Thermal substation of the boiler house. What is an individual heat point
The heat point is called a structure that serves to connect local heat consumption systems to heat networks. Thermal points are divided into central (CTP) and individual (ITP). Central heating stations are used to supply heat to two or more buildings, ITPs are used to supply heat to one building. If there is a CHP in each individual building, an ITP is required, which performs only those functions that are not provided for in the CHP and are necessary for the heat consumption system of this building. In the presence of its own source of heat (boiler room), the heating point is usually located in the boiler room.
Thermal points house equipment, pipelines, fittings, control, management and automation devices, through which the following are carried out:
Conversion of coolant parameters, for example, to reduce the temperature of network water in the design mode from 150 to 95 0 C;
Control of coolant parameters (temperature and pressure);
Regulation of coolant flow and its distribution among heat consumption systems;
Shutdown of heat consumption systems;
Protection of local systems from an emergency increase in coolant parameters (pressure and temperature);
Filling and make-up of heat consumption systems;
Accounting for heat flows and coolant flow rates, etc.
On fig. 8 is given one of the possible schematic diagrams of an individual heating point with an elevator for heating a building. The heating system is connected through the elevator if it is necessary to reduce the water temperature for the heating system, for example, from 150 to 95 0 С (in the design mode). At the same time, the available pressure in front of the elevator, sufficient for its operation, must be at least 12-20 m of water. Art., and the pressure loss does not exceed 1.5 m of water. Art. As a rule, one system or several small systems with similar hydraulic characteristics and with a total load of no more than 0.3 Gcal/h are connected to one elevator. For large required pressures and heat consumption, mixing pumps are used, which are also used for automatic control of the heat consumption system.
ITP connection to the heating network is made by a valve 1. Water is purified from suspended particles in the sump 2 and enters the elevator. From the elevator, water with a design temperature of 95 0 C is sent to the heating system 5. Cooled in heating appliances water returns to the ITP with a design temperature of 70 0 C. Part return water is used in the elevator, and the rest of the water is cleaned in the sump 2 and enters the return pipeline of the heating system.
Constant flow hot network water is provided by an automatic flow regulator PP. The PP regulator receives an impulse for regulation from pressure sensors installed on the supply and return pipelines of the ITP, i.e. it reacts to the pressure difference (pressure) of water in the specified pipelines. The water pressure can change due to an increase or decrease in water pressure in the heating network, which is usually associated in open networks with a change in water consumption for the needs of hot water supply.
For example If the water pressure increases, then the water flow in the system increases. In order to avoid overheating of the air in the premises, the regulator will reduce its flow area, thereby restoring the previous water flow.
The constancy of water pressure in the return pipeline of the heating system is automatically provided by the pressure regulator RD. A drop in pressure may be due to water leaks in the system. In this case, the regulator will reduce the flow area, the water flow will decrease by the amount of leakage and the pressure will be restored.
Water (heat) consumption is measured by a water meter (heat meter) 7. Water pressure and temperature are controlled, respectively, by manometers and thermometers. Gate valves 1, 4, 6 and 8 are used to turn on or off the substation and the heating system.
Depending on the hydraulic features of the heating network and the local heating system, the following can also be installed at the heating point:
A booster pump on the return pipeline of the ITP, if the available pressure in the heating network is insufficient to overcome the hydraulic resistance of the pipelines, ITP equipment and heating systems. If at the same time the pressure in the return pipeline is lower than the static pressure in these systems, then the booster pump is installed on the ITP supply pipeline;
A booster pump on the ITP supply pipeline, if the network water pressure is insufficient to prevent water from boiling into high points heat consumption systems;
Shut-off valve on the supply line at the inlet and booster pump with safety valve on the return pipeline at the outlet, if the pressure in the IHS return pipeline may exceed the allowable pressure for the heat consumption system;
The shut-off valve on the supply pipeline at the inlet to the ITP, as well as the safety and check valve s on the return pipeline at the outlet of the IHS, if the static pressure in the heating network exceeds the allowable pressure for the heat consumption system, etc.
Fig 8. Scheme of an individual heating point with an elevator for heating a building:
1, 4, 6, 8 - valves; T - thermometers; M - pressure gauges; 2 - sump; 3 - elevator; 5 - radiators of the heating system; 7 - water meter (heat meter); RR - flow regulator; RD - pressure regulator
As shown in fig. 5 and 6 DHW systems are connected in the ITP to the supply and return pipelines through water heaters or directly, through a mixing temperature controller of the TRZH type.
