Heating system mkd. How is the central heating system

The heating systems of most multi-storey buildings in our country, as a rule, are connected to a thermal power plant or a central boiler house, that is, they are centralized. Depending on how the water circuits are installed in apartment building, it can be both single-pipe and two-pipe.

Let us consider in more detail what heating systems exist for multi-storey buildings, and what are their advantages and disadvantages.

Centralized heating systems

First of all, it is worth mentioning the local or autonomous heating system. The advantage of this system is that it functions from a boiler house located inside the apartment building itself, or next to it. This allows you to independently regulate the temperature of the coolant.

The disadvantages of autonomy include its high price, due to which it is rarely used in multi-storey buildings (basically, such a system is chosen by owners of private houses).

Much more often, they build a thermal power plant or arrange one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area. In this case, the coolant flows through the main pipes from the center to the heating points, and from there to the apartments. This principle of supply is called independent, since it allows you to additionally regulate the supply of coolant using circulation pumps.

In a residential apartment building, the coolant is supplied to the apartment radiators directly from the CHP or boiler house. However, there is no significant difference between these two systems, since the heat points perform a function here comparable to that performed by additional circulation pumps in an autonomous heating system, and the temperature of the coolant itself is not affected.

Also, the heating systems of an apartment building are divided into closed and open (you can find options for schemes on the Internet).

In a closed system, the coolant from a CHP or boiler room enters the distribution point, from where it is separately supplied to hot water supply and to.

AT open system such distribution is not provided, that is, it does not allow providing residents of the house hot water outside the heating season.

Connection types

As mentioned above, according to the type of connection, the systems of an apartment building are single-pipe and two-pipe.

The apartment building has great amount shortcomings, the most significant of which is considered to be a large heat loss along the route. In such a heating system of an apartment building, the scheme of which is simple, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up. Getting into the apartment radiators of the lower floors, and giving off heat, the water returns to the same pipe and, being pretty cool, continues its way up. Hence the frequent complaints of the residents of the upper floors that the radiators in their apartments do not warm up well.

The two-pipe heating system in the apartment (the diagram can be viewed on the Internet) is most widely used in construction. Basic distinctive feature such a system is the presence of two highways: supply and return.

Through one pipe (supply), the coolant is transported from the heating boiler to the heating devices. The second line (return) is necessary to withdraw the already chilled water and return it back to the boiler room.

The main advantage of the two-pipe heating system of an apartment building is that the coolant is supplied to all heaters evenly with the same temperature, regardless of whether the apartment is located on the ground floor or on the sixteenth.

It is also important that the presence of two pipes greatly simplifies the process of flushing the heating systems of an apartment building.

There are two ways to arrange pipes combined into a single heating network: horizontal and vertical.

A horizontal heating network, which implies constant circulation of the coolant, is usually mounted in low-rise buildings with a large length (for example, in production workshops or warehouses), as well as in panel-frame houses.

The vertical two-pipe heating system of an apartment building is used in high-rise buildings where each floor is connected separately. The indisputable advantage of such a network is that it practically does not form air jams.

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

Both pipe layouts (both vertical and horizontal) allow the use of two types of wiring - lower and upper. At the same time, in the heating systems of multi-storey buildings, where the pipes are located in a vertical pattern, the lower wiring is usually used.

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper one?

When installing the lower wiring, the supply line is laid in ground floor or basement, and the return line (the so-called "return") - even lower.

To remove excess air when using the lower wiring, an upper overhead line. For uniform distribution of the heat carrier throughout the system, it is recommended to place the boiler as low as possible relative to the heating radiators.

The upper wiring is most often done in the attic, which must be well insulated. With this method of wiring at the highest point heating system expansion tank is installed. The main advantage of the upper wiring is the high pressure in the supply lines.

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Residents of city apartments are usually not interested in how the heating works in their house. The need for such knowledge may arise when the owners wish to increase comfort in the house or improve the aesthetic appearance of engineering equipment. For those who are going to start repairs, we will briefly talk about the heating systems of an apartment building.

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

Depending on the structure, characteristics of the coolant and piping layouts, the heating of an apartment building is divided into the following types:

According to the location of the heat source

Apartment heating system, in which the gas boiler is installed in the kitchen or in a separate room. Some inconveniences and investments in equipment are more than offset by the ability to turn on and regulate heating at your discretion, as well as low operating costs due to the absence of losses in heating mains. If you have your own boiler, there are practically no restrictions on the reconstruction of the system. If, for example, the owners wish to replace the batteries with warm water floors, there are no technical obstacles to this.
Individual heating, in which its own boiler room serves one house or residential complex. Such solutions are found both in the old housing stock (stokers) and in new luxury housing, where the community of residents decides when to start heating season.
Central heating in apartment building most common in typical housing.

