Organic fertilizers - application, types and their classification. Differences between organic and mineral fertilizers

How much agriculture develops on Earth, the same number of people use organic fertilizers to get good harvests. Types and their characteristics must be taken into account when using, since each of them has its own characteristics. Some need to be applied to the soil in the fall, others at the time of planting, and others throughout the growing season. The value of organic matter lies in its beneficial effect on the condition of plants, in improving the soil, in increasing yields and in cheapness, because every farmer can prepare it in his personal subsidiary plot.

Organic fertilizer: what is it

Many will immediately say manure and compost. The answer is correct, but incomplete, because organic fertilizers are human and animal waste, as well as household and even industrial waste, which contain substances necessary for the development of plants in the form of organic compounds. This may include:

bird droppings;

Feces;

Waste wood processing factories (sawdust, tree bark, etc.);

green manure plants;

Compost;

bone meal;

Humus;

complex organics.

Chemical composition

As you can see from the above list, there are a variety of organic fertilizers. Types and their characteristics mainly depend on the source of receipt, and in addition, on technological process fertilizer production. Each of them contains:

Calcium;

Special (a very valuable element that improves soil structure).

In small quantities, organic fertilizers include:

sulfurous acid;

Silicic acid;

Oxides of some metals and other chemical elements.

Let us analyze in more detail what and how much is contained in each type of organic fertilizer.

Manure

This very valuable fertilizer is nothing but the faeces of domestic animals, with the exception of cats and dogs. Depending on the type of animal, organic fertilizers of different composition are obtained. Types and their characteristics also depend on the stage of the cooking process, which are as follows:

Fresh manure (applied only in the fall, the soil is immediately plowed after that);

Semi-rotted (the straw in it becomes dark, easily divided into pieces);

Overripe (homogeneous dark mass);

Humus.

The higher the stage of manure preparation, the more it loses its mass, and the better they decompose in it. organic matter and the quality improves.

It is equally important on which bedding this fertilizer is prepared.

As can be seen from the table, there is very little calcium in pig manure, so lime is added to it.

Rabbit manure is also a good fertilizer. But from nutria, you can use only rotted manure or add it to compost.

Storage methods

Manure from different animals is, among other things, diverse organic fertilizers. Types and their characteristics directly depend on how they are stored. The methods can be the following:

1. Loose styling. Stacks up to 3 m wide and up to 2 m high are made from fresh manure, they are not covered with anything. With this method in stacks (t = +70 °C), the preparation process takes about 4-5 months, during which up to a third of the original mass is lost.

2. Tight styling. From fresh manure, the same piles are made as in loose laying, but the manure is compacted tightly and covered with an airtight film. In such stacks, the temperature does not rise above +35 °C even in summer. Decomposition with this method lasts about 7 months, and the original mass is lost up to 1/10 of the part. Dense stacking is the most acceptable storage method.

3. Loose laying with compaction. A low, loose pile up to 3 m wide is made from fresh manure. On the fifth day, it is rammed, and a new loose layer is laid on top. This is repeated until the stack reaches a height of two meters, after which it is covered with a film. Completely rotted manure is formed in 5 months.

How to apply

Usage organic fertilizers, in particular manure, has its own little tricks. Yes, for warm beds horse manure is ideal because it contains little water. It is buried in special trenches, pulled out along the perimeter of the beds, and after the need for it disappears, they are scattered across the field. On light soils, it is better to use manure from cows, and on heavy soils, from sheep, goats and horses. Under spring crops, fresh or semi-rotted soil is plowed into the soil in autumn, and humus is introduced in spring. If there is little fertilizer, it is advisable to apply it not to the entire plot, but only to the wells. When planting trees, it is very useful to add up to 10 kg of humus to each hole.

Important! Under no crops can fresh manure be introduced. It releases ammonia, which is detrimental to plants. There are no general norms for fertilizing, since they are different for each crop and directly depend on the quality of the soil.

In stores you can find manure extract. It is also an excellent fertilizer, but only for plants. It is useless for improving the condition of the soil.

Liquid organic fertilizers, their types and characteristics

There are a variety of fertilizers that you can make yourself without spending Money. Those who have the opportunity, they use manure. It can be used in solid form, or it can be used to make liquid organic fertilizers - slurry and mullein. The latter is prepared by pouring water on cow feces. Use it for dressing absolutely any plants, even flowers. At the same time, they take 1 liter of mullein in a bucket of water. The slurry does not need to be prepared. It is the liquid part of manure. Liquid fertilizers include herbal infusions and even human urine, but more on that below.

As can be seen from the table, there is almost no phosphorus in this fertilizer, so superphosphate is added to the slurry (about 15 g per liter).

Litter

It is believed that the best organic fertilizers are obtained from the droppings of pigeons and chickens. The waste products of geese and ducks are somewhat worse in quality.

Keep bird droppings it is necessary in a closed container or composting with peat, straw, sawdust, as it very quickly loses its nitrogen component. Bird is used for feeding vegetables, fruit and ornamental trees, shrubs, flowers. AT pure form they do not bring it in, but pour it with water (1 part of organic per bucket of water) and insist up to 3 days. After that, it is again diluted with water, taking 1 measured part of the infusion and 10 - of water.

Human feces

Some gardeners don't even know what exotic species there are organic fertilizers. One of them is our feces. Previously, absolutely everything was fertilized with these waste products, they were even sold. Now this type of fertilizer is not popular, although it is almost the best. It should be noted that not only feces are called feces, but also urine, which is also suitable as a fertilizer. The only caveat is that nitrogen evaporates almost instantly from it, so the biomaterial must be covered with soil immediately after application.

As can be seen from the table, feces are ideal for improving soil quality.

Of course, many farmers even disdain to think about using human feces as fertilizer. For those who are more loyal to this, it is important to know what methods of preparing such organics exist. To remove the unpleasant smell, the "raw materials" must be shifted with peat or, in extreme cases, with leafy soil. You can also arrange compost heaps from foliage and plant debris, laying feces in layers in them. They must be aged for at least 3 years.

