Peach leaves curl - what should an experienced gardener know? Peach diseases and pests - how to get rid of them? Red spots on peach leaves what to do
There is no such thing as too much information, right? In addition, I devoted more than 30 years to the peach and long ago found with it mutual language we are true friends.
It’s easy for you, a southerner, to say, another gardener colleague of mine will say.
Maybe so, but not entirely. You need to know the temper of a peach, it will come in handy in any climate zone. It is also important that in terms of frost resistance, the peach is really far from weak. According to my observations, in severe cold years, apple trees, apricots, grapes suffered more often, but not peach! Another thing is that this tree does not tolerate careless handling.
Peach has its own difficult character. He seems to be saying: “I give you bliss, gardener, just take care of me as it should be.”
Peach is a very fast growing breed. At proper fit and proper care can bear fruit in a year, although it is officially considered that it begins to bear fruit only in the third year.
Peach also has its downsides. There are only two of them, but what ... This is the curl of the leaves and the drying of the branches (and sometimes the tree itself). First -
main peach disease. It is common wherever this culture sprouts. Because of this, the fruits appear ugly, fall before they ripen. You can fight all this only with the help of annual rejuvenation.
It is necessary to systematically thin out and shorten the branches, that is, create conditions conducive to good lighting of the space inside the crown. Its most correct form is with an open center.
Mandatory reception - pruning of the affected, dry branches.
This operation is best done in spring when 2-3 leaves appear and in summer when dried branches are found. It is equally important to carry out the complete collection and destruction of the affected foliage. in early spring.
And, of course, you can not do without spraying. It must be done correctly and in a timely manner, otherwise the leaves begin to grow poorly, the fruits fall off, and as a result, the tree dies.
I personally spray once at the beginning of leaf fall with a solution of urea (300 g per 10 liters of water), twice in the spring, during bud break with a 1% solution of copper sulfate and once before flowering and three weeks after the solution wood ash, nettle and tomato tops. This is what is called a mandatory program.
Changing of the Guard
Now for drying.
It also manifests itself all the time, a very unpleasant phenomenon. One day you would not wish your enemy to see a dried peach, to which he devoted so much care and work. But how can this be avoided? Here will help later and frequent watering late summer and autumn.
It must be remembered, like “Our Father”, that the lack of good drainage causes a protracted growth of shoots, delays the ripening of wood and worsens the winter hardiness of the tree.
To avoid excessive soil moisture, peach should be planted away from beds with vegetables and any greenery. I strongly recommend not to use any mineral fertilizers, no matter what the sellers in the market say. "Mineral water" on the soil and on the peach acts like a drug. It is necessary to explain what will happen if you ever reduce the “dose” or decide to refuse them altogether?
In my summer cottage I have six peach trees, and all of them are six varieties different term maturation.
Small in size, I don’t let them grow as they want. They are planted in different years and bear fruit for five years. I change two seedlings every year. To do this, I grow "recruits", choosing two-year ones - the best of the best. Thus, in five years, the entire composition changes.
Of course, good agricultural technology can still extend their life.
But I don't see much point in that. In my nursery I plant peach pits in summer, autumn, winter. After a year or another, depending on the growth of the stock, I do a budding. This has already been written about many times and in an accessible form.
I do not want to be original, but I will say that the budding process itself is simple, but it requires care, composure and caution. It is necessary to carefully and thoughtfully prepare the instrument, determine the time of vaccination.
High survival rate is obtained by budding at the end of summer. Its term is determined simply: if in your area (say, September 1) the air temperature drops below 10 ° during the day, then the procedure must be carried out before the tenth of August.
How to grow a peach
An important condition for growing peaches in regions with a "capricious" climate is the choice of frost-resistant varieties (for example, Novoselkovsky, Loyka). And, of course, the right agricultural technology.
Landing - in the sun
For planting a peach, they choose a sufficiently lit place, protected FROM COLD northern winds, ideally - about south wall buildings. Vasily Grigorievich advises planting a peach in early spring, as the soil ripens (end of March - mid-April). But landing pit(diameter 60-100 cm) it is better to prepare in the fall: mix the upper fertile layer with 10-25 kg of humus, add mineral fertilizers(100-300 g of nitrogen, phosphorus and microfertilizers). When planting a seedling root collar leave at ground level, or you can deepen by 3-5 cm.
seasonal care
In late April - early May, the tree is fed with a solution of mullein (1:10) or ammonium nitrate(per 1 sq.m trunk circle: 2-3 tbsp per 10 liters of water with the addition of 3-5 tbsp. phosphate and potash fertilizers). For young trees, this dose should be reduced by 2 times. In caring for a peach, it is important to water it periodically, especially in dry times. The rate of water consumption per young tree
- 10-15 liters, for an adult
- 30-40 liters.