With direct water withdrawal, water is supplied to the TRZH from the supply or from the return or from both pipelines together, depending on the temperature of the return water (Fig. 9). For example, in summer, when the network water is 70 0 С, and the heating is turned off, only water from the supply pipeline enters the DHW system. The non-return valve is used to prevent the flow of water from the supply pipeline to the return pipeline in the absence of water intake.
Rice. 9. Attachment node diagram DHW systems with direct water intake:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - valves; 7 - check valve; 8 - mixing temperature controller; 9 - water mixture temperature sensor; 15 - water taps; 18 - mud collector; 19 - water meter; 20 - air vent; Sh - fitting; T - thermometer; RD - pressure regulator (pressure)
Rice. ten. Two-stage scheme for serial connection of DHW water heaters:
1,2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 - valves; 8 - check valve; 16 - circulation pump; 17 - device for selecting a pressure pulse; 18 - mud collector; 19 - water meter; 20 - air vent; T - thermometer; M - pressure gauge; RT - temperature controller with sensor
For residential and public buildings the scheme of two-stage serial connection of DHW water heaters is also widely used (Fig. 10). In this scheme, tap water is first heated in the 1st stage heater, and then in the 2nd stage heater. In this case, tap water passes through the tubes of the heaters. In the heater of the 1st stage, tap water is heated by return network water, which, after cooling, goes to the return pipeline. In the second stage heater, tap water is heated by hot network water from the supply pipeline. The cooled network water enters the heating system. AT summer period this water is supplied to the return pipeline through a jumper (to the bypass of the heating system).
The flow rate of hot network water to the 2nd stage heater is regulated by the temperature controller (thermal relay valve) depending on the temperature of the water downstream of the 2nd stage heater.
An individual heating point is designed to save heat, regulate supply parameters. This is a complex located in a separate room. Can be used in private or apartment building. ITP (individual heating point), what it is, how it is arranged and functions, we will consider in more detail.
ITP: tasks, functions, purpose
By definition, ITP is a heat point that heats buildings in whole or in part. The complex receives energy from the network (central heating substation, central heating unit or boiler house) and distributes it to consumers:
- GVS (hot water supply);
- heating;
- ventilation.
At the same time, there is the possibility of regulation, since the heating mode in the living room, basement, warehouse is different. The ITP has the following main tasks.
- Accounting for heat consumption.
- Protection from accidents, monitoring of parameters for safety.
- Shutdown of the consumption system.
- Uniform distribution of heat.
- Adjustment of characteristics, management of temperature and other parameters.
- Coolant conversion.
Buildings are retrofitted to install ITPs, which is costly but rewarding. The point is located in a separate technical or basement room, an extension to the house or a separately located nearby building.
Benefits of having an ITP
Significant costs for the establishment of an ITP are allowed due to the advantages that follow from the presence of an item in the building.
- Profitability (in terms of consumption - by 30%).
- Reducing operating costs by up to 60%.
- Heat consumption is monitored and accounted for.
- Mode optimization reduces losses by up to 15%. It takes into account the time of day, weekends, weather.
- Heat is distributed according to consumption conditions.
- Consumption can be adjusted.
- The type of coolant is subject to change if necessary.
- Low accident rate, high operational safety.
- Full process automation.
- Noiselessness.
- Compactness, dependence of dimensions on loading. Item can be placed in the basement.
- Maintenance of heating points does not require numerous personnel.
- Provides comfort.
- The equipment is completed under the order.
Controlled heat consumption, the ability to influence performance attracts in terms of savings, rational resource consumption. Therefore, it is considered that the costs are recouped within an acceptable period. 
Types of TP
The difference between TP is in the number and types of consumption systems. Features of the type of consumer predetermine the scheme and characteristics of the required equipment. The method of installation and arrangement of the complex in the room differs. There are the following types.
- ITP for a single building or part of it, located in the basement, technical room or adjacent building.
- TsTP - the central TP serves a group of buildings or objects. It is located in one of the basements or a separate building.
- BTP - block heat point. Includes one or more blocks manufactured and delivered in production. Features compact installation, used to save space. Can perform the function of ITP or TsTP.
Principle of operation
The design scheme depends on the energy source and the specifics of consumption. The most popular is independent, for a closed DHW system. The principle of operation of the ITP is as follows.
- The heat carrier comes to the point through the pipeline, giving the temperature to the heaters for heating, hot water and ventilation.
