Temperature graph of the quality control of the heating system. Temperature graph of the heating network - tips for compiling
To maintain a comfortable temperature in the house during the heating period, it is necessary to control the temperature of the coolant in the pipes of heating networks. Employees of the central heating system of residential premises are developing special temperature chart, which depends on weather indicators, climatic features of the region. The temperature schedule may differ in different settlements, and it may also change during the modernization of heating networks.
A schedule is drawn up in the heating network according to a simple principle - the lower the temperature on the street, the higher it should be for the coolant.
This ratio is important basis for work enterprises that provide the city with heat.
For the calculation, an indicator was used, which is based on average daily temperature the five coldest days of the year.
ATTENTION! Compliance with the temperature regime is important not only for maintaining heat in an apartment building. It also allows you to make the consumption of energy resources in the heating system economical, rational.
The graph, which indicates the temperature of the coolant depending on the outside temperature, allows the most optimal way to distribute between consumers apartment building not only heat, but also hot water.
How is heat regulated in the heating system
Heat regulation in an apartment building during the heating period can be carried out in two ways:
- By changing the flow rate of water at a certain constant temperature. This is a quantitative method.
- The change in the temperature of the coolant at a constant flow rate. This is a quality method.
Economical and practical is second option, at which the temperature regime in the room is observed regardless of the weather. Sufficient heat supply to apartment house will be stable, even if there is a sharp temperature drop outside.
ATTENTION!. The norm is the temperature of 20-22 degrees in the apartment. If the temperature schedules are observed, this norm is maintained throughout the heating period, regardless of weather conditions, wind direction.
When the temperature indicator on the street decreases, data is transmitted to the boiler room and the degree of the coolant automatically increases.
A specific table of the ratio of outdoor temperature and coolant depends on factors such as climate, boiler room equipment, technical and economic indicators.
Reasons for using a temperature chart
The basis for the operation of each boiler house serving residential, administrative and other buildings during the heating period is the temperature chart, which indicates the standards for the indicators of the coolant, depending on what the actual temperature is. outdoor temperature.
- Drawing up a schedule makes it possible to prepare the heating for a decrease in the temperature outside.
- It is also energy saving.
ATTENTION! In order to control the temperature of the heat carrier and be eligible for recalculation due to non-compliance with the thermal regime, the heat sensor must be installed in the central heating system. Meters must be checked annually.
Modern construction companies can increase the cost of housing through the use of expensive energy-saving technologies in the construction of multi-apartment buildings.
Despite the change construction technologies, the use of new materials for the insulation of walls and other surfaces of the building, compliance with the norms of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system - best way maintain comfortable living conditions.
Features of calculating the internal temperature in different rooms
The rules provide for maintaining the temperature for living quarters at 18˚С, but there are some nuances in this matter.
- For angular rooms of a residential building coolant must provide a temperature of 20 ° C.
- Optimum temperature indicator for the bathroom - 25˚С.
- It is important to know how many degrees should be according to the standards in rooms intended for children. Indicator set from 18˚С to 23˚С. If this Children's swimming pool, you need to maintain the temperature at 30 ° C.
- Minimum temperature allowed in schools - 21˚С.
- In institutions where mass cultural events are held according to the standards, maximum temperature 21˚С, but the indicator should not fall below the figure 16˚С.
To increase the temperature in the premises during a sharp cold snap or a strong north wind, the boiler house workers increase the degree of energy supply for heating networks.
The heat transfer of batteries is affected by the outside temperature, type heating system, the direction of the flow of the coolant, the state of utility networks, the type of heater, the role of which can be played by both a radiator and a convector.
ATTENTION! The temperature delta between the supply to the radiator and the return should not be significant. Otherwise it will feel big difference coolant in different rooms and even apartment buildings.
The main factor, however, is the weather., which is why measuring outdoor air to maintain a temperature graph is a top priority.
If it is cold outside up to 20˚С, the coolant in the radiator should have an indicator of 67-77˚С, while the norm for the return is 70˚С.
If the street temperature is zero, the norm for the coolant is 40-45˚С, and for the return - 35-38˚С. It should be noted that the temperature difference between supply and return is not large.
Why does the consumer need to know the norms for the supply of coolant?
Payment utilities in the heating column should depend on what temperature the supplier provides in the apartment.
Table of the temperature graph, according to which optimal performance boiler, shows at what temperature of the environment and by how much the boiler room should increase the degree of energy for heat sources in the house.
IMPORTANT! If the parameters of the temperature schedule are not observed, the consumer may demand a recalculation for utilities.
To measure the coolant indicator, it is necessary to drain some water from the radiator and check its degree of heat. Also successfully used thermal sensors, heat meters that can be installed at home.
The sensor is a mandatory equipment for both city boiler houses and ITPs (individual heating points).
Without such devices, it is impossible to make the operation of the heating system economical and productive. Coolant measurement is also carried out in hot water systems.
Useful video
Today, the most common heating systems in the Federation are those operating on water. The temperature of the water in the batteries directly depends on the indicators of the air temperature outside, that is, on the street, in a certain period of time. A corresponding schedule has also been approved by law, according to which responsible specialists calculate temperatures, taking into account local weather conditions and the source of heat supply.
The graphs of the coolant temperature depending on the outside temperature are developed taking into account the support of the mandatory temperature conditions in the room, those that are considered optimal and comfortable for the average person.
The colder it is outside, the higher the level of heat loss. For this reason, it is important to know which indicators are applicable when calculating the desired indicators. You don't need to calculate anything yourself. All figures are approved by the relevant normative documents. They are based on the average temperatures of the five coldest days of the year. The period of the last fifty years is also taken, with the selection of the eight coldest winters for a given time.
Thanks to such calculations, it is possible to prepare for low temperatures in winter, which occur at least once every few years. In turn, this allows you to significantly save when creating a heating system.
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Additional influencing factors
The coolant temperatures themselves are also directly affected by such no less significant factors as:
- Lowering the temperature on the street, which entails a similar indoor;
- Wind speed - the higher it is, the greater the heat loss through front door, window;
- The tightness of walls and joints (the installation of metal-plastic windows and the insulation of facades significantly affects the preservation of heat).
AT recent times there have been some changes in building codes Oh. For this reason, construction companies often carry out thermal insulation work not only on facades. apartment buildings, but also in the basement, foundation, roof, roof. Accordingly, the cost of such construction projects increases. At the same time, it is important to know that the costs of insulation are very significant, but on the other hand, this is a guarantee of heat savings and reduced heating costs.
For their part, construction companies understand that the costs incurred by them for the insulation of objects will be fully and soon paid off. It is also beneficial for the owners, since utility bills are very high, and if you pay, then it is really for the received and stored heat, and not for its loss due to insufficient insulation of the premises.
Temperature in the radiator
However, no matter what the weather conditions are outside and how insulated it is, the most important role is still played by the heat transfer of the radiator. Typically, in central heating systems, temperatures range from 70 to 90 degrees. However, it is important to take into account the fact that this criterion is not the only one in order to have the desired temperature regime, especially in residential areas, where temperatures in each individual room should not be the same, depending on the purpose.
