What are the windows in general - in detail about the existing options. Classification of wooden windows: according to the type of wood, mechanisms, types of profile, finish and formula of double-glazed windows. Choice of sash, frame

Our company "Windows Sky", as you already understood from the materials of this site, manufactures and installs plastic windows and glazing for balconies and loggias. But having decided to replace windows and glaze a balcony, you should first know the main features and advantages of all possible options for solving this issue in order to choose the best solution for yourself. Several types are possible: wooden, plastic and aluminum frames.

1. Wooden frames

Previously, the loggia was protected from adverse climatic phenomena with the help of window frame installations. They were made from wood. The device was assembled using a variety of tools. In windows of this type, single glasses were most often inserted, the thickness of which was no more than 4 mm. Fixation with wooden pegs was added to them.
Due to the lack of tightness, there was a lot of heat loss. The sashes themselves were not pressed completely against the frame. Even sealing tapes did not help.
Wooden frames were not very expensive, which can be considered one of their advantages.
You can install them only in those places where they will be used only in the warm months.
If energy saving is important, you will have to install something like "eurowindows". They are made from timber, which is then given the desired shape. For the glazing process, a sealed double-glazed window is used.
In this case, all the advantages of wood are preserved. But do not forget that from time to time wooden structures must be treated with water-repellent solutions. Otherwise, the frames will be deformed.

2. Plastic windows

It is worth noting that wooden devices in our time are used less and less. Basically, the loggias are glazed with the help of metal-plastic structures.
Frames and sashes are made from a multi-chamber profile, reinforced with planks having a thickness of 1.2 to 2.5 mm. Double-glazed windows are installed in the opening parts, which provide the highest level of energy saving.
A special mechanism ensures that the sashes are pressed against the frame. It also helps to ventilate the room.
Universal metal-plastic windows have a lot of advantages:

Windows with steel reinforcements protect the balcony from extraneous sounds have the ability to retain heat. Their strength depends on the reinforcement.
- The mechanism expands the functions of products, ensuring their safety. Installing fittings adds more features to products and ensures safety and convenience for them.
- You can also install colored windows. Thus, the room will be transformed from the outside.
Such designs also have disadvantages: many do not like the very view of the balcony with plastic surface. Sometimes the price bites.

3. Aluminum gears

If your balcony has a width of more than 5-6 m, you better fit aluminum. The value of such structures is protection from adverse climate. There is aluminum "Warm" and "Cold"
The most versatile glazing with "Cold" aluminum is called sliding. The frames will interfere with a special mechanism. They, moving aside, form a crack. To fill the gaps that have appeared, anther brushes are used.
Glazing made of "Warm aluminum" is very similar to metal-plastic structures. It is worth noting that this aluminum heats the room very well.
An object that experiences a strong wind load is suitable for just this type.

Conclusion

After analyzing the described three types of windows and glazing frames, you can come to the conclusion that it all depends on where exactly you will use the chosen design, on your desires and financial capabilities.

abstract

Shape, design and types of windows

1. Window shape

2. Classification of windows

3. Options for opening windows

4. Dimensions and arrangement of windows

5. Window design

6. Additional accessories for modern windows

7. Wooden windows

8. Aluminum windows

9. PVC windows

10. Fiberglass windows

11. Combination windows

12. Overlay windows

13. Skylights

Bibliographic list

1. window shape

Windows to some extent determine the appearance of buildings. Windows of non-standard shapes decorate the facade of the house and can even give it some originality. The small single-leaf windows on the façade are despondent, giving the building the look of a prison.

Modern technologies allow creating windows of various shapes. It is possible to recreate windows of any historical style, preserving the facades of buildings representing historical value. Windows can be as simple rectangular shape, and represent complex arched or pointed structures. On the gables of buildings one can often see round, square or triangular windows. The impression of a window is created by its single or multiple sash. Modern windows are decorated with overlays or decorative ornamental profiles, made in various combinations of color and decor. Transoms are used in window designs. A rectangular window may have bevels.

Windows are a necessary part of the interior to create comfort in the house, as well as to save money on heating the interior. It follows from this that the shape of the window is related to the functional use of the room, as well as to the opening possibilities required from the window.

· steel;

fiberglass;

combined (wood-aluminum, wood-polyvinyl chloride, etc.)

According to the options for filling the translucent part of the product, they are divided into:

With flat glass

· with double-glazed windows;

· with sheet glass and double-glazed windows.

According to the purpose, the products are divided into those intended for use in residential, public, industrial and other types of buildings and structures.

By options design products are classified:

by type of construction: single, twin, separate, separate

paired;

according to the number of rows of glazing:

With single glazing (for unheated premises);

Double glazed;

With triple glazing;

With quadruple glazing;

according to the number of sashes in one row of glazing:

Single leaf;

double leaf;

Multi-leaf;

in the direction of opening of the valves:

Indoors;

Double sided opening;

left opening;

Symmetrical opening;

according to the ways of opening the valves:

With hinged opening - with the sash turning around the vertical extreme axis;

Suspended - with the sash turning around the upper extreme axis;

Folding - with the sash turning around the lower extreme axis;

Tilt and turn - with the sash turning around the vertical and lower extreme axes;

Medium-swivel - with the sash turning around a horizontal or vertical axis, offset from the edge of the sash;

Sliding - with horizontal movement of the wings;

Lifting - with the movement of the sash in a vertical plane;

Combined - with combination in one design different types sash opening;

not opening;

depending on the glazed elements:

With glazed sash elements;

With glazed boxes;

With combined glazing;

according to the designs of devices for ventilation and regulation of the temperature and humidity conditions of the room:

With vents;

With flaps with hinged (tilt-and-turn) adjustable opening;

With transoms;

With valve flaps;

With ventilation valves;

With climatic valves;

With self-ventilation systems;

according to the design solutions of the porches of the sashes:

With impost porch;

With a bezimpostny (stulp) vestibule;

according to the number and location of the seal contours in the porches:

With one sealing circuit (for unheated premises);

With medium and inner seal;

With outer and inner seal; with outer, inner and middle seal;

By types of corner joints:

Non-separable (adhesive, welded, pressed, etc.);

Collapsible (on mechanical links).

According to architectural drawings, products are divided into:

Rectangular

figured (triangular, polygonal, arched, round, oval, etc.);

· with decorative bindings;

with a complex pattern (for example, arched with a slab binding).

Products are classified according to the main operational characteristics:

reduced resistance to heat transfer, air and water permeability,

sound insulation, total light transmittance, resistance

wind load, resistance to climatic influences.

3. Window opening options

Fixed (unopenable) or blind windows.

They are used in case of initial need to have a fixed window sash. In such windows, the glass itself can hold the frame itself. Blind sashes are mounted as an insulated element. In order to lighten the load on the window structure, a jumper is built in to a certain width above the window. When embedding the roller shutter box, it takes on the vertical load.

Fixed or fixed windows are often made round or triangular windows on the gable of a building.

A fixed or blind window can only be washed from the street.

Attention! When installing such windows, if they are the only ones in terms of opening options in the room, it is necessary to think in advance about the method of ventilation of the room. Ventilation valves are built into modern PVC windows.

Exposed windows.

Exposed windows are, in fact, fixed windows, the frame of which can be removed for, for example, cleaning and cleaning.

Swing or hinged windows.

Pivot or hinged windows can open both inside and outside the room, they can be both with an impost and hinged windows.

Swing or hinged windows are easy to clean. With the help of such windows, you can perfectly ventilate the room.

Hinged windows (with lower suspension).

Hinged windows open from above. Such windows are called transoms. They are used on flights of stairs, as the least safe, since hinged windows can be a source of danger for children without adult supervision. Hinged windows are installed in basements, industrial and other premises where open sashes can interfere. When installing this type of window, remember that they must be accessible for maintenance and cleaning.

For transoms, only a folding type of opening is suitable, and there are various options fanlight fittings that allow you to control the opening depending on the size and design features of the window.

Tilt and turn windows.