- The heat carrier goes to the return pipeline to the heat generating enterprise. Reused, but some may be used up by the consumer.
- Heat losses are compensated by make-up available in CHP and boiler houses (water treatment).
- AT thermal plant tap water enters through the cold water pump. Part of it goes to the consumer, the rest is heated by the 1st stage heater, going to the DHW circuit.
- The DHW pump moves water in a circle, passing through the TP, the consumer, returns with a partial flow.
- The 2nd stage heater operates regularly when the fluid loses heat.
The coolant (in this case, water) moves along the circuit, which is facilitated by 2 circulation pumps. Its leakages are possible, which are replenished by make-up from the primary heating network.
circuit diagram
This or that ITP scheme has features that depend on the consumer. A central heat supplier is important. The most common option is a closed DHW system with independent heating connection. A heat carrier enters the TP through the pipeline, is realized when heating water for the systems and returns. For return, there is a return pipeline going to the main to the central point - the heat generation enterprise.
Heating and hot water supply are arranged in the form of circuits along which a heat carrier moves with the help of pumps. The first one is usually designed as a closed cycle with possible leaks replenished from the primary network. And the second circuit is circular, equipped with pumps for hot water supply, which supplies water to the consumer for consumption. In case of heat loss, heating is carried out by the second heating stage.
ITP for different consumption purposes
Being equipped for heating, the IHS has an independent circuit in which a plate heat exchanger is installed with 100% load. Pressure loss is prevented by installing a double pump. Make-up is carried out from the return pipeline in thermal networks. Additionally, the TP is completed with metering devices, a hot water supply unit in the presence of other necessary units. 
The ITP designed for DHW is an independent circuit. In addition, it is parallel and single-stage, equipped with two plate heat exchangers loaded at 50%. There are pumps that compensate for the decrease in pressure, metering devices. Other nodes are expected. Such heat points operate according to an independent scheme.
It is interesting! The principle of heating for heating system can be based on a plate heat exchanger with 100% load. And the DHW has a two-stage scheme with two similar devices loaded by 1/2 each. Pumps for various purposes compensate for the decreasing pressure and feed the system from the pipeline.
For ventilation, a plate heat exchanger with 100% load is used. DHW is provided by two such devices, loaded by 50%. Through the operation of several pumps, the pressure level is compensated and make-up is made. Addition - accounting device.
Installation steps
The TP of a building or object undergoes a step-by-step procedure during installation. The mere desire of the tenants in apartment building not enough.
- Obtaining the consent of the owners of the premises of a residential building.
- Application to heat supply companies for designing in a particular house, development of technical specifications.
- Issuance of specifications.
- Inspection of a residential or other object for the project, determining the availability and condition of equipment.
- Automatic TP will be designed, developed and approved.
- The contract is concluded.
- The ITP project for a residential building or other object is being implemented, tests are being carried out.
Attention! All stages can be completed in a couple of months. The care is assigned to the responsible specialized organization. To be successful, a company must be well established.
Operational safety
The automatic heat point is serviced by properly qualified employees. The staff is familiar with the rules. There are also prohibitions: automation does not start if there is no water in the system, pumps do not turn on if the input is blocked shut-off valves.
Need to control:
- pressure parameters;
- noises;
- vibration level;
- engine heating.
The control valve must not be subjected to excessive force. If the system is under pressure, the regulators are not disassembled. Pipelines are flushed before start-up.
Approval for operation
The operation of AITP complexes (automated ITP) requires a permit, for which documentation is provided to Energonadzor. These are the technical conditions for connection and a certificate of their execution. Need:
- agreed project documentation;
- act of responsibility for operation, balance of ownership from the parties;
- act of readiness;
- heat points must have a passport with heat supply parameters;
- readiness of the heat energy metering device - document;
- certificate of the existence of an agreement with the energy company to ensure heat supply;
- act of acceptance of work from the company producing the installation;
- Order appointing a person responsible for the maintenance, serviceability, repair and safety of the ATP (automated heating point);
- a list of persons responsible for the maintenance of AITP units and their repair;
- a copy of the document on the qualification of the welder, certificates for electrodes and pipes;
- acts on other actions, the executive scheme of the automated heating unit, including pipelines, fittings;
- an act on pressure testing, flushing of heating, hot water supply, which includes an automated point;
- briefing.
An admission certificate is drawn up, magazines are started: operational, on briefing, issuing orders, detecting defects.
