How do plants survive winter? Coniferous in all seasons light-loving plants

Trees seem completely lifeless to us in winter. And meanwhile, even in winter, in the most severe frosts, life does not completely leave the plants. At this time, they only rest, accumulate strength in order to throw off the winter shackles with the onset of spring. “What we call the dream of nature,” wrote S. Pokrovsky, “is only a special form of life, full of deep meaning and significance.” This form of life of plant organisms is called a state of rest.

In a state of deep rest winter time years, the metabolism of trees and shrubs is sharply inhibited and visible growth stops. However, this does not mean that all life processes have completely stopped in it. Some of them go during winter dormancy. For example, starch turns into sugars and fats, sugars are consumed during respiration (although its intensity is 200-400 times less than in summer. Growth processes also occur at this time, only they do not manifest themselves outwardly. The state of rest is a period of especially intense activity of the so-called educational tissue, or meristem, from which new cells and tissues arise.

Grape

In gardens and home gardens, you can choose a warmer place for planting grapes, for example, on the sunny side of the house, garden pavilion, veranda. It is recommended to plant grapes along the border of the site. The vines formed in one line will not take up much space and at the same time will be well lit from all sides. Near buildings, grapes should be placed so that water flowing from the roofs does not fall on it. On level ground, it is necessary to make ridges with good drainage due to drainage furrows. Some gardeners, following the experience of their colleagues in the western regions of the country, dig deep planting holes and fill them with organic fertilizers and fertilized soil. Pits dug in waterproof clay are a kind of closed vessel that fills with water during the monsoon rains. In fertile land root system grapes develop well at first, but as soon as waterlogging begins, it suffocates. Deep pits can play a positive role in soils where good natural drainage is provided, the subsoil is permeable, or reclamation artificial drainage is possible. planting grapes

You can quickly restore an obsolete grape bush by layering (“katavlak”). To this end, healthy vines of a neighboring bush are placed in grooves dug to the place where they used to grow. dead bush and sprinkled with earth. The top is brought to the surface, from which a new bush then grows. Lignified vines are laid on layering in spring, and green ones in July. They are not separated from the mother bush for two to three years. Frozen or very old bush can be restored by short pruning to healthy above-ground parts or pruning to the "black head" of the underground trunk. In the latter case, the underground trunk is freed from the ground and completely cut down. Not far from the surface, new shoots grow from dormant buds, due to which a new bush is formed. Grape bushes that have been neglected and severely damaged by frost are restored due to stronger fatty shoots formed in the lower part of the old wood and the removal of weakened sleeves. But before removing the sleeve, they form a replacement for it. Grape care

A gardener starting to grow grapes needs to study well the structure of the vine and the biology of this most interesting plant. Grapes belong to liana (climbing) plants, it needs support. But it can creep along the ground and take root, as is observed in Amur grapes in a wild state. The roots and the aerial part of the stem grow rapidly, branch strongly and reach large sizes. Under natural conditions, without human intervention, a branched grape bush grows with many vines of various orders, which comes into fruiting late and yields irregularly. In culture, the grapes are formed, give the bushes a form that is convenient for care, providing a high yield of high-quality clusters. Grapevine Planting Lemongrass

Schisandra chinensis, or schizandra, has several names - lemon Tree, red grapes, gomisha (Japanese), cochinta, kojianta (Nanai), kolchita (Ulchi), usimtya (Udege), uchampu (Oroch). In terms of structure, systemic relationship, center of origin and distribution, Schisandra chinensis has nothing to do with the real citrus plant lemon, but all its organs (roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, berries) exude the aroma of lemon, hence the name Schisandra. Lemongrass clinging or wrapping around a support, along with Amur grapes, three types of actinidia, is an original plant of the Far Eastern taiga. Its fruits, like a real lemon, are too acidic for fresh consumption, but they have healing properties, pleasant aroma, and this attracted a lot of attention to it. The taste of Schisandra chinensis berries improves somewhat after frost. Local hunters who consume such fruits claim that they relieve fatigue, invigorate the body and improve eyesight. In the consolidated Chinese pharmacopoeia, compiled back in 1596, it says: "Chinese lemongrass fruit has five tastes, classified in the first category of medicinal substances. The pulp of lemongrass is sour and sweet, the seeds are bitter-astringent, and in general the taste of the fruit is salty. Thus, it contains all five tastes. Grow lemongrass

For many centuries, indoor plants were considered an ordinary interior decoration that did not carry any functional role.

But later, scientists proved that the plants in the house are able to work wonders not only with the surrounding space, but also with the mood of the people in this room.

Today there is a great variety indoor plants, which ennoble the interior, harmonize the atmosphere and saturate the air with oxygen. Agree, you should not go too far in order to decorate your home and cheer yourself up and those around you. It is enough to choose the right houseplant and enjoy the atmosphere of comfort and beauty. This post contains the most amazing, unimaginable and beautiful houseplants that will certainly become a full-fledged part of your home.

1. Echmea striped

Ehmeya is considered a perennial plant that does not require scrupulous care for it. The name of the plant, translated from Greek, means "end, tip", and is associated with the hard ends of the leaves. The size of the echmea is enough big plant With large leaves and bright flower. In appearance, the plant resembles a pineapple.

Echmea flowers are purple or pink, located on dense bracts. Indoor echmea prefers a bright, spacious room without direct sunlight. The optimum temperature for keeping in summer is 20-26 ° C, in winter - about 18 ° C. Ehmeya loves a humid environment, so it is necessary to constantly maintain a humid atmosphere by spraying and filling the flower outlet with water. When daughter plants appear at the roots of echmea, they are carefully transplanted and flowering is expected in 1-2 years. There are several types of indoor echmea and each of them has its own charm and beauty.

Monstera in Latin means "amazing, bizarre." Although according to one of the ancient legends about giant killer plants, monstera means "monster". Monstera is one of the most popular indoor plants that can be found in apartments. Monstera is an evergreen ornamental plant belonging to the liana family. In appearance, it resembles a large shrub with large, sometimes giant "torn" leaves and often hanging aerial roots resembling tentacles.

By nature, monsters are unpretentious and do not require special care. The preferred temperature for growing monstera is 15-20°C. At elevated temperatures, the monstera grows quite quickly.