A tilt-and-turn window is called a window, the same sash of which, at a certain position of the same handle, can be opened either by turning around the vertical axis, at an angle of up to 160 °, or tilted on the lower suspension, resulting in a gap for ventilation. There are special fittings that allow you to fix the opening angle, protect the sashes from spontaneous slamming, etc.

Tilt and turn windows provide full ventilation of the room instead of traditional vents. At the same time, the installation of a window with a window makes the hinged opening option meaningless, which only leads to an additional rise in price compared to the usual rotary opening option.

Suspended windows.

Hanging windows can be classified as hinged. Their peculiarity is that the window is opened by turning around the upper extreme axis or from the upper suspension.

Mid-hung windows.

Center-hung windows - windows rotating around a vertical or horizontal axis located in the middle of the window vertically or horizontally, respectively.

Mid-hung windows are very easy to clean. They ventilate the room very well.

Sliding windows.

Sliding windows - windows, the sashes of which move parallel to the window installation plane, moving relative to each other or retracting into the walls.

Sliding windows save space. They are built into any design and even decorate it, but are more expensive than other windows due to the complexity of the design and the presence of additional fittings and mechanisms. Especially often sliding windows are used for balconies and loggias.

Lift-and-swing, lift-sliding, lift-turn-tilt windows.

These are the same hinged, sliding and folding windows, only relative to the lifting horizontal axis.

The possibilities of opening are connected with the development of fittings for windows. The more opportunities the fittings provide for designers and constructors, the more diverse the windows will become.

4. Sizes and arrangement of windows

According to building codes, the minimum amount of light enters the room if the area of ​​all glass surfaces is 10-12.5% ​​of the total surface area of ​​the walls.

Optimal lighting conditions in terms of physiological parameters are achieved with a window width equal to 55% of the width of the living room.

If we talk about the size of the window, then everyone knows the rule of the golden section - 3: 5 This is the ratio of values ​​that people perceive as the most successful.

If the width of the window opening is more than 2 m, a three-leaf window design is used. Usually the two side wings of such a window are made the same sizecreating symmetry.

5. window construction

Window opening - an opening in a wall or roof for the installation of one or more window units.

The design of the window opening also provides for the installation of a mounting seal, slopes, drains and window sills.

The window block is a translucent structure intended for:

for natural lighting of the room;

For room ventilation and

· for protection of the room from atmospheric and noise influences.

Window box - assembly unit of the window block:

made in the form of a rectangular frame with selected quarters;

Designed for hinged sashes;

fixed to the walls of the window opening.

Window frame - part of the window element, which is rigidly connected to the wall.

A sash is a movable element of a window.

Double-glazed window - a package consisting of two or three sheets of glass, hermetically fixed on a metal frame. Inside the bag is rarefied air or an inert gas. It has good thermal insulation, sound insulation and tightness, does not sweat or get dirty inside. The double-glazed window is fixed in the sashes with the help of glazing beads.

PVC does not support combustion;

no need for additional finishing (during the entire period of operation they retain their original color);

high performance in thermal protection and sound insulation;

no problems associated with the disposal of production waste;

· the possibility of a more precise fit of frame parts, high manufacturability of finished windows.

Disadvantages of plastic windows:

in case of damage, in most cases it is necessary to change the entire unit;

· absence in Russia of system of utilization of the windows which have fulfilled the term.

The quality of a PVC window has the following:

components of the window itself: the quality of profiles, fittings, seals, glass, double-glazed windows;

· build quality;

quality of window installation.

10. Fiberglass windows

Fiberglass windows are the "youngest" windows.

Fiberglass is a faberglass composite (FGK), a material consisting of 70% fiberglass. Hardness is given to it by special thermosetting resins, which are binders. The use of fiberglass was constrained by the lack of technologies that would allow the production of profiles of the required complex configuration from it. It became possible to obtain profiles of any configuration with the introduction of the pultrusion process into practice. This process involves drawing a glass fiber material impregnated with a thermosetting resin through a heated die. At the exit from the die, a finished product is obtained - a window profile.

Advantages of fiberglass windows:

· durability (guarantee - 25 years);

low thermal conductivity, comparable to wood, but does not rot, does not change color,

strength and durability of metal, resistance to corrosion,

resistance to all types of meteorological influences: biological resistance, moisture and weather resistance,

high soundproofing,

low energy consumption in production,

ease of maintenance.

Disadvantages of fiberglass windows:

Forms of manufacture can only be rectilinear.

11. Combination windows

Combined windows combine the advantages of different materials, while compensating for the disadvantages of others.

The disadvantage of the combined window is its rather high cost today.

In combined windows, the following combinations of different materials are used: aluminum (copper) + wood; aluminum + plastic; aluminum + wood + plastic and others.

Wooden-aluminum windows.

Wooden-aluminum windows are the most common today. Wood is a natural material with good heat insulating properties, low heat and sound conductivity, high frost resistance, which creates comfort in the house. His dependence on external influence the atmospheric environment and the other is compensated by the properties of aluminum, from which the outer sash is usually made or from which the outer lining is made.

Wood-gap-aluminum windows.

As a gap, a material made of polyamide is used, which removes mechanical stress between wood and aluminum and creates additional thermal insulation.

Aluminum windows with hardwood trim strips.

In such windows, wooden decorative strips made of hardwood (for example, oak) cover metallic profile from inside the room. Outside, such a window is a pure aluminum window, with all the ensuing properties. And inside the room it is a wooden window, cozy, warm and lively, perfectly combined with all the details of the interior.

There are also combined windows, consisting of the following combinations of materials:

wooden windows with a plastic shell, which has the function of wood protection

· plastic windows with a metal sheath, which is used for decorative purposes.

Another new type of combined windows are window profiles, which combine three different material:

a tree that performs a decorative function;

plastic that performs the function of thermal protection;

a metal that protects other materials from weathering.

We see that there are many types of combination windows. And if wooden-aluminum windows have already occupied a niche in the market, then combined windows "wood-plastic-metal" are still experimental windows, in the designs of which optimal, constructive solutions are still being sought.

12. overlay windows

An overlay window is a window designed to protect old window sashes. The overlay window improves noise, sound and heat insulation, thanks to an additional air layer. At the same time, old windows dry out, the development of rot stops.

The overlay window frame is made of weatherproof aluminium. The edges are covered with a steel profile with a plastic lining.

The overlay window is suitable for mounting on inward-opening windows, but there may be other options.

Installation of the overhead window is carried out from the outside of the building. For small windows, installation can also be done from the inside of the room.

13. Skylights

Skylights:

help to use the attic space more efficiently,

Made of high quality wood impregnated with antiseptic or PVC;

· can be fixed from above in a slightly open position with a hinged opening on the lower suspension;

· have a mid-hung horizontal type of opening.

Skylights carry the same load and functions as roofing, as they are an element of the roof, so they must meet the same requirements as a modern roof. On the other hand, these are still window systems, the main function of which is attic lighting, ventilation, thermal protection, room tightness, and fire safety.

Thermal protection in skylights is ensured by several factors: the design of the double-glazed window, the thickness of the window frame, the contours of the seal, the depth of the window's installation in the roof and, of course, the correct installation in the thermal circuit of the roof.

A double-glazed window in modern roof windows is usually single-chamber, this is due to the need to minimize the weight of the structure in order to reduce the load on the truss system. A special selective silver coating is applied to the inside of the double-glazed window to reflect thermal radiation, which helps to retain heat in winter and prevents overheating of the room in summer. The space between the panes is filled with an inert gas. As a rule, it is argon, which has good heat and energy saving characteristics. The indicator characterizing the thermal insulation of the window system is the coefficient of reduced heat transfer resistance (Ro) of the glass unit and the window as a whole. The requirements of the State Standard of the Russian Federation for class D1 glass (used in roof windows) Ro windows (window wooden block) - 0.40. Accordingly, in order to be sure that the window will not be a source of heat loss, it is necessary to make sure that the Ro values ​​of the window are not less than those required by GOST.

