap of the riser, but parallel to it. Shut-off valves are installed at the inlet and outlet of the dryer. Such a scheme will help you turn off the heating in the summer heat.

Payment

Finally, we will answer a few questions, one way or another related to the tariffs for heat and hot water growing every year.

How is heating and hot water billed?

The key parameter in calculating payment for heating is the amount of heat used to maintain a comfortable temperature in the apartment or to heat water. The cost of thermal energy for 2017 is 1000 - 1800 rubles per gigacalorie, depending on the region.

However, heat meters are far from being in all apartments, so the receipts appear much more often:

Fixed payment for heating square meter(it is calculated as the product of the heat consumption standard for a given region and the price of a unit of heat energy);

The cost of a cubic meter of hot water, taking into account the meter (90-170 rubles per cubic meter).

How can you save on heating?

To reduce costs you need:

Install heat meters on each radiator;
Mount chokes or thermal heads on the connections to limit the flow of coolant through the heater.

Can hot water be used to heat an apartment?

Technically yes. To do this, it is enough to form a closed heating circuit (for example, the simplest one-pipe Leningrad) and connect it to the gap in the DHW riser. Since there are no metering devices on the riser, the heat received in this way will be absolutely free for you.

However:

Any change in the configuration of public utility networks requires the approval of the housing organization and, in the case of hot water and heating, from the relevant service providers. Of course, none of the organizations will give permission for such a change in the heat supply scheme;
Uncoordinated redevelopment of communications is an administrative offense and is punishable by a fine with an order to restore the original configuration at your own expense;

Finally, the main thing: you can disconnect from the central heating system only at the entrance or at home, with the provision of an alternative heating scheme plan and coordination with electricity or gas suppliers ( alternative sources heat). Without the official termination of the heating service, you will continue to receive bills that you want to get rid of.

Conclusion

We hope that we were able to answer the questions that the reader has accumulated. Good luck!