Scheme of water supply in a five-story building. Centralized hot water systems

Hot water supply networks (HW) have much in common with cold water supply networks. The hot water supply network happens with the lower and upper wiring. The hot water supply network can be dead-end and looped, but, unlike cold water supply networks, network looping is necessary to maintain a high water temperature.

Simple (dead-end) hot water networks are used in small low-rise buildings, in domestic premises of industrial buildings and in buildings with a stable consumption of hot water (baths, laundries).

Schemes of hot water supply networks with a circulation pipeline should be used in residential buildings, hotels, hostels, medical institutions, sanatoriums and rest homes, in preschool institutions, as well as in all cases where uneven and short-term water withdrawal is possible.

Typically, a hot water supply network consists of horizontal supply lines and vertical distribution pipelines-risers, from which apartment-by-apartment wiring is arranged. Hot water risers are laid as close as possible to the appliances.

Figure 1. Scheme with the upper distribution of the supply line: 1 - water heater; 2 - supply riser; 3 - distribution risers; 4 - circulation network

In addition, hot water supply networks are divided into two-pipe (with looped risers) and single-pipe (with dead-end risers).

Let's look at some of a large number possible schemes of hot water supply networks.

With the upper wiring of the mains, the prefabricated circulation pipeline is closed in the form of a ring. The circulation of water in the pipeline ring in the absence of water intake is carried out under the action of the gravitational pressure that occurs in the system due to the difference in the density of chilled and hot water. The water cooled in the risers goes down into the water heater and displaces water from it with more high temperature. Thus, there is a continuous water exchange in the system.

Dead end network diagram(Fig. 2) has the lowest metal consumption, but due to significant cooling and irrational discharge of cooled water, it is used in residential buildings up to 4 floors high, if a heated towel rail is not provided on the risers and the length of the main pipes is small.

Figure 2. Dead-end scheme of hot water supply: 1 - water heater; 2 - distribution risers

If the length of the main pipes is large, and the height of the risers is limited, apply scheme with looped supply and circulation lines with the installation of a circulation pump on them (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Scheme with looped main pipelines: 1 - water heater; 2 - distribution risers; 3 - diaphragm (additional hydraulic resistance); four - circulation pump; 5 - check valve

The most widespread two-pipe scheme(Fig. 4), in which circulation through risers and mains is carried out using a pump that takes water from the return line and supplies it to the water heater. A system with one-sided connection of water points to the supply riser and with the installation of heated towel rails on the return riser is the most common variant of such a scheme. The two-pipe scheme turned out to be reliable in operation and convenient for consumers, but it is characterized by a high metal consumption.

Figure 4. Two-pipe hot water supply scheme: 1 - water heater; 2 - supply line; 3 - circulation line; 4 - circulation pump; 5 - supply riser; 6 - circulation riser; 7 - water intake; 8 - heated towel rails

To reduce metal consumption in last years began to use a scheme in which several supply risers are combined by a jumper with one circulation riser(Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Scheme with one unifying circulation riser: 1 - water heater; 2 - supply line; 3 - circulation line; 4 - circulation pump; 5 - water risers; 6 - circulation riser; 7 - check valve

Recently appeared schemes of a single-pipe hot water supply system with one idle supply riser per group of water risers(Fig. 6). The idle riser is insulated and is installed in pair with one water-folding or in a sectional unit, consisting of 2-3 looped water-folding risers. The main purpose of the idle riser is to transport hot water from the main to the upper jumper and then to the water risers. In each riser, an independent additional circulation takes place due to the gravitational pressure that occurs in the circuit of the sectional unit due to the cooling of water in the water risers. An idle riser helps to properly distribute flows within the sectional node.

Figure 6. Sectional single-pipe hot water supply scheme: 1 - supply line; 2 - circulation line; 3 - idle supply riser; 4 - water riser; 5 - ring jumper; 6- shut-off valves; 7 - heated towel rail.

Water supply is very important for the normal functioning of many construction projects. Water supply system apartment building It is represented by a central water supply line, intra-house piping and piping for water supply to the apartment.

It is very difficult to establish water supply high-rise building with multiple users. Each apartment in the house should be considered as a separate object for providing water: pipes different diameter are a single structure with rather complex wiring. It is for this reason that it is considered very difficult to supply water to a multi-storey building.

The system is a complex pumping equipment With installed filters and metering devices, as well as with shut-off and control valves and apartment-by-apartment piping.

Mandatory in this scheme will be pressure regulators. The water that enters the apartments first goes through several stages of purification from mechanical impurities. Also very often carry out disinfection of water by means of chlorination.

