Peking cabbage yield at different growing periods. The technology of growing Beijing cabbage. Watering and fertilizing

Beijing cabbage can be successfully grown in all types of protected ground as an independent crop or as a compaction of cucumber or tomato, and under small shelters - zucchini. Distinctive feature Chinese cabbage- its rapid growth. The growing season is 50 days. If it is harvested in the phase of 5…7 leaves, the crop ripens in 30…35 days, and it takes 60…80 days to get heads with an open rosette.

Botanical characteristics of Beijing cabbage. Beijing cabbage is an annual early-ripening plant. The leaves are collected in a dense rosette, which can reach a diameter of 30 ... 50 cm. The leaf blade is light green or yellow-green, wrinkled, slightly pubescent. Leaf petioles are flat, thick and very wide - up to 3-6 cm, white. For food, a rosette of leaves or heads of cabbage tightly folded from leaves, open at the top, are used.

Biological features of Beijing cabbage. The culture is demanding on soil fertility and moisture. Most favorable conditions for growth and development, a low temperature of 15 ... 18 ° and an abundance of moisture. Plants with a long day shoot quickly, but the leaves do not lose their tenderness even when flowering.

Chinese cabbage can be successfully grown in all types of protected ground as an independent crop or as a compact cucumber or tomato. AT winter time it grows much better than lettuce and produces higher yields.

The timing of sowing seeds in open ground is determined by the ripeness of the soil and the possibility of its processing. For autumn consumption, Beijing cabbage is sown in late July - early August, often using it as a compactor of medium-late varieties. white cabbage.

Sowing seeds. AT open ground seeds are sown with row spacing of 20 centimeters. If it is intended to harvest at a young age. When grown until a head is formed, the distance is increased to 35 ... 50 centimeters. Distances in a row in the first case are 3 ... 4 centimeters, in the second - up to 20 ... 25 centimeters. The rate of sowing seeds in the ground is 4 ... 5 g per 10 m 2, in the greenhouse - 5 ... 6 g.

Seedlings are first thinned out at a distance of 8 ... 10 cm, then, after a week, through one plant. Plants removed during thinning can be used for food. Beijing cabbage plants develop better in the early spring in greenhouses and greenhouses, where the cruciferous flea is less harmful. Care consists of weeding, watering and loosening the soil between the rows.

Peking cabbage is also grown with seedlings. 25 day old seedlings are planted at the same time as early ripe varieties white cabbage. Landing pattern 20 ... 25X10 ... 12 centimeters.

Successful cultivation of Beijing cabbage is ensured subject to optimal modes humidity and temperature. During the formation of a rosette of leaves and a head of cabbage, the daytime temperature is maintained at 14…18°, and at night - 8…12°. Humidity on a sunny day should be - 70 ... 80%, on a cloudy day - 60 ... 70%, at night - 80%. Soil moisture - 60 ... 70%. If the regimes are violated, the leaves are affected by necrosis, black, gray and white rot, as a result, a normal head is not formed.

Harvesting Chinese cabbage. Cleaning of leaf forms of Beijing cabbage is carried out in two terms. When 4-5 leaves are formed, they are removed in the order of thinning, leaving a distance between plants of 8-10 centimeters. When 9–10 leaves are formed on the remaining plants, they are harvested a second time, pulling them out of the soil with roots. When harvesting is delayed, the plants form flower-bearing shoots, causing the quality of the product to deteriorate slightly.

The yield of Beijing cabbage in protected ground is 16 ... 18 kilograms with square meter, in open ground 4 ... 5 kilograms.

• What OKVED for business
• Packaging and storage
• conclusions
• Step by step plan to start a business
• How much can you earn on Beijing cabbage of your own production
• What OKVED for business
• What documents are needed to open a farm
• Do I need permission to start a business
  • • • Similar business ideas:

Growing Chinese cabbage and its benefits

Cultivation of Chinese cabbage is a new trend in vegetable growing in Russia. The demand for Beijing cabbage is constantly growing due to its excellent taste and rich composition of vitamins.

The benefits of growing this vegetable crop on farms:

1. The yield, depending on the variety and growing conditions, reaches 900 c/ha;
2. Grows well with low temperatures(which is good for central Russia), only 12 grams are required to form a head of cabbage. The optimum growing temperature is 20 degrees. The plant withstands short-term frosts down to minus 5 -7 gr.;
3. High wholesale selling price, which averages 20 rubles/kg. When selling 300 tons of cabbage, and such a volume can be obtained from 5 hectares of sown area, the proceeds will be more than 6 million rubles;
4. Short vegetation period of the plant from 50 - 70 days. In one season, you can get several crops;
5. The annual high demand for Beijing cabbage allows it to be sold without any problems;
6. The high productivity of Beijing cabbage allows you to grow it even in greenhouses!