Many believe that the monstera loves dark rooms that do not receive direct sunlight. In fact, this plant is shade tolerant and prefers diffused light. If the new leaves of the monstera become short-cut, and the roots are too thin, then this is a clear sign of a lack of lighting.

For most of the year, from spring to autumn, monstera needs to be abundantly moistened. In winter, it is enough to monitor soil moisture. Regular spraying is required. Since Monstera is a large plant, it needs props and fortifications. In nature, monstera blooms with a large flower, but, unfortunately, in room conditions inflorescences are quite rare.

Every year, the monster needs to be replanted, as well as planting child shoots. With all the positive aspects of this plant, it should be remembered that monstera juice contains substances that irritate the skin and mucous membranes, so it must be handled with care.

3. Euphorbia Tirucalli (Rubber Spurge)

Euphorbia is a succulent plant and there are about 1500 varieties of this plant worldwide. Euphorbia Tirucalli, or otherwise rubbery spurge, resembles coral in appearance. Often the ends of thin shoots turn pink, creating an association with fire.

AT wild nature tirucalli blooms with yellow inflorescences. At home, it requires bright lighting and a warm climate. By nature, spurge is not whimsical and can grow in the same pot with other cacti or euphorbias. The preferred temperature regime is 20-22°C, although in winter period- about 16-18 ° С. Watering milkweed should be done once a week, as milkweed copes with dryness and excessive moisture can harm the plant. Tirucalli transplantation is carried out 1 time in 2 years. Propagated by cuttings.

An important detail when working with these plants is the presence of gloves, since the milky juice of any milkweed is considered poisonous and can damage the mucous membranes of the body.

4. Gentian Urnochka

A plant with an interesting name originates in high mountains Tibet, where it grows on stone slopes. Urnochka gentian is considered a fairly rare variety of succulents. Does not require special care and breeds well in dry areas. In appearance, it resembles a creeping shrub, consisting of bizarre diamond-shaped leaves. Prefers a warm climate and moderate watering. Gentian breeds at right conditions on one's own.

5. Dracaena sander

In the common people, such a plant is called the "flower of happiness, good luck and prosperity", therefore, in many interior compositions, this particular bamboo variety can be seen. In appearance, dracaena sander is a green stem with leaves at the top or over the entire area of ​​the stems.

Care indoor bamboo minimal under the right conditions. Sandera does not tolerate direct ultraviolet rays, but loves daylight. The preferred temperature for bamboo is 18-25°C. Bamboo stalks are indifferent to humidity, but when dust settles, they must be wiped. Many of the nuances of growing depend on the environment in which bamboo grows - water or soil.

If the plant is grown in water, then the water must be constantly changed. Remember that ordinary water is not suitable for such purposes. Try to use soft settled water. If the dracaena is in the ground, then the care of bamboo is much simpler. The soil requires only regular watering. For propagation of dracaena, cuttings are required, which is optimal way dilute green tropical garden from bamboo.

6. Tradescantia Riverside

An interesting plant that often grows both in the wild and at room conditions. It is famous for its huge number of names - "river plant spider", "small-leaved spider plant", "inch plant", "Wandering Willie", "widow's tears", "women's gossip", "saxifrage". The plant received many names due to its appearance and method of growth.

Tradescantia Prirechnaya is considered a perennial evergreen plant and is distinguished by a large number of small leaves, the stems of which are so closely intertwined with each other that it is difficult to find the beginning. The plant does not require careful care, therefore it is an unpretentious guest in any home. The only drawback is the rapid aging, requiring constant renewal.

Platicerium is a type of fern that grows in an unusual vertical position. Another name for this plant is "deer horn". In appearance, the leaves of the platicerium resemble deer antlers. It is noteworthy that the plant has 2 types of leaves that perform different functions in the life of a fern. Therefore, it is recommended not to touch the leaves of the platicerium, so as not to damage the shell of the green leaves.

In room conditions, such a plant is difficult to grow, as it prefers a humid climate, so it is suitable for decorating the facades of houses or verandas. The fern does not like direct sunlight and prefers diffused light. Suitable temperature for growing is 20-25°C. Does not tolerate placement next to heating appliances and through spaces. In summer, the fern must be plentifully watered and sprayed. It is recommended to transplant the platicerium as needed.

8. Saintpaulia

Saintpaulia is known in many sources as the uzambar violet. The plant got its name because of the similarity with the common violet. Saintpaulia is considered a perennial plant with a rosette of velvety flowers of various shades. Saintpaulia cannot be called by its nature unpretentious plant because it requires quite a bit of maintenance. First of all, this concerns the soil, which must be specialized and allow air to flow to the roots of the flowers. Watering the uzambar violet must be done through a pallet. Once a month, it is required to water the plant through the top to the required level of saturation. During flowering, it is not recommended to spray the violet, as well as moisten the stem and leaves with water.

Saintpaulia prefers a room with diffused light, but without direct sunlight. In winter, special attention should be paid to humidity, as dry air harms the plant. The optimum temperature for growing violets is 17-24°C. During growth, it is required to monitor the shape of Saintpaulia and remove dried leaves and flowers in time. Plant transplantation is carried out annually in the spring, planting too large individuals. At proper care saintpaulia will be able to please the owner with beautiful bright inflorescences.

To create an amazing atmosphere of the sea coast in the apartment, you will need to purchase a sago palm tree, which will become a prominent representative among all plants. The sago palm, or Cycas, is considered a unique ancient plant with luxurious foliage growing from a thick trunk. In the wild, Cycas grows up to 15 meters in height.

height, at home - about 50 cm. The main disadvantage of the sago palm is slow growth and capricious nature.

Cycas prefers rooms with maximum lighting, but without exposure to active sun. The optimal temperature regime is: in summer - 22-26°С, in winter - 12-17°С. When watering, it should be borne in mind that the cicada does not tolerate excessive moisture and likes moderate watering. Therefore, before watering, you should make sure that the soil is sufficiently dry.

Palm loves a humid atmosphere and requires constant spraying of the leaves. During moistening and watering, moisture should be avoided on the stem of the plant in order to prevent rotting of the root system. This plant is transplanted once every 5 years. It is necessary to carry out any activities with the sago palm with gloves, since the stem of the plant contains toxic substances.