Central water supply and plumbing

The most convenient for people who live in apartment buildings is the water supply from the central water supply. Such a system involves the supply of high-quality water under good pressure. Central water supply is carried out by means of a water supply system, which is available in all cities and villages. As a rule, water enters pumping stations from surface reservoirs, which are located far from sources of pollution.

The central water supply system has three components:

water intake facilities;
cleaning stations;
distribution network.

Water flows from the pumping station to a certain reservoir. There it goes through numerous stages of purification and only then enters the distribution network to supply water to the necessary facilities.

The water supply system functions normally if high-quality and correct piping is done. The pressure in the system also plays big role.

For a large number of users, the central water supply system may have a well, which is arranged using a special water intake tower. It is best to use an artesian well: water is drawn from a great depth, the water quality is at a high level.

But this method of water intake is considered quite expensive. It is usually used to provide water to an apartment cottage.

Scheme and arrangement of the water supply system of an apartment building

Water supply system with water tower

Such a system has several main elements: a caisson, a main water intake tank and a pumping station.

The principle of operation of the water tower

The caisson is a metal container, which is located at a depth of 2-2.5 m above the well itself. A pipe is mounted in it to bring water out of the well. A concrete ring caisson is considered less sealed, since it is often flooded by rising groundwater.

Through pumping station and the caisson water enters the storage tank. It has an automatic float valve. It turns on the pump when the water in such a container falls and does not reach a certain level.

The total pressure in the system directly depends on the volume of the storage tank or tank. Even in the event of a power outage, water will flow steadily into the apartments. But until the moment when the water level in the tank drops and, accordingly, the pressure decreases.

Scheme of the device of the water tower

Types of pipes that are used for water supply

Steel pipes

To date, steel pipes have practically ceased to be used. Over a fairly long period of time, such materials for plumbing have used up their resource. In addition, the price of steel pipes is quite high.

Mounting steel pipes is also expensive and takes a lot of effort and time. The disadvantage of such a system is that condensate is strongly collected on it, which can destroy the pipe material. Rust and scale will gradually form inside the steel pipe, which reduces the volume of the pipe. Thus, the throughput is also reduced.

Copper pipes

The most important advantage of using copper pipes is their service life, which reaches 50 years. Steel pipes are quite expensive, and not everyone can afford to buy them. The advantage of steel pipes is that they do not form rust. In addition, copper has antibacterial properties.

Copper pipe wiring

Metal-plastic pipes

Metals are very popular these days. plastic pipes. They are quite practical and are considered reliable. Mounting metal-plastic water supply very simple. All you need is a special tool. Pipes are joined with fittings. The pipe can withstand significant mechanical and physical stress.

Metal-plastic pipes

Apartment water supply schemes

The stability of the operation of all household equipment that is connected to the water supply directly depends on how competently the installation of the water supply system is performed.

The water supply scheme should provide the apartment with water from the central water supply to all necessary supply points. For some equipment, it will be necessary to ensure a constant pressure of water in the pipes. At the moment, plumbing for an apartment can be done in several ways: a serial connection scheme, a collector and a mixed system.

The scheme of the consistent water supply of the apartment

The simplest and most practical way The water supply of the apartment is considered to be a serial connection scheme. it affordable option for price and performance engineering communications. Such a scheme, as a rule, is found in the buildings of residential buildings.

According to this scheme, the installation of main pipelines with the supply of hot and cold water produced in parallel. Each equipment in such a system is connected using tees. It is for this reason that very often the series connection scheme is also called a tee.

The serial scheme implies the presence of a common highway for a large number of users. From such a central pipe, wiring is also done using tees. The main pipe has a fairly large diameter and plays the role of an elongated collector.

Collector scheme

Due to the fact that at the moment the apartment uses a large number of devices that operate from water supply, their work may be disturbed, since the pressure in common system is greatly reduced. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to choose a collector connection scheme.

Installation of such a water supply system is considered expensive and rather complicated. Initially, the pressure drop in the system is already excluded, and it is for this reason that all points of the plumbing equipment can be used at the same time.

This is due to the fact that a separate pipe is laid to each such point of water supply. It can be simply closed if necessary. The main pipe with this type of connection has no branches, which ensures the safety of using the water supply system. Also, the possibility of leaks will be greatly reduced, since the collector pipe runs parallel to the main water supply pipe and has only one connection with it.

Collector scheme of water supply of the apartment

The advantages of such a system:

due to the small number of connections - the reliability of the system;
adjustment of the operation of a separate plumbing fixture;
ease of maintenance and repair of the entire system;
hidden installation of pipes that will not spoil the interior.

Sewerage in the apartment

Water supply and sewerage systems at home play an important role in ensuring the normal functioning of a person. Only specialists will be able to correctly calculate and carry out the installation of engineering structures of this type. The entire installation process must be carried out according to a previously developed scheme. Proper installation of sewer pipes will eliminate all possibilities of leakage and deformation of the sewage disposal. Often, the installation of sewer waste in an apartment is associated with turning off the water supply through the riser. Works are carried out quite quickly and very high quality.