ITP of an apartment building
An automated individual heating point in a multi-storey residential building transports heat from the central heating station, boiler houses or CHP (combined heat and power plant) to heating, hot water supply and ventilation. Such innovations (automatic heat point) save up to 40% or more of heat energy.
Attention! The system uses a source - heat networks to which it is connected. The need for coordination with these organizations.
A lot of data is required to calculate the modes, load and savings results for payment in housing and communal services. Without this information, the project will not be completed. Without approval, ITP will not issue a permit for operation. Residents receive the following benefits.
- Greater accuracy in the operation of devices to maintain temperature.
- Heating is carried out with a calculation that includes the state of the outside air.
- Amounts for services on utility bills are reduced.
- Automation simplifies facility maintenance.
- Reduced repair costs and staffing levels.
- Finances are saved for the consumption of thermal energy from a centralized supplier (boiler houses, thermal power plants, central heating stations).
Conclusion: how the savings work
The heating point of the heating system is equipped with a metering unit during commissioning, which is a guarantee of savings. Heat consumption readings are taken from the instruments. Accounting itself does not reduce costs. The source of savings is the possibility of changing modes and the absence of overestimation of indicators by energy supply companies, their exact determination. It will be impossible to write off additional costs, leaks, expenses on such a consumer. Payback occurs within 5 months, as an average value with savings of up to 30%.
Automated supply of coolant from a centralized supplier - heating mains. Mounting modern node heating and ventilation allows you to take into account seasonal and daily temperature changes during operation. Correction mode - automatic. Heat consumption is reduced by 30% with a payback of 2 to 5 years.
The heating substation of the heating system is the place where the hot water supply line is connected to the heating system of a residential building, and the heat energy consumed is also calculated.
The nodes for connecting the system to a source of thermal energy are of two types:
- Single-circuit;
- Double-circuit.
A single-circuit heat point is the most common type of consumer connection to a heat source. In this case, a direct connection to the hot water main is used for the house heating system.
A single-circuit heating point has one characteristic detail - its scheme provides for a pipeline connecting the direct and return lines, which is called an elevator. The purpose of the elevator in the heating system should be considered in more detail.
Boilers of the heating system have three standard operating modes that differ in the temperature of the coolant (direct / reverse):
- 150/70;
- 130/70;
- 90–95/70.
The use of superheated steam as a heat carrier for the heating system of a residential building is not allowed. Therefore, if by weather conditions boiler room supplies hot water temperature of 150 ° C, it must be cooled before being fed into the heating pipes of a residential building. For this, an elevator is used, through which the "return" enters the direct line.
The elevator opens manually or electrically (automatically). An additional circulation pump can be included in its line, but usually this device is made of a special shape - with a section of a sharp narrowing of the line, after which there is a cone-shaped expansion. Due to this, it works like an injection pump, pumping water from the return.
Double-circuit heating point
In this case, the heat carriers of the two circuits of the system do not mix. To transfer heat from one circuit to another, a heat exchanger is used, usually a plate heat exchanger. The diagram of a double-circuit heat point is shown below. 
A plate heat exchanger is a device consisting of a series of hollow plates, through one of which a heating liquid is pumped, and through the others it is heated. They have a very high efficiency, they are reliable and unpretentious. The amount of heat withdrawn is controlled by changing the number of interacting plates, so there is no need to take chilled water from the return line.
How to equip a heating point
H2_2The numbers here indicate the following nodes and elements:
- 1 - three-way valve;
- 2 - valve;
- 3 - plug valve;
- 4, 12 - mud collectors;
- 5 - check valve;
- 6 - throttle washer;
- 7 - V-fitting for a thermometer;
- 8 - thermometer;
- 9 - pressure gauge;
- 10 - elevator;
- 11 - heat meter;
- 13 - water meter;
- 14 - water flow regulator;
- 15 - steam regulator;
- 16 - valves;
- 17 - bypass line.
Installation of thermal meters
The point of thermal metering devices includes:
- Thermal sensors (installed in the forward and reverse lines);
- flowmeters;
- Heat calculator.
Thermal metering devices are installed as close as possible to the departmental border, so that the supplier enterprise does not calculate heat losses using incorrect methods. It's best to thermal nodes and flow meters had valves or valves at their inlets and outlets, then their repair and maintenance will not cause difficulties.
Advice! Before the flow meter there should be a section of the main line without changing the diameters, additional tie-ins and devices in order to reduce the flow turbulence. This will increase the accuracy of the measurement and simplify the operation of the node.