10. Rawley the bastard

Rowley's ragwort is an ornamental houseplant known for its original appearance. In shape, the plant is a long thin lash with beads. It is for this reason that the ragwort has a second name - “string of pearls”. Senecio Rowley suggests accommodation in hanging planters, as its growth constantly tends to decrease. In spring, the plant blooms with white inflorescences.

By nature, Rowley's ragwort resembles succulent plants, so it does not require special care. This plant prefers natural light without direct sunlight. With a lack of light, the plant changes its appearance and becomes smaller. Desired temperature: in summer - 22-25°С, in winter - 10-15°С. Lower temperatures can harm the plant and kill it.

Senecio Rowley does not have special requirements for air humidity, therefore it is enough to occasionally spray it from a spray bottle. Watering the plant in the warm season should be plentiful. Remember that Rowley's ragwort is poisonous, so be careful when handling it.

11. Hoya

Hoya is an ornamental flowering wax ivy that grows wild in tropical areas. By external mind hoya resembles ivy with beautiful inflorescences. There are a huge number of varieties of hoya, but all of them do not require careful care at home. The plant prefers bright lighting, but does not tolerate active ultraviolet radiation. The optimal temperature regime is: in summer - 18-19 ° С, in winter - 10-15 ° С. Hoya should be watered as the soil dries completely, as the plant does not like stagnant moisture.

One of the features of the hoya is her love for "bathing", which must be done 2 times a year. In summer, the plant is sprayed with a spray bottle. Young individuals are transplanted once a year. More adults - once every 3 years. Hoya breeding occurs by cuttings or layering. The branches of the plant are pinched, and the faded inflorescences are not cut off.

12. Echeveria Shaviana

Echeveria is considered one of the best varieties of unpretentious succulent plants. At home, it reproduces quite well and becomes an ornament among all green decor. The most familiar name for echeveria is "stone rose". In appearance, this type of succulent really resembles roses. The leaves of Echeveria Shaviana are wavy, often with red patches. Stone roses are thermophilic, therefore they prefer an elevated temperature regime - 22-28 ° C. In winter, the temperature can drop to 18-20°C.

Watering such succulents should be moderate, with partial drying of the soil. Spraying is contraindicated for stone roses, as echeveria loves dry air. Therefore, when watering, you should pay attention to the ingress of water into the flower outlet. Lighting is preferably sunny, with active ultraviolet rays. Young individuals require an annual transplant, while adults - only when necessary. With proper care, Echeveria bloom, creating a unique look.

13. Plants-epiphytes

The bashful mimosa is a gentle houseplant for flower lovers. Mimosa got its unusual name because of the hypersensitivity of the leaves, which curl up even at the slightest touch, breath or shaking. Mimosa is a herbaceous annual plant. The leaves of the bashful mimosa look like a fern with small spherical flowers.

It has been proven that the bashful mimosa has a peculiar life cycle, during which its leaves open or fold. Despite its capricious nature, this plant does not require special care. mimosa prefers bright light and favors direct sunlight. Its leaves do not tolerate smoke and drafts. The preferred temperature for mimosa is: in summer -20-24°C, in winter - 16-18°C.

Particular attention should be paid to the ambient humidity, as mimosa prefers a tropical climate. During flowering, the plant must be watered every other day, then monitor the condition of the soil. It should be slightly damp. Usually mimosa is not transplanted, as it is an annual plant.

Spathiphyllum is considered an unpretentious flowering plant. Among the people, the most common names are "White Sail" or " Woman's happiness». Appearance inflorescence resembles a yellow cob, covered on one side with a leaf. It has a small rhizome and large green leaves. In room conditions, spathiphyllum prefers partial shade lighting without direct sunlight.

Watering the plant is done as the topsoil dries up. Spathiphyllum loves air high humidity, so it must be constantly sprayed. The preferred temperature is: in summer - 20-25 ° C, in winter - not lower than 16 ° C. Be sure to monitor drafts, since in winter the plant practically does not tolerate them. Transplantation should be carried out annually in early spring and be sure to seat overgrown individuals.

It is believed that during the flowering period, the plant brings to its mistresses the energy of love and prosperity.

The unpretentious succulent cactus - haworthia - is famous for its unusual color and leaf shape. The appearance often resembles a star or an octopus with numerous tentacles. A distinctive feature of this plant is the presence of white bulges-grooves on the surface of the leaves, giving them a rough surface.

Among indoor plants, havortia can be considered real centenarians, since with proper care their life span can reach 30 years. Haworthia prefers diffused soft light, but loves to soak up the sun in the morning hours. Optimum temperature for plant growth is: in summer - 15-27, in winter - 10-15 ° C. Watering haworthia is carried out once a week after the top layer of soil has dried. When watering, it is recommended to avoid getting water into the root socket.

Air humidity for haworthia is not critical, so you do not need to spray the plant. Young plants are transplanted annually, while adults - 1 time in 2-3 years. Reproduction occurs with the help of shoots, cuttings or "kids".

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17. Stonecrop Morgan

Stonecrop (Sedum) Morgana is a plant belonging to the group of decorative succulents. Thanks to his unusual look in the common people it is called "donkey's tail", "monkey's tail", "creaker", "fever grass", "hernia grass" or "hare cabbage". Morgan's stonecrop has a flowering period, but at home this is quite rare.

Externally, the plant is a stems, densely covered with leaves in the form of pointed droplets with a waxy effect. The stems branch quite rarely, more often they spread outside the pot. Therefore, Morgan's stonecrops are ideal for keeping in a pot.

The character is demanding and capricious. Lighting prefers bright, sunny with active ultraviolet. The temperature regime can vary from 23-30°C. Prefers in summer Fresh air. Humidity for stonecrop should be moderate with periodic spraying. Watering is carried out carefully, as the soil dries.

An important feature of cultivation is the creation of comfortable conditions during the dormant period of the plant - from October to March. The plant should be indoors with a temperature regime of 8-13 ° C and watering frequency - 1 time in 2 weeks. Propagation occurs with the help of a stem or leaf cuttings. Transplantation is performed only as needed.

Every season is beautiful in its own way. The weather outside the window renders big influence to all living things that surround us. Therefore, winter and spring, and summer, and autumn play big role in plant life.