In addition to the pros, it is worth highlighting the disadvantages of creating a Chinese cabbage growing business:

1. Poorly studied agricultural technology for growing Chinese cabbage in our territory;
2. Dependence on soil fertility (more on this below);
3. Susceptible to various diseases, like many cabbage. Peking cabbage is very fond of pests, so insecticidal treatments are very important;
4. A short period of being "in the vine" - no more than 2 weeks, and if removed later, it is possible for decay, leaf necrosis and a decrease in shelf life.

Step by step plan to start a business

1. Soil preparation.
2. Possible risks.

Which taxation system to choose

For organization farming for the cultivation of Beijing cabbage, it is necessary to register a peasant farm or individual entrepreneur. The single agricultural tax (USHT) is used as a taxation system.

What OKVED for business

How much money do you need to invest to grow Chinese cabbage

To grow a plant large areas sowing (from 5 ha) the following investments will be required (approximately):

1. Tractor, trailers(rent is possible), from 1 million rubles;
2. Transplanter, from 200 thousand rubles;
3. Seed material, from 5 thousand rubles;
4. Fertilizers, from 15 thousand rubles;
5. Packaging material, from 15 thousand rubles;
6. Vegetable storage, from 200 thousand rubles.

The total initial investment will be from 1,435,000 rubles. The size of investments is given rather conditionally. In each individual case, their size can vary dramatically. For example, you can buy a used tractor, which will reduce the initial cost by almost half.

The main fixed costs of maintaining a farm include:

• land lease (if not owned);
• wage;
• taxes;
• insurance premiums to the FIU;
• repair of equipment and fuels and lubricants.

You can get start-up capital for organizing a farm for growing Beijing cabbage in the following ways:

1. Obtain a preferential loan from the bank for agricultural producers;
2. Participate in state support programs for beginning farmers. Depending on the region of the Russian Federation, it is possible to receive free of charge up to 1.5 million rubles for the development of peasant farms.

How much can you earn on Beijing cabbage of your own production

What documents are needed to open a farm

If there is extensive agricultural work and large land(more than 1 ha). state registration of a peasant farm is required - a peasant farm. But when you cultivate small areas of land, since the law allows you to have a personal subsidiary farm(in his backyard). It is also allowed to grow agricultural products for sale without any tax fees.

To register a peasant farm, you need: an application for state registration, a passport of the founding head of the company, agreements, a decision on the establishment of a peasant farm (if there are several equity holders). Then, confirmation of payment of the state duty and the actual place of residence of the founder. If the enterprise is organized by one person, an agreement on the creation of a peasant farm is not needed.

Do I need permission to start a business

Licensing or special permits for the cultivation of Chinese cabbage is not required.

Chinese cabbage cultivation technology

For the cultivation of Beijing cabbage, the composition of the soil and its fertility are very important. For this crop, neutral (medium composition) fertile soils are selected, since cabbage dries quickly on light soils, and on heavy acidic soils the culture is most susceptible to diseases such as cabbage clubroot. The best predecessors are cucumbers, zucchini, onions, tomatoes and legumes. Used for planting sunny areas protected from strong winds.

Fertilizers are used to increase soil fertility. bird droppings, humus, lime materials, potassium sulfate. 2 weeks after planting, the plants are fed with urea.

It is important, when cultivating Beijing cabbage, to choose the right plant variety. For early implementation, the best early ripening varieties are Miraco F1, Monaco, Khibiny 5. For late implementation, the best varieties are Bilko F1 (vegetation 55-60 days), cabbage heads of which reach a weight of 2 kg. Vegetables are grown as seedling way and direct sowing of seeds in open ground. For seedlings, you can use a special soil, for example, "Rostorfinfest". Cabbage seeds in the greenhouse begin to germinate at a temperature of 4-5 gr. The lack of light is not a problem for her and the plant can develop even without additional illumination. The period from planting seeds in a greenhouse to planting plants in open ground is 24-27 days.

On the early dates planting Beijing cabbage due to low night temperatures, shooting is possible. To exclude the shooting of plants at the stage of growing seedlings, it is advisable to maintain the temperature in the greenhouse above 15 gr.