The thickness of the window frame is a guarantee that the window will not freeze through and temperature regime the room will be comfortable. Manufacturers of skylights on the Russian market demonstrate different indicators. An important factor is also the mounting system proposed by one or another manufacturer. It is the correct installation that guarantees the durability and reliability of the roof window, and, consequently, the protection of a person from the negative effects of the external environment. To date, the maximum depth of planting a window in the roof is -60 mm for flat roofing. Such a deep installation allows you to "drown" the window into the thermal contour of the roof and significantly reduce heat loss. Windows installed in this way are more harmoniously combined with the overall appearance of the building and the roof. Also the most convenient is the distance of 185-205 cm from the floor to the handle for opening the window.

There are several generally accepted standards for installing a roof window: for proper air circulation, the bottom slope of the window should be perpendicular to the floor, and the top parallel. The heating source is recommended to be installed directly under the window, the window itself is approximately 1m - 1.3m above the floor level.

Another topical aspect is the tightness of the room, including windows for the roof. In this case, it is, first of all, window waterproofing. In modern roof windows, it is provided by a system of drainage gutters, the so-called salaries, which contribute to the hermetic connection of the window with the roof. Some models also have special rubber plugs in the lower parts of the window frame, which protect the window from capillary moisture penetration.

Different types of salaries have been developed:

for tiles and corrugated sheets;

for a group of windows;

for flat roofing materials.

Roof windows should also be provided with sealing contours to achieve maximum tightness of the structure. Depending on the model, it can be 1, 2 or even 3 seals. In skylights, fittings are used that allow you to adjust the uniform pressing of rubber seals without dismantling the window.

Wood is the main material from which roof windows are made. In the case of attic equipment, wood is especially environmentally friendly, reliable and aesthetically pleasing. It is preferable to use knotless pine wood. wooden elements windows are covered with environmentally friendly varnish on water based and impregnated with an antiseptic in a vacuum chamber. PVC roof windows are also common.

The safety of staying in the attic and the operation of roof windows are an important factor for a modern person. Skylights can be equipped with special smoke, rain and wind sensors. First of all, safety of operation is provided by a double-glazed window. Tempered glass can reliably protect the attic from atmospheric phenomena such as hail.

There are also such double-glazed windows that will help to reliably protect the attic from unauthorized entry from the outside. There are models of windows for the roof, in which double-glazed windows with a triplex system are installed. Triplex is 2 glasses glued together with a special film. Such glasses are often used in shop windows. It is quite difficult to break such a double-glazed window, and if it does happen, the glass hangs on the film and it takes a long time to remove it. The double-glazed window can also be protected from removal by special devices.

Skylights can protect the attic from the effects of adverse effects environment when ventilating. Modern anti-condensation all-weather ventilation systems provide airing of the room with the window closed and even in case of insufficient or non-functioning main ventilation. A special filter does not allow dust, dirt and insects to penetrate into the attic. At any time of the year, the air, passing through the labyrinth-like system of the ventilation valve, is purified and warmed.

Unlike facade windows, roof windows can solve the problems of evacuation from the premises in case of fire and smoke or other extreme situation. There are models of evacuation windows, which, provided that the roof and the interior are equipped with special steps and fences, are recommended as an element of the emergency exit of the Russian Emergencies Ministry. In normal mode, such a window operates in a medium-turn opening mode, and in case of danger, with the help of special holders, the sash leans along the upper axis by 68 °. There are also hinged windows that open by analogy with front windows and help to leave the room without hindrance.

Roof windows can be equipped with curtains, blinds, awnings.

Roof windows have firmly established themselves in the Russian market as reliable, durable and safe window systems for attic lighting. It is they who allow you to turn a non-residential attic into a cozy, bright attic and ensure comfort and safety.

Bibliographic list

1. http://www.oknopolis.ru

2. http://www.Shara.org.ua

3. GOST 23166. Window general specifications. Introduction date 2001-01-01.

4. Double-glazed window plus aluminum, wood or plastic. P.T. Ozhogov. 1998

5. V.A. Tarasov, CJSC "KBE Window Technologies".

6. Economic Review No. 23 (471)

Plastic, aluminum and wooden window framesused in the glazing of houses and apartments differ significantly from each other. Moreover, these differences concern not only the appearance, but also the functional parameters.

Let's see what the features of different products are, and what you should pay attention to when choosing / manufacturing window frames.

Frame selection by material

Option 1. Metal-plastic profile

Windows without frames, that is, with glass fixed directly in the opening, are extremely rarely used in residential construction. So whatever one may say, but when designing a house or when planning an apartment renovation, we will have to choose frames.

The most common option today is the construction of a metal-plastic profile. Their key features:

1. Universal configuration. The shape of the product allows not only to securely fix the window in the opening, but also to connect several frames to each other. In addition, such products are compatible not only with double-glazed windows (solid glazing), but also with sashes.

Before pulling the plastic window out of the frame, you must either remove the sash from the hinges or remove the glazing beads that hold the double-glazed window from the grooves.

1. Plastic case. All surfaces in contact with the external environment are made of resistant polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This not only protects the window from moisture, but also facilitates maintenance. For example, we do not have to search for a long time how to wash the frames of plastic windows - they are well cleaned with a damp cloth, but if necessary, they can also withstand exposure to more active household chemicals.

1. Internal reinforcement. Plastic - the material is elastic and soft enough, therefore, to stiffen the frame, metal inserts (square or U-shaped) are installed in it. This improves the mechanical properties of the structure, but complicates the work with products. For example, before reducing the frame of a plastic window, you have to saw it at the corners, shorten the metal reinforcement and weld the cut parts again.

1. Drainage and ventilation. Despite the almost complete tightness, the design of the plastic frame provides for the presence of technological holes. So that water in the frame of a plastic window does not stagnate after rain and does not provoke corrosion, drainage grooves are almost always made in its lower part.

Option 2. Aluminum profile

Despite the fact that a plastic window is considered today as a “default” option, there are still alternatives to such products. And one of the most technologically advanced alternatives is windows with aluminum frames.

Here you need to keep in mind the following aspects:

1. Two aluminum profile options. A cold window frame is made without heat-insulating inserts, but it also weighs less. "Warm" aluminum retains energy indoors much better, but weighs more, and its price is higher than that of many PVC structures.

1. Not the best insulation. Even a profile with internal inserts is inferior to plastic products with metal reinforcement in terms of energy saving.
2. High strength. This applies to both resistance to deformation and wear resistance. That is why aluminum is chosen for glazing industrial and public buildings. But if the window is already out of order, then the repair will be quite expensive and time-consuming.

It is advisable to choose products coated with powder paint - it is the most resistant, and restoration of the appearance will not be required for at least 10 years after installation.

Option 3. Wooden bars

Production of wooden window frames and their parts - traditional technology which is still relevant today. Key Features wooden windows such:

1. There are products in a very cheap segment. As a rule, these are single or double frames designed to install single glazing. Of the advantages - low price and low weight, but in houses and apartments they try to get rid of such structures.

1. Eurobeam is a functional analogue of metal-plastic. Modern wooden frames are made from glued beams in such a way that a sealed double-glazed window can be installed in them. In terms of thermal insulation, they are almost as good as plastic products, and in appearance they outperform them "with a devastating score."

1. Difficulties in assembly. Fittings for wooden windows are available from most manufacturers, but they cost more than standard kits. Therefore, by default, the simplest latches and hinges - canopies - are placed on the frame, and advanced mechanisms are mounted when finances allow.

The advantage of wooden frames is that you can repair and even make them at home. Of course, this will require the right material, tools and skills. But if you are interested in the technology of making wooden windows with your own hands, we advise you to study the next section.

Self-made window frame

How to make a simple wooden frame with your own hands - we will tell you step by step in the table:

Illustration	Stage of work
	Production of blanks. From a flat pine beam we cut out details, the dimensions of which should be slightly larger than the dimensions of the future window.
	Profiling workpieces. On a milling machine, we make selections on the bars for the installation of glazing. In parallel, we align all the planes of the parts.
	Connection markup. In places where the parts of the frame will be connected, we mark with a tape measure and a square. If the markup is done accurately, and all the details on it can be cut cleanly, then putty at the joints will not be needed!
	The formation of spikes. On the transverse parts of the frame, we cut out the spikes that will be used to fasten the parts. They can be made either with a milling cutter, or simply sawing off the fragments with a hacksaw, followed by stripping.
	Groove formation. Opposite each spike in vertical racks, we select grooves, the size of which should be equal to or slightly smaller than the size of the spike. The work is most conveniently done with a wood cutter.
	Frame assembly. We assemble the structure by inserting the spikes into the grooves and upsetting the details with a mallet.
	Fixing details. We glue the joints with moisture-resistant glue for wood. At the time of gluing, we fix the frame with clamps. Additionally, all corners can be tightened with self-tapping screws, twisting them from different sides.