Advice. If the sewer pipes in the apartment are being laid for the first time, then it would be better not to change the usual location of all plumbing fixtures.

It would be better to use the old scheme. At the same time, it is recommended to sketch on paper rough plan work and clearly measure the distance between the sink, toilet, bathtub and other equipment that runs on water supply. It will also be necessary to determine the location of the clamps and the central sewer pipe. A slope is considered mandatory when laying sewers. Do not forget about quality material in this process.

Before you lay or change the sewer in the apartment, it is necessary to assess the condition of the common sewer riser.

Sewerage and water supply risers in the apartment

If the common sewer pipe does not have external signs of corrosion, then you can not change it. If replacement is necessary, then this must be done very carefully due to the fact that a damaged pipe can be very easily deformed, and then the entire riser will have to be completely changed.

It happens that sewer pipes in an apartment are laid with the aim that more equipment has appeared that runs on water supply. For example, dishwasher or washing machine. Another option for laying sewers as an additional structure may be when it is necessary to connect additional plumbing equipment.

Scheme of the sewerage device in the apartment

Necessary equipment for the installation of high-quality sewage:

pipes;
accessories;
compositions for fixing and sealing;
tools;
fitting;
appliances.

When installing a new sewer riser, it will be necessary to take into account the fact that plastic pipes for draining water will not be able to withstand the compressive loads of a piece of cast-iron pipe that may be on top of the riser. A special replacement fragment will need to be attached to such a pipe in order to ensure a tight and durable fixation of the junction of pipes made of different materials. For the tightness of such connections, adapters-cuffs are used, which are made for such combinations (“cast iron-plastic”, “plastic-cast iron”).

Dismantling the sewer in the apartment

Replacing an old sewer pipe with a new one has many nuances that must be taken into account in this process. Initially, it is necessary to determine the most vulnerable places in the pipe to deformation. It is also required to disconnect all existing connections from the pipe and remove all debris. All this is necessary to ensure more convenient work.

Then, near the riser, the tap is turned off, which supplies water to the apartment. If the replacement is long, then it is best to completely disconnect the entire riser from the water supply. At the very last moment, you must carefully dismantle cast iron pipes sewerage. All this can be done with adjustable wrenches or other tools.

It is necessary to mount a new pipe in a complete set with a variety of adapters and couplings, since then it will not be possible to do it qualitatively. All connections must be coated with sealant to protect the riser from leakage.

Correct installation plastic sewer

Advice. All fittings or cuffs must be clean. Silicone Grease should be designed specifically for connecting sewer pipes.

Hot water supply

Hot water supply in an apartment is a whole system of pipelines and various devices that are used to heat cold water and distribute hot water to consumers. In some cases, special pipes are used in bathrooms or toilets to heat such rooms in the apartment. They have the additional function of dryers.

Local hot water systems

Local hot water supply systems are equipped for a group of small objects or one building. Water in this case is heated directly by the consumer. Water heating is carried out using gas or electric flow-type boilers.

Such systems require regular Maintenance and are used only if it is not possible to use a centralized hot water supply.

Local hot water system

The advantage of local hot water supply systems:

offline work;
ease of repair;
small heat losses.

Central hot water systems

Appearance central systems supply of hot water to the apartment is due to the elimination of district and local boiler houses, as well as heat supply systems. As for convenience, central hot water systems will be much more practical.

Scheme of the device for centralized hot water supply of an apartment building

All this depends on the fact that there is no need to install appropriate equipment for heating cold water and additional wiring. Also, the system of such hot water supply has its drawbacks. Pipes need to be constantly maintained and repaired, but local utilities can rarely fulfill customer requests. There are also large drops in water pressure in the system and insufficient temperature, which cannot be said about local water supply systems.

To heat water and supply it to the consumer, centralized systems can use open or closed heating networks. Open heating networks provide for the mixing of network water with that already heated in special equipment. After that, the water is supplied to consumers. Closed heating networks provide for heating water through the surface. The heat carrier (superheated water or steam) and the heated water do not come into contact in any way.

Open heating networks are considered more rational, but the quality of the supplied water in the section can significantly deteriorate. temperature regime. Such systems are currently very rare to find.

Closed scheme of heating and water supply at home

Hot water supply in the apartment can be carried out in several ways:

Heating water in the boiler room with subsequent supply to the consumer.
Water heating is carried out in special points located in neighborhoods or districts.
Water heating is carried out using special equipment, which is installed in the basement of a multi-storey building.
Water is heated in the consumer's apartment.