The first planting of plants begins in late April - early May. Since Beijing cabbage short term vegetation, in order to obtain the maximum yield for the season, it is preferable to plant it in several stages, while dividing the field into several sections. For example, the first landing in the middle lane is May 1, then May 10, May 20, and so on, the last landing is at the beginning of August. The planting rate is 40 thousand pieces/ha. The distance between plants in rows is 10 cm - 12 cm, between rows a distance of 45 cm is maintained.

Planting is carried out using special equipment, for example, the MRM-2 transplanter. The cost of such a machine is just over 200 thousand rubles.

The plant is very fond of water. When watering plants, 700-800 m3 of water is used for every 10 tons of marketable crop. More efficient system watering "Beijing" is a drip method.

It is important to treat plants from pests and diseases. Liming of the soil should be carried out once every three years, adding 300-400 g of lime per 1 m2 of soil.

Packaging and storage

Harvesting begins when 10-12 leaves are formed on the plant. The leaves of the harvested cabbage wither quickly, so they should be packed immediately.

Suitable for packaging pvc film 35-45 cm wide, while packaging is carried out manually directly in the field. Due to this, the shelf life of the vegetable is increased several times.

The maximum sale of Chinese cabbage begins in the fall, so by this time it is advisable to increase the area under crops by several times.

conclusions

Despite all the pros and cons, growing Chinese cabbage on a farm with proper agricultural technology is very favorable direction Moreover, there is practically no competition in this industry. Due to the good demand and the high selling price of the vegetable, this business can become a highly profitable business.

Step by step plan to start a business

The organization of the business process for the production and sale of Chinese cabbage involves the following steps:

1. Selection of land for vegetable crops.
2. Purchase of planting material.
3. Soil preparation.
4. Technology, stages of the process of planting and growing cabbage.
5. Equipment, transportation and storage of products, hired labor, if required.
6. Plan for the sale of finished vegetable products.
7. Possible risks.

How much can you earn on Beijing cabbage of your own production

The average market wholesale selling price is about 20-25 rubles per kilo of vegetable products. To get the maximum percentage of benefits, it is advisable to sell Chinese cabbage, both to large supermarkets and to small specialized vegetable shops. The vegetable is also well bought up by resellers and at agricultural markets. In general, in the production and sale of Beijing cabbage, a monthly net income of about 300-350 thousand rubles is quite real.

What OKVED for business

Business in the production and sale of Beijing cabbage is registered under code 01, which is responsible for crop production, animal husbandry, and so on. Its subparagraph 01.1 - corresponds to the cultivation of annual crops, namely, vegetables, root crops, melons, etc. - paragraph 01.13.

What documents are needed to open a farm

If there is extensive agricultural work and large land plots are cultivated (more than 1 ha). state registration of a peasant farm is required - a peasant farm. But when you have small areas of land being cultivated, since the law allows you to have a personal subsidiary plot (in your backyard). It is also allowed to grow agricultural products for sale without any tax fees. To register a peasant farm, you need: an application for state registration, a passport of the founding head of the company, agreements, a decision on the establishment of a peasant farm (if there are several equity holders). Then, confirmation of payment of the state duty and the actual place of residence of the founder. If the enterprise is organized by one person, an agreement on the creation of a peasant farm is not needed.

Those who have tried at least once chinese cabbage , for sure in the future they will prefer it to all others. She is the most tender representative of the cabbage species, and tastes very much like a salad. Delicate, juicy leaves are quite suitable for various salad dishes, or sandwiches, decorated with herbs. The leaves are also used in borscht, and for cabbage rolls, and for cooking spicy Korean dishes. In terms of juiciness, Beijing cabbage is a real champion: not a single salad, and not a single cabbage of other types can compare with it. Also one of its indisputable advantages, during heat treatment, it does not smell like a specific cabbage smell.

The benefits of Chinese cabbage

Beijing cabbage is no less useful than all other types of cabbage: it contains many vitamins A, C, B1, B2, B6, PP, E, P, K, U, the entire set of essential mineral salts. Vitamin C and protein it is 2 times more than in white cabbage.

One of her greatest strengths is that she preserves vitamins throughout the winter , which distinguishes it favorably from lettuce, the shelf life of which is short, and white cabbage, which also loses vitamins during storage. Therefore, in the spring, Beijing cabbage is simply irreplaceable as a supplier of vitamins and minerals, especially necessary for the body after winter.