After watering, the soil is mulched with sawdust, peat.
For the winter
At proper care and preparing for winter, the peach is able to successfully pass the "test of cold and frost."
To increase frost resistance in late August - September, you can feed the plants potash fertilizers(30-50 g per tree).
- In late October - early November, the soil is dug up with undertrees and watered well (water-charging irrigation) so that water penetrates to a depth of 1 m.
- To protect the bark from sunburn and frost holes in the fall, it is imperative to whitewash the boles and the base of the skeletal branches of adult trees.
If your peach garden defeated a variety of ailments, no need to despair and put an end to the harvest. Most diseases are not so difficult to overcome. You should arm yourself with patience, recommendations from experienced gardeners and disease control products that can be easily bought at the nearest specialized store.
Diseases of peach fruits
During the ripening period, the peach is most susceptible to various diseases. Some of them can not only nullify the crop and ruin the tree, but also cause considerable harm to other trees growing nearby. The most common ailments are clasteroporiosis, peach leaf curl, gray fruit rot (stone fruit moniliosis), cytosporosis and others. Protection against peach diseases is not so difficult, you need to follow some care rules, and then you can reap a good harvest.
Did you know? The peach tree belongs to the subgenus Almond. The peach is very similar to the almond tree, and they differ only in fruits.
Stone fruit moniliosis (gray fruit rot)
Moniliosis is one of the most famous and unsafe peach diseases. Gray rot may appear as early as the beginning of spring. With the development of the disease, there is a strong drying and darkening of the flowers, the death of young fruitful twigs. The ovaries are mainly infected, which dry out at the end of flowering. With a summer infection, even a perennial branch can die. On the fruits, the disease manifests itself in the form of a dark spot, which soon expands, the flesh becomes dark brown, and the fruit dries out completely. If an infected fetus comes into contact with a healthy one, it also becomes infected. 
The peak of the disease manifests itself in cold and wet weather during flowering. The disease is spread by pests - the eastern codling moth and kidney weevils. The main causative agent of the disease is the fungus Moniliacinerea Bonord, which is in the marsupial stage. The fungus survives the winter period in the affected branches and, actively developing in the spring, destroys entire branches. There are two ways to treat peach moniliosis. Infected branches and shoots are burned, and the tree is rejuvenated pruned. Or you need to spray the flowers with 1% Bordeaux liquid. At the beginning of fruit growth, the tree can be treated with a 90% solution of copper oxychloride. It is applied in four stages with a break of twenty days.
The disease manifests itself first in May on young leaves, and later on the tops of the shoots and on the fruits. A film of mycelium is formed on the shoots. Diseased leaves take the shape of a boat and crumble. The more young shoots on the tree, the stronger the disease will develop. Fallen infected leaves expose the tops of the shoots. Peach fruits begin to crack, decrease in size. After the defeat, the fruit completely rots. It is also necessary to fight the disease by pruning all infected shoots and twigs. It is important to pay attention to the collection of foliage, which subsequently, along with the branches, must be destroyed. It is also necessary to carry out pruning for rejuvenation. At the first sign powdery mildew spray with sulfur-containing preparations. At the end of flowering, it is necessary to treat with "Topsin" or a similar peach fungicide. 
Did you know? Peach plantations are the third largest in Europe in terms of area, second only to apple and pear trees.
fruit rot
Fruit rot is a disease that endangers peach and nectarine fruits. Small spots appear on the visible part of the fruit surface gray color, after which they grow over the entire surface, forming a completely rotten fruit. Infection penetrates through the damaged area left on the fetus by the codling moth or kidney weevil. A sick fruit, in contact with a healthy one, infects it.