Hot water supply can be circulating. In this case, the water is constantly moving through the pipes and provides not only the supply of hot water, but also heating. The water is constantly heated. There is also a dead-end hot water supply. In this case, the water is not used immediately and may simply cool down over time. It is for this reason that special containers are installed in the apartment to heat and maintain the temperature of the water.

With regard to savings, it would be rational to use individual support systems hot water apartments. For the centralized supply of hot water, the user must pay a monthly fee.

Diagram of a boiler device for heating water

If it is possible to use a boiler to supply hot water to the apartment, then this will be the most economical option, since water is paid for by a cold water meter. hot water the consumer is self-sufficient.

Imagine an ordinary morning in one of the high-rise buildings of the sleeping area of our beloved city: toilet, shower, shave, tea, brush your teeth, water for the cat (or in any other order) - and go to work ... Everything is automatic and without hesitation. As long as cold water flows from the cold water tap, and hot water flows from the hot water. And sometimes you open a cold one, and from there - boiling water!! 11#^*¿>.

Let's figure it out.

Cold water supply or cold water

The local pumping station supplies water to the main from the water utility network. A large supply pipe enters the house and ends with a valve, after which there is a water meter.

In short, the water meter assembly consists of two valves, a strainer and a meter.

Some have an additional check valve.

and water meter bypass.

The water meter bypass is an additional meter with valves that can feed the system if the main water meter is serviced. After the meters, water is supplied to the house main

where it is distributed along risers that lead water to apartments on floors.

What is the pressure in the system?

9 floors

Houses up to 9 floors high have bottom pouring from bottom to top. Those. from the water meter through a large pipe, water leaves through the risers to the 9th floor. If the vodokanal is in a good mood, then at the input of the lower zone there should be approximately 4 kg/cm2. Given a pressure drop of one kilogram, for every 10 meters of water column, residents on the 9th floor will receive approximately 1 kg of pressure, which is considered normal. In practice, in old houses, the input pressure is only 3.6 kg. And the inhabitants of the 9th floor are content with even less pressure than 1kg / cm2

12-20 floors

If the house is higher than 9 floors, for example 16 floors, then such a system is divided into 2 zones. Upper and lower. Where the same conditions remain for the lower zone, and for the upper zone the pressure is raised to about 6 kg. In order to raise the water to the very top into the supply line, and with it the water rises up to the 10th floor. In houses above 20 floors, the water supply can be divided into 3 zones. With such a supply scheme, the water in the system does not circulate, it stands on a backwater. In a high-rise apartment, on average, we get pressure from 1 to 4 kg. There are other values, but we will not consider them now.

Hot water supply or DHW

In some low-rise buildings, hot water is connected in the same way, it stands on a backwater without circulation, which explains the fact that when you open a hot water tap, cold, cooled water flows for some time. If we take the same house with 16 floors, then in such a house DHW system arranged differently. Hot water, like cold water, is also supplied to the house through a large pipe, and after the meter it goes to the house main

which raises the water to the attic where it is distributed along the risers and descends to the very bottom into the return line. By the way, hot water meters count not only the volume of lost (consumed) water in the house. These counters also count the temperature loss (hygocalories)

The temperature is lost when water passes through apartment heated towel rails, which play the role of risers.

With this scheme, hot water always circulates. As soon as you turn on the faucet, hot water is already there. The pressure in such a system is approximately 6-7 kg. on the supply and slightly lower on the return to ensure circulation.

Due to circulation, we get pressure in the riser, in the apartment 5-6 kg. and immediately we see the difference in pressure between cold and hot water, from 2 kg. This is precisely the essence of squeezing hot water into cold water in the event of a malfunction of plumbing fixtures. If you have noticed that you still have more pressure on hot water than on cold water, then be sure to install a check valve at the cold inlet, and control valves can be included in the hot water inlet, which will help equalize the pressure by about one digit with cold. Pressure regulator installation example

Everyone wants to arrange their life with comfort. Without a water supply system for an apartment building, it is difficult to imagine a solution to this problem. Hot water goes a long way from the boiler house to high-rise buildings with end users. The task of providing all residents of a multi-storey building with water supply is solved in different ways, there are several options.

Hot water supply schemes

The difference between hot water and cold water is the need for heating, so the hot water supply system is characterized by greater complexity. For different options for arranging a water supply system, different rules apply, quality standards differ.

There are two ways to provide residents with hot water:

water is taken from a cold main, and heated in a local boiler room or boiler room (usually located in the basement), sometimes a separate heat exchanger or boiler is installed in each apartment for this purpose;
water supply to residential premises of MKD is carried out directly from the heating main, this method is most common, this is how houses were built in the USSR due to simpler maintenance.