Growing Chinese cabbage

Beijing cabbage appeared in China in the 5th century AD, and for a long time it was cultivated only in China, Japan, Korea and others. Eastern countries. But in recent times more and more often they try to grow it on their own plots, and in our country, however, not always successfully. Things went especially well with the advent of new varieties, shooting resistant under long daylight conditions. Like other cabbages, Beijing cabbage shoots and produces seeds when long. over 12 hours, daylight hours, but ties a head and yields a crop with a short, less than 12 hours, daylight hours. In addition, to form a head optimum temperature 15-20 degrees. Cabbage does not like sudden changes in temperature, and often at the same time goes into the arrow.

In technology growing Chinese cabbage has its own characteristics, differences from, without knowing which, you can lose the harvest, and be disappointed in this culture.

And it’s completely in vain - after all, Beijing cabbage is one of the most early-ripening and high-yielding crops. It is very profitable to grow Beijing cabbage - after all, it is not only early ripening, and gives big harvest , at the level of 600-1000 kilograms per hundred, but it is also quite an expensive crop. The market is still far from saturated with this culture, and it always goes with a bang.

It is so productive, and has such a short growing season, that it is profitable to grow it even in winter in heated greenhouses. So it can be grown almost all year round, providing themselves with constant harvests.

Growing Beijing cabbage in greenhouses

When growing Chinese cabbage in heated greenhouses since the beginning of spring it gives the maximum yield - up to a ton per hundred square meters. In this case, at the end of May, you can already harvest. The best varieties for spring cultivation: F1 Spring Jade and F1 Spring Beauty.

The second crop in greenhouses can be obtained by growing from the beginning of autumn . Then the harvest can already be harvested around the end of November. The best varieties for autumn cultivation are F1 Autumn Jade and F1 Autumn Beauty, as well as F1 September.

Very important spring varieties plant in spring, and autumn varieties in autumn. Otherwise, the cabbage may go to the arrow. This applies especially to autumn varieties who don't like the heat.

But there is also universal varieties such as F1 Miss China, and F1 Chinese Choice. The weight of a cabbage head at the time of harvesting from the Chinese selection may exceed 4 kg, and the length may well be more than 50 cm.

