How to prepare grapes for winter so that they do not die? Preparing grapes for winter - how to protect the vineyard from severe frosts

Foreword

Preparing grapes for winter is the most important stage of its cultivation, since the speed of plant development, the number of berries and even their sweetness will depend on how correctly you provide it with wintering. The preparatory process includes very few points, from cutting the grapes and reducing the amount nitrogen fertilizers, until it is buried in the ground, covered with fiber.

How to do everything right, not harm the plant and protect it from low temperatures winter - read on!

Grapes for the winter - we monitor the health of the vine in advance

Every gardener, even an amateur, knows that a weak and diseased vine will never survive the winter and is doomed to death. In order for the plant not to get sick and have excellent vitality, before the onset of frost, it is necessary to take care of the most comfortable conditions for its growth and ensure the right fertilizer root system. It is fertilizers that have the greatest effect on the strength of the vine and its readiness for wintering, since grapes accumulate starch, organic matter and sugar in themselves, which do not allow freezing even at the most big frosts. If the plant has not accumulated the necessary substances, then the risk of freezing is very high.

It is necessary to pay attention to diseases of grapes. If it forms powdery mildew, fungus, mold or vine has been attacked by a pest - you must immediately, after you collect all the bunches (so as not to eat chemicals), treat with continuous fungicides. Any preparations, since the main thing is to destroy all biological activity on the plant and allow it to calmly accumulate nutrients.

Vine care also includes copper sulphate treatment in the fall. For this, a solution of 5% is suitable, which needs to be abundantly sprayed on the plant, and even better - dip into the solution, if it is possible to do so. This helps to get rid of many pests and sterilize the vine so that nothing disturbs while under the snow (or under the artificial "roof").

From the first days of spring, care must be taken that the bushes are not too thick, otherwise they will have a low vitality, and each process will not be able to absorb required amount minerals and salts.

grape pruning

Sheltering grapes for the winter is impossible without high-quality pruning for several reasons. First, it should be noted that a large amount of material and labor will be required to bury 7-8 meter shoots. It is better to shorten them to 2-3 meters, so that it is convenient to tilt them to the ground and cover them with a special agrofiber or pretend to be ground. Pruning is necessary not only for convenience, but also for the health of the plant itself. Useful substances accumulate in the stem, the outflow of which occurs from annual shoots to the productive part of the bush and roots. Thus, you can not cut the shoots immediately after fruiting, as some gardeners do.

The optimal pruning time is the first frost. It is then that the juice stops moving and the period of "hibernation" begins. You can safely remove annual shoots - they will freeze anyway and dry out in the spring. Absolutely everything is cut off to the hardened part, you can leave at your own risk 20-30 centimeters more, but it’s not a fact that this area will overwinter. Only perennial wood is thick enough to survive icing. The winter hardiness of the bush will increase significantly if you protect the site from the wind, since it is he who affects the icing of the stem. Icing restricts oxygen access and does not allow the plant to breathe, causing areas to die off (even perennial wood).

Choosing a vine that will overwinter is quite simple. You can do this visually. Its thickness should be at least 10-15 mm, if less, it is better not to risk it.

Next, we look at the core of the vine. If it occupies from 90 to 60% of the area, then there is no chance to survive prolonged cold. It is necessary that the core occupies no more than 40-50% of the volume, then we can say that all vital "organs" will be reliably hidden from the cold. The remaining thin stems can be safely cut.

How to save grapes for the winter - the harm and benefits of feeding

Many will be genuinely surprised that fertilizers can do a lot of harm, especially early varieties. It is known that nitrogen fertilizers have a very good effect on the development of the vegetative mass, especially at ambient temperatures above +15 0 C. Thus, the weight gain can be up to 1% per day or more, and the surface of the vine does not have time to harden and remains for several more months " young". As a result, the shoots can freeze at low temperatures, and their growth stops only 1-2 months after the end of feeding with nitrogen-containing substances.

So that this does not happen, and the stem has time to harden and form a strong bark that would protect it from low temperatures, it is necessary to finish feeding with liquid and granular fertilizers 3-4 months before the onset of cold weather. That is, as soon as the vineyard ceased to bear fruit (or better a month before), it is necessary to suspend the application ammonium nitrate and phosphate fertilizers.