Spring

Plants blooming in spring

In spring, the days are getting longer and the sun's rays are getting warmer. It is during this period that absolutely all plants begin to grow, bud and reach for sunlight. In order for the plant growth to be progressive, frequent and abundant moisture is necessary, especially if the zama was not snowy.

The very first spring flowers are small-beamed, for example, galanthus, dwarf irises, crocuses, chionodoxes and pushkinias.

And in April, daffodils, botanical tulips, hyacinths, as well as Siberian blueberries and imperial hazel grouse begin to bloom.

Closer to May, beautiful perennials bloom: primroses, oak and buttercup scillas, forest corydalis and sugar lungwort.

Shrub life also recovers in spring. The earliest are: wolf's bast, forsythia, red elderberry and Japanese spirea. Toward the middle of spring, Japanese quince, holly mahonia, steppe almonds and three-lobed louiseania begin to bloom.

May is the most colorful month in plant life. Bulbs begin to bloom - tulips, daffodils, Muscari mouse hyacinth. The decorative onion and the giant onion are striking in their beauty.

Also representatives of spring flowering are forget-me-nots, daisies, violas. And closer to summer, the following come into play: bergenia, snow-white lily of the valley, brunner, dicentra and doronicum.

Of course, it is worth noting the trees that bloom in spring period- apricot, apple, pear, cherry, plum and many others.

Summer

plant life in summer

Summer is the peak of life for almost all plants. Warm weather, long sunny days and moisture contribute not only to favorable growth, but also the ability to accumulate nutrients in order to survive the winter.

Already in the summer, tulips, camellias, cyclamens, hyacinths and daffodils begin to prepare for the next bloom, gaining strength and energy in the summer.

This time of the year is the flowering period for many varieties: prickly cleoma, roses, evergreen begonias, nasturtiums, gazania, snapdragons, marigolds and petunias. They delight with their colors and aroma: mignonette, smolevka, mattiola, clarkia, gazania and many other flowers.

Shrubs that bloom in the summer are very beautiful - budlea, jasmine, spray rose, small hydrangea, rhododendron and spirea. Careopteris, calicanth, oleander, cinquefoil, cistus, tannery and cletra - all these shrubs bloom in warm weather. summer period.

At the beginning of summer, cornflowers, bluebells, chamomiles grow and bloom in the meadows, and raspberries appear on the forest edges. Pitchers are visible on the ponds. Strawberry fruits begin to ripen, and the first mushrooms appear.

In the middle of summer, the air is saturated with the aromas of blooming linden trees. And cherries, raspberries, blueberries, currants and gooseberries are covered with numerous fruits.

Autumn

Change of plant life in autumn

For almost all plants, autumn is a period of calm or the end of the life cycle. There are less and less sunny days, and the air temperature is gradually decreasing. annual plants such as peas, cauliflower, dill and others finish their growth and dry up. The same thing happens with annual flowers - calendula, ranunculus, flax, forget-me-nots and others.

In autumn, birch leaves turn light yellow, mountain ash - crimson-red, aspen - orange, and alder - dull green. Most trees shed their colorful foliage.

The color of grasses also acquires a special pigment. Blueberries and goutweed turn purple, while blueberries turn bright yellow.

Leaf fall is an integral and not insignificant part of plant life. The cover formed by fallen leaves protects the trees from winter frosts and saturates the roots with useful substances.

Not all trees shed their leaves, for example, pine, spruce and juniper are evergreen species. Also in the cold season, heather, wild rosemary, cranberries, lingonberries and other plants remain green.

Trees prepare for winter by developing protective substances on their branches - leathery scales, hairy cover and resinous, waxy substances.

Cowberry, wild rosemary, dandelion, daisy, celandine, lungwort, plantain are capable of surviving the winter and starting the life cycle in the spring. In the form of bulbs, coltsfoot is preserved. And in the form of seeds, woodlice, yaruta, shepherd's bags, swans and stinging nettles remain.

Winter

How plants live in winter

Winter is the most difficult period in the life of plants. In autumn, preparations for cold weather, winds and snow take place, the chemical composition of trees and shrubs changes. Fallen leaves protect the roots from frost and saturate the plants with nutrients.

Annual plants do not survive until the winter period, and perennials have time to prepare. The snow cover becomes for them a kind of blanket that can keep warm and maintain moisture levels.

Plants that have shed their leaves go into hibernation. And evergreen species: fir, spruce, pine, juniper, cedar - do not fall asleep, but live due to the fact that their needles contain a sufficient amount of moisture and minerals. This allows them to survive the most severe frosts.

Seasons These are seasons that differ in weather and temperature. They change with the annual cycle. Plants and animals adapt perfectly to these seasonal changes.

Seasons on Earth

It is never very cold or very hot in the tropics, there are only two seasons: one is wet and rainy, the other is dry. At the equator (on the imaginary midline) it is hot and humid throughout the year.

In temperate zones (outside the lines of the tropics) there is spring, summer, autumn and winter. Usually the closer to the North or South Pole the cooler the summer and the colder the winter.

Seasonal changes in plants

Green plants need sunlight and water to form nutrients and grow. They grow most in spring and summer or during the wet season. They tolerate winter or dry seasons differently. Many plants have a so-called rest period. Many plants store nutrients in thickened parts underground. Their aerial part dies, the plant rests until spring. Carrots, onions and potatoes are the type of nutrient storage plants that people use.

Such as oak and beech shed their leaves in autumn because there is not enough sunlight at that time to produce nutrients in the leaves. In winter, they rest, and in spring new leaves appear on them.

evergreen trees always covered with leaves that never fall. To learn more about evergreen and shedding trees.

Some evergreen trees, such as pine and spruce, have long, thin leaves called needles. Many of the evergreen trees grow far north, where summers are short and cool and winters are harsh. Keeping their foliage, they can start growing as soon as spring arrives.

Deserts are usually very dry, sometimes there is no rain at all, and sometimes there are very short rainy seasons. Seeds germinate and give new shoots only in the rainy season. Plants bloom and produce seeds very quickly. They store nutrients

Seasonal changes in animals

Some animals, such as reptiles, reduce their activity and go to sleep to survive the cold or dry season. When it gets warmer, they return to an active lifestyle. Other animals behave differently, they have their own ways of surviving in harsh periods.