Urine as a fertilizer is used immediately. For trees, it can not be diluted. For other cultures, it is desirable to dilute with water in a ratio of at least 1:4. It is also useful to water compost heaps with urine.

Peat

To the question: “What fertilizers are organic?” many will answer: "Peat". It is widely advertised, it is actively sold by all flower shops, many gardeners and gardeners strive to use it. However, there are not so many substances useful for plants in peat to fertilize them all indiscriminately. Moreover, it must be taken into account that there are different types peat, which differ significantly in quality.

As can be seen from the table, peat, especially lowland peat, is advisable to use on acidic soils. It is necessary to use all types of peat only to improve the quality of soils, regulate their moisture content, as well as to create high-quality compost and for mulching any crops, but not for fertilizer.

Sapropel

Some types of organic fertilizers are familiar to us from balneological procedures in sanatoriums. Such is the silt of lakes, ponds, any reservoirs with stagnant water, called sapropel. Especially a lot of it is used in the Rostov region due to the huge reserves in Lake Nero. Sapropel, which is plant and animal remains, accumulates in reservoirs for decades. During this period, it gradually decomposes, turning into the most valuable organic fertilizer, in which there is a lot of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and nitrogen 4 times more than in manure. Sapropel can be used unchanged or added to compost. Before being introduced into the soil, it must be ventilated, shoveled and frozen so that all substances unnecessary for plants are removed from it.

Sawdust, tree bark, bone meal

There are cheap and very useful organic fertilizers for improving soil quality. Their types and characteristics are as follows:

1. sawdust. They perfectly loosen the soil, improve its moisture capacity and breathability, but absorb nitrogen from it. The acidity of sawdust is quite high (pH about 3-4), therefore, before making it, they should be mixed with slaked lime and complex mineral or only nitrogen fertilizers. You can also wet them with animal urine or liquid mineral fertilizers. It is better to use rotted sawdust or add it to compost heaps.

2. Tree bark. These wastes are used to create compost. To do this, fresh bark is crushed, put in a pit, complex moisturizing is added. The fertilizer will be ready in about six months, during which the bark pit needs to be periodically moistened and its contents shoveled.

3. Bone meal. It well reduces the acidity of soils and is ideal for wetlands. Bone meal contains all the elements necessary for the growth and fruiting of plants. The only caveat is that you need to use it only fat-free (evaporated and dry).

siderates

The use of organic fertilizers can differ significantly from the methods indicated above. We are talking about green manure - plants sown on the field before planting the main crops or after harvesting. These include: sunflower, mustard, lupine, clover, legumes, oats, vetch, raspberry radish and other early crops that give a lot of green mass. The use of green manure is most effective on sandy and humus-poor soils, but can be practiced on any soil. By content useful elements green manure is almost identical to manure. For example, lupine per 1 m 2 gives a green mass of about 4 kg. They contain an average of 18 g of nitrogen, 4.8 g of phosphorus, 6.8 g of potassium, 19 g of calcium, 4.8 g of magnesium. The technology for fertilizing the site with green manure is as follows: after harvesting the main crop, the seeds of the selected plant are sown on the field (some can simply be scattered across the field, others need to be planted in grooves), watered if necessary, and after waiting for the buds to appear, mow. The green mass can be plowed into the ground, put into compost pits, and fed to livestock. Some green manures (mustard, in addition to fertilizing the soil, help to destroy bacteria in it, such as root rot, nematodes, late blight and others.

Nettle

If you need to fertilize a small garden, you can make excellent fertilizer from nettles. It is cut, put in a container and filled with water. Nettle fertilizer is being prepared for 3-5 days, during which the contents of the container must be mixed. To make the unpleasant smell disappear, you can add valerian rhizome, and to speed up the process, add bread, yeast, sourdough. The finished fertilizer must be filtered and used by adding 1 measured part of it to 10 measured parts of water.

Complex organic fertilizers

This is one of the best, most balanced types of fertilizers, suitable both for plant nutrition and for improving soil quality. For their production in industry, the biofermentation method is used, which consists in the oxidation of organic elements with atomic oxygen. In this case, a type of chemical energy is released, which is unusually useful for needed by plants microorganisms. They produce complex organic fertilizers from manure, sawdust, manure, peat and similar natural products. The preparations "ZhTSKKU", "Piska", "KOUD", "GUMI-OMI", "Biogumus" are very popular. Basically, they are all concentrated and very easy to use.

Not all gardeners can boast of the presence of organic raw materials in the form of manure, litter. Not everyone has time to prepare compost and green manure.

People living in a private house, having a large farm in the form of animals and birds, as well as a large land plot, can afford to keep a source of organic fertilizer and at the same time grow vegetables and fruits.

Everyone else who occasionally travels out of town can use mineral fertilizers- their types allow you to choose mixtures for each type of soil and for crops separately.

Mineral fertilizers are top dressings in the form of salts of inorganic origin. They are also called chemical fertilizers. The source is natural minerals that are mined industrial way, as well as substances obtained artificially.

Mineral fertilizers are a good substitute for organics

There are one-component, two-component, three-component and multi-component compositions of mineral fertilizers. This means that the composition includes 1, 2, 3 or more components, the main of which are nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Auxiliary - calcium, sulfur, magnesium, boron and other trace elements necessary for plants to grow.

Advantages of mineral mixtures:

are cheaper;
easier to get;
small doses are used;
can be selected for specific plants and soil types.

The effect of the use of mineral fertilizers is no different from the effect of organics, but when using mineral dressings, it is necessary to strictly observe the dosages of the substance, that is, to be guided by the gardener's golden rule: it is better to underfeed a little than to overfeed and destroy the plant.