But do not confuse phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers with organic ones, which will only benefit the root system and stems. They both nourish the necessary substances and warm the roots as a result of chemical processes that occur during slow decomposition. organic matter. At the end of October, it is necessary to apply up to 5-10 kg of humus under each bush, and do it in such a way that all lateral roots do not come into direct contact with it, but have a soil ball 5-6 centimeters from humus. Otherwise, they can simply burn out in the spring when high temperature. In any case, if you filled up the site organic fertilizers, in the spring it is necessary to pour everything abundantly so that the substances are absorbed evenly into the soil and do no harm.

The construction of winter shelters and their features

When building winter shelters, the main thing to understand is one simple thing - frost is not as terrible as ice, which makes it impossible to breathe. Even in the most severe frosts, the raspberry can remain unharmed if it was in a secluded place and “breathed”. Therefore, it makes no sense to dig large trenches, just sprinkle the earth on top or cover the vine.

When and how to insulate grapes for the winter no one will tell you for sure, since there is only one right decision for this task. Each uses the method that is most popular in his latitudes. In many cases, shelter begins when average daily temperature c - 5 ° C degrees - this is the ideal time, according to 60% of the gardeners surveyed. What needs to be considered and what to pay attention to?

The period of stay under winter shelter should be minimal. The more it will be underground, fabric and other types of insulating layers, the weaker the clusters will be in the spring. Cover grapes in nature is not provided, and he needs constant access to air, in the ground he is affected by bacteria, begins to rot and simply "suffocate" over time. The sooner you dig it up and the later you bury it, the faster the young shoots will develop and clusters will form.
It is not enough to accumulate starch for the wintering period, it is necessary that it crystallizes into sugar. Only sugar syrup, which is formed during exposure sub-zero temperatures but on starch, can save the plant. It works like antifreeze in a car - it does not allow the entire "mechanism" to freeze even at -20 0C. What should be done? Just let it stand in the cold for a few days. After that, you can cover and bury.
Cannot be covered with foil. Never use polyethylene materials for winter shelter. Cells stop breathing and die. It is also worth considering that under the film there will be a greenhouse effect: under the sun, the buds will germinate and immediately die at night when negative temperature. It is better to leave without shelter at all than under the film - so at least there will be chances to survive.
It is impossible to cover the vine early. If she gets into warm earth, then it can germinate, after which severe frosts will destroy the kidneys.

There are a large number of options for how to shelter for the winter, from the most time-consuming and lengthy, to five minutes. Consider several ways to build wintering "houses":

Lazy way. We bend the branches to the floor, cover with a polypropylene bag or agrofibre from above and press down with bricks. Actually, nothing more is needed. You can also sketch the earth along the edge.
Way for lovers earthworks. We dig a hole with a depth of 30-40 centimeters and for the length of the entire stem, after which we put the vine in it and bury it. Sketch another 20-25 centimeters of earth from above so that no frosts find your treasure. If strength and desire remain, you can still throw earth on top of the roots so that they are warm and comfortable on cold winter nights.
A way for lovers of modern architecture. If you couldn't make beautiful landscape design in the warm season - you have the opportunity to do it now! We wrap the tied and erect stem in agrofibre, burlap or other breathable material. Thus, you get a beautiful "ekibana" of impressive size! Not pretty enough? You can paint such a "design" in white or black - original. Your guests will certainly appreciate your taste, and the style will be reminiscent of European (they decorate every element in small yards, including plants prepared for winter)!
A method for gardeners who breed a lot of "tops". If the bush is very large and has thin stems since autumn, it is easiest to twist them into a spiral, and then tie them. Hammer 4 sticks around the bush, wrap them around with agrofiber or even mineral wool(some prefer to use fiberglass). Imagine yourself as a silkworm and make a beautiful cocoon around a bush! With a wall thickness of the "cocoon" of 1-2 mm, the plant is not afraid of any frost!