Some animals, such as the dormouse, sleep through the winter. This phenomenon is called hibernation. All summer they eat, accumulating fat so that in winter they can sleep without eating.

Most mammals and birds hatch their young in the spring, when there is plenty of food everywhere, so that they have time to grow and get stronger for the winter.

Many animals and birds undertake long journeys each year, called migrations, to places where there is more food. For example, swallows build nests in Europe in the spring, and fly to Africa in the fall. In the spring, when it becomes very dry in Africa, they return.

Caribou (called reindeer in Europe and Asia) also migrate, spending their summers above the Arctic Circle. Huge herds eat grass and other small plants where the ice melts. In autumn they move south to the evergreen forest area and feed on plants such as moss and lichen under the snow.

Starting from late autumn and then throughout the winter, tree and shrub species of the flora of our region are at rest. Such winter phenomena in the life of plants are caused by many reasons. Among them - a significant decrease in temperature, lack of adequate nutrition and others. The life processes of plants are slowed down, and even under favorable conditions that have arisen suddenly, they cannot be resumed. Many probably noticed that if in December-January you bring home a cut branch of a tree and put it in warm water, then it does not “wake up”, retaining its lifeless appearance. But if you do something like this at the very end of winter, when spring is approaching, then the buds immediately open, although it is still very cold outside. Why is this happening? What role does winter play in plant life? What makes representatives of the flora in the wild and in the surrounding squares and parks wake up, spreading fresh foliage? We will try to answer these and others in our article.

Plants in winter

In hot countries, whether winter or summer, the temperature does not really “jump” from the main averages. Therefore, the trees in the subtropics and tropics grow and turn green all year round. Another thing is the middle zone of Russia, for example. Or Siberia. Here, plus or minus temperature fluctuations sometimes amount to gaps of fifty degrees, and this is for many breeds deciduous trees just devastating. Wise nature came up with for these plants with foliage, defensive reactions on the poor living conditions that occur in the cold. Winter phenomena in plant life are a kind of “blocking” of life processes, helping to survive difficult times. What happens to them?

Metabolism

Winter phenomena in the life of plants cause a state of rest, slowing down inside the trunk. Visible tree growth stops. As is the return to the atmosphere of moisture. As well as feeding with No, in winter, trees, of course, also grow. They just do it very slowly, imperceptibly to the human eye. Moisture also circulates (a complete cessation of circulation, according to the observations of scientists, occurs at a temperature of minus 18). And in winter a big tree still evaporates into the air up to 250 ml of moisture. But, you see, these processes occur much more slowly than in spring and summer.

shedding foliage

Almost all trees drop their leaves in winter (except evergreens). It gradually turns yellow all autumn and falls off, leaving bare branches. These winter phenomena in the life of plants are also associated with the mechanisms of protection from the cold: the plant loses its leaves and, as it were, closes itself from the effects of the environment. Stops almost completely photosynthesis, the process for leaves containing chlorophyll. Nutrition becomes minimal, as the main portions are processed with the help of foliage. And the root system, due to frost, reduces the supply of moisture and minerals from the soil.

Features of the transition to hibernation

We can say that the first signal for plants is the reduction of daylight hours. When it is noticeably shortened, in the cells there is a change in the ratios between the substances responsible for the metabolism and growth of tissues. The tree, as it were, begins to prepare to slow down life processes.

How long does the hibernation of trees last?

A similar state of deep winter dormancy, comparable to hibernation, in various breeds trees and shrubs lasts differently. So, for example, at a birch or poplar - until the end of January. And maple or linden is carried out in this state for up to six months (in especially cold winters). In lilacs, the hibernation period ends by December.

In nature, with an unchanged sequence, from year to year, certain phenomena are repeated. In spring, the days become warm and sunny, the snow melts, the trees become leafy, the birds arrive. In summer, the vegetation blooms magnificently, fruits and seeds ripen, chicks grow up in bird nests. In autumn, the sun warms weaker, the vegetation freezes. Then rivers and lakes freeze, the earth is covered with white, fluffy snow - winter comes. These seasonal phenomena are studied by the science of phenology.

Long-term observations have established that seasonal natural phenomena in each locality are replaced in a constant manner. For example, blue flies appear in Leningrad and its environs around March 14; rooks arrive on March 16; starlings arrive on March 25; white anemone, May 10 - colza, dandelion, etc.

In years with a normal course of seasonal phenomena, the intervals between their onset are also constant: for example, in the Moscow region, about 44 days pass between the flowering of rye and its ripening; in the Kursk region, the interval between the flowering of coltsfoot and the ripening of rye ranges from 98 to 101 days. After the start of sap flow (in the Moscow region around April 2), birch blooms after 29 days, bird cherry - after 38 days, lilac - after 47 days, etc. Knowing the timing of the onset of seasonal phenomena and the intervals between them, you can confidently plan the start of agricultural work .

The main reason for seasonal changes in nature is solar heat. Its amount varies in different seasons and depends on geographical latitude and height above sea level. Seasonal phenomena are also influenced to a certain extent by the amount of moisture in the air and in the soil and the duration of illumination.

SPRING

The beginning of spring is defined in different ways. Meteorologists consider the beginning of spring to be March 1 and set aside three months for each season. Astronomers count the beginning of spring from the day of the vernal equinox - March 21. But in nature, the arrival of spring often does not coincide with these dates. In the south, it is significantly ahead of them, in the north, it lags behind. Yes, and in the same area, spring in different years begins at different times. Therefore, phenology dates the onset of spring to seasonal phenomena in nature. In the plant world, the beginning of spring is considered the beginning of sap flow at the Norway maple (in Leningrad around April 2, in Moscow on March 21, and in the south of the USSR in February). Maple sap flow occurs when the ground is still covered with snow. After 10 days, sap flow begins at the birch, which lasts about 20 days.

At the end of winter, heated sunbeams cones of spruce, pine, alder, seeds spill out of them. The seeds of spruce and pine are winged, and the wind carries them over long distances. Alder seeds spread melt waters, get stuck on the banks of rivers, streams and germinate there.

In the forest, the soil freezes less than in open places, and thaws in early spring. Tree roots absorb water. She climbs the woody vessels, dissolves the reserves organic matter deposited over the past summer in the roots and wood, and carries them to the kidneys.