Types and characteristics of mineral fertilizers

The types can be classified as follows:

nitrogen containing one component - nitrogen;
potassium, consisting of potassium salts and microadditives;
phosphoric are salts of phosphoric acid or natural minerals;
mixtures having an equal composition of active substances or other proportions.

Video: Distinctive features and methods of applying mineral fertilizers

Most often, types of mineral fertilizers are used that have a complete composition - nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, since this eliminates the need to calculate how much and what is needed for a specific piece of land. Each type of mineral fertilizer corresponds to the type of soil on which the additives will be most effective.

Potash

Potash types of fertilizers contain a large amount of potassium salts, other additives may be present in microdoses. Such mono-fertilizers are recommended for all types of soils, but especially for sandy and sandy loam. Potassium salts are mined industrially from natural minerals - carnallite and sylvinite.

There are two varieties - potassium chloride and sulfate. Chloride must be applied to the soil in the fall so that chlorine harmful to plants disappears during the winter. Such a mineral fertilizer is not suitable for spring application. Potassium sulphate is suitable for all plants and can be used at any time of the year.

Phosphoric

The main mineral for fertilizers is phosphorus, isolated from natural phosphorites and apatites. There are many types of phosphorus compounds that are used in complex mixtures:

superphosphates and double superphosphates - soluble in water;
precipitate - dissolves in a weak acid solution;
metaphosphate is an insoluble or sparingly soluble compound;
tomasshlak - acid is needed for dissolution;
ammophos and diammophos are substances that are sparingly soluble in water.

Phosphate fertilizers are varied and suitable for all types of soil

Water-soluble substances are suitable for all types of soils and plants. Semi-soluble and sparingly soluble have an advantage on acidic soils - there their action is stronger.

In order for phosphate mineral fertilizers to be well absorbed by plants, the soil must be saturated with potassium and nitrogen.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen types of fertilizers, their classification:

nitrate forms - calcium or sodium nitrate;
ammonia form - ammonia water;
ammonium - sulfate or ammonium chloride;
ammonium nitrate - ammonium nitrate;
the amide form is urea.

Nitrogen substances, which also belong to mineral fertilizers, form the basis of plant nutrition, contribute to the set of green mass. Without sufficient nitrogen supply, the leaves are yellowish or pale green. The efficiency of nitrogen increases if the soil is well fertilized with phosphorus and potassium.

Video: How to properly feed plants with nitrogen

Nitrogen is often included in the composition of mineral fertilizers, which are called complex. In such mixtures, the amount of nutrients is maximally balanced.

Complex mixtures

Complex mineral fertilizers receive different ways – chemical reaction by mixing simple components. The concentration of active substances is very high, so the consumption of fertilizers is small. For different types of soil, you can choose the appropriate mixture for the optimal balance of nutrients.

What is a complex mineral fertilizer - these are mixtures that contain 2 or more kinds of salts. Distinguish:

nitrogen-phosphorus mixtures;
potassium-nitrogen;
nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compounds.

When applying to the soil, you need to know the needs of garden crops. If necessary, you can adjust the mixture yourself, adding those substances that you need more. But with a rich choice of names and compositions of fertilizers for plants, this is not required.

Complex mineral mixtures should be applied in spring or summer, since active nitrogen loses its qualities during the winter and it will be necessary to re-fertilize the land with nitrogen fertilizer

Two-component

Apply in the spring, as the composition includes nitrogen, which is most effective in plant growth. The need for this type of fertilizer is determined by the type of soil. If the plants are constantly lacking in potassium, it is recommended to feed them with nitrogen-potassium mixtures several times during the growing season. If phosphorus is washed out of the soil, then nitrogen-phosphorus.

The names of complex mineral fertilizers that can be found in gardening stores are: potassium nitrate, ammophos, ammophosphate, nitroammophoska, diammophos, nitrophoska.

Potassium nitrate contains two components - potassium and nitrogen

Some fertilizers that have a low percentage of nitrogen and consist mainly of phosphates can be applied in the fall.

Three-component

Mixtures, which are also called complete mineral fertilizers. All three necessary elements - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, are in it in equal proportions, or some components are more, some are less. It is necessary to focus on the needs of plants.

Complete mineral fertilizer, which includes all macronutrients, can fertilize absolutely all soils and horticultural crops. It is possible to combine types of organic and mineral fertilizers in one area, introducing minerals in the fall, organics in the spring, while reducing the dosage of minerals by 2-3 times.

Names: azofoska, ammophoska, nitrophoska, diammofoska.

Multicomponent

Multi-component nutrient mixtures consist of the main elements and microfertilizers: calcium, boron, magnesium, zinc, sulfur, copper, iron, molybdenum, manganese and others. On poor soils, such compounds are indispensable - they protect plants from diseases and allow you to get a good harvest every year.

Microadditives should be considered as additional support for various types soils. For example:

zinc - for alkaline soils;
copper - on swampy soils and peat bogs;
manganese - for chernozem regions with an alkaline soil reaction;
boron - on sandy soils;
molybdenum - for acidic soils.

Multicomponent formulations contain trace elements in addition to the main elements

Knowing the characteristics of the soil in your area, you can optimally select a multi-component mixture and use it throughout the entire period of growth and fruiting of crops.

Trace elements (microfertilizers)

Microfertilizers can be found not only in multicomponent fertilizers. One and two-component substances, complex microfertilizers are on sale.

Trace elements are consumed by plants in small amounts. They are used both for root application and for foliar top dressing - by spraying. In this way, the deficiency of a certain element can be quickly eliminated.

Microfertilizers can be used both for foliar top dressing and added under the root.

What can be found on sale from complex microfertilizers:

Reacom;
Master;
Oracle;
Sizam.

This type of top dressing is sold in liquid and dry form, which must be diluted with water to the desired concentration, which is described in detail in the instructions.

The effect of mineral fertilizers on the soil

Many gardeners are afraid to use mineral fertilizers because of the popular legend about the dangers of nitrates. Similar stories are told by people who violated the instructions. There is an assertion that poison differs from medicine only in dosage - the same can be said about mineral fertilizers.