Excessive humidity of the air contributes to the active prosperity of the disease. The causative agent of the disease is also a fungus. The first rotten fruits appear in mid-June. The peak of the disease, which can cover the entire crop of a tree, occurs at the end of August, before harvesting. The incubation period of the disease is extremely fast. From the moment of infection to the appearance of the first signs, it takes about five days. When fighting fruit rot, it is necessary to destroy fallen fruits daily, and in the fall, in addition to carrion, clean the tree from hanging damaged fruits. Before flowering, treatment with a fungicide such as Teldor or Topsin M is necessary. After flowering, the peach is sprayed again, the treatment will also be needed during the ripening of the fruit.
peach leaf diseases
Peach leaves are also susceptible various diseases. Processing peach from diseases is one of the key points treatment of ailments.
Important! When handling chemicals, be sure to follow safety rules by covering exposed parts of the body and protecting the respiratory tract.
Clasterosporiasis (perforated spotting)
Peach clasterosporiasis is a common disease that affects not only leaves, young shoots, flowers, but also the fruits themselves. The infection appears first on the leaves brown spots with raspberry trim. The parts of the leaf that are affected by the disease dry up and die, leaving a hole on the leaf, which gave the name to the disease - perforated spotting. It also affects young shoots. Round orange spots appear on them, which then stretch along the bark, after which a yellow substance appears on them. Shoots affected by the fungus die off, and the entire branch may die. It appears on the fruit as small orange spots that darken over time. Affected fruits are covered with a peel completely, forming cracks. Fruits with tender skin are most at risk. 
The causative agent is a fungus that manifests itself in ulcers on flowers, branches and shoots. In the rain and strong wind the fungus is transferred to healthy fruits and, multiplying, can cover the whole tree. To stop the disease, all infected branches are cut before flowering, treating the cut points with lime with the addition of copper sulfate, and cover with a layer oil paint. Also effective method there will be spraying with copper oxychloride during the swelling of the kidneys. The next two times spraying is carried out at the beginning of flowering and at the end.
This ailment manifests itself already during flowering. Affected leaves take on a yellowish color, sometimes red with hints of pink. There is their deformation, darkening. The leaves increase in size and become brittle. Later on inside, a white coating is formed - a fungus, which is the causative agent. If the spring was rainy, peach fruits may also get sick. As they grow, a film forms on them, which prevents the peach from growing, which spoils their taste. How to treat peach curl? It is necessary to get rid of the disease by first cutting off the diseased shoots, then collecting the infected foliage and destroying it. Carry out timely watering and rejuvenating pruning. At the beginning of flowering, in three stages with a break of two weeks, the tree is sprayed with a mixture of copper sulfate and lime. 
Important! When spraying a tree with various chemicals, do not forget to check their compatibility.
Powdery mildew is a serious ailment for many fruit plants. Leaves and young twigs die from it, and in peach, the disease also affects the fruits. The disease is recognized by white bloom on fruits, occupying almost half of its area. The early stage is not so easy to recognize, it appears on the inside of the leaf in early May. Infected branches stop developing, change shape, and some may even die. The disease reaches its maximum peak of activity by mid-summer, especially during periods of sharp weather changes, when hot weather replaces long precipitation. Spring or autumn pruning affected branches. It is also worth paying attention to fallen leaves and fruits. They need to be carefully collected and burned, as the pathogen can be airborne. After the end of the flowering phase, you need to treat the tree with Topaz. Also, processing nearby stone fruit trees will not hurt. Simultaneous spraying with insecticides will not interfere, provided that the drugs are compatible. 
Diseases of the peach trunk
A variety of ailments can affect not only fruits and leaves, but also trunks. fruit trees. The most common peach bark disease is cytosporosis.
This is a disease that affects the layer between the bark and the tree itself. A sign of infection is withering tops of the shoots and brownish spots on the bark, sometimes smudges of the same color. The infection descends from above, capturing new shoots and perennial branches. When it descends to the trunk, the tree is already in serious danger. If you start the disease to such a state, there is a big risk of losing most of the fertile branches, jeopardizing the harvest and the further life of the tree. 
You need to get rid of the disease by cutting off damaged branches, even skeletal branches must be removed completely. If even a small part of the fungus remains on the tree, then soon it will begin to multiply progressively again. Cut branches are best burned, as the spores of the fungus are easily carried by the wind and can infect others. fruit trees. Also effective treatment there will be spraying with a mixture of copper sulfate and lime. The disease is prevented by annual spraying with 3% Bordeaux liquid and whitewashing of trunks and skeletal branches.