In spring, in the forest soil, still under the snow, at a temperature close to zero, plants begin to awaken. For example, oak anemone, chistyak, blueberry, lungwort and other plants start growing. In coltsfoot, anemone, lungwort, wintering rhizomes sprout, in goose onions and tulips - bulbs, in chistyak and corydalis - nodules. In rhizomes, bulbs and nodules, reserves of nutrients are deposited, which allow these plants, as soon as the snow melts, to grow quickly and bloom even before the flowering of meadow plants.

At the edge of the forest at this time you can find shoots of maple, birch, alder. Their seeds dispersed in autumn (maple) or in early spring(alder), when the snow melts, they swell and begin to germinate.

With the first rays of spring, willow buds shed their dark-colored caps. White fluffy hairs covering the kidneys protect them from sudden temperature fluctuations. Alder male earrings become loose and crack. AT Leningrad region they open their anthers around 15 April. At the same time, small reddish female flowers bloom at the ends of alder twigs next to male inflorescences. The wind picks up the pollen from the catkins and carries it to other trees.

Soon after the alder, hazel hazel blooms (in the Leningrad region - around April 20). In winter, its female flowers are hidden in buds, and during the flowering period, purple feathery stigmas appear from the spreading scales.

Both alder and hazel are wind-pollinated plants. They grow in groups. Before the leaves appear, the wind passes freely through the crowns of trees and, in dry weather, carries pollen from one tree to another. In damp weather, the anthers close and the pollen does not spill out.

Other trees bloom behind the hazel: red willow, aspen, goat willow, silver poplar, warty birch (in the Leningrad region - by May 10).

Willow is pollinated by insects. Her male flowers collected in bright yellow inflorescences, clearly visible against the backdrop of a still transparent forest. The female flowers are paler. Both of them emit a pleasant smell and secrete nectar that attracts a lot of insects. There are still few other flowering plants, and insects visit the willow in search of food. In the period between the flowering of hazel and warty birch, the leaves of red elderberry, blackcurrant, bird cherry blossom. The larch begins to turn green.

The coloring of the deciduous forest is gradually due to. is changing. In winter, the crowns of the trees are dark in color. With the onset of sap flow, the scales of the buds begin to gradually move apart, their reddish inner parts protrude, and the crowns of the trees turn noticeably pink. Then green leaves appear, which leads at first to a barely noticeable, and then every day to a stronger change in the color of the forest - the forest begins to turn green.

One of the first herbaceous plants to bloom is coltsfoot. It grows on the slopes of the railroad tracks, on wastelands, on clay cliffs. On the southern slopes, it blooms when there is still snow all around, and its yellow heads stand out brightly against the background of last year's brown grass. At this time, small yellowish-green scaly leaves appear in the coltsfoot, and real leaves with a dark green upper and whitish, hairy lower surface bloom later, when the fruit-flies are already whitening on the stretched flower-bearing stems.

The name "coltsfoot" comes from the fact that the properties of the lower and upper surfaces of its leaf are different; If you put a leaf on the lower cheek, covered with hairs, then it warms, "like a mother," and the upper one is cold, "like a stepmother."

Following the coltsfoot, the noble coppice blooms, and then the oak anemone, lungwort, goose onion, marigold in damp meadows, and chistyak. Corydalis, spleenwort blooms behind it, greenish-yellow bracts of which form bright spots on the spring cover of forest soil.

All these plants tend to grow in groups. They reproduce by vegetative organs - rhizomes, nodules, bulbs, but can also reproduce by seeds. In the spring, insects fly into the still bare forest and contribute to the cross-pollination of forest plants.

The last period of spring begins with the flowering of yellow acacia (in Leningrad - by May 25, in Moscow - by May 20). During this period, most tree and shrub species bloom. It ends in the first half of June,

SUMMER

According to the calendar, summer begins on June 1. Astronomical summer begins with summer solstice(June 22), and in phenology, the beginning of summer is usually considered the flowering of lilac purple and the beginning of the dispersal of elm fruits.

Since that time, herbaceous vegetation has flourished: many meadow and field plants(spreading bluebell, red clover, field cornflower, Ivan-tea, cereals). In open places, the first ripe fruits of strawberries appear, the seeds of fragrant poplar ripen and scatter. Meadow geranium and rank bloom, in fields and wastelands - sow thistle, tartar, burdock, in reservoirs - chastukha, water buckwheat. Around July 15 in Leningrad and July 10 in Moscow, small-leaved linden blooms. This moment is considered in phenology as the beginning of the second summer period. During this period, tansy, elecampane and other plants bloom, the fruits of elderberry, yellow acacia ripen, and the harvesting of winter rye begins.

The flowering of heather and the ripening of hazel fruits begins the last period of summer (in Leningrad - about August 20). At this time, the fruits of oak, mountain ash and other plants ripen, the harvesting of oats and the sowing of winter crops begin.

Over the summer grassy and woody plants are able to grow significantly. As an example greatest growth you can bring Sakhalin buckwheat, which grows up to 4-5 m, corn and hemp, growing up to 3.5 m. The shoots of many young trees reach a meter, and aspen shoots - 3 m. growth, bumps can be seen. These are the beginnings of future apical and lateral buds. Over the summer, they manage to complete the formation.

In summer there is a mass flowering of a wide variety of herbaceous plants, by the end of summer the number of flowering plants decreases. There comes a period of mass ripening of fruits and seeds. They have the most various fixtures for dispersion.

Many fruits and seeds are dispersed by the wind. Some plants have hairs on their seeds. The wind picks up the seeds and carries them over long distances. Such flying fruits are found in dandelion, thistle, tartar, valerian, willow-herb, aspen, poplar, willow and other plants.

Maple, ash, elm, birch have lionfish fruits. Usually the fruits of maple, ash are scattered by strong autumn winds in rainy weather. Rain nails them to the ground, partially buries them. The fruits of birch and elm, the seeds of spruce and pine are spread in clear weather, they have thin membranous wings.

Animals and humans also contribute to the dispersal of fruits and seeds. Fruits with hooks and trailers (string, gravilat, cocklebur) stick to the wool of animals, all the seedlings break off and cling to the wool. Animals often move long distances, they rub against various objects, lie down on the ground, shake themselves, and thus scatter the seeds and fruits attached to their fur. Small, dusty seeds of some plants (cracker, monochromatic, small-flowered, poppies) are scattered by the wind.