There are several rules, subject to which safety for human health is guaranteed.

Do not exceed manufacturer's recommended dosages. If there is a need to mix several types of mineral fertilizers, then it is better to take a minimum of both. In case of deficiency, you can always make a weak solution of fertilizer and apply to the leaves.
2 weeks before the removal of the fruits, feeding with mineral mixtures must be stopped.
Do not use expired mineral complexes.

Healthy soil without an excess of nitrates is the result of using mineral mixtures strictly according to the instructions.

It is worth knowing that excess dosages have a bad effect on the plant itself - the roots can burn out if fertilizers are applied incorrectly. Moreover, this applies equally to both minerals and organic matter. You can disrupt the growth and destroy the plant by using top dressing according to the principle: the more, the better.

It is not recommended to use acidic mineral fertilizers without periodic liming. This can adversely affect plants - the number of beneficial bacteria in the soil will decrease, which will lead to a decrease in the humus part.

This happens because the microflora also needs minerals for nutrition, therefore, if their amount is not exceeded, then it will be enough to feed both plants and microorganisms.

Acid mineral dressings are carried out along with liming

In the case of naturally high soil acidity, it is necessary to use organic matter that shifts the pH towards alkalinity. As an option - alternate mineral and organic complexes. For example, wood ash, bone meal, which can also be bought at the store.

The balance should be observed if the soil has a neutral or alkaline reaction. On such soils, you can safely use mineral fertilizers with an acidic reaction.

Mineral fertilizers- fertilizers of industrial or fossil origin, usually containing nutrients in the form of mineral salts. One of the main sources of replenishment of soil fertility in conditions of intensive agriculture.

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Properties of mineral fertilizers

Mineral fertilizers

are industrial or fossil products that contain elements required to nourish plants and increase soil fertility. They are obtained from minerals by mechanical or chemical processing. Nutrients in mineral fertilizers are mainly in the form of mineral salts, but there are also organic compounds, in particular, urea.

Classification

Mineral fertilizers are classified according to several parameters.

By the amount of nutrients

simple (one-sided, one-component) - contain only one nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium);
complex (multilateral) - contain two or more nutrients (potassium nitrate, nitrophoska, diammophoska, etc.).

Physical and mechanical properties of fertilizers

Fertilizer moisture

varies widely depending on the fertilizer production technology. For each fertilizer, GOSTs (state standards) and specifications regulating, among other things, the moisture content. Deviation from these indicators leads to significant changes physical and mechanical properties of fertilizers, which makes them unsuitable for practical use.

Hygroscopicity of the fertilizer

- the ability to absorb moisture from the surrounding air. The assessment of the hygroscopicity of fertilizers is carried out on a ten-point scale. Highly hygroscopic fertilizers include calcium (9.5 points) and ammonium (9.3 points) nitrate.

Potash fertilizers have a much lower hygroscopicity: potassium chloride - 3.2-4.4 points, potassium sulfate - 0.2 points.

Hygroscopicity determines the conditions for storage, transportation and packaging of fertilizers. Highly hygroscopic fertilizers (7-10 points) are stored and transported only in hermetically sealed containers. Usually these are plastic bags.

Flowability of fertilizers

shows their suitability for mechanical application by fertilizer seeding units and depends on the moisture capacity.

Maximum moisture capacity

mineral fertilizer - the maximum humidity at which it retains the ability to satisfactorily disperse fertilizer seeders.

Caking

is evaluated on a seven-point scale and is evaluated by the resistance of the compacted fertilizer to destruction. For example, simple powdered superphosphate cakes very strongly (7 points), fine-grained potassium chloride is somewhat less (6 points). Ammonium sulfate is weakly caking (2-3 points) and potassium magnesia is practically not caking (1 point).

Grading

(fertilizer particle size) is determined by all of the above physical and chemical properties mineral fertilizers. It is determined by mechanical sieve analysis of the fertilizer.

Granule strength

characterized by the mechanical strength of the granules and the reaction to crushing (kgf / cm 3) and abrasion (%). It is determined on special devices.

Dissipation

- the mobility of granulometric particles of fertilizer when they are applied by fertilizer seeders. Dissipation is assessed on a 12-point scale in ascending order.

Fertilizer density

- mass per unit volume. The lightest of solid mineral fertilizers are ammonium chloride and urea (0.58-0.65 t / m 3), the heaviest are tomasslag, phosphate rock (2.01-1.62 t / m 3). (a photo)

Mineral fertilizers

Assortment of mineral fertilizers

Nitrogen fertilizers are fertilizers containing various chemical compounds. Their production is based on the production of synthetic ammonia from the molecular nitrogen of the air and hydrogen. The source of hydrogen is natural gas, coke oven and petroleum gases. This process requires significant energy consumption. The production of 1 ton of nitrogen consumes energy equivalent to processing 4 tons of oil.

Depending on the form of nitrogen content and state of aggregation, nitrogen fertilizers are divided into:

Complex fertilizers - fertilizers containing two, three or more nutrients:, and.

By the number of batteries are distinguished

double(nitrogen-phosphorus, nitrogen-potassium, phosphorus-potassium) complex fertilizers;
triple(nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) complex fertilizers.

According to the method of production, complex fertilizers are divided into

Complex- complex mineral fertilizers, solid or liquid, all particles of which have the same or similar chemical composition.
Complex-mixed- complex fertilizers. They are obtained by mixing ready-made one-component and complex fertilizers and introducing gaseous and liquid products into the mixture.
mixed- complex mineral fertilizers, which are obtained by mechanical mixing of ready-made fertilizers of various forms.

By release form

Magnesium fertilizers

Magnesium fertilizers are complex mineral fertilizers containing magnesium. The main source of production is natural magnesium compounds. They are used both as direct sources of magnesium and for processing into magnesium-containing fertilizers. This group of fertilizers includes dolomite flour, semi-baked dolomite, magnesite, magnesium sulfate.