The device of central heating of an apartment building, heat transfer from the CHP is carried out through a local heat point.

According to the characteristics of the coolant

Water heating water is used as the heat carrier. In modern housing with apartment or individual heating there are economical low-temperature (low-potential) systems where the coolant temperature does not exceed 65 ºС. But in most cases and in all typical houses, the coolant has a design temperature in the range of 85-105 ºС.
Steam heating of an apartment in an apartment building (water vapor circulates in the system) has a number of significant drawbacks; it has not been used in new houses for a long time, the old housing stock is being transferred to water systems everywhere.

According to the wiring diagram

The main heating schemes in apartment buildings:

Single-pipe - both the supply and return selection of the coolant to the heating devices is carried out along one line. Such a system is found in "Stalinka" and "Khrushchev". It has a serious drawback: the radiators are arranged in series and, due to the cooling of the coolant in them, the heating temperature of the batteries drops as they move away from the heat point. In order to maintain heat transfer, the number of sections increases in the direction of the coolant. In a pure one-pipe circuit, it is impossible to install control devices. It is not recommended to change the configuration of the pipes, install radiators of a different type and size, otherwise the operation of the system may be seriously impaired.
"Leningradka" - an improved version single pipe system, which, due to the connection of thermal devices through a bypass, reduces their mutual influence. You can install regulating (non-automatic) devices on radiators, replace the radiator with a different type, but with a similar capacity and power.

The two-pipe heating scheme of an apartment building has become widely used in Brezhnevka, and is still popular to this day. The supply and return lines are separated in it, so the coolant at the entrances to all apartments and radiators has almost the same temperature, replacing radiators with a different type and even volume does not significantly affect the operation of other devices. Batteries can be equipped with control devices, including automatic ones.

On the left - an improved version of the one-pipe scheme (analogous to the "Leningrad"), on the right - a two-pipe version. The latter provides more comfortable conditions, precise regulation and gives more opportunities for replacing the radiator.

The beam scheme is used in modern non-standard housing. The devices are connected in parallel, their mutual influence is minimal. Wiring, as a rule, is carried out in the floor, which allows you to free the walls from pipes. When installing control devices, including automatic ones, it is ensured accurate dosing the amount of heat in the rooms. Technically, both partial and complete replacement of the heating system in an apartment building with a beam scheme within the apartment with a significant change in its configuration is possible.

With a beam scheme, the supply and return lines enter the apartment, and the wiring is carried out in parallel by separate circuits through the collector. Pipes are usually placed in the floor, radiators are connected neatly and discreetly from below

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

We will make a reservation that any changes in apartment heating in an apartment building must be coordinated with the executive bodies and operating organizations.

We have already mentioned that fundamental possibility replacement and transfer of radiators due to the scheme. How to choose the right radiator for an apartment building? Consider the following:

First of all, the radiator must withstand pressure, which is higher in an apartment building than in a private one. The greater the number of floors, the higher the test pressure can be, it can reach 10 atm, and in high-rise buildings even 15 atm. The exact value can be obtained from the local operating company. Not all radiators sold on the market have the corresponding characteristics. A significant part of aluminum and many steel radiators are not suitable for an apartment building.
Is it possible and how much to change thermal power radiator, depends on the applied scheme. But in any case, the heat transfer of the device must be calculated. For one typical section of a cast-iron battery, the heat transfer is 0.16 kW at a coolant temperature of 85 ºС. Multiplying the number of sections by this value, we get the thermal power of the existing battery. Characteristics of the new heater can be found in its technical data sheet. Panel radiators are not assembled from sections, they have fixed dimensions and power.

Average heat transfer data various types radiators, may vary depending on the specific model

The material also matters. Central heating in an apartment building is often characterized by poor quality of the coolant. Traditional cast-iron batteries are the least sensitive to pollution, aluminum batteries react the worst to aggressive environments. Showed themselves well bimetal radiators.

Installing a heat meter

A heat meter can be installed without problems with a beam wiring diagram in an apartment. As a rule, in modern houses already have metering devices. As for the existing housing stock with standard heating systems, this is not always possible. This depends on the specific scheme and configuration of pipelines, advice can be obtained from the local operating organization.