So, for example, in corner rooms there should not be less than 20 degrees, while in others 18 degrees are allowed. In addition, if the temperature outside drops to -30, the established norms for rooms should be two degrees higher.
Those rooms that are intended for children should have temperature limit from 18 to 23 degrees, depending on what they are intended for. So in the pool it cannot be less than 30 degrees, and on the veranda it must be at least 12 degrees.
Talking about school educational institution, there should not be below 21 degrees, and in the boarding school bedroom - at least 16 degrees. For a cultural mass institution, the norm is from 16 degrees to 21, and for a library - no more than 18 degrees.
What affects battery temperature?
In addition to the heat transfer of the coolant and the temperatures outside, the heat in the room also depends on the activity of people inside. The more movements a person makes, the lower the temperature can be and vice versa. This must also be taken into account when distributing heat. As an example, you can take any sports institution where people are a priori in active movement. It is not appropriate to maintain high temperatures because it will cause discomfort. Accordingly, an indicator of 18 degrees is optimal.
It can be noted that the thermal performance of batteries inside any premises is affected not only by the outside air temperature and wind speed, but also by:
Approved schedules
Since the temperature outside has a direct impact on the heat inside the premises, a special temperature chart has been approved.
| Temperature readings outside | Inlet water, °С | Water in the heating system, °С | Outlet water, °С |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8 °С | from 51 to 52 | 42-45 | from 34 to 40 |
| 7 °С | from 51 to 55 | 44-47 | from 35 to 41 |
| 6 °C | from 53 to 57 | 45-49 | from 36 to 46 |
| 5 °C | from 55 to 59 | 47-50 | from 37 to 44 |
| 4 °С | from 57 to 61 | 48-52 | from 38 to 45 |
| 3 °C | from 59 to 64 | 50-54 | from 39 to 47 |
| 2 °C | from 61 to 66 | 51-56 | from 40 to 48 |
| 1 °C | from 63 to 69 | 53-57 | from 41 to 50 |
| 0 °C | from 65 to 71 | 55-59 | from 42 to 51 |
| -1 °C | from 67 to 73 | 56-61 | from 43 to 52 |
| -2 °C | from 69 to 76 | 58-62 | from 44 to 54 |
| -3 °C | from 71 to 78 | 59-64 | from 45 to 55 |
| -4 °С | from 73 to 80 | 61-66 | from 45 to 56 |
| -5 °С | from 75 to 82 | 62-67 | from 46 to 57 |
| -6 °C | from 77 to 85 | 64-69 | from 47 to 59 |
| -7 °C | from 79 to 87 | 65-71 | from 48 to 62 |
| -8 °C | from 80 to 89 | 66-72 | from 49 to 61 |
| -9 °C | from 82 to 92 | 66-72 | from 49 to 63 |
| -10 °C | from 86 to 94 | 69-75 | from 50 to 64 |
| -11 °C | from 86 to 96 | 71-77 | from 51 to 65 |
| -12 °C | from 88 to 98 | 72-79 | from 59 to 66 |
| -13 °С | from 90 to 101 | 74-80 | from 53 to 68 |
| -14 °C | from 92 to 103 | 75-82 | from 54 to 69 |
| -15 °C | from 93 to 105 | 76-83 | from 54 to 70 |
| -16 °С | from 95 to 107 | 79-86 | from 56 to 72 |
| -17 °С | from 97 to 109 | 79-86 | from 56 to 72 |
| -18 °C | from 99 to 112 | 81-88 | from 56 to 74 |
| -19 °С | from 101 to 114 | 82-90 | from 57 to 75 |
| -20 °C | from 102 to 116 | 83-91 | from 58 to 76 |
| -21 °С | from 104 to 118 | 85-93 | from 59 to 77 |
| -22 °С | from 106 to 120 | 88-94 | from 59 to 78 |
| -23 °C | from 108 to 123 | 87-96 | from 60 to 80 |
| -24 °С | from 109 to 125 | 89-97 | from 61 to 81 |
| -25 °С | from 112 to 128 | 90-98 | from 62 to 82 |
| -26 °C | from 112 to 128 | 91-99 | from 62 to 83 |
| -27 °C | from 114 to 130 | 92-101 | from 63 to 84 |
| -28 °С | from 116 to 134 | 94-103 | from 64 to 86 |
| -29 °C | from 118 to 136 | 96-105 | from 64 to 87 |
| -30 °C | from 120 to 138 | 97-106 | from 67 to 88 |
| -31 °С | from 122 to 140 | 98-108 | from 66 to 89 |
| -32 °С | from 123 to 142 | 100-109 | from 66 to 93 |
| -33 °C | from 125 to 144 | 101-111 | from 67 to 91 |
| -34 °C | from 127 to 146 | 102-112 | from 68 to 92 |
| -35 °С | from 129 to 149 | 104-114 | from 69 to 94 |
What is also important to know?
Thanks to tabular data, it is not difficult to find out about the temperature indicators of water in systems central heating. The required part of the coolant is measured with an ordinary thermometer at the moment when the system is lowered. The identified discrepancies between the actual temperatures and the established standards are the basis for the recalculation of utility bills. General house meters for accounting for heat energy have become very relevant today.
The responsibility for the temperature of the water that is heated in the heating main lies with the local CHP or boiler house. Transportation of heat carriers and minimal losses are assigned to the organization serving the heating network. Serves and adjusts the elevator unit of the housing department or Management Company.
It is important to know that the diameter of the elevator nozzle itself must be coordinated with the public heating network. All questions regarding low room temperature must be resolved with the governing body of the apartment building or other immovable object in question. The duty of these bodies is to provide citizens with minimum sanitary temperature standards.
Norms in living quarters
In order to understand when it is really relevant to apply for recalculation of payment for a utility service and require the adoption of any measures to provide heat, it is necessary to know the norms of heat in residential premises. These norms are fully regulated by Russian legislation.
So in the warm season, living quarters are not heated and the norms for them are 22-25 degrees Celsius. In cold weather, the following indicators apply:
However, do not forget about common sense. For example, bedrooms must be ventilated, they should not be too hot, but it cannot be cold either. The temperature regime in the children's room should be regulated according to the age of the child. For babies, this is the upper limit. As they grow older, the bar decreases to the lower limits.
The heat in the bathroom also depends on the humidity of the room. If the room is poorly ventilated, there is a high water content in the air, and this creates a feeling of dampness and may not be safe for the health of residents.
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Each heating system has certain characteristics. These include power, heat transfer and temperature operation. They determine the efficiency of work, directly affecting the comfort of living in the house. How to choose the right temperature graph and heating mode, its calculation?
Drawing up a temperature chart
The temperature schedule of the heating system is calculated according to several parameters. Not only the degree of heating of the premises, but also the flow rate of the coolant depends on the selected mode. This also affects the ongoing costs of heating maintenance.
The drawn up schedule of the temperature regime of heating depends on several parameters. The main one is the level of water heating in the mains. It, in turn, consists of the following characteristics:
- Temperature in the supply and return pipelines. Measurements are made in the corresponding boiler nozzles;
- Characteristics of the degree of heating of air indoors and outdoors.