The first method has an important advantage, the quality of water with such a supply meets the requirements of GOST R 51232-98 (“Drinking water”).

The supply from the heating mains is carried out using a large number of pumps. Heating is carried out at the boiler house, and the coolant should not lose its temperature as it moves to consumers. Therefore, much attention is paid to thermal insulation, which can significantly reduce inevitable losses. Pipes of heating mains are laid under and above the ground. Laying above the ground makes repairs easier, but in severe frosts the water cools faster. It is much easier to replace pipes laid above the ground.

Features of water supply schemes

The effectiveness of the MKD water supply scheme depends on the correct piping. When the water reaches the microdistrict, a branching into smaller sections follows, each building has its own route. Next in water supply network there is a division by floors, and already on the floor the pipeline branches into apartments. Smaller diameter pipes are used after each separation to maintain the correct pressure in the water supply.

There is a return line, along which movement occurs in the opposite direction with the formation of a common contour. This ensures constant circulation, the circulation movement is carried out from top to bottom and back to the basement.

Circulation becomes a factor due to which the temperature of the water supply remains almost the same on all floors.

The creation of conditions for ensuring a constant temperature is taken into account even at the stage of developing an apartment building project. Pumps are used to properly circulate the water supply. The norms of the temperature regime are observed, the water temperature ranges from 65 to 75 degrees Celsius. This standard is used for several reasons:

high water temperature leads to the death of pathogenic bacteria;
too hot water can cause burns;
temperature limits are chosen taking into account the continuous operation of the network.

In rare cases, the dead-end hot water supply scheme of the MKD continues to be used, where the coolant cools down in the apartment until it is used up. Such a system leads to excessive waste of water, becomes financially unprofitable for end users and the service organization, which, due to restrictions in this case, is unable to provide services of a suitable level.

Piping in the apartment

Wiring for DHW supply does not differ from the cold, there are only a couple of nuances. Some consumers do not need hot water, some use their resources for heating. washing and dishwasher they can provide themselves with a working fluid of the desired temperature. This also applies to some other plumbing equipment, where hot water is not needed, and heating is carried out on its own.

The following pipe laying methods are used:

laying pipes for cold and hot water supply one above the other, then the top one will be used for hot water supply;
with horizontal laying, the right pipe belongs to the DHW;
open and closed methods, for which the rules described above apply.

In the event of a water spill, closed laying methods cause additional obstacles in order to change the damaged pipes. Sometimes it is required that the replacement be carried out in a short time, this again refers to the advantages of open circuits. Laying pipes in recesses or special panels used to give the apartment an aesthetic appearance. A protruding pipeline can spoil the look of an expensive repair, in which every detail matters.

Transportation of water from the main line to end consumers. Old schemes have low efficiency, with repair work ah, the replaced water supply systems are being laid using improved technologies. New methods allow not to lose the temperature of the coolant due to constant circulation. Decent water quality is ensured on any floor, problems with temperature differences are a thing of the past.

In a modern metropolis, it is difficult to find a high-rise building in which there would be no running water. O water supply systems of an apartment building, their features and principles of operation, we will talk today.

Although systems cold and hot water supply of multi-apartment houses may have differences, in any of their versions you can find three universal elements. They will be present in any design. These main elements include:

highways, that is, pipes and systems that supply water from external sources to intra-house common risers;

risers that are installed inside a high-rise building and serve to conduct water to the wiring systems;

wiring and branches necessary for supplying water to taps located directly in the apartments.

Failure of one of the universal elements leads to the fact that the water supply is interrupted. Therefore, it is important to understand who is responsible for the normal functioning of each of the structures. If a breakdown occurs on the highway, then city services, and not management companies, are involved in its elimination. City services also carry out scheduled replacement and monitoring of the functioning of highways.

Responsible for public buildings Management Company, its representatives must be contacted if there is a failure in the operation of this system. Many water supply risers apartment buildings are in a deplorable state, and there is a perfectly reasonable explanation for this.

Firstly, the riser is located in each individual apartment, which means that not only employees of the management company, but also the residents of the house should evaluate its integrity. And how many of us regularly inspect the riser? This is hardly the case.

Employees of the management company must periodically go around the apartments and ask residents to show the riser, but, firstly, some unscrupulous organizations may simply not do this, and secondly, sometimes apartment owners simply prevent the system from being inspected.

Remember that it is extremely important not only to inspect the condition of the riser, but also to promptly report its improper functioning or the need for replacement. Otherwise, it may simply break through, and then you will have to deal with the flooding of the apartment, and, most likely, not only your own, but also located below.

Homeowners should assess the condition of wiring and branches. They also carry out the replacement of these elements of the system on their own or by invited specialists, who can be found in specialized commercial organizations or in the same management company.