Peaches are very sweet, juicy and fragrant fruits. Composition includes useful vitamins and minerals that provide health effect on the human body. Calcium and phosphorus strengthens the musculoskeletal system, and vitamin C - cardio - vascular system. B vitamins improve brain function and nervous system. Positive traits affect the entire body. Fruit peach tree in last years gained great popularity among gardeners. In connection with climate change on the planet, territorial peach breeds began to be grown in places where it was previously difficult. But in order to obtain a high-quality crop, it is necessary to comply with the conditions for keeping the plant and carry out the prevention of diseases. Any negative influences negatively affect the crown of trees. If a peach has curled leaves, then it is necessary to determine the cause. As a rule, the manifestation of a symptom indicates the presence of a fungal disease - curly. Another reason may be butterflies - leaflets that fold the leaves into a ball irregular shape. Timely measures taken will help to avoid crop loss.
leaf curl
Curly hair is one of the most common harmful infections. The causative agent of the disease is the fungus tafrin. At the initial stage, it appears on young shoots, leaves. In the process of spreading, it affects flowers and fruits. Diagnosis of the disease can be in the period of blooming leaves. The first signs include:
Affected shoots and leaves die off. As a result of malnutrition, partial loss of the crown, the tree becomes very weakened. Prolonged absence treatment for such a disease can lead to the death of the entire plant.
Curly fight
If the leaves of a peach curled as a result of a fungus, then it is necessary to carry out a complex treatment. Fighting the disease is quite difficult. Fungus spores tolerate sub-zero temperatures. Wintering is carried out in the kidneys, small cracks in the bark, in the structure of branches and shoots. As preventive measures universal fungicides are used. Their use is especially necessary during the period of swelling or bud break, since at this moment the main infection of young leaves occurs. Preventive treatment to minimize the risk of fungal infection. Two procedures are carried out against curly hair:
- AT spring period before bud break. For spraying, 3% Bordeaux liquid or copper sulfate is used. This processing also excludes other diseases - clasterosporiasis and other fungal infections;
- During the period of swelling or blooming of the kidneys. used special drug"Horus". This tool is the only one that is able to perform its functions at an air temperature of +6 degrees Celsius. If necessary, spraying at a temperature of +15, then the desired effect will be "Topsin M", "Bayleton", "Skor", "Delan", "Planriz", "Trichodermin".
If it rained after treatment, the procedure should be repeated. The use of preparations containing copper is excluded. In case of detection of curliness, it is necessary to immediately remove the affected shoots, as well as to carry out the treatment with the above preparations.
Note!
Application chemicals for curly control is allowed if more than three weeks remain before harvest.
AT autumn time, when the infected tree leaves its leaves, processing is performed blue vitriol or Bordeaux liquid. All affected shoots and branches are cut and burned. Balanced fertilizing with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements will help to increase resistance to the disease.
Peach leaves turn red and curl, usually immediately after flowering. The presence of this symptom is often mistaken for the reaction of the tree to frost. But the reason lies in the fungal infection. Favorable conditions to activate the spores become wet weather. If the crown acquires a red tint, without twisting the foliage, then the reason is the lack of moisture in the soil. For small areas of curl damage, you can use the more gentle Fitoverm preparation, which also contributes to the destruction of various insect pests. Used strictly according to the instructions. To achieve the desired result, repeated spraying of the crown is carried out.
To provide good fruiting it is required to feed the plants in a timely manner, fertilize the soil, whiten the trunk. If any developmental abnormalities are found in short time remove the cause. After several seasons of abundant fruit ripening, it is recommended that the tree rest. To do this, during the flowering period, all flowers are cut. Thus, pollination of the plant is excluded. As a result, and during the rest period, it will accumulate strength for the next season. Compliance with preventive measures and caring care are the basic rules for growing a good crop.
Over the past 5 years, peach culture has become widespread in home gardens and summer cottages in all regions of Ukraine. So, in the northwestern regions of his normal growth favored by warm weather with prolonged thaws in winter period. If weather conditions are favorable for the growth and development of peach, then diseases, pests, lack of soil and air moisture, inept or untimely use of pesticides disrupt the normal course of these processes. Among the common diseases, the most harmful are leaf curl and fruit rot. For a qualified protective measures knowledge is needed about pathogens, about the conditions conducive to their development and about protective equipment to help cure an infected tree or prevent pathogens from infecting it.