The correct calculation of the heating temperature graph begins with the calculation of the difference between the temperature hot water in the straight and supply pipe. This value has the following notation:
∆T=Tin-Tob
Where Tin- water temperature in the supply line, Tob- the degree of heating of water in the return pipe.
To increase the heat transfer of the heating system, it is necessary to increase the first value. To reduce the coolant flow rate, ∆t must be kept to a minimum. This is precisely the main difficulty, since the temperature schedule of the heating boiler directly depends on external factors - heat losses in the building, outdoor air.
To optimize the heating power, it is necessary to make thermal insulation of the outer walls of the house. This will reduce heat losses and energy consumption.
Temperature calculation
To determine the optimal temperature regime, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the heating components - radiators and batteries. In particular, specific power (W / cm²). This will directly affect the heat transfer of heated water to air into the room.
It is also necessary to make a number of preliminary calculations. This takes into account the characteristics of the house and heating devices:
- Heat transfer resistance coefficient of external walls and window structures. It must be at least 3.35 m² * C / W. Depends on the climatic features of the region;
- Surface power of radiators.
The temperature curve of the heating system is directly dependent on these parameters. To calculate the heat loss of a house, it is necessary to know the thickness of the outer walls and the building material. The calculation of the surface power of batteries is carried out according to the following formula:
Rud=P/Fact
Where R– maximum power, W, fact– radiator area, cm².
According to the data obtained, a temperature regime for heating and a heat transfer graph are compiled depending on the temperature outside.
To timely change the heating parameters, a temperature heating controller is installed. This device connects to outdoor and indoor thermometers. Depending on the current indicators, the operation of the boiler or the volume of coolant inflow to the radiators is adjusted.
Weekly programmer is optimal temperature controller heating. With its help, you can automate the operation of the entire system as much as possible.
Central heating
For district heating, the temperature regime of the heating system depends on the characteristics of the system. Currently, there are several types of parameters of the coolant supplied to consumers:
- 150°C/70°C. To normalize the water temperature with elevator node it is mixed with the cooled stream. In this case, it is possible to draw up an individual temperature schedule for a heating boiler house for a particular house;
- 90°C/70°C. It is typical for small private heating systems designed to supply heat to several apartment buildings. In this case, you can not install the mixing unit.
It is the responsibility of utilities to calculate the temperature heating schedule and control its parameters. At the same time, the degree of air heating in residential premises should be at the level of + 22 ° С. For non-residential, this figure is slightly lower - + 16 ° С.
For a centralized system, drawing up a correct temperature schedule for a heating boiler room is required to ensure an optimal comfortable temperature in the apartments. The main problem is the lack of feedback - it is impossible to adjust the parameters of the coolant depending on the degree of air heating in each apartment. That is why the temperature schedule of the heating system is drawn up.
A copy of the heating schedule can be requested from the Management Company. With it, you can control the quality of the services provided.
Heating system
It is often not necessary to make similar calculations for autonomous heating systems of a private house. If the scheme provides for indoor and outdoor temperature sensors, information about them will be sent to the boiler control unit.
Therefore, in order to reduce energy consumption, a low-temperature heating mode is most often chosen. It is characterized by relatively low water heating (up to +70°С) and a high degree its circulation. This is necessary to evenly distribute heat to all heaters.
To implement such a temperature regime of the heating system, the following conditions must be met:
- Minimum heat loss in the house. However, one should not forget about normal air exchange - ventilation is a must;
- High heat output of radiators;
- Installation of automatic temperature controllers in heating.
If there is a need to perform a correct calculation of the system operation, it is recommended to use special software complexes. There are too many factors to consider for self-calculation. But with their help, you can draw up approximate temperature graphs for heating modes.
However, it should be borne in mind that an accurate calculation of the heat supply temperature schedule is done for each system individually. The tables show the recommended values for the degree of heating of the coolant in the supply and return pipes, depending on the temperature outside. When performing calculations, the characteristics of the building, the climatic features of the region were not taken into account. But even so, they can be used as a basis for creating a temperature graph for a heating system.
The maximum load of the system should not affect the quality of the boiler. Therefore, it is recommended to purchase it with a power reserve of 15-20%.
Even the most accurate temperature chart of the heating boiler room will experience deviations in the calculated and actual data during operation. This is due to the peculiarities of the operation of the system. What factors can influence the current temperature regime of heat supply?
- Pollution of pipelines and radiators. To avoid this, periodic cleaning of the heating system should be carried out;
- Incorrect operation of the regulating and stop valves. Be sure to check the performance of all components;
- Violation of the boiler operation mode - sudden temperature jumps as a result - pressure.
Maintaining the optimal temperature regime of the system is possible only with the right choice of its components. For this, their operational and technical properties should be taken into account.
Battery heating can be adjusted using a thermostat, the principle of operation of which can be found in the video:
To calculate the heat loss of a house, it is necessary to know the thickness of the outer walls and the building material. The calculation of the surface power of the batteries is carried out according to the following formula: Psp \u003d P / Fact Where P is the maximum power, W, Fact is the radiator area, cm². Dependence of heat output on outdoor temperature According to the data obtained, a temperature regime for heating and a heat transfer graph depending on the outdoor temperature are compiled. To timely change the heating parameters, a temperature heating controller is installed. This device connects to outdoor and indoor thermometers. Depending on the current indicators, the operation of the boiler or the volume of coolant inflow to the radiators is adjusted. The weekly programmer is the optimal temperature controller for heating. With its help, you can automate the operation of the entire system as much as possible.
Temperature chart of the heating system
Regulator benefits:
- The temperature regime is strictly maintained.
- Exclusion of liquid overheating.
- Economy of fuel and energy.
- The consumer, regardless of distance, receives heat equally.
Table with temperature graph Boiler operation mode depends on the weather environment. If you take different objects, for example, a factory room, a multi-storey building and a private house, all will have an individual thermal diagram.
Energy Blog
Attention
Looking through the statistics of visiting our blog, I noticed that search phrases such as, for example, “what should be the temperature of the coolant at minus 5 outside?” appear very often. Decided to post the old chart quality regulation heat supply according to the average daily temperature of the outside air.
Important
I want to warn those who, on the basis of these figures, will try to sort out relations with the housing department or heating networks: the heating schedules for each individual settlement are different (I wrote about this in the article on regulating the temperature of the coolant). Work on this schedule heating network in Ufa (Bashkiria).
I also want to draw attention to the fact that regulation takes place according to the average daily outdoor temperature, so if, for example, it is minus 15 degrees outside at night and minus 5 during the day, then the coolant temperature will be maintained in accordance with the schedule at minus 10 °C.
temperature graph
The temperature of the heat carrier at the inlet to the heating system with a qualitative regulation of the heat supply depends on the outside temperature, that is, the lower the outside temperature, the higher the temperature should be when the coolant enters the heating system. The temperature graph is selected when designing the heating system of the building, the size of the heating devices, the flow rate of the coolant in the system, and, consequently, the diameter of the distributing pipelines depend on it.
To designate the temperature graph, two numbers are used, for example, 90-70 ° C - this means that at the estimated outdoor temperature (for Kyiv -22 ° C), to create a comfortable indoor air temperature (for housing 20 ° C), in the heating system must enter the coolant (water) with a temperature of 90°C, and leave it with a temperature of 70°C.