Top and bottom system wiring

In most cases modern houses have a lower wiring of the water supply system. This means that the main pipes bring water to the basement, from where it enters the common house riser. This is the most reasonable and economical design, so almost all modern houses use it.

Top wiring today can also be found in megacities. A feature of this design is that a special water storage tank is installed at the top of the building. Water enters it through pipes that are laid inside the house. Further, the water is distributed to the apartments through a common house riser. The use of this wiring is often unjustified, since in addition to the riser it is necessary to install additional pipes, the very ones that carry water from the main to the storage tank. This increases the cost of water supply services, therefore it is unprofitable for either the residents or the management company.

It is worth noting that any element of the water supply system can fail, but the part of the structure that is responsible for supplying hot water still breaks much more often. That is why in megacities there are still periods of preventive shutdown of hot water, usually in the summer.

During this time, the services not only check the integrity of the structure, but also eliminate all breakdowns. Inside the hot water pipes, rust deposits are more likely to form, which makes it difficult for the flow of water to pass, and also increases the likelihood of their breakthrough.

Water supply design for an apartment building

In order for an apartment building to function normally, it is very important to properly design and equip the water supply system in it.

As a rule, water supply in an apartment building is:

firstly, the central highway supplying water;

secondly, piping to the house;

thirdly, piping to each apartment.

For each specific building, depending on its parameters:

appointment;

technological requirements;

fire safety requirements;

locations of water supplies,

water system may vary. In particular, there are such networks as:

Dead end. Can be:

with upper wiring, which is carried out under the ceiling of the upper floor or in the attic;
with lower wiring, located in the basement of the building or under the floor of the 1st floor.

Ring.

Zone.

Combined.

During the design process, the specialist necessarily makes a hydraulic calculation of the amount of water that is necessary so that all residents of the house can uninterruptedly use the resource for various needs.

Hot water supply of an apartment building

Hot and cold water supply systems in an apartment building are designed according to fundamentally different schemes.

A well-organized hot water supply is a centralized circulation system with one or two pipe risers.

In the first case, all risers of a certain section of the building are combined into one, which is called "idle", since it does not have consumers. The risers are looped along the height of the house in order to maintain the same pipe diameters throughout the building and provide better water distribution for each apartment.

However, for buildings with different amount floors design risers of a certain diameter:

up to 5 floors - 25 mm;

6 floors and above - 32 mm.

The heated towel rail in the bathroom is installed on the supply riser, which has its drawbacks: if the water in the boiler room is heated weakly, it will reach the farthest residents already cooled down. In order to avoid such situations, experts recommend inserting a special jumper pipe between the direct and reverse wiring (bypass).

In the case of a 2-pipe wiring, the system has 2 risers - for supplying and discharging water. The outlet circulation riser is nothing more than a heating elbow used as a heated towel rail.

Cold water supply of an apartment building

Pipelines for cold water supply to consumers of apartment buildings are made according to a dead-end scheme, that is, one branch running from the water supply source to the very last consumer, where it ends.

At the inlet of the cold water supply to the building, a water meter assembly is installed, consisting of steel pipes, fittings and a water meter. Initially, the meter is mounted in such a way that the direction of movement of cold water coincides with the arrow on the device case.

The node is rigidly attached to the surface (on the floor or on the wall), while paying attention to the fact that the meter axis is at a height of 30–100 cm from the floor.

Where the pipeline turns, metal supports are installed.

Water supply of an apartment building: snip

It should be remembered that the design of the internal water supply of an apartment building is carried out taking into account the relevant building codes and rules, namely SNiP " Internal plumbing and sewerage of buildings” (No. 2.04.01-85).

This document normalizes important parameters that affect the quality of the water supply system. This SNiP contains sections that describe in detail information regarding:

The management company is obliged to ensure the serviceability of communications of a residential apartment building. Therefore, the organization must replace the risers at its own expense (if we are talking about pipes that have become unusable after their useful operating life has expired);
The city or district administration is obliged to replace the risers in the municipal building;
In the event that communication systems are privatized, the residents pay for the repair work.

In some cases, responsible persons try to evade their duties or demand cash for the work done.

In this case, it is necessary to achieve the fulfillment of their direct duties by responsible persons. An official application must be completed and submitted. If there is no reaction, a complaint is written to the housing department. As a rule, such actions are quite enough to restore justice.

Features of supplying hot water to a residential building

The hot water supply system in the house includes two types of wiring - lower and upper.

To maintain the optimal temperature regime in the pipeline, looped wiring is often used. With the help of gravity pressure, water circulation in the ring is ensured, even in the absence of water intake.

In the riser, water is cooled and directly enters the heating unit. With an even higher temperature, water is supplied through pipes. Thus, a continuous process of circulation of the coolant is carried out.