Threaten curly
The causative agent of peach leaf curl affects leaves, shoots, less often fruits. The disease is most harmful in years with a cool, long and wet spring, both in young and fruiting plantations. In a short period of time, starting from the moment of bud break and after 10 days, all young leaves are affected. They grow unevenly, deform, become corrugated, acquire a reddish-pink or light yellow color. Diseased shoots stop developing, turn yellow-green, thicken, bend, their internodes are shortened.
8-10 days after the introduction of the infection into the leaf, a white waxy coating of marsupial sporulation of the fungus is formed on its lower side. After the formation of spores that remain overwintering and infect healthy plants in next year, the leaves turn brown, dry and crumble. The fruits also crumble, infected shoots dry out or freeze in winter. During sporulation, the infection spreads throughout the garden. A large number of the spore overwinters in gums and cracks in the bark. In the spring, rain-washed spores are released from the gum and cause mass infection of plants.
Severely affected plants become unstable to stress, their productivity decreases, and gum is released. In the chronic course of the disease, the trees gradually die.
... AND MONILIOSIS
The causative agent of moniliosis overwinters as a mycelium in mummified fruits on trees and under trees, as well as in the tissues of affected branches. If you do not control pests that damage plants (goose, codling moth), then the number of damaged fruits increases, they are affected by rot. It is known, after all, that damage to the fruit by rot results in a violation of the integrity of their surface shell by wasps, bumblebees, birds, hail, as well as the contact of healthy and diseased fruits. The number of rotten fruits increases in varieties with thin skin, devoid of wax coating, slightly pubescent.
Amateur gardeners cultivating peach report in letters about cases of shedding of leaves and fruits after protective treatments fungicides. The same situation, according to other gardeners, is sometimes observed on trees that are not sprayed.
The causes of premature shedding of leaves and fruits in peach can be different. One of them is a lack of moisture in the soil and air, which inhibits the growth of "plants, leads to crushing and shedding of fruits. The fruits become low-juicy and bitter. For normal growth and development of a peach, 450-700 ml of precipitation is needed per year. In dry and hot weather they irrigate the soil under the trees so that its moisture content is 60-85% of the full field capacity.On loose, moist and fertilized soil, the peach does not shed its leaves and forms large and tasty fruits.
Another reason could be tree poisoning. copper-containing preparations, for example, as a result of repeated use of Bordeaux mixture in conditions of high humidity. The decisive role here is played not by the amount of precipitation, but by the duration of moisture. Among stone fruits, peach is the most sensitive to copper. With repeated spraying with copper preparations during the growing season, for many years, copper accumulates in plant organs in excess quantities due to both the absorption of Bordeaux liquid or copper oxychloride applied to the leaves and the intake from the soil. In sensitive varieties, under the influence of copper-containing fungicides, disturbances in oxidative processes occur, respiration increases, the water content in leaves and fruits decreases, which leads to their shedding.
Protect fungicides
For the prevention and treatment of peach from diseases, a complex of works is being carried out. In autumn or early spring, shoots affected and shriveled from curliness are cut out, rotten ones are collected under the trees and dried fruits are removed from the trees, and then they are buried to a depth of 50 cm. In the spring, when signs of the disease can be clearly seen, they are re-pruned (in May) peach shoots. In late autumn, the soil is dug up in the near-trunk strips, while closing up the affected leaves. Resistant varieties of peach suffer less from disease or are not at all affected by curl or fruit rot. Relatively resistant to fruit rot are varieties Juicy, Golden Jubilee, Early Champion, to curliness - varieties Kyiv early, Juicy Redhaven, Krasnoshchekiy, Kyiv 12, Early Kuban, Simferopolsky early, Saturn, Donetsk yellow. Highly resistant to curl peach varieties Nadranniy Kyiv, Memory Radionova, Bagrinovsky.