Of course, this is not the only answer to the question "how to make a frame yourself." But the described design organically combines sufficient reliability and ease of manufacture.

Conclusion

Making window frames with your own hands is both long and troublesome. But if you chose wooden structures from all the available options, then the tips and videos in this article, as well as advice in the comments, will help you cope with this task. And save more!

If you want to express gratitude, add a clarification or objection, ask the author something - add a comment or say thanks!

The illumination of the premises mainly depends on the size, shape and location of the windows in the room.

In the living rooms of apartments, the area of ​​​​windows to ensure normal illumination is taken in the range from 1/8 of the floor area and not more than 1: 5.5.

The shape, dimensions, proportions and placement of windows on the facade are important elements that significantly affect the architectural appearance of the building and its overall architectural expression.

The design of windows must strictly comply with thermal engineering requirements - this is important not only to keep the heat in the premises during the cold season, but also to eliminate the possibility of freezing and sweating of the glass. In addition, the design of windows should provide sound insulation from outside noise.

Windows can be single, double or triple glazed. Windows with one layer of glass are used in the southern regions of the country or in unheated buildings. In areas with temperate climate for residential buildings and other civil buildings, windows are arranged mainly in two layers of glass with an air gap between them.

In the regions of the Far North, windows with three layers of glass should be used, that is, with two air gaps between them.

Standard sizes of wooden windows and balcony doors of residential and public buildings are given in GOST 11214-65.

The width of a single-leaf window is usually taken at least 600 mm, a double-leaf window - 900, 1100 and 1300 mm and a three-leaf window - 1600-1800 mm. The height of windows should be taken at 1150-1300 mm less than the height of the floor.

The elements that fill the opening left in the wall are generally called the filling of the window opening (Fig. 170). The filling consists of window frames, glazed window frames and window sills.

window box It is a frame into which window frames are inserted. Boxes may have additional inner bars- vertical and horizontal, called imposts, or middlemen. Imposts are used for hanging bindings, as well as for ensuring the rigidity of large boxes.

Window covers distinguish between casements (having opening parts - sashes) and deaf (non-opening). The upper part of the binding is called transom. In heated civil buildings, the bindings are mostly made with double glazing; the outer binding is called summer, and the inner - winter.

The elements of sashes, transoms and blind covers are bindings(bars located around the perimeter) and slabs, i.e., narrow horizontal or vertical bars located inside the contour formed by the strapping. The sashes divide the area of ​​​​the sash, transom or blind cover into smaller cells, allowing you to arrange a window. or downsize glass.

To install glasses in strappings and slabs, quarters are chosen, called folds. The glass inserted into the folds is reinforced with wire pins with putty or wooden glazing beads with a gasket between them and the glass of strips of rubber or oiled paper. Beads are reinforced with thin nails or screws. Planks designed to close the gaps of the vestibule are called flashings.

In the outer bindings, the lower strapping of the sashes, transoms and vents have ebbs on the outside - ledges designed to drain rain and melt water.

According to the method of opening, the covers are divided into inward-opening, in different directions, sliding and lifting.

Most often used bindings that open inwards. It should be noted that the inner bindings must be made in height and width greater than the outer ones in order to ensure the free opening of the latter. The difference between the dimensions of the inner and outer bindings is called dawn, the dawn is usually 50-75 mm (25-37.5 mm on each side).

Window filling structures

Window boxes are made both separate (separately for the outer and inner binding, Fig. 171, a), and in common for both bindings (Fig. 171.6). Currently, mainly common boxes are used.

Boxes in brick walls are reinforced in the openings with ruffs driven into the masonry joints, or with nails driven into wooden antiseptic liners, which are laid in the side edges of the opening during laying. Each vertical bar of the box is reinforced in two places.

The gap between the box and the masonry of the opening is carefully caulked with tow soaked in gypsum mortar. The lintels of the opening are plastered inside and out. Caulk and plaster, as well as quarters in the opening, are removed by blowing air through the gaps between the masonry and the box.

In modern industrial construction, all elements of filling the window opening are assembled at the factory in the so-called window block, consisting of a common box with hung, primed and glazed covers, equipped with instruments. Such blocks are brought to the construction site in assembled form and are installed with the help of cranes in window openings simultaneously with the laying of walls.

Bindings according to the cross-sectional shape of the strappings are with and without overlap. A surfacing is a protruding edge of the strapping that closes the gap between the binding and the box.

The distance between the outer and inner bindings in accordance with GOST is 130 mm. To seal the windows along the perimeter of the porches of the sashes, gaskets made of polyurethane foam, cellular rubber or half-woolen borehole are placed. The blowing through of overlapping bindings, when they are carefully performed, is much less than that of bindings without overlapping, as a result of which heat losses are reduced. Dare, however, the overlap makes it difficult to control compliance with the thickness of the gap in the porch, and in case of defects in the sealing gasket, it complicates pasting the porches with paper.

On fig. 172, and shows a vertical section of the summer and winter bindings with overlap, installed in a common box.

Economical are twin bindings(Fig. 172.6), in which the outer and inner bindings are brought together to direct contact and form, as it were, one binding with two glasses. In windows that open inwards, the inner binding is hung on the box, and the outer binding is hung on the inner one. Both covers are fastened together with screws or mortise hooks and they are separated only to remove dust and wipe the glass from the inside. The distance between the panes is 47 mm.

To eliminate blowing and to seal the porches, the paired bindings have an overlay and a gasket along the perimeter of the flaps made of foam rubber strips.

Windows with twin sashes give more light, save about 30% of wood, they are 10% cheaper than windows of other designs and 1.5 times lighter in weight. In addition, it is convenient to install such bindings in thin walls (for example, in large-panel thin walls).

At the same time, as operating experience has shown, the use of twin window sashes in buildings worsens the thermal conditions of the premises in the cold season. So, in a 5-storey building, the heat loss of windows with twin sashes when sealing the porches of window sashes with a half-woolen borehole is 25% higher than the heat loss of windows with double separate sashes. In the upper floors, this difference is even higher. Taking this into account, windows with double separate sashes, especially in high-rise buildings, are more reliable in operation due to the space between the panes, which reduces the speed of cold air filtered in the room.

The main window devices include hinges (hinges), window latches and window brackets (handles). Paired bindings are provided with tension devices that pull the bindings to the box when closing. All window appliances are attached to the bindings and boxes with screws.

The method of installing window blocks with twin sashes in large-panel walls is shown in fig. 173. Window blocks can be installed simultaneously with the manufacture of the panel (Fig. 173, a) or after in prefabricated panels (Fig. 173.6). The wooden box is fastened to the panel with anchors with a diameter of 4-5 mm.

If high accuracy in the manufacture of wall panels is ensured, window filling can be arranged without a box (Fig. 173, c). In this case, the binding is attached to steel planks, asbestos-cement or plastic plugs (80x80x100 mm) installed during the panel manufacturing process.

A more economical design compared to twin binders are double-glazed windows installed in single bindings. Double-glazed windows are made up of two glasses with a layer of dry air between them (which eliminates the possibility of condensation); along the contour of the glass are hermetically glued with glass strips between them and framed with a frame made of rubber or plastic.

Plastic window sashes are promising, which are significantly superior to wooden ones: they do not rot, do not dry out and always retain the density of the vestibule. Plus, they don't need to be painted.

Aluminum alloy window frames have great strength, durable and have a beautiful appearance. The design of window sashes made of aluminum alloys is described in § 70 (see Fig. 229).

On fig. 174, a shows the construction of a plastic window frame. The box, sashes, impost are made of fiberglass, and the sashes and impost have hollow profiles with walls 2-3 mm thick. The hollow part of the profile is filled with thermal insulation material, the binding is glazed with double-glazed windows.