Temperature chart of the heating system 95 70 snip table
Info
Analysis and adjustment of operating modes is carried out using a temperature scheme. For example, the return of a liquid with an elevated temperature will indicate high coolant costs.
Underestimated data will be considered as a consumption deficit. Previously, for 10-storey buildings, a scheme with calculated data of 95-70°C was introduced.
The buildings above had their chart 105-70°C. Modern new buildings may have a different scheme, at the discretion of the designer. More often, there are diagrams of 90-70°C, and maybe 80-60°C. Temperature graph 95-70: Temperature graph 95-70 How is it calculated? The control method is selected, then the calculation is made. The calculation-winter and reverse order of water inflow, the amount of outside air, the order at the breakpoint of the diagram are taken into account. There are two diagrams, where one of them considers only heating, the other one considers heating with hot water consumption.
Heating temperature chart
At the same time, the degree of air heating in residential premises should be at the level of + 22 ° С. For non-residential, this figure is slightly lower - + 16 ° С. For a centralized system, drawing up a correct temperature schedule for a heating boiler room is required to ensure an optimal comfortable temperature in the apartments.
The main problem is the lack of feedback - it is impossible to adjust the parameters of the coolant depending on the degree of air heating in each apartment. That is why the temperature schedule of the heating system is drawn up. A copy of the heating schedule can be requested from the Management Company. With it, you can control the quality of the services provided. Autonomous heating Thermoregulator It is often not necessary to make similar calculations for autonomous heating systems of a private house.
Temperature schedule for the operation of sources and heating networks
Dependency graph may vary. A particular chart has a dependency on:
- Technical and economic indicators.
- Equipment for a CHP or boiler room.
- climate.
High performance of the coolant provides the consumer with a large thermal energy. An example of a circuit is shown below, where T1 is the temperature of the heat carrier, Tnv is the outdoor air: The diagram of the returned heat carrier is also used.
A boiler house or CHP according to such a scheme can evaluate the efficiency of the source. It is considered high when the returned liquid arrives cooled. The stability of the scheme depends on the design values of the liquid flow of high-rise buildings. If the flow rate through the heating circuit increases, the water will return uncooled, as the flow rate will increase. Conversely, at the lowest cost, return water will be cool enough.
The supplier's interest is, of course, in the flow of return water in a chilled state. But there are certain limits to reduce the consumption, since a decrease leads to losses in the amount of heat.
The consumer will begin to lower the internal degree in the apartment, which will lead to a violation of building codes and discomfort to the inhabitants. What does it depend on? The temperature curve depends on two quantities: outside air and heating medium. Frosty weather leads to an increase in the degree of coolant. When designing a central source, the size of the equipment, the building and the section of pipes are taken into account. The value of the temperature leaving the boiler room is 90 degrees, so that at minus 23 ° C, it would be warm in the apartments and have a value of 22 ° C. Then the return water returns to 70 degrees. These standards are in line with the normal comfortable living in the house.
Temperature chart of the heating system - calculation procedure and ready-made tables
For networks operating according to temperature schedules of 95-70°С and 105-70°С (columns 5 and 6 of the table), the water temperature in the return pipeline of heating systems is determined by column 7 of the table. For consumers connected according to an independent connection scheme, the water temperature in the direct pipeline is determined according to column 4 of the table, and in the return pipeline according to column 8 of the table.
The temperature schedule for regulating the heat load is developed from the conditions of the daily supply of heat energy for heating, which ensures the need for buildings in heat energy, depending on the outside temperature, in order to ensure that the temperature in the premises is constant at a level of at least 18 degrees, as well as covering the heat load of hot water supply with ensuring DHW temperature in places of water intake not lower than + 60°C, in accordance with the requirements of SanPin 2.1.4.2496-09 “Drinking water.
Looking through the statistics of visiting our blog, I noticed that search phrases such as, for example, “what should be the temperature of the coolant at minus 5 outside?” appear very often. I decided to lay out the old schedule for the quality regulation of heat supply based on the average daily outdoor temperature. I want to warn those who, on the basis of these figures, will try to sort out relations with the housing department or heating networks: the heating schedules for each individual settlement are different (I wrote about this in the article on regulating the temperature of the coolant). Thermal networks in Ufa (Bashkiria) operate according to this schedule.
I also want to draw attention to the fact that regulation takes place according to the average daily outdoor temperature, so if, for example, it is minus 15 degrees outside at night and minus 5 during the day, then the coolant temperature will be maintained in accordance with the schedule at minus 10 °C.
As a rule, the following temperature graphs are used: 150/70, 130/70, 115/70, 105/70, 95/70. The schedule is selected depending on the specific local conditions. House heating systems operate according to schedules 105/70 and 95/70. According to schedules 150, 130 and 115/70, main heat networks operate.
Let's look at an example of how to use the chart. Suppose the temperature outside is minus 10 degrees. Heating networks operate according to a temperature schedule of 130/70, which means that at -10 ° C the temperature of the coolant in the supply pipeline of the heating network should be 85.6 degrees, in the supply pipeline of the heating system - 70.8 ° C with a schedule of 105/70 or 65.3 ° C at chart 95/70. The water temperature after the heating system should be 51.7 °C.
As a rule, the temperature values in the supply pipeline of heat networks are rounded off when setting the heat source. For example, according to the schedule, it should be 85.6 ° C, and 87 degrees are set at the CHP or boiler house.