To protect peach trees from curl and fruit rot, they are sprayed with 3% Bordeaux liquid during the "raspberry bud" phenophase, and immediately after flowering - with one of the preparations: fast, 25% k.e., chorus, 75% c. g. or delan, 70% c. g. (consumption rate, respectively - 2 ml, 2-3 and 10 g per 10 liters of water). In the case of the first signs of curl on the leaves, it is better to use soon, as it has a systemic mechanism of action and a strong therapeutic (for 5 days) and preventive (8-10 days) effect. 12-14 days after the previous spraying, treatment is carried out with one of the above fungicides. After leaf fall, the trees and leaves under them are sprayed with 3% Bordeaux liquid.
The use of Bordeaux liquid on a peach in the summer is undesirable, since the copper contained in it causes yellowing and shedding of leaves.
To obtain environmentally friendly products on peach varieties that are slightly affected by diseases, 3% zinc sulfate is used (in early spring and autumn). The dusting of trees with ashes also reduces the damage to the leaf apparatus by diseases.
Against powdery mildew, an infusion of hay dust is effective (1-1.5 kg of crushed mass is poured into 3 liters of water, kept for 3 hours). For better adhesion to the surface to be treated, before use, add 40 g of pre-dissolved in warm water laundry soap or 100 ml fresh milk.
In a working solution designed to protect trees from diseases, it is necessary to add insecticides (Arrivo, Inta-VIR, Decis or Karate), which protect peaches from codling moths, goose and other pests that contribute to the infection of fruits with gray rot.
Igor SHEVCHUK
Why do peach leaves curl. Curliness of peach leaves. Recommendations for treatment.
Peach in recent years has become increasingly popular with our gardeners due to its outstanding qualities and precocity. A lot of its distribution is facilitated by the diversity of varieties and availability, as well as climate warming.
Along with the peach, its diseases also spread. One of the most dangerous and harmful peach diseases is leaf curl.
Peach leaf curl is caused by the microscopic fungus tafrina ( Taphrina). It affects leaves, young growing shoots, occasionally flowers and fruits.
The first signs of the disease appear already at the beginning of the blooming of the leaves - in the month of May. First, the leaves turn pale, acquire a yellowish-pink color, their surface becomes uneven, bubbly, they are severely deformed, twisting, and become brittle. After some time, a white waxy coating of sporulation forms on the underside of the leaf. Shoots with affected leaves stop growing, thicken and twist, turn yellow.
In the future, such leaves and shoots die off, which greatly weakens the tree, which receives less nutrition due to the loss of part of the crown. Severe curl damage over several years can cause peach trees to dry out.
Curly fight. How to treat peach from leaf curl.
Since the main source of infection is the mycelium and spores that hibernate under the scales of the kidneys, in the cracks of the bark and the affected branches and shoots, and we do not have specialized means of protection against curliness (and even so far they are not particularly looking for - the peach culture in Belarus has no industrial value), then the main way to combat curliness is prevention in the form of treatment universal fungicides during the period of swelling and blooming of the kidneys.
It is at this moment that infection of new leaves with curl occurs, and if we have time to prevent it, then we will reduce the manifestations of the disease to a minimum.
When to process a peach.
So, the first processing - spring before bud break- 3% solution Bordeaux liquid or copper sulfate. This will protect the peach from the second dangerous disease – perforated leaf spot(clasterosporiasis), as well as other fungal diseases.
The second processing is period of swelling and bud break peach. To do this, you can use fungicides such as Horus(the only fungicide that is active already at an air temperature of +6-8°C, unlike other drugs that act at a temperature of +15°C); Topsin M, Bayleton, Skor, Delan.
In Russia, fungicides such as planriz and Trichodermin(in principle, if allowed in Russia, it can also be used in Belarus) .
If the weather is rainy during the peach blossom period, spraying with one of the above fungicides (except for copper preparations) can be repeated.
If the infection has already occurred and curly leaves have appeared on the shoots, then
1) such shoots must be removed from the trees;
2) carry out preventive spraying, provided that at least 3 weeks are left before the start of ripening of peaches.
In autumn, during leaf fall, repeat the treatment with copper sulfate or Bordeaux liquid.
It is imperative to carry out annual peach pruning with the removal of affected shoots and periodic rejuvenating pruning.
All cut wood must be destroyed immediately.
To increase the resistance of peach to curl and other fungal diseases, it is necessary to provide the trees with sufficient watering and balanced nutrition (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium + trace elements).
Kondratenok Yulia Georgievna, candidate of agricultural sciences for the protection of the orchard.