Microfertilizers

Microfertilizers are mineral fertilizers containing trace elements. The most common are boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and zinc microfertilizers.

Microfertilizers according to the active substance are distinguished into:

The value of mineral fertilizers

You can often find reasoning about the dangers of mineral fertilizers and for environment. However, the most developed and economically prosperous countries use them in the greatest quantities. An example is Japan, where human life expectancy is one of the largest in the world.

Indeed, the main problems of environmental troubles are associated not so much with chemical pollution due to the use of mineral fertilizers, but with the predominance of an extensive form of management and insufficient or illiterate use of mineral fertilizers and other chemicals.

Numerous studies show that the use of mineral fertilizers is one of the main factors in obtaining high yields of agricultural crops and improving soil fertility.

In world practice, there is a tendency to increase the production and use of mineral fertilizers. In terms of the intensity of the use of mineral fertilizers per 1 ha of arable land, the top ten countries include Malaysia, Holland, Korea, Jordan, Belgium, Egypt, New Zealand, Japan, Great Britain and Colombia.

There is a clear relationship between the doses of applied fertilizers per 1 ha and the yield. It has been established that the highest doses of mineral fertilizers are used in France, the Netherlands and Great Britain. The average grain yield in France is 73.2 c/ha, the Netherlands - 82.9 c/ha, Great Britain - 70.8 c/ha. These are the highest rates in the world.

Mineev V.G. Agrochemistry: Textbook. - 2nd edition, revised and supplemented. - M .: MGU Publishing House, KolosS Publishing House, 2004. - 720 p., L. ill.: ill. - (Classic university textbook).

Muravin E.A. Agrochemistry. - M. KolosS, 2003.- 384 p.: ill. - (Textbooks and teaching aids for students of secondary educational institutions).

Yagodin B.A., Zhukov Yu.P., Kobzarenko V.I. Agrochemistry / Edited by B.A. Yagodina. - M.: Kolos, 2002. - 584 p.: silt (Textbooks and teaching aids for students of higher educational institutions).

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Mineral fertilizers are characterized by a high concentration of nutrients and in some cases are indispensable. It is important to apply them in small quantities, while monitoring the level of nutrients in the soil. In this case, mineral fertilizers will not be able to cause significant harm to the ecology of the garden.

The chemical industry produces mineral fertilizers in various forms, therefore, depending on the complexity of the composition, they are divided into simple (one-sided) and complex (complex). In addition, there are microfertilizers containing trace elements that plants use in limited quantities, but cannot completely do without them.

Simple mineral fertilizers have differences in active ingredients, i.e. the amount of the main nutrient in its composition. Therefore, simple mineral fertilizers, in turn, are divided into nitrogen, phosphorus and potash.

potash fertilizers

Potash fertilizers help plants gain resistance to adverse weather factors and extreme lack of moisture, increase their cold resistance and activate resistance to various diseases.

Potassium sulfate (potassium sulfate)

The best potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate (potassium sulphate), which does not contain chlorine and is highly soluble in water. The level of potassium in its composition reaches 45%.

Potassium sulphate can be used as a basic fertilizer by applying it under spring processing soil, or as top dressing.

Potassium chloride

It is a saturated potash fertilizer, since the potassium content reaches 63%. Chlorine, which is present in the composition of the fertilizer, dissolves well in water and enters the soil in an exchangeable form, which is easily available to plants, and therefore is well absorbed. During long-term storage, potassium chloride strongly cakes.

Potassium salts

This species is classified as a potent potash fertilizer, since it contains up to 40% potassium. But the composition of salts contains much more chlorine than potassium chloride and potassium magnesia.

Potassium salts are suitable for many vegetable crops, but care must be taken when growing chlorine-sensitive crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers or potatoes. In this case, potassium salts are best applied under autumn processing soil, and the rest of the time it is used very limitedly.

In some cases, gardeners use the following potash fertilizers: kainite (11% potassium), carnallite (13% potassium), ground sulvinite (22% potassium) and potash (55% potassium).

Phosphate fertilizers

Phosphorus fertilizers contribute to the rapid maturation of the crop, which is explained by the property of phosphorus to shorten the growing season, which is necessary for plants for the normal development of the root system.

Superphosphate

This most popular phosphate fertilizer contains up to 21% phosphorus, as well as gypsum, which serves as a source of sulfur for crops that need it. It dissolves well in water and soil and can be used as the main fertilizer for all types of vegetable crops, as well as top dressing (20 g per 1 m 2).

Superphosphate gives a good effect when applied to the furrows during seed sowing.

Double superphosphate

The fertilizer is characterized by a high content (up to 50%) of phosphoric acid in a form available to plants for absorption. However, this fertilizer does not contain gypsum.

Double superphosphate is used similarly to superphosphate.

Precipitate

This species is also characterized by a high content (up to 40%) of phosphoric acid in a form available to plants for assimilation.

❧ Indicator plants help the grower determine the depth ground water. In areas with a close occurrence of groundwater, oak, willow, gray and black alder, goose cinquefoil, coltsfoot grow well, but cherries and apple trees feel bad.

Phosphorite flour, or ground phosphorite

The fertilizer has a long-term effect and contains up to 20% phosphoric acid in a form available to plants. However, it is a sparingly soluble form of phosphate fertilizers.

The action of phosphate rock is enhanced in combination with acidic nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, but it should not be mixed with alkaline fertilizers. A good effect is the addition of phosphate rock to composts.

nitrogen fertilizers

Nitrogen mineral fertilizers contribute to the intensive growth of leaves and other vegetative parts of plants. With their help, you can increase the green leafy mass.

Urea

Gardeners use urea (carbamide) fertilizer more often than others. The fact is that urea contains up to 46% nitrogen, is very hygroscopic, dissolves well in water and soil, and plants absorb it easily and quickly. It is better to purchase granular fertilizer, as it does not cake.