There are many more ways to keep grapes in winter, but these are the most popular and proven by many gardeners. Even summer residents and gardeners use special insulation materials for shelter, but then the design turns out to be relatively expensive (besides, it is disposable and next year it will have to be thrown out). Therefore, there is no need to consider such a method. If you do everything right according to this guide, then next year you can confidently count on a good and tasty harvest of berries!

Do I need to prune grapes for the winter and how to properly cover them? Various varieties grapes unequally endure the winters of central Russia, not to mention more northern regions. The roots of European varieties are damaged when the soil temperature drops to -5...-7°C, the buds - at -18...-20°C, young shoots - at -22°C, and old wood- at -20...-25°С. European-Amur and European-American hybrids can withstand lower temperatures. The roots are damaged at -9...-12°C, and the buds can withstand short-term frosts of -23...-30°C.

There are varieties that are mainly used for vertical gardening pavilions, open terraces. For example, such as Alpha (popularly this variety is called Isabella), Taiga emerald and others, endure ordinary winters without significant damage and without shelter.

If grape varieties grown for berries, then they should be covered for the winter.

Preparing bushes for wintering begins with preliminary autumn pruning and removal of the vine from the support. Cut out all fruit arrows with shoots grown on them. On shoots grown on replacement knots, the unripened part (with green bark), as well as stepchildren and mustaches, are removed. After that, it is desirable to treat the bushes with a 3% Bordeaux liquid.

Shelter is started with the onset of stable frosts on a dry, clear day. The easiest way is to pour mulching materials under each bush with a layer of up to 20 cm (sawdust, peat, compost or humus). The bush is removed from the support, the vines are tied into a bundle, bent down and fixed with metal or wooden arcs near the soil surface. It is advisable to lay under the vine spruce branches, pieces of boards, dry sunflower stalks, corn or film. From above, the bushes are covered with various materials: synthetic winterizer, polyethylene foam, straw, spruce branches.

A film or roofing material spreads over the insulation in case of thaws and rain, so that moisture does not penetrate inside the shelter.

The ends under the roofing material or film are left open until a strong cold snap so that the vine breathes and condensation does not accumulate.

From mice you need to put poisonous baits.

What to do with young shoots?

Before covering, the unripened part of the shoots, stepchildren and antennae are removed, and in the spring they are pruned, creating sleeves, fruit links, fruit arrows, a replacement knot or a restoration knot, depending on the place where the shoots grow.

Here is autumn. All the strength of the vine is given to an enviable harvest. Heavy bunches are collected and stored, and the bushes need to be prepared for a long winter rest. It is necessary that the grapes not only survive the cold season, but also retain flower buds for next year's harvest.

It often happens that one grower's plantings survive the winter without loss, and in a neighboring area the grapes freeze or rot? This largely depends on the preparation of the vineyard for the cold.

Where to start?

Preparation of grape bushes for winter begins in early autumn. Timely watering, top dressing, pruning, treatment for pests and diseases, and reliable shelter will help the grapes survive the cold period.

Watering

During the growth of greenery and the pouring of berries, the grape bush needs moisture. But even at this time, excess moisture is harmful. Excess moisture worsens the taste of berries and provokes an outbreak of disease. And after harvesting, watering should be carried out in moderate volumes - the soil must be saturated with moisture without waterlogging.

It is important to remember that sandy soils watered more often, but with less water, and clay - less often and more abundantly, taking into account air temperature, humidity, wind speed, depth of location ground water and timing of the onset of sub-zero temperatures. Timely watering will fill the vineyard with moisture and increase its frost resistance.

fertilizers

By the time of harvest, the vine has lost almost all of its internal reserves. Restore its strength, preserve the flower buds laid on it and turn green in the spring, timely application will help nutrients.

The soil can be spilled with a solution of 20 g of an aqueous extract of phosphorus and 10 g potash fertilizers dissolved in 10 liters of water. Watering, the soil is soaked to a depth of 25 cm.

It is useful to add to the irrigation mixture and an aqueous solution of trace elements: boric acid, potassium permanganate, iodine, zinc sulfate and ammonium molybdate.