In addition, the hot water supply system is divided according to some features:

local;
Centralized;
Open thermal;
closed thermal.

Important! In accordance with SNiP, it is strictly forbidden to supply non-potable hot water to pipes that contain technical fluid.

Description of the closed heating system

In recent years, the use of a closed water supply scheme has become increasingly popular. closed system is based on the use of a heating main with a completely separate, autonomous circuit, into which cold water is pumped for subsequent passage through heat exchangers.

The latter, however, take heat from the main water, which is heated in a CHPP. In addition, other sources of heat are available, but the most common among them is the direct transfer of heat from DHW open type.

In this case, the quality of the hot water supplied to the house does not depend on the condition of the pipes that the central heating system. The closed scheme implies the use of heat exchangers and additional pumping units.

Hot water system closed type has undeniable advantages, in comparison with open: quality indicators and bacteriological properties.

The closed hot water supply circuit ensures a stable temperature regime, regardless of the air temperature in the winter.

Modern engineers are increasingly resorting to the use of a closed-type system, since this scheme is characterized by the highest reliability for consumers.

Water supply of an apartment building

Water supply is very important for the normal functioning of many construction projects. The water supply system of an apartment building is represented by a central water supply line, intra-house piping and piping for water supply to an apartment.

Features of water supply to multi-apartment buildings

It is very difficult to establish water supply for a multi-storey building with numerous consumers. Each apartment in the house should be considered as a separate object for providing water: pipes of different diameters represent a single structure with rather complex wiring. It is for this reason that it is considered very difficult to supply water to a multi-storey building.

The system is a whole complex of pumping equipment with installed filters and metering devices, as well as shut-off and control valves and apartment-by-apartment piping.

Central water supply and plumbing

The central water supply system has three components:

water intake facilities;
cleaning stations;
distribution network.

The water supply system functions normally if high-quality and correct piping is done. System pressure also plays a big role.

But this method of water intake is considered quite expensive. It is usually used to provide water to an apartment cottage.

Scheme and arrangement of the water supply system of an apartment building

Water supply system with water tower

Such a system has several main elements: a caisson, a main water intake tank and a pumping station.

The principle of operation of the water tower

Through the pumping station and the caisson, water enters the storage tank. It has an automatic float valve. It turns on the pump when the water in such a container falls and does not reach a certain level.

Scheme of the device of the water tower

Types of pipes that are used for water supply

Steel pipes

Installation of steel pipes is also expensive and takes a lot of effort and time. The disadvantage of such a system is that condensate is strongly collected on it, which can destroy the pipe material. Rust and scale will gradually form inside the steel pipe, which reduces the volume of the pipe. Thus, the throughput is also reduced.

Copper pipes

Copper pipe wiring

Metal-plastic pipes

Hugely popular today metal-plastic pipes. They are quite practical and are considered reliable. Installation of a metal-plastic water supply system is very simple. All you need is a special tool. Pipes are joined with fittings. The pipe can withstand significant mechanical and physical stress.

Metal-plastic pipes Back to index

Apartment water supply schemes

The stability of the operation of all household equipment that is connected to the water supply directly depends on how competently the installation of the water supply system is performed.

The scheme of the consistent water supply of the apartment

The simplest and most practical way to supply water to an apartment is considered to be a serial connection scheme. This is an affordable option for the price and for engineering communications. Such a scheme, as a rule, is found in the buildings of residential buildings.

According to this scheme, the installation of main pipelines with the supply of hot and cold water is carried out in parallel. Each equipment in such a system is connected using tees. It is for this reason that very often the series connection scheme is also called a tee.

Consistent piping in the apartment

Such a water supply system is currently considered not only common, but also the most ideal for use in an ordinary apartment, which has one bathroom and a small number of household appliances that operate on the basis of water supply.

The sequential scheme has its advantages and disadvantages.

significant pipe savings;
simplicity and ease of the project;
reducing plumbing costs.
Pressure drop at the end points of the water supply if several open appliances are used at the same time.
The lack of the possibility of selective shutdown (in the event of a breakdown of one of the pipes, it will be necessary to completely turn off the apartment).
Difficulty in locating a leak.
Lack of free access to all distribution tees of the system.
In the event of an accident, it will be necessary to break the finishing layer on the surface of the floor or wall.

Collector scheme

Due to the fact that at the moment the apartment uses a large number of devices that operate on water supply, their work may be disrupted, since the pressure in the general system is greatly reduced. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to choose a collector connection scheme.

Collector scheme of water supply of the apartment

The advantages of such a system:

due to the small number of connections - the reliability of the system;
adjustment of the operation of a separate plumbing fixture;
ease of maintenance and repair of the entire system;
hidden installation of pipes that will not spoil the interior.