Carbamide can be applied as the main fertilizer for spring digging of the soil, as well as foliar top dressing. For feeding in the fall, a solution is prepared with a concentration of 4-5%, in the spring - 1%.

Ammonium nitrate

Main nitrogen fertilizer characterized by a nitrogen content of up to 35%. Ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate) is very hygroscopic, easily soluble in water and soil, quickly absorbed by plants.

Ammonium nitrate can be applied in the spring to the soil for digging as the main fertilizer and raked or used as top dressing. Ammonium nitrate is most often produced in granular form.

Ammonium sulfate

This valuable nitrogen fertilizer with a nitrogen content of up to 21% is highly soluble in water, binds in the soil at normal moisture levels and is slightly washed out by water from the soil composition.

The disadvantages of ammonium sulfate (ammonium sulphate) include its ability to cake during storage.

calcium nitrate

Calcium nitrate (calcium nitrate) is characterized by a nitrogen content of up to 17%, high hygroscopicity and excellent solubility in water and soil.

Calcium nitrate is quickly absorbed by plants, while the best effect is the use of fertilizer as a liquid top dressing. To prepare the solution, you need to dilute 100 g of saltpeter in 10 liters of water, this amount is enough to feed 1 m 2 of plantings.

Fertilizer is produced in granular form, and since it tends to cake, it is best to store it in airtight packaging.

sodium nitrate

Sodium nitrate (sodium nitrate, sodium nitrate) is a hygroscopic fertilizer containing up to 16.5% nitrogen and 26% sodium, it dissolves well in water and soil with a sufficient level of moisture.

Sodium nitrate can be applied as the main fertilizer for spring tillage at the rate of 50 g per 1 m2, used as top dressing in dry form (20 g per 1 m2) or in the form of a solution. Liquid top dressing is prepared in a ratio of 20 g per 1 liter of water, which is calculated for application per 1 m 2 of soil.

Sodium nitrate is best used in a mixture with superphosphate, since in this case it can be applied under all vegetable crops. The disadvantages of sodium nitrate include its property of caking during storage.

Magnesium and iron fertilizers

Magnesium is an element necessary for the formation of chlorophyll. Of the magnesium fertilizers, dolomite (21% magnesium oxide), magnesium sulfate (16% magnesium oxide) and boron-magnesium waste containing 1-2% boron and 13-14% magnesium oxide are noteworthy.

When applying such potash fertilizers as Kalimag and Kalimagneziya, there is a simultaneous enrichment of the soil with both potassium and magnesium.

Most often, magnesium is applied during soil liming, using magnesium-containing fertilizers, which helps to increase yields. It is best to carry out such activities during the autumn digging of the soil, as this will provide the plants with magnesium for a long time.

Iron is necessary for plants to form chlorophyll, as well as to support other vital processes. Especially those crops that take it out of the soil in large volumes need it: cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, beets, radishes, dill, spinach.

Usually, the natural content of iron in the soil in the form of various salts is sufficient for plants. Especially ferruginous fertilizers are rarely used, mainly for foliar top dressing with obvious manifestations of iron deficiency (necrosis) on the leaves.

Dolomite flour

The substance is a lime fertilizer that neutralizes soil acidity and contains up to 56% calcium and 42% magnesium in the form of carbonates. As impurities in dolomite flour, there are a number of trace elements, as well as sand and clay (1.5-4%).

spring dolomite flour can be applied to the soil at least 3 weeks before sowing or planting crops in open ground or greenhouse. This period of time is especially important to observe if manure has previously been applied to the soil.

Kalimagnesia

Kalimagnesia (potassium-magnesium sulfate) contains up to 30% potassium, a small amount of chlorine, magnesium and sulfur and is highly soluble in water, therefore it is easily absorbed by soil and plants. It can be used as a basic fertilizer.

Kieserite

Kieserite (magnesium sulfate) is a valuable source of magnesium and sulfur for agricultural crops, it is a water-soluble fertilizer.

Magnesium sulfate contains sodium, chlorine, iron and manganese as impurities. This is a highly effective agent, the application rate of which is half that of magnesium sulfate.

Magnesium-ammopium-phosphate

The substance is a three-component compound fertilizer that contains 10-11% nitrogen, 39-40% phosphorus and 15-16% magnesium. All the main elements of the fertilizer are available to plants, but it can be classified as a slow-acting and poorly soluble in water means.

Magnesium ammonium phosphate can be applied as the main fertilizer for all vegetable crops in large doses without harm to plants. However greater effect it gives when growing vegetables in protected ground conditions.

magnesium nitrate

This fully water-soluble fertilizer is suitable for puff feeding in greenhouses and open fields, meeting the needs of plants in magnesium during the growing season. The application rate of this fertilizer differs depending on the crops being fed and is 1 tsp. for 10 liters of water for potatoes and root crops, 0.5 tsp. per 10 liters of water for vegetable crops.

Epsomite, or magnesium sulfate

Novofert

A water-soluble fertilizer containing the main nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and excluding chlorine. Novofert contains a balanced complex of trace elements: copper, iron, cobalt, zinc, boron and molybdenum.

The fertilizer, which dissolves well in water, is easily absorbed by plants, but is not absorbed by the soil, so it can be used through foliar top dressing, drip irrigation or processing of planting material.

Novofert should not be used in hot sunny weather and should be kept as far away from direct sunlight as possible.

❧ Plants-indicators will help the gardener to determine the degree of soil acidity in the area. On soils with an increased level of acidity, marsh marigold, buttercups, meadow heartwood, and European septenaria grow, but legumes do not take root here.

Complex fertilizers

Complex fertilizers contain two or three nutrients at once in the composition of one chemical compound. They are obtained in the process of chemical interaction of the initial components, so they are double, such as nitrogen-phosphorus, nitrogen-potassium or phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, or triple, like nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. According to the method of production, complex fertilizers are complex, complex-mixed, or combined and mixed.