As long as there are leaves in the vineyard, it can be treated with leaf fertilizers. This top dressing will accelerate the ripening of the vine.

pruning

This procedure rejuvenates the bush, increases the quantity and quality of berries, and accelerates their ripening. By removing excess shoots, grapes are easier to cover for the winter, protecting them from frost. Pruning begins only after the leaves fall from the vine.. Early pruning will not allow you to store enough plastic substances in the sleeves for the coming winter. Pruning with the onset of frost makes the shoots brittle and they can break in the wrong place.

The optimal time for pruning is considered by many to be mid-September.

When pruning, they remove diseased and dried sleeves that need to be burned, destroying the infection. Then attached to the bush correct form, cutting off shoots that thicken the bush and impair lighting and ventilation.

At autumn pruning up to a third of spare buds and shoots are left on the grape bush, in case part of the sleeves freezes or is damaged by mice. Be sure to remove unripened vines - they will freeze in winter and serve as a source of infections in the spring.

Pest and disease treatment

After pruning, the vineyard is treated for pests and diseases. Autumn destruction of wintering forms of pathogens and pests will keep the bush healthy until spring.

Soda-saline solution can destroy the infection. For 10 liters of water you need 10 tbsp. tablespoons of salt and 5 tbsp. l baking soda. Components are dissolved in warm water and process the bush as a whole, including the leaves. Multiplicity of treatments - at least 3 in mid-September.

Downsize harmful insects and pathogens will help digging the soil around the grape bush.

The processed vine is laid on the ground. In 10 l hot water(40-50 degrees) dissolve 100g of copper or 400g iron sulphate. The solution is sprayed on the vine laid on the ground. After the solution has dried, the bush can be covered for the winter. Calcium carbide will help to scare away rodents from the bush for the whole winter. It is used when welding work. Pieces of carbide in metal cans are left under cover. Carbide absorbs moisture from the air, the gas released during this will scare away mice and serve as a prevention of disease.

Winter frosts can destroy a vineyard. Bush insulation can protect the vine from low temperatures. Many materials can be used as insulation - from non-woven fabric to wooden shields or boxes. The type of insulation in each area is different. The type of grapes to be insulated and the method of growing it affect the creation of insulation. Modern varieties are able to withstand lower temperatures under light cover.

You can create shelters from various materials, it all depends on what is in abundance. In the northern regions, where coniferous spruce branches are in sufficient quantities, this is the best covering material. Air passes through it in sufficient quantities, rotting processes do not begin under it, pathogens are suppressed. Shelter made of spruce branches holds snow well, creating favorable conditions for wintering grapes.

Where vines grow in trenches convenient way insulation steel wooden shields. The vine is laid on the ground, treated for pests and diseases, carbide is laid from mice, covered with wooden shields. Between the boards there are gaps for air circulation. Fallen snow will prevent the shelter from freezing. The lack of snow can be compensated for with a non-woven material used to cover the seedlings in the spring.

Use polyethylene film for winter shelter not worth it. Under the film is created high humidity and there is no ventilation. Sudden changes in temperature cause condensation, provoking the occurrence of mold and fungal diseases.

The shelter of the bushes is started immediately after fertilization and pruning of the bushes - at the end of October - November.

How to prepare young bushes for winter

Grape bushes planted in the current year are not pruned. Only non-fallen leaves are removed from them. The bushes are watered, there is no need to apply fertilizers - they are applied during planting. Grapes of the second year of life are pruned, leaving 3-4 buds on one or two shoots. In the next two years, from 3 to 7 buds are left on the bush in autumn on mature shoots. Starting from the 4th year of life, fertilizers begin to be applied in the fall.

Preparing for winter grapes in middle lane

Preparing grape bushes for wintering in the Middle lane begins with the removal of fallen leaves. Then the bushes are cut, leaving a fruit arrow and a replacement knot on each sleeve. Sick, damaged and unripened shoots are removed. You can determine an unripened shoot by sound - mature shoots make a crack when bent. Remove and fertile vines. It is useful to hold bushes in the fall. Surface or as they are also called dew roots are removed. The base of the bush is dug to a depth of about 15 cm and all exposed roots are removed. The recess is covered with dry sand.