The heat calculator, which receives data from temperature sensors and flow meters, is installed in a separate lockable cabinet. Modern models of this device are equipped with modems and can be connected via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth channels to the local network, providing the ability to receive data remotely, without a personal visit to the heat metering nodes.
Before describing the device and functions of the CHP (central heating point), we present general definition thermal points. A thermal substation or TP for short is a set of equipment located in a separate room that provides heating and hot water supply to a building or group of buildings. The main difference between the TP and the boiler house is that in the boiler room the heat carrier is heated due to the combustion of fuel, and the heat point works with the heated coolant coming from centralized system. Heating of the coolant for TP is carried out by heat generating enterprises - industrial boiler houses and thermal power plants. CHP is a heating substation serving a group of buildings e.g. microdistrict, urban-type settlement, industrial enterprise etc. The need for central heating is determined individually for each district on the basis of technical and economic calculations, as a rule, one central heating point is erected for a group of facilities with a heat consumption of 12-35 MW.
For a better understanding of the functions and principles of operation of the CHP, we will give brief description thermal networks. Heating network consist of pipelines and provide transportation of the coolant. They are primary, connecting heat generating enterprises with heat points and secondary, connecting central heating stations with end consumers. From this definition, it can be concluded that central heating centers are an intermediary between primary and secondary heating networks or heat generating enterprises and end consumers. Next, we describe in detail the main functions of the CTP.
Functions of a central heating point (CHP)
As we have already written, the main function of the CHP is to serve as an intermediary between district heating networks and consumers, that is, the distribution of the heat carrier through the heating and hot water supply (DHW) systems of the serviced buildings, as well as the functions of ensuring security, control and accounting.
Let us describe in more detail the tasks solved by central heating points:
- conversion of the heat carrier, for example, the conversion of steam into superheated water
- change various options coolant, such as pressure, temperature, etc.
- coolant flow control
- distribution of heat carrier in heating and hot water supply systems
- water treatment for domestic hot water
- protection of secondary heat networks from an increase in the parameters of the coolant
- ensuring that the heating or hot water supply is turned off if necessary
- control of coolant flow and other system parameters, automation and control
So, we have listed the main functions of the TsTP. Next, we will try to describe the design of heat points and the equipment installed in them.
Central heating device
As a rule, the central heat point is a separate one-story building with equipment and communications located in it.
We list the main nodes of the central heating station:
- a heat exchanger in the central heating station is an analogue of a heating boiler in a boiler room, i.e. works as a heat generator. In the heat exchanger, the heat carrier for heating and hot water is heated, but not by burning fuel, but by transferring heat from the coolant in the primary heating network.
- pump equipment, performing various functions, is represented by circulation, booster, make-up and mixing pumps.
- valves pressure and temperature regulators
- mud filters at the inlet and outlet of the pipeline from the CHP
- shut-off valves (cocks for shutting off various pipelines, if necessary)
- heat consumption control and metering systems
- power supply systems
- automation and dispatching systems
Summing up, let's say that the main reason why there is a need for the construction of central heating stations is the discrepancy between the parameters of the coolant coming from heat generating enterprises and the parameters of the coolant in the systems of heat consumers. The temperature and pressure of the coolant in the main pipeline is much higher than it should be in the heating and hot water supply systems of buildings. It can be said that a coolant with specified parameters is the main product of the CHP operation.
Thermal point
Thermal point(TP) - a complex of devices located in a separate room, consisting of elements of thermal power plants that ensure the connection of these plants to the heating network, their performance, control of heat consumption modes, transformation, regulation of coolant parameters and distribution of coolant by type of consumption.
Substation and attached building
Purpose
The main tasks of the TP are:
- Converting the type of coolant
- Control and regulation of coolant parameters
- Distribution of heat carrier by heat consumption systems
- Shutdown of heat consumption systems
- Protection of heat consumption systems from an emergency increase in the parameters of the coolant
Types of heat points
TPs differ in the number and type of heat consumption systems connected to them, the individual characteristics of which determine the thermal scheme and characteristics of the TP equipment, as well as in the type of installation and placement of equipment in the TP room. There are the following types of TP:
- Individual heating point(ETC). It is used to serve one consumer (building or part of it). As a rule, it is located in the basement or technical room of the building, however, due to the characteristics of the serviced building, it can be placed in a separate building.
- Central heating point(CTP). Used to serve a group of consumers (buildings, industrial facilities). Most often located in a separate building, but can be placed in the basement or technical room of one of the buildings.