New types of filling window openings are fiberglass fencing and wood-aluminum bindings (Fig. 174, b), in which the outer part of the wings is made of aluminum, and the inner carrier is made of wood. This design allows you to increase its strength and durability, as well as -. also improve the appearance.

On fig. 175 shows a cross section of a window opening filled with glass profiles in the form of hollow elements open at the top and vertically placed at the bottom. Elements of glass profiles are installed in the lower and upper trims of steel corners, and the lower ends of the elements are supported by gaskets made of porous rubber. The same gaskets are placed in the seams between adjacent elements and then the seams are filled from the outside with a special mastic.

shop windows can be glazed from the outside and from the inside; exhibited goods are placed between the glasses (Fig. 176, a). The distance between the outer and inner glass is taken from 600 to 1800 mm.

In the upper and lower parts of the outer bindings, holes with a diameter of 25-35 mm are arranged to supply cold air into the space between the glasses, which protects them from fogging and icing. The inner binding is carefully sealed to warm air in winter time did not fall between the panes. Otherwise, the moisture that condenses on the outer glass and comes from the room freezes.

A more perfect design of a showcase with one outer glass (Fig. 176, b), for which, for the purpose of reliable thermal insulation and protection against fogging and icing, it is recommended to use double-glazed windows. For a better view of the exhibited goods, it is advisable to install the outer glass of showcases not vertically, but with a slight forward inclination not exceeding 12-15°. If instead of double-glazed windows, only one outer glass is installed in showcases, then in order to prevent icing, it is blown from the inside with a stream of thermal air in winter, which is heated either in local heating appliances or in special chambers.

Display windows are installed in wooden, reinforced concrete or metal bindings. The latest bindings for shop windows are preferable both for aesthetic reasons (due to their small thickness, they are hardly noticeable) and for durability.

Classification of windows with wooden profiles can be made according to the following criteria:

1. wood species, from which the frame is made, and its preliminary processing (solid massif or glued laminated timber with lamellas different way splices).

2. Availability auxiliary materials (plastic, aluminium).

In addition to profiles made of timber and solid wood, wooden windows also include structures additionally reinforced with aluminum or plastic, which allows increasing the performance and service life of products.

wood-aluminum- the most common type of combined windows, in which the wooden profile from the side of the street is protected by a metal frame, painted to match the main material.

This design increases the service life of products up to 80 years, protects the tree from moisture and insects, and retains all the advantages of wood.

wood-plastic- the essence is the same as that of wood-aluminum windows, only the metal is replaced by PVC. In Russia, this design is not very common and is practically not manufactured.

3. Surface Finish:

• transparent (lacquer),
• translucent (paint),
• covering (veneer).

4. Double glazing formula(1-8 chambers).

5.Door opening mechanism:

• swing-out;
• swing-out;
• fanlight-folding;
• sliding portal;
• blind (not opening) window.

Two types of designs are most widespread: with separate shutters and pair cover and separate shutters/divided cover.

Types of finished structures

1. Russian windows

They are called "Russian" or "Soviet", but this does not change the essence - the design includes a frame made of solid wood and sheet glass. To date, such windows are still made in carpentry workshops, but mass production, due to poor tightness and low thermal insulation qualities, no longer exists.

2. Finnish windows

Modern modification of Soviet-style windows. cardinal difference- the thickness of the box and the double-glazed window in addition to sheet glass. Such windows are much warmer than their predecessors, but are not suitable for the installation of a tilt-and-turn mechanism.

The sashes open only in one plane, ventilation is carried out using a window or transom. They are made from solid wood, less often from a two-layer glued beam.

3. German windows

The design that we used to call "eurowindow". It is characterized by the absence of vents, the main “components” are double-glazed windows and sashes that can open in two planes.

The material for the profile is a three-layer glued beam.

4. Scandinavian (Norwegian, Swedish) windows

Modern modification of the Russian window and European designs. Frames for Scandinavian windows are made of solid wood, mainly coniferous species (pine, larch), but sheet glass is not used in this case - only double-glazed windows. The standard thickness of the frame is 98 mm, the sash is 68 mm. This thickness is achieved due to a special design invented to effectively resist frost.

The window consists of:

• external frame with wooden or aluminum profile and single glazing;
• internal wooden frame with two-chamber glass.

Unlike German windows, Scandinavian ones are mounted not on a sealant, but on a rubber gasket. Double-glazed windows are held in the frame with glazing beads and self-tapping screws. Another feature of this type of window is the condensation prevention system: special molecular sieves are installed that absorb excess moisture, preventing frame deformation.

5. English windows

A characteristic feature of English-style windows is the absence of hinged hinges. To open such a window, it is necessary to raise and fix the frame at the top (not without reason this design is called the “guillotine”). The frames themselves are narrow, with a large number of squares on the binding. The main advantage of such windows is space saving, because when opened, the frame takes up a minimum of space. But if the opening mechanism fails, the risk of injury is high.

6. French windows

Panoramic glazing, which combines the function of a window and a door, and gives maximum light to the room, is possible when installing French-type structures. For such windows, a lifting, folding or portal (parallel-sliding) opening system is used.

The double-glazed window, as in the English window, is divided by binding into square sections. The material for the frames is glued laminated timber.

Windows are the eyes of your home. Without them, in a room, even illuminated by bright artificial light, it would still be uncomfortable. Now almost all modern private and apartment buildings equipped with plastic windows - fortunately, there are plenty of them, and you can always choose the ones that are suitable in shape, number of wings, glasses, opening method and material of manufacture.

Perhaps you can still imagine a house without fashionable furniture or without modern renovation, but it’s hard to imagine without high-quality windows. At the same time, we think about the decoration of walls and ceilings and about changing furniture much more often than about installing new windows. And completely in vain. These elements play an important role in creating a cozy atmosphere. In addition, high-quality windows will help save heat in the house and protect against unwanted encroachment on your property.

You will learn about what types of plastic windows are and what fittings are needed for them in this material.

Varieties of modern plastic windows (with photo)

Today, no one will remember that earlier only wooden windows with ordinary glass were installed in our houses. Houses under construction, on the contrary, are equipped only with PVC windows of one kind or another. Another interesting trend has also emerged: a few years ago, there was an active replacement of wooden windows with plastic ones, and today modern models PVC windows are replacing obsolete plastic windows, which can no longer meet all the requirements of homeowners.

The problem of choosing one or another type of plastic window can be solved by knowing the signs by which PVC is classified. Knowing this is not only useful, but also necessary: ​​this is the only way to do it. optimal choice plastic windows.

Windows can consist of a single sash or multiple sashes. Depending on this, the following types of plastic windows can be distinguished:

• single-leaf windows;
• double-leaf windows;
• tricuspid windows.

PVC windows with one sash are quite logically made to open. A window with two sashes can be of two options: with one opening sash or with two opening sides. But with the third kind, everything is much more complicated. Three-leaf windows are often made with one opening sash for reasons of economy. But it's rather inconvenient. Experts advise spending a little more money and choosing a window with two opening sashes, which will be installed on the sides of the blind sash. Or you can choose the most expensive option - a window with three opening sashes.

These photos show the varieties of plastic windows by the number of wings:

Types of plastic windows by opening method

Depending on the method of opening the sashes, plastic windows are divided into the following types.

A blind (not opening) window.

The presence of such a sash is acceptable only if it is part of a window consisting of several sashes, otherwise access to its outer part will be difficult. However, such windows are also chosen by consumers, since their cost is much lower than that of opening structures. For example, non-opening windows can be seen on the first floors, when the glass can be washed from the street; as one of the sashes of a window overlooking a balcony, etc.

Window with a rotary way of opening.

A sash of this type opens into the room by analogy with conventional wooden models that are equipped with hinges.

As shown in the photo, this type of PVC plastic windows is also equipped with special hinges that allow you to open the sash, wash the glass and ventilate the room:

Fanlight (folding) window.

Such a window opens in a folding way both in the vertical and in the horizontal plane. The shutters can both lean down and open up.

Combined sash opening.