In outskirts of Moscow

It is most reliable to shelter grapes near Moscow from frost if it is planted correctly. A landing hole measuring 60 * 60 cm with a depth of at least 15 will allow you to insulate the vine in accordance with all the rules. On a dry, sunny day, the sleeves are folded into a ring and laid on the bottom of the hole. The shoots are treated for possible diseases, leaving a sharp-smelling substance from mice - best of all, pieces of carbide. Top covered with wooden shields or pieces of roofing material. The resulting shelter in winter is useful to additionally cover with snow.

Fruit-bearing bushes are preserved in winter frosts with a more complex shelter. Cut grape sleeves are laid on dry boards, in extreme cases, on dry soil. Arcs from temporary greenhouses are installed above the bush. Coniferous spruce branches are laid on top of the arcs. You can use branches left over from pruning conifers growing on the site. Coniferous spruce branches for fixing branches and keeping warm can be covered with two layers of spunbond.

Instead of arcs, you can put together a box from improvised boards. It is installed on vines covered with conifers.

Shelter of grapes in the Urals

Growing grapes in the Urals, you need to prepare thoroughly for the shelter of plantings for the winter. Fruit buds preserved by spring will bring a decent harvest in the summer.

Shelter starts in early October. At this time, all leaves remaining on the vines are removed, and after the passage of the first night frosts, all fruit-bearing bushes are cut. It is necessary to remove old, diseased, dried shoots. We leave ripened fruit arrows and replacement knots. Young vines extending from the center of the bush are preserved. When pruning grapes in autumn, almost a third of the “spare” is left to replace possible winter losses. In the spring, unused eyes are removed.

An obligatory part of the preparation for the winter is skiing. In autumn, be sure to remove dew roots at a depth of up to 15 cm. The resulting hole is filled with dry sand. The bushes prepared in this way are watered. Under each bush, you need to pour about 10 buckets of water with the addition of potassium permanganate to a pale pink color. All this is done immediately after harvest. Top dressing in the form of a bucket of compost, two glasses of ash and 1 g of boric acid is applied to each square meter soil around the bush. Excessively acidic soil is lime.

Shortly before the onset of stable frosts, the grape sleeves are folded into a ring, bent to the ground and covered. As a shelter, materials are suitable that leave the possibility of free passage of air near the bush. Suitable coniferous spruce branches, wooden shields or sheets of non-metallic slate. Additional insulation a 20 cm layer of dry sawdust or husk will serve sunflower seeds. One or two layers of spunbond will help protect them from blowing. A layer of snow on such a shelter never hurts.

As in other regions, they start preparing grapes for winter in Siberia immediately after harvest. At this time, up to 300 g of ash is added under each bush along with irrigation water. Potassium contained in the ashes accelerates the maturation of the vine. Natural leaf fall is another component of a good wintering. Dry ash applied to the soil destroys spores of fungal diseases.

With the onset of frost, the grape sleeves are removed from the supports. From small low temperatures, the vine is covered with non-woven material.

October is the time of water-charging irrigation of the vineyard. Poured 50 - 80 liters of water per 1 m² of young vineyard area and 100-150 liters per 1 m² of fruit-bearing plantings will help to saturate the deep soil layers with moisture. Soil moisture will protect the grape roots from freezing.

Simultaneously with watering, the bush is pruned. Cut vines can be used for cuttings. Freed from unnecessary shoots, the bush is easier to cover for the winter. You just need to remember that you need to cut to a minimum. Before spring pruning, you need to leave up to 1/3 of the kidneys in reserve in case of damage. Unripened shoots, fruiting sleeves and disease-damaged vines are subject to removal. The fruit-bearing bush is cut off, forming a fruit link - the upper shoot is left for fruiting, the lower one is for replacement.

In the conditions of Siberia best material fallen leaves are recognized to shelter the vine for the winter. The soil under the bush can be covered with boards or dry sawdust. Lay cut bushes on them. With the onset of stable sub-zero temperatures, the vine is covered with leaf litter up to 35 cm thick, and a non-woven material is thrown over them. The next layer is coniferous spruce branches, cut shoots and branches of trees or tops of vegetables for snow retention. The insulation will be completed by a layer of snow at least 50 cm thick.