| 53,2 | 50,2 | 46,4 | 43,4 | 41,2 | 35,8 |
| 55,7 | 52,3 | 48,2 | 45,0 | 42,7 | 36,8 |
| 58,1 | 54,4 | 50,0 | 46,6 | 44,1 | 37,7 |
| 60,5 | 56,5 | 51,8 | 48,2 | 45,5 | 38,7 |
| 62,9 | 58,5 | 53,5 | 49,8 | 46,9 | 39,6 |
| 65,3 | 60,5 | 55,3 | 51,4 | 48,3 | 40,6 |
| 67,7 | 62,6 | 57,0 | 52,9 | 49,7 | 41,5 |
| 70,0 | 64,5 | 58,8 | 54,5 | 51,0 | 42,4 |
| 72,4 | 66,5 | 60,5 | 56,0 | 52,4 | 43,3 |
| 74,7 | 68,5 | 62,2 | 57,5 | 53,7 | 44,2 |
| 77,0 | 70,4 | 63,8 | 59,0 | 55,0 | 45,0 |
| 79,3 | 72,4 | 65,5 | 60,5 | 56,3 | 45,9 |
| 81,6 | 74,3 | 67,2 | 62,0 | 57,6 | 46,7 |
| 83,9 | 76,2 | 68,8 | 63,5 | 58,9 | 47,6 |
| 86,2 | 78,1 | 70,4 | 65,0 | 60,2 | 48,4 |
| 88,5 | 80,0 | 72,1 | 66,4 | 61,5 | 49,2 |
| 90,8 | 81,9 | 73,7 | 67,9 | 62,8 | 50,1 |
| 93,0 | 83,8 | 75,3 | 69,3 | 64,0 | 50,9 |
| 95,3 | 85,6 | 76,9 | 70,8 | 65,3 | 51,7 |
| 97,6 | 87,5 | 78,5 | 72,2 | 66,6 | 52,5 |
| 99,8 | 89,3 | 80,1 | 73,6 | 67,8 | 53,3 |
| 102,0 | 91,2 | 81,7 | 75,0 | 69,0 | 54,0 |
| 104,3 | 93,0 | 83,3 | 76,4 | 70,3 | 54,8 |
| 106,5 | 94,8 | 84,8 | 77,9 | 71,5 | 55,6 |
| 108,7 | 96,6 | 86,4 | 79,3 | 72,7 | 56,3 |
| 110,9 | 98,4 | 87,9 | 80,7 | 73,9 | 57,1 |
| 113,1 | 100,2 | 89,5 | 82,0 | 75,1 | 57,9 |
| 115,3 | 102,0 | 91,0 | 83,4 | 76,3 | 58,6 |
| 117,5 | 103,8 | 92,6 | 84,8 | 77,5 | 59,4 |
| 119,7 | 105,6 | 94,1 | 86,2 | 78,7 | 60,1 |
| 121,9 | 107,4 | 95,6 | 87,6 | 79,9 | 60,8 |
| 124,1 | 109,2 | 97,1 | 88,9 | 81,1 | 61,6 |
| 126,3 | 110,9 | 98,6 | 90,3 | 82,3 | 62,3 |
| 128,5 | 112,7 | 100,2 | 91,6 | 83,5 | 63,0 |
| 130,6 | 114,4 | 101,7 | 93,0 | 84,6 | 63,7 |
| 132,8 | 116,2 | 103,2 | 94,3 | 85,8 | 64,4 |
| 135,0 | 117,9 | 104,7 | 95,7 | 87,0 | 65,1 |
| 137,1 | 119,7 | 106,1 | 97,0 | 88,1 | 65,8 |
| 139,3 | 121,4 | 107,6 | 98,4 | 89,3 | 66,5 |
| 141,4 | 123,1 | 109,1 | 99,7 | 90,4 | 67,2 |
| 143,6 | 124,9 | 110,6 | 101,0 | 94,6 | 67,9 |
| 145,7 | 126,6 | 112,1 | 102,4 | 92,7 | 68,6 |
| 147,9 | 128,3 | 113,5 | 103,7 | 93,9 | 69,3 |
| 150,0 | 130,0 | 115,0 | 105,0 | 95,0 | 70,0 |
Please do not focus on the diagram at the beginning of the post - it does not correspond to the data from the table.
Calculation of the temperature graph
The method for calculating the temperature graph is described in the handbook "Setting up and operation of water heating networks" (Chapter 4, p. 4.4, p. 153,).
This is a rather laborious and lengthy process, since several values must be read for each outdoor temperature: T1, T3, T2, etc.
To our joy, we have a computer and a MS Excel spreadsheet. A colleague at work shared with me a ready-made table for calculating the temperature graph. She was once made by his wife, who worked as an engineer for a group of regimes in thermal networks.
Table for calculating the temperature graph in MS Excel
In order for Excel to calculate and build a graph, it is enough to enter several initial values:
- design temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network T1
- design temperature in the return pipe of the heating network T2
- design temperature in the supply pipe of the heating system T3
- Outdoor air temperature Tn.v.
- Indoor temperature Tv.p.
- coefficient "n" (it is usually not changed and is equal to 0.25)
- Minimum and maximum cut of the temperature graph Cut min, Cut max.
Entering initial data into the table for calculating the temperature graph
All. nothing more is required of you. The results of the calculations will be in the first table of the sheet. It is highlighted in bold.
The charts will also be rebuilt for the new values.
Graphical representation of the temperature graph
The table also considers the temperature of direct network water, taking into account wind speed.
Download temperature chart calculation
energoworld.ru
Appendix e Temperature chart (95 – 70) °С
| Design temperature outdoor | Water temperature in server pipeline | Water temperature in return pipeline | Estimated outdoor temperature | Supply water temperature | Water temperature in return pipeline |
Appendix e
CLOSED HEATING SYSTEM
TV1: G1 = 1V1; G2=G1; Q = G1(h2 –h3)
OPEN HEATING SYSTEM
WITH WATER TANK INTO A DEAD-END DHW SYSTEM
TV1: G1 = 1V1; G2 = 1V2; G3 = G1 - G2;
Q1 \u003d G1 (h2 - h3) + G3 (h3 - hx)
Bibliography
1. Gershunsky B.S. Fundamentals of electronics. Kyiv, Vishcha school, 1977.
2. Meyerson A.M. Radio-measuring equipment. - Leningrad.: Energy, 1978. - 408s.
3. Murin G.A. Thermotechnical measurements. -M.: Energy, 1979. -424 p.
4. Spector S.A. Electrical measurements physical quantities. Tutorial. - Leningrad.: Energoatomizdat, 1987. –320s.
5. Tartakovskii D.F., Yastrebov A.S. Metrology, standardization and technical means measurements. – M.: graduate School, 2001.
6. Heat meters TSK7. Manual. - St. Petersburg.: CJSC TEPLOKOM, 2002.
7. Calculator of the amount of heat VKT-7. Manual. - St. Petersburg.: CJSC TEPLOKOM, 2002.
Zuev Alexander Vladimirovich
Neighboring files in the Process Measurements and Instruments folder
studfiles.net
Heating temperature chart
The task of organizations serving houses and buildings is to maintain the standard temperature. The temperature curve of heating directly depends on the temperature outside.
There are three heating systems
Graph of outside and inside temperature - District heating a large boiler house (CHP), standing at a considerable distance from the city. In this case, the heat supply organization, taking into account the heat losses in the networks, chooses a system with a temperature curve: 150/70, 130/70 or 105/70. The first digit is the temperature of the water in the supply pipe, the second digit is the temperature of the water in the return pipe.
- Small boiler houses, which are located near residential buildings. In this case, the temperature curve 105/70, 95/70 is selected.
- Individual boiler installed in a private house. The most acceptable schedule is 95/70. Although it is possible to reduce the supply temperature even more, since there will be practically no heat loss. Modern boilers operate in automatic mode and maintain a constant temperature in the supply heat pipe. The 95/70 temperature chart speaks for itself. The temperature at the entrance to the house should be 95 ° C, and at the exit - 70 ° C.