Compound fertilizers usually contain two or three nutrients. So, ammophos contains nitrogen and phosphorus, and potassium nitrate contains nitrogen and potassium. The ratio between nutrients in complex fertilizers is determined by their formula.

Mixed fertilizers are mixtures of simple fertilizers that are obtained at the factory or at the place of their use using fertilizer mixing plants.

Complex-mixed or combined fertilizers are obtained in the course of a single technological process by special chemical and physical processing of primary raw materials or a variety of one- and two-component fertilizers. Each compound fertilizer granule contains the same two or three essential plant nutrients, but in different forms. chemical compounds. Complex fertilizers include: nitrophos and nitrophoska, nitroammophos and nitroammophoska, ammonium and potassium polyphosphates, carboammophos, phosphorus-potassium pressed fertilizers, liquid complex fertilizers.

The ratio between the nutrients in these fertilizers is determined by the amount of materials that were involved in their production. They are distinguished by a high concentration of essential nutrients. In addition, ballast substances in them are either completely absent or present in a very small volume.

In the specialized market, complex fertilizers are mainly represented by the following forms:

Double nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers (ammophos, nitroammophos and nitrophos);

Double phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (potassium phosphates);

Triple complex fertilizers (ammofoska, nitroammofoska and nitrofoska).

Ammophos

Granular concentrated complex phosphorus-nitrogen fertilizer, which contains nitrogen and phosphorus in a ratio of 12: 52. The nutrients included in its composition are presented mainly in a water-soluble form, which is easily absorbed by plants.

Ammophos is beneficial in that 1 kg of this fertilizer can simultaneously replace 2.5 kg of simple superphosphate and 0.35 kg ammonium nitrate. It can be applied when sowing as the main fertilizer for all vegetable crops and potatoes. At the same time, it almost does not absorb moisture from the air, so it is well sown and does not cake.

The disadvantage of this fertilizer is that it contains much less nitrogen than phosphorus, although in practice they are usually applied in equal doses, so you have to add the right amount of one-sided nitrogen fertilizer.

Diammophos

Compound phosphorus-nitrogen fertilizer containing 20-21% nitrogen and 51-53% phosphorus. The effectiveness of this substance is higher than that of ammophos, therefore, when using it, it is not necessary to add additional nitrogen.

Diammophos dissolves well in water, does not contain ballast substances, therefore it does not impair soil properties, although it slightly acidifies it. The fertilizer does not cake during storage.

Nitrophos and nitrophoska

Double and triple fertilizers obtained by processing apatite or phosphorite. By adding various components, carbonate nitrophoska and phosphorus nitrophoska are obtained.

In nitrophoska, nitrogen and potassium are present in the form of easily soluble compounds. Phosphorus can be contained both in a water-insoluble form, but available to plants, and partially in a water-soluble form (up to 59%). This ratio may vary depending on technological scheme production.

Nitrophoska can be applied as the main fertilizer before sowing, in rows or holes during sowing, as well as top dressing.

Azofoska

Azofoska, or nitroammophoska, is a granular highly effective complete mineral fertilizer that contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in an easily digestible form in a ratio of 16: 16: 16. This three-component fertilizer provides a significant increase in yield, with its use there is no need to add additional substances. In addition, it is good because it is not hygroscopic, non-toxic and non-explosive, has 100% friability and does not cake during long-term storage.

Azofoska can be used for all crops as the main fertilizer or as a top dressing.

Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer 13:19:19

Universal granular compound fertilizer does not contain nitrates and can be used for any crops, as it nutrients well absorbed by plants.

Fertilizer has a good effect on plant growth in initial period development, rooting of seedlings when planting in the ground, increases the resistance of crops to short frosts and lack of moisture, reduces the accumulation of nitrates in fruits and vegetables, and prolongs the shelf life.

It can be used as the main fertilizer when digging in spring or autumn and before sowing by applying to rows, furrows or holes, as well as for top dressing in dry and liquid form.

diammofoska

Diammofoska (DAFC) is a highly effective concentrated granular fertilizer containing three main nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and macronutrients such as sulfur, magnesium and calcium. In addition, in small quantities, it also contains other trace elements (salts of copper, zinc, manganese, iron and silicon), which increase the agrochemical value of the fertilizer.

Diammofoska can be used to fertilize vineyards and fruit plantations. Greatest Benefit this fertilizer brings with a local (tape) method of application.

Fertilizers containing trace elements

Microfertilizers are fertilizers containing small amounts of boron, copper, molybdenum, zinc and other trace elements.

The need of plants for trace elements increases with increasing doses. organic and mineral fertilizers. For example, when a large amount of phosphate fertilizers is applied, the need for zinc increases in plants, and when potash fertilizers are applied, the need for boron increases.

To replenish trace elements in the soil, use different kinds microfertilizers, which are produced in the form of powders, granules and tablets. As needed, they are included in the composition of mixed fertilizers, applied together with foliar top dressing and used for pre-sowing seed treatment.

Boric

This group is represented primarily by boron superphosphate containing 20% phosphorus and 0.2% boron, boron-magnesium waste (1-2% boron and 13-14% magnesium oxide) and boric acid (17.1-17. 3% boron).

Boric superphosphate is usually applied in the spring for pre-sowing plowing at a rate of 300-350 g per 10 m2. Boric acid in the form of a 0.02-0.04% solution is used for pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar feeding of plants.

Copper

If necessary, pyrite cinders containing about 0.2-0.3% copper are used to feed plants. For pre-sowing treatment of seeds and foliar dressings, a 0.02-0.05% solution of copper sulfate is used.