In juicy fruits, until the seeds are ripe, the green color is hardly noticeable against the general green background. But as they mature, they acquire a bright color and become clearly visible. Juicy, ripe fruits attract animals not only by color, but also by smell and taste. Eating these fruits, the animals also swallow small seeds, and then throw them intact along with the droppings to the ground, where the seeds germinate.

On the migratory routes of birds, seeds of northern plants are found, brought by birds far to the south. The fruits and seeds of marsh plants are carried by birds living in marshes. When ripe, the seeds fall into swamp silt, stick with it to the paws of birds and are carried by them from one swamp to another.

The seeds of roadside plants stick to the hooves and paws of animals, to the wheels of carts and cars, to the caterpillars of tractors and are also carried by them over long distances.

Water is of great importance in the dispersal of fruits and seeds. Water disperses the seeds of aquatic and coastal plants(sedges, willows, alders).

But there are quite a few plants that disperse seeds themselves. For example, when the fruits of yellow acacia, lupine, vetch and other plants dry up, their walls crack, the walls of the walls twist and, like springs, scatter the seeds far from the plant. From the fruits of poppy, henbane, foxglove, flax and other plants, seeds are scattered when the wind blows or an animal runs past the plant. At the same time, the stems bend, and then straighten out and throw seeds out of the fruit, as if from a sling. In balsam, mature fruitlets, if touched, burst into slices, and the seeds are scattered around with force.

AUTUMN

According to the calendar, autumn begins on September 1st. Astronomers consider the beginning of autumn to be the autumnal equinox, September 23rd. In phenology, the beginning of autumn is considered the appearance of yellow leaves near the birch. Yellowing leaves

birch becomes noticeable sometimes as early as mid-August. More often, clear signs of autumn can be observed only after the first autumn frosts (in Leningrad - usually in early September). Following the birch, the leaves of linden and bird cherry begin to turn yellow, the leaves of aspen and maple turn red.

Along with the change in color, the leaves begin to fall off. Most of our trees have several weeks of leaf fall. Leaves fall not only because of the onset of cold weather. If, for example, a birch is grown at room temperature, its leaves will still fall off in the fall. Leaf fall, as well as a change in the color of the leaves, is associated with a change in the vital activity of the plant organism. This is a natural link in the development of plants. By the beginning of autumn, a layer of special cells forms in the petioles of the leaves - the so-called separation layer. It separates the leaves from the plant, breaking their connection with the branch. At the slightest breath of wind, the leaves easily fall off the branches.

Leaf fall prepares the plant for the transition to a state of rest and helps it survive the adverse conditions of winter. After the leaves fall, the evaporation of water by the plant decreases, and the danger that snowfall breaks the branches also decreases. In addition, over the summer period, the leaves accumulate a large number of mineral salts unnecessary to the plant, and during leaf fall, it is freed from them.

AT southern countries evergreen trees also shed obsolete leaves, freeing themselves from the mass of unnecessary substances accumulated in them. In some of them, the leaves fall gradually throughout the year, and therefore these trees are always green. In others, the leaves fall off simultaneously, completely, but for a relatively short period.

Herbaceous vegetation also changes in early autumn. Brown tones appear in it, some of the stems and leaves dry out, turn yellow.

There are, however, flowering plants. Some of them - dandelion, red clover, heartwood - bloom for the second time. But there are plants that usually bloom in autumn: chicory, crow's feet, cornflower. Tricolor violets and daisies bloom until late autumn. Sometimes they go under the snow in a flowering state. Heather, Belozor, golden rod, various wormwoods bloom late in summer. After harvesting the crops, many flowering weeds can be found in the fields.

Majority annual plants dies in autumn. Their seeds fall to the ground and endure the winter cold under the snow. But many annual weeds give several generations over the summer: for example, shepherd's purse, yarutka, wood lice. Their seeds do not go through a dormant period, they germinate in the fall. Young plants do not have time to complete their development and continue to develop in the spring after the snow melts.

Biennial and perennial herbaceous plants overwinter in the form of rosettes, tightly pressed to the ground, or in the form of creeping stems, for example, primrose, dandelion, colza, daisy, tricolor violet, cuff, celandine, foxglove, buttercup, deaf nettle, strawberry and a number of other plants. Many of them have rhizomes, tubers and bulbs that shoot out before other plants in spring.

Algae overwinter at the bottom of water bodies or form spores by winter, and die off themselves.

WINTER

According to the calendar, winter begins on December 1. In astronomy - per day winter solstice Dec 22. And in phenology, the beginning of winter in the central zone of the Soviet Union is considered the time of freezing of water bodies.

Winter in flora as if all life processes were completely frozen. However, this is not quite true. If cut branches of oak, maple, linden or other trees are placed in water in early October, immediately after leaf fall, they usually do not bloom. They are in a state of deep rest. Such a dormant period is characteristic of all plants, although its duration is different for different species. For example, for poplar, bird cherry and lilac, the dormant period ends by December, for oak, birch and linden, it continues until January-February. The closer to the end of winter, the sooner buds will bloom on branches placed in water. If the branches are cut in February or March and placed in water, they quickly form leaves. At this time, their rest becomes forced.

The rest period is of great importance in the life of plants. Plants that are at rest do not start growing during occasional thaws, otherwise subsequent frosts would kill them. When the period of deep dormancy ends, the plants also do not immediately begin to grow: the low ambient temperature leaves them in forced rest.

In winter, from the dried stems of various plants sticking out from under the snow, seeds fall onto the snow. They are carried by the wind over long distances. When the sun begins to warm more strongly, spruce and pine cones open, alder cones burst and the seeds scatter. These are signs of the end of winter. After a period of long dormancy, nature begins to awaken again. And spring comes again.

Species associated with wild Solanaceae in our climate will survive the winter without our help, but gardens are increasingly hosting ornamental plants not fully resistant to low temperatures.
The most durable plants

In order to enjoy their beauty in subsequent seasons, changes in plant life in winter, we must provide them with adequate protection from low temperatures and also - especially in the case of evergreens - before winter winds. Some species (eg chestnuts, magnolias) covering the winter will only be needed in the first few years after planting, like adults, to obtain full frost resistance. However, other species, such as common in our gardens rhododendrons, hydrangeas, garden, BUDGET David, require security for the winter every year, regardless of age.