Another way to shelter grapes for the winter, used by winegrowers in Siberia:

The base of the grape bush is spudded with earth as high as possible. The earth must be taken away from the bush so as not to expose the roots.
The vines of the bush are collected in a bundle and tied with a rope.
The next layer is several layers of non-woven material.
Completes the insulation - roofing material.
The resulting "cocoon" is placed on wooden base- crates or pallets.

Grapes grown in trenches are laid on the bottom and covered with several layers of spunbond or agrospan. The trench is covered with wooden shields. Heaters are laid on them - foam plastic, corrugated cardboard or polypropylene bags. The final layer is waterproofing roofing material or polyethylene. You can prevent the appearance of dampening by creating side vents. They are closed when constant negative temperatures are established.

Rules for preparing grapes for wintering: video

Of course, the best remedy protection of vineyards from frost is snow. It serves as the final layer for any type of shelter in any region.

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Many summer residents grow grapes on their plots, and the best reward for them is good harvest. And every summer resident should know how to prepare grapes for winter, so that next year they will also enjoy ripe grapes. You should definitely find time to take all the measures due to which the frost does not harm the grapes. High yield can be obtained if you follow all the requirements and carefully care for the grapes. It is unacceptable to leave the plant for the whole season without nutrients, shelter and certain pruning.

Frost damage

Before you properly prepare the grapes for the winter, you need to understand how frost can harm. Severe cold causes various damage to vineyards and most often these are the following damages:

If you do not engage in the preparation of grapes for wintering, then the young vine, branches, and roots will be damaged. negative consequences will not be if you get frost-resistant variety. But it also makes sense to fight for those plants that are not adapted to the cold.

Preparing for the cold

Preparing a vine for winter can seem like a daunting task. After all, just covering the bush for the winter is not enough. It will be especially difficult for beginner gardeners.

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Of course, the strongest plant is resistant to frost, for this reason it is necessary to prepare the vine. In order to maintain its life processes, the plant consumes most of the nutrients that have been accumulated for a long time. During the winter, when the grapes are covered, most of the nutrients are gone. But useful substances should also remain in the spring, because without them shoots will not be able to develop.

Thus, in order for the vineyard to grow properly, it must be strong, which can be achieved if it is constantly fed. useful fertilizers. It is necessary to feed the grapes throughout the season so that it has enough valuable substances.

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mature vine

Those gardeners who are preparing young grapes for winter rightly believe that there should be a mature vine on the bush. Usually it is brown in color, more dense and covered with bark. To the touch it is warmer even at the first frost.

If young wood is found on the bush, then it must be removed from the plant. If it is not removed, then during the cold weather it will die in any case, and also leave the bush without a certain proportion of useful substances. This means that in the spring the plant will not develop. And also a weak vine poses a risk of various diseases that quickly spread throughout the bush under cover.

Thus, before the cold weather, only the ripened grape vine should be left. How mature the wood will depend on the following factors:

How well the plant is filled with nutrients.

Regularity of sanitary treatments.

In order for the wood to mature properly, it is recommended to use potassium. Wherein experienced gardeners choose wood ash and potassium, which does not contain chlorine. Top dressing is required, both regular and foliar.

To feed a plant, it needs about forty grams of potassium. It must be added to water or wood ash. To obtain correct solution, you need to insist a liter of ash in a bucket of water. It is necessary to insist within three days and then fertilize.

It must be remembered that nitrogen fertilizers are not needed for grapes since July. Indeed, due to nitrogen fertilizers, explosive growth shoots, but the ripening of the grapes will remain at the same level.

How to plant grapes with cuttings in the ground in autumn

In order for the grapes to ripen better, it is recommended to use garden chasing preferred by many gardeners. This is a cut above the middle part, about the sixteenth leaf. At the same time, the plant no longer grows, and the clusters are filled with valuable substances.

It is necessary to carry out chasing at a time when the growth of the plant begins to decline. If you cut the plant before this period, then you can achieve the opposite effect, in which a large number of stepchildren are formed. Understanding when the right time has come is quite simple - only curved shoots can grow. If the plant has acquired partially straight and partially curved shoots, then chasing will be on time.

If the plant matures using other methods, then you can do without chasing. And also not always middle lane Russia is noticeable when the grapes stop growing, so you can make mistakes.