Sewerage in the apartment

Water supply and sewerage systems at home play an important role in ensuring the normal functioning of a person. Only specialists will be able to correctly calculate and carry out the installation of engineering structures of this type. The entire installation process must be carried out according to a previously developed scheme. Proper installation of sewer pipes will eliminate all possibilities of leakage and deformation of the outlet Wastewater. Often, the installation of sewer waste in an apartment is associated with turning off the water supply through the riser. Works are carried out quite quickly and very high quality.

Advice. If the sewer pipes in the apartment are being laid for the first time, then it would be better not to change the usual location of all plumbing fixtures.

It would be better to use the old scheme. At the same time, it is recommended to sketch out an approximate work plan on paper and clearly measure the distance between the sink, toilet bowl, bathtub and other equipment that runs on water supply. It will also be necessary to determine the location of the clamps and the central sewer pipe. A slope is considered mandatory when laying sewers. Do not forget about the quality material in this process.

Before you lay or change the sewer in the apartment, it is necessary to assess the condition of the common sewer riser.

Sewerage and water supply risers in the apartment

Scheme of the sewerage device in the apartment

Necessary equipment for the installation of high-quality sewage:

pipes;
accessories;
compositions for fixing and sealing;
tools;
fitting;
appliances.

Dismantling the sewer in the apartment

Then, near the riser, the tap is turned off, which supplies water to the apartment. If the replacement is long, then it is best to completely disconnect the entire riser from the water supply. At the very last moment, it is necessary to carefully dismantle the cast-iron sewer pipes. All this can be done with adjustable wrenches or other tools.

Advice. All fittings or cuffs must be clean. Silicone grease should be designed specifically for connecting sewer pipes.

Hot water supply

Standard diagram of a hot and cold water supply system at home

All hot water supply systems can be divided according to several criteria:

local hot water systems;
centralized systems;
open heating networks;
closed heating networks.

According to the radius of action, hot water supply systems are divided into local and central.

Local hot water systems

Such systems require regular maintenance and are used only if it is not possible to use a centralized hot water supply.

Local hot water system

The advantage of local hot water supply systems:

offline work;
ease of repair;
small heat losses.

Central hot water systems

The appearance of central systems for supplying hot water to an apartment is due to the elimination of district and local boiler houses, as well as heat supply systems. As for convenience, central hot water systems will be much more practical.

Scheme of the device for centralized hot water supply of an apartment building

Open heating networks are considered more rational, but the quality of the supplied water can significantly deteriorate in terms of temperature. Such systems are currently very rare to find.

Closed scheme of heating and water supply at home

Hot water supply in the apartment can be carried out in several ways:

Heating water in the boiler room with subsequent supply to the consumer.
Water heating is carried out in special points located in neighborhoods or districts.
Water heating is carried out using special equipment, which is installed in the basement of a multi-storey building.
Water is heated in the consumer's apartment.

With regard to savings, it will be rational to use individual systems for providing hot water to the apartment. For the centralized supply of hot water, the user must pay a monthly fee.

Diagram of a boiler device for heating water

If it is possible to use a boiler to supply hot water to the apartment, then this will be the most economical option, since water is paid for by a cold water meter. The consumer provides himself with hot water.

Heating in the apartment

Today, there are a large number of systems for water supply and heating at home. All of them depend on each other in some cases. This applies to heating in an apartment building. If in a private house the heating system can be made one that will not depend on the supply of water, then in an apartment everything is completely different. In the apartment, many engineering systems are closely interconnected.

Heating in the apartment can be done with your own hands, only for this the entire work plan will need to be agreed with the utilities.

Very often there is a need to replace old pipes for heating with new ones. Formerly for heating pipes used cast iron. The metal tends to rust, and plaque constantly forms inside the pipe. This greatly reduces the permeability of pipes, which, accordingly, reduces the temperature in the apartment. It is possible to carry out preventive work every year and blow out such pipes. And you can just replace them with modern counterparts.

To make the replacement of heating pipes, you need to carefully dismantle the old ones. It is necessary to start such a process from the central riser. Such pipes have never been hidden in the wall and even today you can see them in the corner of the room. At the moment, when replacing such pipes, it is possible to completely mask them. You can hide the pipe in the wall, or you can use it to make any decorative elements.

Advice. Replacement of heating pipes should be carried out only after heating season when there is no hot water in the system.

Modern water heating system of the apartment

The water supply system of an apartment building can be carried out different ways. They all differ in the methods of cold water intake, its purification and supply to the end consumer. Due attention should be paid to the distribution of pipes for supplying water in the apartment. It is first necessary to estimate the amount of equipment that runs on water supply.