An apartment heat meter can be installed with a beam and two-pipe wiring diagram, if a separate branch goes to the apartment

If it is not possible to install a metering device for the entire apartment, compact heat meters can be placed on each of the radiators.

An alternative to an apartment meter is heat meters placed directly on each of the radiators

Note that the installation of metering devices, the replacement of radiators, and other changes to the heating device in an apartment building require prior approval and must be carried out by specialists representing an organization that has a license to carry out the relevant work.

Video: how heating is supplied in an apartment building

A large part of residential and utility rooms heated centrally, despite the variety of other options. First of all, heating schemes for multi-storey buildings are relevant in the construction of entire microdistricts and small settlements. One boiler house is capable of providing heat to a large number of objects.

Benefits of Centralized Networks

A distinctive feature of such systems is the location of boiler equipment in a separate building. The coolant is delivered through pipelines that are laid directly along the street to each facility.

Such networks are not arranged with their own hands, since the amount of work being done is very large.

Any heating scheme high-rise building well thought out by specialists, so serious failures rarely occur.
The operation of such systems is usually carried out on fuel, the price of which is low.
A centralized heating network, as a rule, is serviced by special services, which means that there is no need for performance monitoring.
With this option, it is not necessary to place the boiler within the dwelling, which saves space.

Note!
As for the minuses, they include the functioning of the system according to a certain schedule and the inability to carry out individual settings temperature regime.

Approximate system structure

Centralized heating in terms of device practically does not differ from autonomous systems. However, the cross section of pipelines in this case is much larger, and the equipment installed in the boiler room is much more complicated.

The heating source is large and small boiler houses, as well as special thermal power plants.. In the first case, the coolant acquires a given temperature directly during the combustion of the fuel. In another embodiment, heat is provided by steam. In addition, thermal power plants are capable of generating electricity.
With the help of a network of pipelines, the coolant is transported to the facilities. The diameter of the input and output elements usually reaches 1000 mm. As for laying, it can be done both on the ground and underground.
Heating equipment provides the ability to transfer heat to rooms. They act as the main instruments. They are installed in heated rooms.

Reference!
One thermal power plant (CHP) allows you to replace several small boilers, in connection with this, construction costs are reduced.
It also frees up a lot of space.

Basic classification methods

Any scheme of the heating system of a multi-storey building can belong to one category or another. Classification of centralized systems can be carried out according to several criteria. You can learn more about them by reading the information below.

Depending on the type of coolant

Liquid networks are most widely used for heating multi-storey buildings. They allow you to deliver the coolant over long distances without a sharp deterioration in quality characteristics.
Steam systems are used much less often, but still occur. They allow you to produce with a smaller diameter. This option is mainly used where water vapor is required.

Based on connection method

Independent networks involve heating the coolant in a special heat exchanger.
Dependent systems involve providing heat directly through pipeline branches.

More about the device

To heat an apartment building centrally, it must be connected to a thermal route that runs from a CHP or boiler house. For this, inlet valves for thermal units are made in the main pipeline.

Immediately after the locking elements, mud collectors are installed, which are necessary for the precipitation of salts and metal oxides. Thanks to these devices, you can extend the operating period.

Directly in the house contour, tie-ins are made for hot water. After them, the main unit should be located - the heating elevator.

System wiring

Usually, the heating scheme in an apartment building assumes the presence of one supply pipe with a lower or upper filling. It can diverge into a certain number of branches that are sent to the building from the basement or attic.

With the lower wiring, pairs of risers are combined using special jumpers located in the attic or top floor. AT top point an air vent must be installed.

Heating system with top filling implies installation on the technical floor expansion tank with air vent. The valves serve to cut off each riser from the common network.

The correct slope during the installation of pipelines makes it possible, when opening the air vents, to ensure the discharge of the coolant.

The branch with the top bottling has some features.

The temperature of the heating devices decreases with the advancement of the coolant down, so it will be lower on the lower floors. You can compensate for heat losses by installing additional sections of radiators.
Starting the system is quite simple, because for normal operation you only need to open special valves, as well as air vents for a certain time.
Draining the coolant from the risers is somewhat complicated, since it is necessary to first overlap on the technical floor. Only then does the reset open.

Important!
The heating system of multi-storey buildings is adjusted by changing the diameter of the elevator nozzle.
That is, when its size changes, the heating level increases or decreases.