In Soviet times, when everything was state-owned, all parameters of temperature charts were maintained. If according to the schedule there should be a supply temperature of 100 degrees, then this will be so. Such a temperature cannot be supplied to residents, so elevator units were designed. Water from the return pipeline, cooled down, was mixed into the supply system, thereby lowering the supply temperature to the standard one. In our time of universal economy, the need for elevator nodes is no longer necessary. All heat supply organizations switched to the temperature chart of the heating system 95/70. According to this graph, the coolant temperature will be 95 °C when the outside temperature is -35 °C. As a rule, the temperature at the entrance to the house no longer requires dilution. Therefore, all elevator units must be eliminated or reconstructed. Instead of conical sections that reduce both the speed and volume of the flow, put straight pipes. Seal the supply pipe from the return pipeline with a steel plug. This is one of the heat saving measures. It is also necessary to insulate the facades of houses, windows. Change old pipes and batteries to new ones - modern ones. These measures will increase the air temperature in dwellings, which means you can save on heating temperature. Lowering the temperature on the street is immediately reflected in the residents in the receipts.
heating temperature chart Most Soviet cities were built with an "open" heating system. This is when water from the boiler room comes directly to consumers in homes and is used for personal needs of citizens and heating. During the reconstruction of systems and the construction of new heating systems, a "closed" system is used. The water from the boiler house reaches the heating point in the microdistrict, where it heats the water to 95 °C, which goes to the houses. It turns out two closed rings. This system allows heat supply organizations to significantly save resources for heating water. Indeed, the volume of heated water leaving the boiler room will be almost the same at the entrance to the boiler room. No need to get into the system cold water.
Temperature charts are:
- optimal. The heat resource of the boiler room is used exclusively for heating houses. Temperature control takes place in the boiler room. The supply temperature is 95 °C.
- elevated. The heat resource of the boiler house is used for heating houses and hot water supply. A two-pipe system enters the house. One pipe is heating, the other pipe is hot water supply. Supply temperature 80 - 95 °C.
- adjusted. The heat resource of the boiler house is used for heating houses and hot water supply. One-pipe system approaches the house. From one pipe in the house, a heat resource is taken for heating and hot water for residents. Supply temperature - 95 - 105 °C.
How to carry out the temperature heating schedule. It is possible in three ways:
- quality (regulation of the temperature of the coolant).
- quantitative (regulation of the coolant volume by turning on additional pumps on the return pipeline, or installing elevators and washers).
- qualitative-quantitative (to regulate both the temperature and the volume of the coolant).
The quantitative method prevails, which is not always able to withstand the heating temperature graph.
Fight against heat supply organizations. This struggle is waged by management companies. By law, the management company is obliged to conclude an agreement with the heat supply organization. Will it be a contract for the supply of heat resources or just an agreement on interaction, the management company decides. An annex to this agreement will be a temperature schedule for heating. The heat supply organization is obliged to approve the temperature schemes in the city administration. The heat supply organization supplies the heat resource to the wall of the house, that is, to the metering stations. By the way, the legislation establishes that thermal workers are obliged to install metering stations in houses at their own expense with an installment payment of the cost for residents. So, having metering devices at the entrance and exit from the house, you can control the heating temperature daily. We take the temperature table, look at the air temperature on the weather site and find in the table the indicators that should be. If there are deviations, you need to complain. Even if the deviations are higher, residents will pay more. At the same time, the windows will be opened and the rooms will be ventilated. It is necessary to complain about insufficient temperature to the heat supply organization. If there is no response, we write to the city administration and Rospotrebnadzor.
Until recently, there was a multiplying coefficient on the cost of heat for residents of houses that were not equipped with common house meters. Due to the sluggishness of managing organizations and thermal workers, ordinary residents suffered.
Important indicator in the heating temperature chart is the return temperature of the network. In all graphs, this is an indicator of 70 ° C. In severe frosts, when heat losses increase, heat supply organizations are forced to turn on additional pumps on the return pipeline. This measure increases the speed of water movement through the pipes, and, therefore, the heat transfer increases, and the temperature in the network is maintained.
Again, during the period of general savings, it is very problematic to force thermal workers to turn on additional pumps, which means increasing electricity costs.
The heating temperature graph is calculated based on the following indicators:
- ambient air temperature;
- supply pipeline temperature;
- return pipeline temperature;
- the amount of heat energy consumed at home;
- required amount of thermal energy.
For different rooms temperature curve is different. For children's institutions (schools, gardens, palaces of art, hospitals), the temperature in the room should be between +18 and +23 degrees according to sanitary and epidemiological standards.
- For sports facilities - 18 °C.
- For residential premises - in apartments not lower than +18 °C, in corner rooms + 20 °C.
- For non-residential premises– 16-18 °C. Based on these parameters, heating schedules are built.
It is easier to calculate the temperature schedule for a private house, since the equipment is mounted right in the house. A zealous owner will provide heating to the garage, bathhouse, and outbuildings. The load on the boiler will increase. Counting heat load depending on the maximum low air temperatures of past periods. We select equipment by power in kW. The most cost-effective and environmentally friendly boiler is natural gas. If gas is brought to you, this is already half the battle done. You can also use bottled gas. At home, you do not have to adhere to standard temperature schedules of 105/70 or 95/70, and it does not matter that the temperature in the return pipeline is not 70 ° C. Adjust the network temperature to your liking.
By the way, many city dwellers would like to put individual counters on the heat and control the temperature chart yourself. Contact the heat supply companies. And there they hear such answers. Most of the houses in the country are built on a vertical heating system. Water is supplied from the bottom - up, less often: from top to bottom. With such a system, the installation of heat meters is prohibited by law. Even if a specialized organization installs these meters for you, the heat supply organization simply will not accept these meters for operation. That is, savings will not work. Installation of meters is possible only with horizontal heating distribution.
In other words, when a heating pipe comes into your home not from above, not from below, but from the entrance corridor - horizontally. At the place of entry and exit of heating pipes, individual heat meters can be installed. Installation of such counters pays off in two years. All houses are now being built with just such a wiring system. Heating appliances are equipped with control knobs (taps). If the temperature in the apartment is high in your opinion, then you can save money and reduce the heating supply. Only ourselves we will save from freezing.
myaquahouse.ru
Temperature chart of the heating system: variations, application, shortcomings
The temperature chart of the heating system 95 -70 degrees Celsius is the most demanded temperature chart. By and large, we can say with confidence that all central heating systems operate in this mode. The only exceptions are buildings with autonomous heating.
But even in autonomous systems there may be exceptions when using condensing boilers.
When using boilers operating on condensation principle heating temperature charts tend to be lower.
Temperature in pipelines depending on the outside air temperature
Application of condensing boilers
For example, when maximum load for a condensing boiler, there will be a mode of 35-15 degrees. This is due to the fact that the boiler extracts heat from the exhaust gases. In a word, with other parameters, for example, the same 90-70, it will not be able to work effectively.
Distinctive properties of condensing boilers are:
- high efficiency;
- profitability;
- optimal efficiency at minimum load;
- quality of materials;
- high price.
You have heard many times that the efficiency of a condensing boiler is about 108%. Indeed, the manual says the same thing.
Condensing boiler Valliant
But how can this be, because we were taught from the school desk that more than 100% does not happen.
- The thing is that when calculating the efficiency of conventional boilers, 100% is taken as the maximum. But ordinary gas boilers for heating a private house, flue gases are simply thrown into the atmosphere, and condensing ones utilize part of the outgoing heat. The latter will go to heating in the future.
- The heat that will be utilized and used in the second round is added to the efficiency of the boiler. Typically, a condensing boiler utilizes up to 15% of flue gases, this figure is adjusted to the efficiency of the boiler (approximately 93%). The result is a number of 108%.
- Undoubtedly, heat recovery is necessary thing, but the boiler itself for such work costs a lot of money. The high price of the boiler is due to stainless heat exchange equipment that utilizes heat in the last chimney path.