from the oldest cultures East Asia, comes from China, but its wild forms are not found there. An annual or overwintering annual (in warm climates) semi-rosette plant. lower leaves sessile, entire, collected in a dense rosette with a diameter of 30...50 cm. In shape, the leaves are broadly or oblong-obovate, oval, 30...60 cm long. The color of the leaves is from light to dark green, almost without wax coating, the surface of the leaf tissue is wrinkled-air. The main leaf vein is wide, thick, juicy, white. Plants form only a rosette of leaves or a rosette and a head of cabbage at the same time (Fig. 65).
The diameter of the flowers is 1.2...1.7 cm, the petals are with a rounded oval limb. The pods are 4...7 cm long, 0.4...0.6 wide and with a spout 1.1...1.2 cm long.
characteristic biological feature Beijing cabbage - a high growth rate in the first period of life. The average daily growth of the rosette of leaves is more than 2 times higher than the weight gain of other lettuce plants. When sown with seeds in open ground, Chinese cabbage reaches technical maturity in 40...50 days and can provide a yield of up to 60...70 t/ha.
The roots are thin, strongly branched, located deep. Beijing cabbage, compared with Mediterranean species, is more early-ripening and short-staged. Under conditions of long days and elevated temperatures, the plants develop early flower-bearing shoots and no heads are formed.
Beijing cabbage has a high nutritional value; it contains carbohydrates, pectin, nitrogenous substances, is rich in vitamins A, B, B2, PP, and there is twice as much vitamin C as in leaf lettuce. She has dietary and medicinal properties useful in heart disease and stomach ulcers. This culture is characterized by the presence of numerous enzymes and specific substances - mustard oils, glucosides, organic polysulfides, wax, pigments (carotene, chlorophyll and xanthophyll), as well as a special substance (called the Brassica factor), consisting of a mixture of organic polysulfides and isocyanates. Beijing cabbage leaves contain 2.72% protein per wet weight. The main part (7.5 ... 8.7%) of nitrogenous substances is represented by an easily digestible, water-soluble fraction. In terms of protein content, Beijing cabbage is second only to Brussels sprouts, and white cabbage is almost 2 times superior. It is rich in salts of potassium, calcium, iron; these elements are in an easily accessible form.
Beijing cabbage is a cold-resistant plant, it can grow at 4-5 °C, but the optimum temperature is 15-20 °C. At low temperatures (below 10 °C), plants form only a rosette of leaves and quickly move on to stalking. Reduction of daylight hours to 10 ... 17 hours and a temperature of 15 ... 22 ° C stimulate leaf growth and head formation. Chinese cabbage can tolerate frosts down to 4°C. When frosts -7 ... -9 ° C, leaves are damaged, heads of cabbage become unsuitable for long-term storage.
Beijing cabbage is a very early ripening, cold-resistant and moisture-demanding culture. Although plants are demanding on soil moisture, watering should be done sparingly. With an increase in air temperature, watering is intensified. With a lack of moisture in the soil and high temperatures plants go to stalking. To form a yield of 50 t/ha in middle lane cabbage requires 3.5...4 thousand m3 of water per 1 ha. Beijing cabbage is demanding on the conditions of soil nutrition. A high yield can be obtained on well-cultivated fertile soils with sufficient moisture. It is advisable to grow Beijing cabbage after the crops under which organic fertilizers in high doses.
Soils are moderately moist, rich organic matter, light soils and neutral loams are more suitable for the cultivation of Beijing cabbage. On heavy clay, waterlogged, as well as on sandy soils with a dramatically changing water regime, it grows poorly. Takeaway nutrients from the soil increases with an increase in the yield of the total plant mass. In all phases of growth, Beijing cabbage absorbs nitrogen and potassium the most, then calcium, and least of all magnesium and phosphorus. To create 100 tons of biomass per 1 ha, plants must absorb 204 ... 252 kg of nitrogen, 146 ... 182 kg of potassium, 94 ... 112 calcium, 15 ... 21 magnesium, 13 ... 14 kg of phosphorus from the soil. Beijing cabbage responds well to nitrogen fertilizers. However, at high doses of nitrogen or an unbalanced ratio of nitrogen and other nutrients, excessive accumulation of the NO3 ion in the plant is possible. On an uncultivated soil poor in mineral nitrogen compounds, 60 ... 80% of nitrates come from nitrogen fertilizer. The total removal of nitrogen by the crop depends on the dose of nitrogen applied. Moreover, the nitrogen contained in cabbage is represented mainly by fertilizer nitrogen. A small share of soil nitrogen in the total removal can be explained by the short growing season of Beijing cabbage. Late top dressing nitrogen fertilizers(during the formation of heads) increase the content of nitrates in plants, and fertilizing before the start of heading reduces their number. Varietal differences in the accumulation of nitrates by Chinese cabbage have been established. Thus, by optimally combining agricultural practices and selecting varieties, it is possible to obtain high yields of environmentally friendly products.
All numerous varieties and hybrids of Beijing cabbage are combined into three groups according to the ability to form heads. These are leaf forms (form a rosette of leaves), semi-headed (form an open head) and head (form a closed head). Headed forms of Beijing cabbage are mostly late-ripening; they are distinguished by rounded, relatively short, dark green, heavily pubescent leaves and are capable of forming a head various shapes- cone-shaped, cylindrical, etc. Varieties and hybrids of this form differ high yield— 50...100 t/ha, transportability and good storage capacity (until March). The average weight of a head of cabbage is 4...10 kg. Semi-headed forms are more early, the vegetation period is 40...60 days, the leaves are long, green, with a wrinkled surface, slight pubescence and without it. The head of cabbage is cylindrical, often with an extension in the upper part; these forms have low transportability and keeping quality. The average yield is 30...60 t/ha, head weight is 3...7kg. Leaf forms are early-ripening varieties grown during spring sowing, the growing season is 25-40 days. These forms of Beijing cabbage are designed for quick processing.
Lenok, TSHA 2 are widespread among headed varieties and hybrids of Beijing cabbage, and Khibinskaya and Half-headed are widespread among semi-headed varieties.
Beijing cabbage is grown in open and protected ground. With early spring sowing in open ground, it is recommended to cultivate it as a precursor of cucumber and tomato, the seedlings of which are planted immediately after harvesting the cabbage. More often it is sown as a second crop after early potatoes. Under the culture preceding Beijing cabbage, it is necessary to apply organic fertilizers in large doses. In autumn, before plowing the site, 20 ... mineral fertilizer. As soon as the soil ripens, deep cultivation is carried out. Sow the seeds with two-line tapes after cultivation. The distance between the tapes is 50 cm, between the lines in the tape is 20 cm. Seeding rate is 300...350 g/ha.
Care of crops consists in loosening the soil and systematic weeding. After the first thinning in a row with a sowing crop, a distance of 8 ... 10 cm is left between plants, after the second - 16 ... 20 cm. The crop is obtained already at the second thinning, and in the head phase, the yield is 60 ... and higher.
From diseases and pests of Chinese cabbage the greatest harm cause keel, slimy bacteriosis, cabbage fly, cruciferous fleas, aphids, etc.