Optimization process

When the coolant is delivered from the source to the heating devices, rather large heat losses occur, so certain measures must be taken to maintain the temperature regime.

In fact, there are only two ways out of this situation.

Installing equipment with higher efficiency improves the performance of the system.
Additional thermal insulation of pipelines can significantly reduce heat loss.

About the main cons

Any centralized system works according to a certain schedule, so during operation you have to adapt to it. In addition, it is impossible to independently adjust the temperature regime.
The cost of boiler equipment and pipelines is quite high, which means that if the work is carried out poorly, huge amounts of money can be spent.
Work on the installation of centralized heating is very time-consuming, therefore, in the event of an emergency, it will take quite a bit of time to fully or partially restore the system.
Periodic pressure drops in the centralized network can reduce the heating efficiency to some extent.

As a conclusion

Above, an instruction was presented that considers the installation of heating systems in multi-storey buildings, so that apartment owners can evaluate the scale of the centralized network and its effectiveness. If necessary, an autonomous branch can always be created that will maintain the desired temperature in the living room. More information on this topic can be found by watching a special video.

A city apartment is a hearth of comfort and coziness, a place to live, which many of our compatriots choose for themselves. Indeed, in a modern apartment building there is everything that a person needs for a normal life, from hot water supply to centralized heating and sewerage.

It should be noted that the heating system plays a huge role in ensuring a comfortable atmosphere in the apartment. At present, the scheme of the heating system of a multi-storey building has some design differences from an autonomous one, and it is they that guarantee efficient heating apartments even in the most severe frosts.

The heating system of an apartment building: features

The instruction for the heating scheme of any modern high-rise building requires mandatory compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, heating in an apartment should provide a temperature in the range of 20-22C, and humidity - 30-45%.

Advice. In older houses, such parameters may not be achieved.
In this case, it is important to first competently perform the thermal insulation of all cracks, replace the radiators, and only then contact the heat supply company.

The achievement of such indicators of temperature and humidity is achieved due to the special design of the system, the use of only high-quality equipment. Even at the stage of designing a heating scheme for multi-storey buildings, qualified heat engineers carefully calculate all the subtleties of its work, achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes, both on the first and on the last floor of the building.

One of the main features of modern centralized system heating high-rise buildings is to work on superheated water. Such a coolant comes directly from the CHP, has a temperature of about 130-150C, and a pressure of 6-10 atm. Steam formation in the system is excluded due to high pressure - it also helps to distill water even into the very high point at home.

The return temperature, which is also assumed by the heating scheme of a multi-storey building, is about 60-70C. In winter and summer, the temperature readings of water may differ - the values \u200b\u200bare dependent only on the environment.

Elevator node - a feature of the heating system of a high-rise building

As mentioned earlier, the coolant in the heating system of any multi-storey building has a temperature of about 130C. Of course, there are no such hot batteries in any apartment and simply cannot be. The thing is that the supply line, through which hot water flows, is connected to the return line by a special jumper - an elevator assembly.

The heating scheme in an apartment building with an elevator unit has some features, since the unit itself performs certain functions.

The coolant that has high temperature, enters this device, which plays the role of a certain injector-dispenser. Immediately after this, the main heat transfer process occurs;

superheated water under high pressure passes through the elevator nozzle and injects the coolant from the return. At the same time, water from the return pipeline also enters the heating system for recirculation;
As a result of such processes, it is possible to achieve mixing of the coolant, bringing its temperature to a certain level, which will be able to provide efficient heating of apartments throughout the building.

This scheme is the most efficient and productive, allows you to achieve better conditions for living, both on the first and on the last floor of a high-rise building.

Design features of the heating scheme of a multi-storey building: elements, components, main units

If you move along the thermal system from the elevator unit, you can also see all kinds of valves. The role of such details is also great, because they provide heating control, both for individual entrances and for the whole house. As a rule, such valves can be adjusted manually. Of course, only specialists of the relevant state services are engaged in this, and if any need arises.

In more modern houses with a large number of floors, in addition to, in fact, thermal valves, various collectors, heat meters and other equipment, up to automation, can also be located. Naturally, such a technique makes it possible to achieve more productive heating, efficient distribution of the coolant over all floors, up to the very last ones.

Schemes for piping in a multi-storey building

Usually, in most high-rise buildings, both old and new, with upper or lower wiring. It should be noted that depending on the design of the building and other parameters (up to the region where the building was built), the location of the supply and return may vary.