- If instead of such stainless equipment we put ordinary iron equipment, then it will become unusable after a very short period of time. Since the moisture contained in the flue gases has aggressive properties.
- main feature condensing boilers lies in the fact that they achieve maximum efficiency with minimum loads. Ordinary boilers (gas heaters), on the contrary, reach the peak of economy at maximum load.
- The beauty of it useful property is that during the entire heating period, the load on heating is not always maximum. On the strength of 5-6 days, an ordinary boiler works at maximum. Therefore, a conventional boiler cannot match the performance of a condensing boiler, which has maximum performance at minimum loads.
You can see a photo of such a boiler a little higher, and a video with its operation can be easily found on the Internet.
Principle of operation
conventional heating system
It is safe to say that the heating temperature schedule of 95 - 70 is the most in demand.
This is explained by the fact that all houses that receive heat from central heat sources are designed to work in this mode. And we have more than 90% of such houses.
District boiler house
The principle of operation of such heat production occurs in several stages:
- heat source (district boiler house), produces water heating;
- heated water, through the main and distribution networks, moves to consumers;
- in the house of consumers, most often in the basement, through the elevator unit, hot water is mixed with water from the heating system, the so-called return flow, the temperature of which is not more than 70 degrees, and then heated to a temperature of 95 degrees;
- further heated water (the one that is 95 degrees) passes through the heaters of the heating system, heats the premises and again returns to the elevator.
Advice. If you have a cooperative house or a society of co-owners of houses, then you can set up the elevator with your own hands, but this requires you to strictly follow the instructions and correctly calculate the throttle washer.
Poor heating system
Very often we hear that people's heating does not work well and their rooms are cold.
There can be many reasons for this, the most common are:
- schedule temperature system heating is not observed, the elevator may be incorrectly calculated;
- house system heating is heavily polluted, which greatly impairs the passage of water through the risers;
- fuzzy heating radiators;
- unauthorized change of the heating system;
- poor thermal insulation of walls and windows.
A common mistake is an incorrectly dimensioned elevator nozzle. As a result, the function of mixing water and the operation of the entire elevator as a whole is disrupted.
This could happen for several reasons:
- negligence and lack of training of operating personnel;
- incorrectly performed calculations in the technical department.
During the many years of operation of heating systems, people rarely think about the need to clean their heating systems. By and large, this applies to buildings that were built during the Soviet Union.
All heating systems must undergo a hydropneumatic flush before each heating season. But this is observed only on paper, since ZhEKs and other organizations carry out these works only on paper.
As a result, the walls of the risers become clogged, and the latter become smaller in diameter, which violates the hydraulics of the entire heating system as a whole. The amount of transmitted heat decreases, that is, someone simply does not have enough of it.
You can do hydropneumatic purge with your own hands, it is enough to have a compressor and a desire.
The same applies to cleaning radiators. Over many years of operation, radiators inside accumulate a lot of dirt, silt and other defects. Periodically, at least once every three years, they need to be disconnected and washed.
Dirty radiators greatly impair the heat output in your room.
The most common moment is an unauthorized change and redevelopment of heating systems. When replacing old metal pipes with metal-plastic ones, diameters are not observed. And sometimes various bends are added, which increases local resistance and worsens the quality of heating.
Metal-plastic pipe
Very often, with such unauthorized reconstruction and replacement of heating batteries with gas welding, the number of radiator sections also changes. And really, why not give yourself more sections? But in the end, your housemate, who lives after you, will receive less of the heat he needs for heating. And the last neighbor, who will receive less heat the most, will suffer the most.
An important role is played by the thermal resistance of building envelopes, windows and doors. As statistics show, up to 60% of heat can escape through them.
Elevator node
As we said above, all water-jet elevators are designed to mix water from the supply line of heating networks into the return line of the heating system. Thanks to this process, system circulation and pressure are created.
As for the material used for their manufacture, both cast iron and steel are used.
Consider the principle of operation of the elevator in the photo below.
The principle of operation of the elevator
Through branch pipe 1, water from heating networks passes through the ejector nozzle and enters the mixing chamber 3 at high speed. There, water from the return of the building's heating system is mixed with it, the latter is supplied through branch pipe 5.
The resulting water is sent to the heating system supply through diffuser 4.
In order for the elevator to function correctly, it is necessary that its neck be correctly selected. To do this, calculations are made using the formula below:
Where ΔРnas - design circulation pressure in the heating system, Pa;
Gcm - water consumption in the heating system kg / h.
Note! True, for such a calculation, you need a building heating scheme.
The appearance of the elevator unit
Have a warm winter!
Page 2
In the article, we will find out how the average daily temperature is calculated when designing heating systems, how the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the elevator unit depends on the temperature outside, and what the temperature of the heating batteries can be in winter.
We will also touch on the topic of self-combating the cold in the apartment.
Cold in winter is a sore subject for many residents of city apartments.
general information
Here we present the main provisions and excerpts from the current SNiP.
Outside temperature
The design temperature of the heating period, which is included in the design of heating systems, is nothing less than the average temperature of the coldest five-day periods for the eight coldest winters of the last 50 years.
This approach allows, on the one hand, to be prepared for severe frosts that occur only once every few years, and on the other hand, not to invest excessive funds in the project. On the scale of mass construction, we are talking about very significant amounts.
Target room temperature
It should be noted right away that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant in the heating system.
Several factors are at work in parallel:
- Air temperature outside. The lower it is, the greater the heat leakage through walls, windows and roofs.
- Presence or absence of wind. Strong wind increases the heat loss of buildings by blowing porches, basements and apartments through unsealed doors and windows.
- The degree of insulation of the facade, windows and doors in the room. It is clear that in the case of a hermetically sealed metal-plastic window with double glazing heat loss will be much lower than with a cracked wooden window and double-glazed windows.
It is curious: now there has been a trend towards the construction of apartment buildings with the maximum degree of thermal insulation. In Crimea, where the author lives, new houses are being built immediately with facade insulation mineral wool or polystyrene and with hermetically closing doors of entrances and apartments.
The facade is covered from the outside with basalt fiber slabs.
- And finally, the actual temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment.
So, what are the current temperature standards in rooms for various purposes?
- In the apartment: corner rooms - not lower than 20C, other living rooms - not lower than 18C, bathroom - not lower than 25C. Nuance: when the design air temperature is below -31C for corner and other living rooms, higher values are taken, +22 and +20C (source - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/23/2006 "Rules for the provision of public services to citizens").
- In kindergarten: 18-23 degrees depending on the purpose of the room for toilets, bedrooms and game rooms; 12 degrees for walking verandas; 30 degrees for indoor swimming pools.
- AT educational institutions: from 16C for boarding school bedrooms to +21 in classrooms.
- In theaters, clubs, other places of entertainment: 16-20 degrees for the auditorium and + 22C for the stage.
- For libraries (reading rooms and book depositories) the norm is 18 degrees.
- In grocery stores, the normal winter temperature is 12, and in non-food stores - 15 degrees.
- The temperature in the gyms is maintained at 15-18 degrees.
For obvious reasons, the heat in the gym is useless.