Changes in plant life in winter.

Let's remember that our plants are only good if it provides them with the right path - at the right time and with the right materials, otherwise we can harm them.
plant and animal life in winter, how to protect
When is the time to cover plants in winter?
With fixing plants for the winter, we should not rush. Plants too early will mean that the plants do not have time to go into dormancy before the upcoming winter frosts. Do not be afraid of night frosts - until the temperature during the day is positive, at night the temperature drops only to the plants, without damaging them. The cover only suggest the life of plants and animals in winter, when the first light frosts come (about -5 C) - when the topsoil freezes. Mostly such a need in early December, but sometimes when the winter frosts come only after the new year, so we just have to keep an eye on the weather forecast. Vigilance should also be kept warming plants - if extremely severe frosts are announced, their time should cover the plants, especially those more sensitive, an additional layer of insulation.
what changes have occurred in the life of plants in winter

How to pack plants for the winter?

Materials provided to the plant for the winter should be primarily airy, breathable, to cover the plants do not rot. They shouldn't absorb a lot of water, and shouldn't be too heavy. Most often used to protect the roots of plants used: bark, greens (or branches of conifers - preferably douglas or fir, because their needles last long), what changes have occurred in plant life in winter, tree leaves (try to avoid using leaves of infected diseases, and also leaves with a high tannin content - like walnut or oak), sawdust, as well as ordinary garden soil and peat. If you are using lightweight material, such as bark, peat or leaves, it should also cover the branches of coniferous trees so that snowless winters are not dispersed by the wind. Straw mats, jute, white Agrowłóknina or corrugated paper are commonly used to cover the aerial parts of the plant. In order to insulate the bushes, we could also use ordinary cardboard paper - we put it in the factory, and fill the space around the insulating material, even the leaves. Isolation of plants in winter should be followed by a film, since it does not allow air to pass through, and heats up in the sun - for such a screening substance, fill.
plant life in winter presentation

How to protect plants in winter?

This as a cover crop for the winter depends on several factors - primarily on its genre, such as the degree of frost resistance, plant life in winter presentation, and also whether it is a type of evergreen for winter leaves. Otherwise we provided frost perennials and shrubs of various columnar habits. It is also obvious that species more sensitive to frost will require more careful cover.

plant life in the winter in the country

The most widely used method of protecting plants from frost is piling up, involving usypaniu around the base of the plant about 30-40 inches of mound of insulating material. Such a layer will protect the roots from frost - even if some above-ground freezing occurs, the plant will affect the roots or buds rooted low to the ground. This is sufficient protection for shrub species where above ground is already severely limited in early spring, plant care in winter, for example. Roses and large discounts, David's Buddley, plant life in the country house in winter, tree hydrangea or bouquets. In the same way, we can protect most vineyards and more sensitive trees and perennials. In the case of discount perennials, simply put on their surface a few centimeters thick layer of insulating material, for example.
caring for plants in winter
Winter protection of evergreens not only to protect them from low temperatures, but also from the dehumidifier by the action of the sun and wind (under their influence, leaves lose water, plants are covered with snow in winter, but the plant cannot be obtained from frozen soil to replenish supplies). For evergreen species, the removal of frost protection will be quite enough to protect the plants from wind and sun. - We can do it, for example, with mats, plants in winter under the snow, or use a special fabric shader (on the market available in white and green). Species more sensitive (rhododendrons, holly, laurel cherry) should cover the aerial part. This cover cannot be too hard, as insufficient ventilation of plants under cover often results in the development of gray mold on needles or leaves. Thermal insulation material should not touch the plants, so it is better to unfasten it on supports (usually stakes, as plants hibernate in winter, driven into the ground around the plants), creating a kind of tent around the plant. Such a shield is crushed to the ground, for example. The stones at the bottom are no wind inside the tent. Evergreens have a sufficient supply of water in their tissues, it is important to water them abundantly, as the plants hibernate in winter, before they cover them for the winter, remember also to water them during the winter thaw.
How do plants hibernate in winter?
Many varieties of columnar habits require protection from similar deformation due to snow deposition, or the action of strong winter winds. To do this, simply tie a rope to the plant along its entire length. The tying you are not too strong so that the ropes do not damage or deform the branches, but strong enough to withstand the pressure of wind and snow. For this purpose, we can also use a chain-link shade or white a.

covering material for plants for the winter.

Before the onset of cold weather should be protected as frost-sensitive ornamental grasses, for example. Pampas grass, some types of sedge. Grass leaves simply tie a knot, covering material for plants for the winter, and the ground around the vegetation cover with a layer of bark or twigs of coniferous trees - to protect both internal plants from frost, and as moisture, an excess of many types of grasses cannot be tolerated. In the case of species more sensitive to frost, further around the plant we stick out pegs on which cardigans are insulating material, for example. Covering material for plants for the winter.

Page 11 of 19

My hometown (village, aul, farm, village)

Take a tour..

My hometown is Krasnodar

1. What is the name of your locality? What about its main street? Why did she get such a name? Answer: The city of Krasnodar, the main street is Red. The street got its name even before the revolution, it means "beautiful".

• How is winter weather different from autumn weather? Answer: It gets colder in winter, sometimes it snows, puddles are covered with ice.
• What changes have taken place in plant life? Answer: Almost all the flowers stopped blooming, leaves fell from the trees. Harvested from the fields.
• What's New in Animal Behavior? Answer: Migratory birds flew south. Six many animals became thicker. Some animals and birds began to settle closer to humans in order to feed themselves. Hedgehogs and turtles have gone into hibernation.
• How has people's clothing changed with the advent of winter? Answer: People began to wear thick jackets and coats, warm hats, and winter boots.
• What kind of work do people do in winter? Which of them did you take part in? Answer: People clear snow on the roads in winter, sprinkle sidewalks and roads with salt.
• What do you feel watching the winter changes in nature? Answer: As long as there is no snow, everything looks dull and boring. When it snows, it immediately becomes light and even joyful on the street!

AT practical task on page 63 in the column "Winter" color with colored pencils ...
See photo