Depending on the design of the building, the coolant in the risers of the heating circuit can move in different ways - from top to bottom or vice versa. Also, in some houses universal risers are installed, they are designed to alternately supply hot water up and, accordingly, cold water down.

Radiators in heating a multi-storey building: main types

As you can see in many photos and videos, a wide variety of types of heating batteries are used in multi-storey buildings. This is due to the fact that the system is universal, has a relatively optimal ratio of temperature and water pressure.

Among the most basic types of radiators are:

Cast iron batteries. The traditional type, which today can be found even in the newest high-rise buildings. They are distinguished by low cost and simplicity - you can even install them yourself;
Steel heaters. More modern version, characterized by high quality, reliability and beautiful appearance.
A practical option in which you can effectively use the elements to adjust the temperature of the heating in the room;

Advice. It is steel batteries that perfectly combine price-quality parameters, and therefore their heating specialists recommend installing them in high-rise buildings.

Aluminum and. The price of such radiators, of course, is somewhat higher than that of steel or cast iron. But also performance just amazing.
Good heat transfer, stylish appearance and light weight - this is an incomplete list of the qualities that non-ferrous batteries have.

Conclusion

If we consider such characteristics of heating batteries for multi-storey building systems as the number of sections and dimensions of products, then they directly depend on the process and rate of cooling of the coolant. As a rule, the choice of parameters of heaters is made by means of a special calculation.

It is important to remember that if it becomes necessary to replace the heaters in the apartment with new ones, it is important not to disrupt the performance and performance of the entire system as a whole. Also, you can not throw out the jumpers in the pipelines, otherwise the service company will still require them to be restored, and this is fraught with unnecessary financial and labor costs.

In general, heating schemes for multi-storey buildings (not only residential, but also administrative and industrial) are productive and efficient in operation. But at the same time, if we consider old buildings, then heating in them requires not even complete replacement but rather modernization. In apartments, for example, you can install new batteries, pipes and modern equipment for automation.

Central heating in an apartment building, cottage, private or country house and other buildings, designed for their high-quality heating. This happens with the help of one thermal center, in which heat generators or heat exchangers are located. They can be located both in a building, for example, in a boiler room or heating point, or outside it, for example, in the central heating station, thermal power plant or thermal power plant.

Central heating is divided into water, steam and air. Widespread in last years received and combined heating.

Central heating device of an apartment building

For heating apartment buildings, the most commonly used water central heating, consisting of the following elements:

Entrance valves that cut off the house from the heating main. With their help, the pipeline is divided into the outer and inner parts. The employees of the thermal service are responsible for the serviceability of the first. Responsibility for the interior lies with the utilities.
Inserts of pipes of hot heat supply on supply and return pipelines. With their help, water is distributed to heated towel rails located in the apartments.
A heating elevator, with the help of which, the water temperature is regulated in the system. This is possible due to the fact that in it hot water is mixed with the already cooled water from the return. The volume of the latter depends on the diameter of the passage opening of the elevator. It can be changed, which allows you to adjust the temperature of the water in.
House valves required to cut off an apartment building from the heating main during the unheated period.
Dumps - valves with the help of which, in case of repair, water is drained from the system.

Attention: Central heating in high-rise building, provides for the presence inside the building of special spills, which are pipes through which the coolant enters vertical risers. If you live in an old Soviet five-story building, then in the basement there will be lower spills, from which risers come, connecting to each other in the attic or in the upper part of the building.

But similar view connection has a significant drawback. There is a high probability of freezing of the central heating coolant of an apartment building in winter if the water circulation is stopped. To avoid this, attention should be paid to their high-quality insulation. Air vents are usually located in the upper part of the building to discharge excess air. Quite often they are represented by the Mayevsky crane.

If you live in a nine-story building, then the spill will not be in the basement, but in the attic. This arrangement makes it possible to almost immediately distribute water through the risers when heating is started. There are no problems with air getting into the risers. This is a big advantage of the top spill over the bottom one.

Heating in-house appliances and temperature conditions

The type of batteries installed in the apartments depends on the year the building was built. If it was built in the Soviet era, then one of the the following types radiators:

Steel convectors, having a metal case, in which there are coils of the DU-20 pipe and connected by a cross section.
Cast iron sectional batteries, which have not only a solid weight, but also a significant heat transfer. Each radiator has up to 150 watts. Their disadvantages include the risk of leaks and unattractive appearance.