- Block heat point(BTP). It is manufactured in the factory and supplied for installation in the form of ready-made blocks. It may consist of one or more blocks. The equipment of the blocks is mounted very compactly, as a rule, on one frame. Usually used when you need to save space, in cramped conditions. By the nature and number of connected consumers, the BTP can refer to both ITP and CHP.
Heat sources and thermal energy transport systems
The source of heat for TP is heat generating enterprises (boiler houses, combined heat and power plants). TP is connected to sources and consumers of heat through heating networks. Thermal networks are divided into primary main heating networks connecting TP with heat generating enterprises, and secondary(distributing) heating networks connecting TP with end consumers. The section of the heating network that directly connects the heating substation and the main heating networks is called thermal input.
The main heat networks, as a rule, have a large length (the distance from the heat source is up to 10 km or more). For the construction of trunk networks, steel pipelines with a diameter of up to 1400 mm are used. In conditions where there are several heat generating enterprises, loopbacks are made on the main heat pipelines, uniting them into one network. This allows you to increase the reliability of the supply of heat points, and, ultimately, consumers with heat. For example, in cities, in the event of an accident on a highway or a local boiler house, heat supply can be taken over by the boiler house of a neighboring district. Also, in some cases, common network makes it possible to distribute the load between heat generating enterprises. Specially prepared water is used as a heat carrier in main heating networks. During preparation, the indicators of carbonate hardness, oxygen content, iron content and pH are normalized in it. Unprepared for use in heating networks (including tap water, drinking water) is unsuitable for use as a heat carrier, since when high temperatures, due to the formation of deposits and corrosion, will cause increased wear of pipelines and equipment. The design of the TP prevents relatively hard tap water from entering the main heating networks.
Secondary heating networks have a relatively small length (removal of TS from the consumer up to 500 meters) and in urban conditions are limited to one or a couple of quarters. Diameters of pipelines of secondary networks, as a rule, are in the range from 50 to 150 mm. During the construction of secondary heating networks, both steel and polymer pipelines can be used. The use of polymer pipelines is most preferable, especially for hot water systems, since hard tap water, combined with elevated temperatures, leads to intense corrosion and premature failure of steel pipelines. In the case of an individual heating point, there may be no secondary heating networks.
Water supply systems serve as a source of water for cold and hot water supply systems.
Thermal energy consumption systems
In a typical TP there are the following systems supply of consumers with thermal energy:
Schematic diagram of a heat point
The TP scheme depends, on the one hand, on the characteristics of thermal energy consumers served by the heating point, on the other hand, on the characteristics of the source supplying the TP with thermal energy. Further, as the most common, TP with closed system hot water supply and an independent scheme for connecting the heating system.
Schematic diagram of a heat point
The coolant entering the TP by supply pipeline heat input, gives off its heat in the heaters of hot water and heating systems, and also enters the consumer ventilation system, after which it returns to return pipeline thermal input and is sent back to the heat generating enterprise through the main networks for reuse. Part of the coolant can be consumed by the consumer. To make up for losses in primary heat networks at boiler houses and CHPPs, there are make-up systems, the coolant sources for which are water treatment systems these enterprises.
Tap water entering the TP passes through the cold water pumps, after which part cold water sent to consumers, and the other part is heated in the heater first stage DHW and enters the circulation circuit of the DHW system. In the circulation circuit, water with the help of circulation pumps hot water supply moves in a circle from the TP to consumers and back, and consumers take water from the circuit as needed. When circulating around the circuit, the water gradually gives off its heat and in order to maintain the water temperature at a given level, it is constantly heated in the heater second stage DHW.
The heating system is also a closed circuit, along which the coolant moves with the help of heating circulation pumps from the heating substation to the building heating system and back. During operation, leakage of the coolant from the circuit of the heating system may occur. To make up for losses make-up system a heat point using primary heating networks as a heat carrier source.
Notes
Literature
- Sokolov E.Ya. Heat supply and heat networks: a textbook for universities. - 8th ed., stereo. / E.Ya. Sokolov. - M.: MPEI Publishing House, 2006. - 472 p.: ill.
- SNiP 2.04.07-86 Heating networks (ed. 1994 with change 1 BST 3-94, change 2, adopted by the Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia dated 12.10.2001 N116 and with the exception of section 8 and applications 12-19). Thermal points.
- SP 41-101-95 “Codes of rules for design and construction. Design of thermal points.
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