❧ Plants such as stinging nettle, hazel, raspberry, black currant grow well on slightly acidic soil. If the site feels good aster solonchak, warty quinoa, crescent alfalfa, coltsfoot or sagebrush, this indicates alkaline soils.

molybdenum

Contribute to higher yields, increase the content of proteins, chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and vitamins in different parts of plants. Molybdenum superphosphate containing 0.1-0.2% molybdenum can be applied as a main fertilizer or as top dressing in rows.

manganese

Manganese is involved in plant respiration and photosynthesis, therefore, manganese fertilizers are necessary for plants to normalize redox processes. For this purpose, manganese sludge (9-15% manganese) and manganese superphosphate (2-3% manganese) are used, which are suitable for basic and row application to the soil, while seed treatment and foliar top dressing are carried out using manganese sulfate (21-22 % manganese), on the basis of which a 0.01-0.05% aqueous solution is prepared.

Zinc

This group also needed by plants for the normalization of redox processes, it is represented by zinc sulfate (25% zinc). For foliar feeding of plants, a 0.01-0.02% aqueous solution of zinc sulfate is prepared, and for pre-sowing seed treatment, a 0.05-0.1% aqueous solution is prepared.

Plants in combination with timely tillage is the key to obtaining healthy and beautiful vegetation. Many domestic gardeners and gardeners are interested in the selection of dressings. The market offers a wide range of mineral and organic fertilizers from different manufacturers. It is very important to know how to correctly acquire such dressings.

Gardeners who prefer this type of recharge believe that only they can be applied to the soil. It has been proven that organic matter has an extremely positive effect on the quality and condition of the soil, and helps to improve yields. Experts say that organic and mineral fertilizers are perfect for any soil.

However, all organic top dressing after being added to the soil, they break down into many elements, similar to those in mineral compositions. The peculiarity of organics is that the decomposition is carried out evenly, and in the mineral compositions there are exclusively ready-made components, elements.

Manure. Traditionally, this is the most valuable organic compound. Manure, settled for 0.5-3 years, is used to enrich all types of soils. The consistency is introduced during the digging process at the rate of 6 to 9 kg per square meter.

After manure is introduced, certain crops are planted no earlier than a year later (onions, cucumbers, tomatoes, etc.).

The consistency of water and manure is used absolutely for all indoor, garden and garden plants.

bird droppings. In most cases, they are represented by sufficiently rich nutrients, but it must be applied with extreme care. If you make an excessive amount of feeding, but nitrates accumulate in the fruits. The average dosage of application: per 1 square meter of soil 200 gr. dry or 500 gr. liquid fertilizer. Rationing largely depends on the poultry being raised.

Bone flour. Bone is an excellent source of phosphorus and calcium. It is added directly to the soil. Plants need to be fed monthly with an aqueous solution. 250 gr. bone meal is mixed in 5 liters of boiling water. The finished consistency is diluted with water, maintaining a proportion of 1k5, while feeding under the root is organized.

Peat. Fills the soil with air, but at the same time it contains minimal amount useful substances. In most cases, peat is combined with other mineral elements. Peat can be collected in a swamp with your own hands. In most cases, peat is applied in autumn.

AT flower shops submitted great amount specialized with high concentration. Often they are sold in a liquid state, without a pronounced odor. Such containers can be used without any restrictions at home, including for flowers in pots. It is recommended to dilute the solution with water, in accordance with the instructions on the package.

Popular mineral fertilizers

Organic and mineral fertilizers are very popular among gardeners. special attention deserve mineral compositions - potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen, which are prepared in all possible proportions. Nitrogen is required for plants in early spring, when plants are just starting to grow, shoots, stems are formed, until buds are formed. Then the living organism actively absorbs phosphorus. Before frost, it is very important to introduce a sufficient amount of potassium.

Nitrogen. This is about important element, with which you can increase the fertility of the soil, regardless of its type. Nitrogen is an essential ingredient for growth indoor flowers, shrubs and trees. As for the rate of top dressing, it is determined taking into account the characteristics and requirements of the plant itself, the needs of the soil. If a sufficient amount of mineral elements is present in the soil, there is a place to be active development nitrogen components.

Nitrogen deficiency can cause stunted growth, yellow leaves on the plant.

Phosphoric. Their main purpose is to improve the quality of fruits, as well as the overall yield. The element must be present in the soil in which vegetable, berry, grain and fruit plants. If the plant does not receive enough phosphorus, it will turn brown-green or bluish-pink. Against this background, the formation of fruits and their growth may slow down. The dosage and method of application is determined by the type of phosphorus supplement (phosphate flour, superphosphates, phosphates, etc.).

Potash. One of the best nutritional elements, with the help of which various components and substances are synthesized, resistance to bacteria and diseases is enhanced, and frost resistance increases. Specialists focus on the fact that potash fertilizers are necessary in without fail dissolve in water. The amount and type of feed applied is directly determined by the type of soil.

Organic and best applied in combination. We are talking about top dressing, the composition of which includes several components and nutrients. When selecting, it is necessary to take into account the type of soil and the characteristics of the crop. On the packaging for such substances indicate a list of the most preferred indoor or garden crops.

Organic-mineral fertilizers

Application of fertilizers based on organic and mineral compositions dramatically increases their effectiveness. Such top dressing allows you to make the soil more loose, airy, the amount of humus and nutrients increases. They can be applied to a wide variety of soils as well as plants. As for the liquid state, it is the best option for foliar feeding.

In most cases, mineral supplements are in addition to organic elements. Organo-mineral compounds are formed by physical and chemical compounds of individual elements. The most balanced components are sold not only in the form of powders, but also in the liquid state.

Complex organo-mineral compounds are most often formed in the natural environment. The recharge remains at the bottom of the reservoir, which contains organic matter, as well as mineral components.

Top dressing is an important source of nutrition for all plants, especially when it comes to conditions. open ground, flower pots, greenhouse . Proper application of organic and mineral fertilizers normalizes the plant composition. Beforehand, you should carefully study the instructions presented on the package. Excessive amounts of fertilizer only harm the vegetation.