- In hospitals, the maintained temperature depends on the purpose of the room. For example, the recommended temperature after otoplasty or childbirth is +22 degrees, in the wards for premature babies it is maintained at +25, and for patients with thyrotoxicosis (excessive secretion of thyroid hormones) - 15C. In surgical wards, the norm is + 26C.
temperature graph
What should be the temperature of the water in the heating pipes?
It is determined by four factors:
- Air temperature outside.
- Type of heating system. For single pipe system the maximum water temperature in the heating system according to current standards is 105 degrees, for a two-pipe system - 95. The maximum temperature difference between the supply and return is 105/70 and 95/70C, respectively.
- The direction of the water supply to the radiators. For houses of the upper bottling (with supply in the attic) and lower (with pairwise looping of the risers and the location of both threads in the basement), the temperatures differ by 2 - 3 degrees.
- Type of heating appliances in the house. Radiators and gas heating convectors have different heat transfer; accordingly, to ensure the same temperature in the room, the temperature regime of heating must be different.
The convector somewhat loses to the radiator in terms of thermal efficiency.
So, what should be the temperature of heating - water in the supply and return pipes - at different outdoor temperatures?
We give only a small part of the temperature table for the estimated ambient temperature of -40 degrees.
- At zero degrees, the temperature of the supply pipeline for radiators with different wiring is 40-45C, the return one is 35-38. For convectors 41-49 supply and 36-40 return.
- At -20 for radiators, the supply and return must have a temperature of 67-77 / 53-55C. For convectors 68-79/55-57.
- At -40C outside, for all heaters, the temperature reaches the maximum allowable temperature: 95/105, depending on the type of heating system, at the supply and 70C at the return pipe.
Useful extras
To understand the principle of operation of the heating system of an apartment building, the division of areas of responsibility, you need to know a few more facts.
The temperature of the heating main at the outlet from the CHP and the temperature of the heating system in your home are completely different things. At the same -40, a CHP or boiler house will produce about 140 degrees at the supply. Water does not evaporate only due to pressure.
In the elevator unit of your house, part of the water from the return pipeline, returning from the heating system, is mixed into the supply. The nozzle sprays a jet of hot water great pressure into the so-called elevator and involves masses of cooled water in re-circulation.
Schematic diagram of the elevator.
Why is this needed?
To provide:
- Reasonable mixture temperature. Recall: the heating temperature in the apartment cannot exceed 95-105 degrees.
Attention: for kindergartens, a different temperature norm applies: no higher than 37C. low temperature heating devices have to be compensated by a large heat exchange area. That is why in kindergartens the walls are decorated with radiators of such great length.
- Large volume of water involved in circulation. If you remove the nozzle and let the water flow directly from the supply, the return temperature will not differ much from the supply, which will dramatically increase heat loss on the route and disrupt the operation of the CHP.
If you stop the suction of water from the return, the circulation will become so slow that the return pipeline can simply freeze in winter.
The areas of responsibility are divided as follows:
- The temperature of the water injected into the heating mains is the responsibility of the heat producer - the local CHP or boiler house;
- For the transportation of the coolant with minimal losses - the organization serving the heating networks (KTS - communal heating networks).
Such a state of heating mains, as in the photo, means huge heat losses. This is the area of responsibility of the KTS.
- For maintenance and adjustment of the elevator unit - housing department. In this case, however, the diameter of the elevator nozzle - something on which the temperature of the radiators depends - is coordinated with the CTC.
If your house is cold and all the heating devices are those installed by the builders, you will settle this issue with the residents. They are required to provide the temperatures recommended by sanitary standards.
If you undertake any modification of the heating system, for example, replacing the heating batteries with gas welding, you thereby assume full responsibility for the temperature in your home.
How to deal with the cold
Let us, however, be realistic: most often we have to solve the problem of cold in the apartment ourselves, with our own hands. It is not always possible for a housing organization to provide you with heat in a reasonable time, and not everyone will be satisfied with sanitary standards: you want your home to be warm.
What will the instructions for dealing with cold in an apartment building look like?
Jumpers in front of radiators
There are jumpers in front of the heaters in most apartments, which are designed to ensure the circulation of water in the riser in any condition of the radiator. For a long time they were supplied with three-way valves, then they began to be installed without any shut-off valves.
The jumper in any case reduces the circulation of the coolant through heater. In the case when its diameter is equal to the diameter of the eyeliner, the effect is especially pronounced.
The simplest way to make your apartment warmer is to insert chokes into the jumper itself and the connection between it and the radiator.
Here, ball valves perform the same function. It's not entirely correct, but it will work.
With their help, it is possible to conveniently adjust the temperature of the heating batteries: when the jumper is closed and the throttle to the radiator is fully open, the temperature is maximum, it is worth opening the jumper and covering the second throttle - and the heat in the room comes to naught.
The great advantage of such a refinement is the minimum cost of the solution. The price of the throttle does not exceed 250 rubles; spurs, couplings and locknuts cost a penny at all.
Important: if the throttle leading to the radiator is at least slightly covered, the throttle on the jumper opens completely. Otherwise, adjusting the heating temperature will result in batteries and convectors that have cooled down at the neighbors.
Another helpful change. With such a tie-in, the radiator will always be evenly hot along the entire length.
Warm floor
Even if the radiator in the room hangs on a return riser with a temperature of about 40 degrees, by modifying the heating system, you can make the room warm.
An output - low-temperature systems of heating.
In a city apartment, it is difficult to use underfloor heating convectors due to the limited height of the room: raising the floor level by 15-20 centimeters will mean completely low ceilings.
A much more realistic option is underfloor heating. Due to where larger area heat transfer and more rational distribution of heat in the volume of the room low-temperature heating will warm the room better than a red-hot radiator.
What does the implementation look like?
- Chokes are placed on the jumper and the eyeliner in the same way as in the previous case.
- The outlet from the riser to the heater is connected to metal-plastic pipe, which fits into the screed on the floor.
So that communications do not spoil appearance rooms, they are put away in a box. As an option, the tie-in to the riser is moved closer to the floor level.
It is not a problem at all to transfer the valves and throttles to any convenient place.
Conclusion
Additional information about work centralized systems heating you can find in the video at the end of the article. warm winters!
Page 3
The building heating system is the heart of all engineering and technical mechanisms of the whole house. Which of its components will be selected will depend on:
- Efficiency;
- Profitability;
- Quality.
Selection of sections for the room
All of the above qualities directly depend on:
- heating boiler;
- pipelines;
- Method of connecting the heating system to the boiler;
- heating radiators;
- coolant;
- Adjustment mechanisms (sensors, valves and other components).
One of the main points is the selection and calculation of sections of heating radiators. In most cases, the number of sections is calculated by design organizations that develop a complete project for building a house.
This calculation is affected by:
- Enclosing materials;
- The presence of windows, doors, balconies;
- Room dimensions;
- Type of premises (living room, warehouse, corridor);
- Location;
- Orientation to the cardinal points;
- Location in the building of the calculated room (corner or in the middle, on the first floor or last).
The data for the calculation are taken from the SNiP "Construction Climatology". The calculation of the number of sections of heating radiators according to SNiP is very accurate, thanks to which you can perfectly calculate the heating system.