The size of radiators or sections in them depends on which floor the apartment is located on and what type of coolant circulation in the house. For example, if it is upper, then the coolant, reaching the first floor, will lose its temperature. This means that in order for the heating of an apartment building to be effective, in an apartment, if it is located on the lower floors, the number of sections should be increased or larger radiators should be installed.

In modern multi-storey buildings, bimetallic radiators are usually mounted. Of course, if the heating system is water. Attention: Such radiators are made of aluminum and have excellent heat dissipation, which is approximately 200 watts per battery. But the cost of such radiators is quite high. But their effectiveness is also high. To a fairly common question - to install bimetallic batteries or not, the owner of the apartment must answer on his own, deciding for himself whether he is ready to "fork out" so that he has warmth.

The temperature regime in the apartments is indicated in the current regulation of SNiP. In the presence of central heating, it is:

bathroom - 25 degrees;
living rooms and bedroom - 20 degrees;
kitchen - 22 degrees;
corner rooms - 22 degrees.

Installed and Maximum temperature water in the pipes of the heating system. It should not exceed 95 degrees.

Centralized heating of an apartment building allows you to effectively warm the room, but at the same time, the temperature in the apartment is completely dependent on the operation of the boiler room and other external factors. In this, this system is significantly inferior, which is devoid of this drawback.

Central heating in a private house

The presence of central heating in a private house is quite common. It has a lot of advantages. The concept of central heating implies the presence of a heat carrier generator, the function of which is taken over by the central boiler room.

Connection

The connection of heating occurs after the conclusion of an appropriate agreement between the owner of the building and the organization providing this service. There are three options for connecting central heating to a private house:

dependent direct-flow circuit;
independent scheme;
dependent scheme with the installation of an elevator.

Each home heating scheme presented above has its own advantages and disadvantages, which must be taken into account.

Independent system

Quite often, it is used for heating private houses. It is ideal in cases where for some reason it is not possible to increase in the heating system. Most often this happens for constructive reasons. In particular, if a residential building has a heating system consisting of plastic pipes, an independent circuit using a circulation pump will be required. In the house, the system can be filled from the water supply or from the heating plant using a special shut-off valve. But it must have an expansion tank.

dependent schema

Central heating of a country or private house can also be carried out using a dependent scheme. But it requires the installation of a transitional device. This function is performed by an individual heating point, which has elevator unit. The latter is designed to transfer heat energy. Indeed, in the central heating system, the temperature of the coolant is approximately + 150 degrees, while in the house itself, it should not be more than + 90 degrees.

Attention: It is the elevator that is responsible for lowering the temperature. It is worth noting that despite the temperature of +150 degrees, the water in the central system does not boil. This is prevented by high pressure.

The elevator is necessary to transfer heat from the main heating network. It, due to the presence of an injection nozzle, makes the speed of water movement in the home heating system much faster. Due to its presence, the water will be heated due to the ongoing partial mixing with the coolant from the central heating system, the temperature of which is very high. The elevator has a steel body with a mixing chamber inside it. It is also equipped with a nozzle, in the form of a narrowing hole.

Rapid mixing of water in the heating system of the house occurs due to its high speed at the outlet of the nozzle. Its rarefaction occurs behind the jet. Already cooled water from the return heating system enters this rarefied space.

In the presence of an elevator, it is also possible to control the amount of hot water consumed. This is due to the ability to adjust the cross section of the nozzle. Management occurs by overlapping part of the hole with a “needle”, which has the form of a cone with a slight slope on top. It moves with the help of a special mechanism equipped with a control handle brought out to the outside. In proportion to the temperature of heating water, its consumption also changes when passing through the nozzle.

Also, the elevator simultaneously performs the role of a temperature controller, a mixer and a pump. These devices are quiet and reliable. Thanks to them, the dependent water circulation scheme is very popular.

Dependent once-through scheme

The simplest central heating scheme country house, is a dependent direct-flow. This system does not have mixers, expansion tank, mixer and other additional elements. It consists only of pipes and radiators. The system, even at high pressure and temperature, perfectly ensures the safety of the elements. But it also has a significant drawback. The temperature in a private house is completely dependent on the central boiler room.

Attention: plastic pipes, which are now in solid demand, should not be used with a dependent flow scheme.

Experts believe that of the three systems listed above, with the help of which central heating is produced in a cottage or in a private house, the most universal is the dependent one, which has an elevator. This is due to the fact that it does not require the use of a priming pump.

Despite the presence of some disadvantages, it is central heating that is the most common. With its help, you can effectively heat the apartment or a private house even in severe frosts.