There are models of windows, in the design of which both methods of opening the window are incorporated, and there is also a tilt-and-turn mechanism. This is the most comfortable view plastic windows for the house, but at the same time the most difficult. Such a sash can be opened inward or folded back for simple ventilation of the room. Usually, to open the window, the handle should be turned to a horizontal position, and to ventilate the room and slightly open the sash, it must be turned vertically.

This tilt and turn device is very convenient for ventilation. The window may not open fully; you can leave only a small gap so that the room is created comfortable atmosphere but at the same time there were no drafts.

In order to fix the window in the desired position, a crocodile device or more complex latches can be attached to the frame. Unfortunately, the "crocodile" quite often breaks down with careless handling.

See what types of plastic windows are in these photos:

The number of glasses and the shape of PVC plastic windows

Depending on the number of glasses in a plastic double-glazed window, there are several types of PVC plastic windows:

Single chamber when two panes are provided that are separated by one chamber.

Double chamber when three glasses are provided in the double-glazed window, which are separated by two chambers.

Three-chamber with lots of glass.

The characteristics of plastic windows depend on the number of cameras: the more there are, the warmer it will be. Just a few years ago, in most cases, our houses were equipped with only single-chamber windows, but today the situation has changed: the latest models have more glass.

Plastic windows differ in their shape:

Rectangular (standard windows that are installed in most houses);

Trapezoidal;

triangular;

Arched.

In principle, the shape of modern windows can be any, depending on the wishes of the customer.

At the same time, rectangular windows are the cheapest option. The more requirements are imposed on the shape of PVC windows, the more expensive they are.

In addition to the typologies above, plastic windows can vary in color. Frames can be either traditionally white or colored. The film with which the frames are covered can repeat the pattern of precious woods.

Glasses in frames can also be very different - for example, ordinary or shockproof. Types with high energy-saving characteristics have become a novelty on the market of plastic windows.

The glass in them is covered with a special film, which has the property of reflecting infrared light, thereby not releasing heat from the house to the outside.

These photos show various types of plastic windows for a private house:

Sills and visors of plastic windows

A plastic window is not only a double-glazed window and a frame, but also a whole range of additional elements, without which the window as a whole will not have a finished look and will not last a long time. For example, owners of PVC windows cannot do without such special devices as ebbs and visors, which will drain melt and rain water.

These structures are installed on the outside of the window in its upper and lower parts, so they are invisible to the eyes of the inhabitants of the house. Ebbs and visors are designed not only to drain precipitation, but also to protect the installation seam under the window. If the seam is not closed in time, moisture will damage it, which can lead to the destruction of the wall and the window falling out. Even if you have an expensive PVC window installed without high-quality drainage, it may soon, literally in a couple of years, become unusable.

Ebbs and peaks can be made of plastic, tin, galvanized steel and aluminum. Today, they are practically not made of tin, as it rusts too quickly, and also looks unaesthetic, spoils the facade of the building and lets water through. Drains made of galvanized steel do not have these disadvantages, so now they are the most popular among consumers.

For the manufacture of an ebb or visor for a plastic window, a rolled galvanized sheet 0.55-0.7 mm thick is used, on which protective covering. Polyester-based lacquers can be used to create the coating.

The color palette of the composition can be very diverse. In addition, such a varnish helps to extend the life of the drainage system, as well as to preserve its appearance. An ebb or visor covered with such a composition will not fade in the sun and will be resistant to temperature extremes. Window structures treated with polymer will give the appearance of the whole house a finished look.

After the all-metal sheet is painted, it is cut into pieces and given the desired shape.

A standard window flashing or plastic window visor has the following structure: steel sheet, galvanized coating, anti-corrosion coating, primer, polymer coating and varnish.

As you can see in the photo, the shape and size of the tide and the visor of the plastic window can be very different:

Often they are made according to customer drawings.

The color of the design can be any according to your desire. It can repeat the shade of the entire PVC window or be of a different color. The items are mainly produced in white and brown colors.

It should be noted that ebbs and visors are produced by both domestic and foreign manufacturers.

Those made abroad will cost more, but this does not mean that they have better quality characteristics compared to domestic ones.

Drainage systems manufactured in Russia have a number of key benefits: this is both a low cost (and, consequently, a low final price), and durability, which is ensured through the use of high-quality steel.

Compared to castings made of aluminum and plastic, steel constructions are superior to them in a number of ways:

• resistant to UV radiation;
• look aesthetically pleasing;
• resistant to precipitation (rain, snow) and temperature extremes;
• resistant to corrosion;
• durable;
• resistant to mechanical damage;
• are inexpensive.

It should be noted that plastic sills can also be used for installation on the outside of windows.

Some experts advise choosing plastic structures, as their use will optimally solve the problem of waterproofing. The use of drainage and window made of the same material gives the whole building a more stylish and finished look.

In addition, plastic elements are durable, do not require special care, do not fade under the influence of sunlight, and also increase the sound and heat insulation of PVC windows.

Canopies and flashings are easy to manufacture, but it takes some work to install them correctly.

First, the lower ebb is fixed, then they move to the visor. Silicone sealant must be applied prior to installation. The upper tide is brought into the room by 30 cm and fixed with dowels.

This design will allow the use of drainage maximum amount time.

The next section of the article is devoted to which slopes are better to choose for plastic windows.

What are the types of slopes of plastic windows: the best options and their photos

The installation of modern plastic windows cannot be considered complete if the slopes have not been finished and the canopies and ebbs have not been installed.

Slopes refer to the inside of the window. The need for their installation is due to the fact that PVC windows are smaller in thickness than the wooden structures installed during the construction of the building, therefore, an untreated area 5-30 cm wide is formed on the slopes of the window opening.

To solve this problem, you can use the following methods. For example, do plaster slopes plastic windows that are suitable for finishing any type of room in concrete, block, brick and panel houses.

However, in the latter case, preference should be given to plastic slopes, which have a number of advantages over plaster. These include quick installation and additional thermal insulation between the room and the street. In addition, this finish does not require additional care, does not fade, does not fade or crack over time. The window opening with slopes has a complete and attractive appearance.

Slopes are of several varieties. The best slopes for PVC windows are plastic, this is a new word in installation technology. They appeared on the Russian market in 2005 and are currently considered ideal option when installing plastic windows. Installation is carried out as soon as possible: as a rule, on the same day as the installation of the window.

The window itself and the slopes are made of the same material, so they are an integral part of the efficient design and logically complete it. As a result, the window acquires a modern and attractive appearance. Slopes also act as additional thermal insulation between the room and the street.

The plastic type of slopes for windows has the following advantages:

• high level of insulation, which prevents the penetration of moisture;
• plastic slopes do not need additional finishing, they have a shiny surface, they do not need to be painted, they are easy to clean, dust does not accumulate on them;
• ease of installation.

Their disadvantages include the inconsistency of the color palette with some PVC profiles.

Less popular drywall option slopes for plastic windows, due to the complexity of installation. They are used for plasterboard walls if no finishing work has been carried out inside the room. This material is characterized by rigidity and good thermal insulation properties.

The main advantage of drywall slopes is the low heat absorption coefficient, so they are warm to the touch. The disadvantages include instability to moisture and the need for periodic repairs and painting. In addition, a layer of air sometimes remains between the wall and the structure. If moisture gets in, it can cause slope distortion and staining.

Installation of plastic slopes is carried out immediately after installing the window. Before installing the plastic panel, it is necessary to align the window opening with a level and a wooden rail that is attached to the wall. This allows you to get perfectly smooth plastic slopes and right angles.

Pay attention to the photo - when installing the slopes of plastic windows, the joints are treated with silicone sealant, which provides reliable insulation:

The joints are almost invisible. After the installation work is completed, the window opening is sealed, durable, well-insulated and aesthetically pleasing.

Modern PVC windows cannot be imagined without high-quality slopes.

When choosing a material for panels, you should pay attention not to their cost, but to the quality and reliability of the material used: after all, windows should serve you for many years.

In the next section of the article, you will learn which window sill to choose for a plastic window.

Which window sill to choose for a plastic window: the best views (with photo)

Currently, the construction market has a wide range of building materials for every taste. Therefore, it will not be difficult to find the necessary window sill for a plastic window, whether it is made of plastic, stone or wood.

When studying information about which window sills for plastic windows are best, keep in mind that plastic is the most common and economical option. At the same time, manufacturers offer various plastic window sills, which differ significantly from each other in price and quality.

The purchase of the cheapest plastic does not give any guarantee that the window sill will last as long as the window itself. At best, it will last several years.

More reliable and expensive is the type of window sills for plastic windows made of chipboard. They have a dense structure, which is created by a combination of natural wood fibers and synthetic resins.

Window sills are also on sale. artificial stone. However, in Russia, due to the cold climate, they are not widely used.

The owners of houses and apartments prefer to use warmer and more pleasant materials, so rooms with stone window sills under plastic windows are quite rare. Despite the wide range of different materials, wood remains the most popular.

First of all, the window sill plays an important role in terms of functionality: it is convenient to put flowers or any other objects on it, given that the width of the plastic windows allows this.

As you can see in the photo, the window sill under the plastic window is important element decor in the room and the final stage of installation window construction:

In order for the window sill to harmoniously fit into the surrounding interior, it must be made of the same material as the window. Thus, for a plastic window, it is best suitable plastic windowsill.

Mosquito nets for plastic windows

When ordering plastic windows, it is very important to take care of high-quality and modern mosquito nets. They serve as protection against the penetration of flying insects into the room, and in the spring and summer - poplar fluff. The mosquito net can be easily removed for the winter and put away for storage. It is made from a material called fiberglass. It consists of fiberglass, sealed in a polymer. The mesh is securely fastened with a rubber cord in an aluminum frame connected with plastic corners.

It is installed on the outside of the plastic window on special fasteners. Today you can order a mosquito net for any opening.

Mosquito nets are also placed on the balcony doors; at the same time, they are attached to the door frame with side hinges and are fixed with a magnetic latch with reverse side. Despite the ease of use, they are short-lived and begin to sag 3-4 years after installation. This is due to insufficient rigidity of the joints between the thin aluminum frame and plastic corners.

In the design of the latest mosquito nets, there is a horizontal cross bar, which provides the necessary mesh tension and frame rigidity. Its absence reduces the service life of the product, while increasing the likelihood of breakage.

Grey colour mosquito net provides good visibility and does not change over time. It is quite easy to care for the mesh: you just need to periodically wipe it with a damp cloth.

These photos show plastic windows with window sills and a stretched mosquito net:

The final sections of the article are devoted to what fittings are best suited for plastic windows, and how to care for them.

What is the fittings for plastic windows: the best views and their photos

Plastic window fittings include various mechanisms and parts designed to open and close it.

Depending on the method of opening the sashes, fittings for plastic windows are divided into several types.

Swivel fittings, equipped with a vertical suspension, make it possible to rotate the sash in only one direction relative to the vertical axis. This method is the simplest: the window opens and closes strictly vertically.

With the help of tilt-and-turn fittings, the sash rotates around a vertical axis; in addition, it can be tilted.

This opening mechanism is the most popular, as it provides additional features: for example, to perform micro-ventilation.

By changing the position of the handle, you can effortlessly open the window in the desired direction.

Due to the swivel fittings with horizontal suspension, the window can be rotated 180° relative to the horizontal axis. This fitting is installed on windows with different geometry and weight - for example, on elliptical and round structures. This mechanism is often used in skylights.

Sliding fittings are used for glazing balconies and loggias. Special locking handles fix the window in the closed position. The kit includes hook hooks that also help hold the window.

Knowing what kind of fittings for plastic windows are, in addition to the standard set of elements, you can purchase special parts that perform additional functions. For example, a tilt-and-turn limiter helps to open the sash and fix it at a given angle. This ensures ventilation in four positions.

If you often ventilate the room and want to avoid drafts, then you will need a slot ventilator.

The latch does not allow the sash to slam and swing open with a strong gust of wind.

If the family has small children, then you should purchase a handle with a key or a “children's” lock. Folding scissors, which are attached to the bottom of the sash, will save it from sagging. Will be a wonderful decoration for the window decorative overlays and multi-colored caps that are put on the fittings.

High competition in the fittings market encourages manufacturers to improve their product. For example, specifically for the Russian consumer was developed the new kind accessories. It is made from high-quality materials and does not require complex maintenance. When installing window handles, no screws are needed. Also, hinges are not visible on such a window, and the sash opens at an angle of up to 100 °.

The latest developments also include a new line of fittings, which are distinguished by high reliability and smooth opening of the window. Its main advantage is the protection of the window structure from the weather. By default, the window package includes a micro-ventilation mechanism, as well as a closer that makes it easier to pull the sash. The best accessories for plastic windows exclude blowing and penetration of street noise into the room.

The novelties also include tilt-sliding fittings, which are used in the production of windows up to 2.7 m high, when it is necessary to glaze the wall from floor to ceiling. It allows you to easily tilt and move windows made of wood or PVC weighing up to 160 kg. This type of fittings is also used for narrow profile systems, with the help of which the maximum penetration of light into the room is ensured.

These photos show modern fittings for plastic windows:

Proper care of plastic window fittings

In order for the fittings to last as long as possible, you should choose products from well-known manufacturers. The quality of their products is confirmed by certificates. Cheap fittings of unknown origin can quickly break down. As a result, you will spend time and money replacing parts and mechanisms.

Quality products contain power metal elements. They are able to withstand the excess of the specified weight of the structure.

Once a year, for proper care of plastic windows, the moving parts of the fittings are treated with machine oil or special tool for PVC windows.

All operations with the handle are carried out with the sash closed. During repairs, the fittings must be protected from the ingress of glue, paint, sealant, etc.

The cost of a window is influenced by many factors, including the selected fittings. Its price depends on the country of manufacture, the availability of additional elements and the method of opening the window.

Additional elements (protection against sagging of the sash, various modes of micro-ventilation, blocking the erroneous turn of the handle, etc.) lead to an increase in the number of parts in the kit, which affects the total cost.

The method of opening it has a similar effect on it.

The more working positions the sash has, the more various elements will be required.

Pay attention to the appearance of the elements. There must be no rust, scratches, stains, etc. on the products.

All moving parts must be lubricated (grease is always visible).

The decision was made to install a plastic window. Types of windows - what are they? The best ones are the ones that suit your home.

First stage

First you need to choose the form how the window will be located, view the types of windows, and only then make a decision. They should be chosen in proportion to the room: there should be enough light in the room, but if the opening is too large, the feeling of comfort is lost. is a necessary element that is tightly connected to a brick or other wall. The sashes in the product are a movable part, which, depending on which fittings are used, can lean or open different ways. There are sashes that, when opened, rotate around their axis vertically or horizontally. Fasten the double-glazed window with the help of glazing beads in them.

Plastic window: types of windows by frames and sashes

They are one-, two- or three-leaf, differ in the number of chambers in the double-glazed window. In terms of their functionality, such models are close to ordinary wooden windows. These options are ideal for those people who prefer to install inexpensive, but quite practical products in their home. A traditional window will do here. These types of windows are ordinary rectangular structures that open inward. A small minus that is inherent in standard plastic double-glazed windows with rotary shutters is that ventilation in winter is quite problematic, since cold air enters with a rather strong flow when the window is open.

Deaf types of plastic windows are good for everyone: durable, reliable, plus inexpensive. These are windows with fixed, locked sashes. In addition to these elements in the product, the frame itself can hold the glass. The disadvantage of such window boxes is the impossibility of opening. This model is recommended to be installed with a decorative purpose: it will add space and light to the room. A blank design is quite acceptable in a space that is equipped with sufficient ventilation: in cafes, restaurants, gyms and other similar establishments.

And finally, tilt-and-turn windows - the types of windows of this design are the most popular and in demand. In the summer heat, the sash can be easily opened completely, and in cold weather it is enough to open it for ventilation in a horizontal position. upper part window. It is very convenient to use this function in inclement weather, especially if the layout of the apartment contributes to the formation of drafts. The folding position eliminates the possibility of their occurrence and helps to avoid the risk of damage to the structure if the window suddenly slams shut.

Swivel plastic windows can be opened only in one direction, which is not always convenient. Hinged products can only be opened from the top, so they are great for stairwells, basements, and other spaces where casement windows can be a hazard, not just a nuisance. They rightfully got a leading position due to the fact that they can turn and recline.

Profiles

Today manufacturers plastic products a fairly extensive range of PVC window profiles is offered, from which a plastic window will then be assembled. When choosing a profile that will be used in the manufacture, one should focus on their functional purpose. When producing plastic windows, different types of profile are also used.

Three-chamber PVC profiles, belonging to the economy class, and aluminum structures are perfect for glazing balconies and loggias. Four- and are used for glazing in regions with a harsh cold climate and in houses that are located near railway or a noisy motorway.

Outcome

Double-glazed windows perfectly perform their functions, being responsible for:

• heat and sound insulation;
• illumination.

They are reliable and safe. Their characteristics directly depend on the quality, so the choice of plastic windows should be given special attention, then it will be possible to hope for their long operation.

The window is a very important and integral part of our home. What does it represent? First of all, this is the appearance of the house, its comfort, warmth, silence and tranquility. Can all windows provide your life with the above qualities?

Surely not all. And, probably, you have been thinking about changing windows for a long time, but you just get lost in all the variety that the modern market is saturated with.

What types of window frames are most in demand? We will try to understand this issue and help you choose the best option for your home.

Tightness, ergonomics, attractiveness

With the help of plastic windows, you can realize any idea of ​​​​the designer.

So, let's start with the fact that all modern windows from the outside look very simple, ergonomic and at the same time attractive.

Beautiful appearance is organically combined with ease of use. However, the internal construction of the window itself is quite complex.

It consists of a sealed double-glazed window installed in the sash, and the sash is attached to the window frame.

A double-glazed window is a non-separable structure consisting of two, three or four glasses, which are tightly sealed at the seams.

Since temperature fluctuations can provoke the appearance of condensate, a special tape containing silica gel granules is laid inside the double-glazed window along the contour. This helps to dry and defuse the air between the panes.

Due to the tightness of the double-glazed window, the window is protected from dust, insects, moisture and, most importantly, due to this, its thermal insulation properties increase.

A sealed double-glazed window with a special energy-saving film transmits less air (and, accordingly, heat) from the apartment to the street and reduces heat loss by almost 8 times. Plus, these windows help save on heating.

If you do not want curious passers-by to constantly look into your windows, the best option would be a double-glazed window with a special film (color or mirror).

However, with such windows, the room will need additional lighting.

It is also possible with the help of additional protective films to strengthen the strength of the double-glazed window. This will protect the house from hooligan tricks or even (if necessary) from a bullet.

The degree of impact resistance will depend on the manufacturing technology. For example, the usual "triplex" will protect the glass from shattering into fragments, and the most durable - from a bullet.

In addition, glass can be selected and tinted under blue, bronze or green color depending on where it will be installed.

After that, you can even give the glass a heterogeneity, which is very convenient when using it in the bathrooms of cottages or as a partition between rooms.

Additional decor will be given by layouts (made of gold, silver or white aluminum) inside the double-glazed window and false bindings on the glass outside.

Wooden windows and doors

In addition to double-glazed windows, window systems naturally require a profile - glass and frames. This is where the glass pane will be attached.

Profiles can be made from:

• Tree;
• aluminum;
• combinations of these materials.

The material used determines the cost of the window as a whole, as well as the period of its manufacture. For quality finished product hardware affects - a set of components and mechanisms that open / close windows and ensure a snug fit of the sash.

It is the fittings that provide ease of use, reliability of the entire structure and anti-burglary protection.

Wooden windows - modernity and functionality

We have been accustomed to wooden windows since childhood. This natural material pleases the eye, fits perfectly into the interior and is highly environmentally friendly.

Now there are wood processing options that help to achieve excellent window functionality. Wooden windows fall into two categories:

• Windows made of solid timber (very environmentally friendly, have an acceptable cost, but can be deformed under the influence of moisture);
• Glued laminated timber windows (highly stable due to good material preparation).

Making a wooden profile is a rather complicated process. During the production process, the wood must have a certain moisture content. It is pre-dried and then primed. The strength of the structure is achieved due to the multi-layer (up to three layers of timber).

To prevent the window from becoming covered with fungus and mold, it is treated with an antiseptic and covered with three layers of paint. Modern wooden windows are very durable and well resist the effects of natural factors.

Currently, three series of wooden windows are being produced, which are distinguished by the refinement of forms and various possibilities.

For example, the Serrabitto model is sheathed in copper or steel, sometimes painted with aluminum. This avoids additional care for the outside of the window. This profile has excellent sound insulation.

The composition of elite window frames includes high-quality wood species: miranti, larch, pine.

Plastic windows are a worthy alternative to modern wooden windows.

original window handle

PVC windows do not let in cold air, are unpretentious in operation, and the biggest plus is that they are now available to almost everyone.

Let's look at the design of PVC window systems. In their profile, everything is thought out to the smallest detail. They are made of high quality and durable PVC.

Metal reinforcement is placed inside the profile for strength. The modern production of plastic windows is different in that the configuration of windows can be any, depending on the architecture of the building. Even in old buildings it is possible to install antique windows.

The indisputable advantage of PVC windows is that they are not subject to corrosion, well resist atmospheric influences, are absolutely harmless (according to manufacturers) and unpretentious.

Inside the profile there are jumpers that form various compartments for forced air exchange. Such qualities as sound insulation, thermal insulation, tightness and durability depend on extruders - plastic shirts, from which the profile is produced.

The birthplace of plastic windows is Germany. From there, we are supplied with the main volume of profiles.

Different companies can offer additional "tuning" for the window: lamination with special films of the main profile to change the color, matte or glossy sheen, double counter-sealing. You can even order the color of the profile, which will already be painted with special paints at the factory.

aluminum windows

This group of windows is perhaps the most unpopular on the window construction market. Such profiles are used rather for loggias, winter gardens and facades.

Aluminum is a stronger material than PVC or wood. At the same time, it has a greater indicator of flexibility, which means that windows of the most complex configuration can be made from it.

However, among the pluses there are some minuses. These include: susceptibility to anodic oxidation and the coldness of the metal (this does not quite correspond to our ideas about home comfort).

But modern production has found a way out and now there are two directions on the market: cold and warm profile. In a cold profile, there is no special chamber, which is called an isothermal insert.

This profile is very light and at the same time durable, but it does not have high thermal insulation performance. Such profiles are unreasonable to use in residential areas. They are rather used for stained-glass windows, visors, shop windows, etc.

Types of window frames

"Warm" profiles are more often used in residential areas.

In such structures, a special thermal bridge is installed. It retains heat well and does not let noise through.

Outwardly, it practically does not differ from a plastic window. Aluminum profile not covered with foil. It is painted with a special powder paint.

Combined window options

The most optimal option at present is to combine different profiles, since modern production technologies allow this. What is a combined profile?

This is a profile consisting of aluminum, wood and plastic. As you can see, all possible materials are combined.

Double-glazed windows of combined types of windows

It looks like this: the outer component of the window structure is made of aluminum, the inner one is made of wood or plastic. However, some firms produce structures with a more complex combination of materials.

In such window models, the outer part is made of aluminum (white or brown), the inner part of the profile is made of wood (for example, oak) and both these parts are connected with a hollow plastic thermal bridge.

How to care for plastic windows?

Caring for plastic windows is not difficult

It was already mentioned earlier that plastic windows are very unpretentious and do not require expensive detergents or additional care.

The main thing to remember is to lubricate the fittings and moving mechanisms. After you have windows installed, remove all building residue(cement, whitewash), otherwise these substances will cause damage.

When washing windows, it is advisable to use mild detergents without abrasive particles, so as not to damage the surface of the profile. Do not use aggressive agents, including solvents. This will also damage the profile and seal.

It is recommended to clean the frame with a simple soap solution if it is not possible to purchase a detergent without solvents, acetone and abrasives. The chemical composition of PVC windows is unstable to acid solutions.