Materials for sewerage in a private house. Construction and installation of sewerage in a private house with your own hands. Do-it-yourself construction of an autonomous sewer system in a private house

Country cottage it is not always possible to join the village sewer system. But fortunately now there are various septic tanks for installation within your own estate. You can always install one of the options yourself and connect pipes from your home plumbing to it. Just how to make a sewer system in a private house so that it serves correctly and efficiently for many years. There are few rules for the design and installation of such autonomous drainage systems, but they all must be followed.

Types of sewer systems in private homes

External street part of the sewer system country house can be arranged in the form:

• sealed storage tank;
• septic tank (with one or several chambers);
• septic tank with infiltrator;
• biological stations with aerobic treatment.

Plus, there are also cesspools, but they should only be used in dachas with small volumes of wastewater. To install a sewer system in a cottage with permanent residence of two or three people, you should choose only a full-fledged septic tank. Moreover, in some cases, the ideal choice would be a simple storage tank, and in others, a cleaning station with aerobic microorganisms.

Before buying this or that model, you need to weigh everything carefully. What is important here is the number of people living in the house, the amount of wastewater in cubic meters per day, and the characteristics of the soil in the local area.

Storage tank, sealed container

It is customary to choose a storage tank when the groundwater level (GWL) is high. This sealed container is not afraid of rain and floods; sewage will come out of it only in extreme situations. It is best to make such a drive from concrete rings or an iron tank. It comes out inexpensively and quickly. The only drawback of this sewerage option is the constant expense of calling a sewer truck every two to three weeks to pump out wastewater.

Installation of a sewer storage tank

Single chamber septic tank

A single-chamber septic tank is a slightly improved classic cesspool in the form of a well with a drainage bottom. The purification of wastewater in it occurs due to the passage of water from the internal sewerage system of a private house through several layers of crushed stone and sand. There is no need to call a vacuum cleaner here, but you will have to clean and rinse the crushed stone-sand drainage twice a year. This option is inexpensive to do, but it can only cope with a small volume of wastewater (suitable only for families of a couple of people).

What is the difference between a single-chamber and a two-chamber septic tank?

Two-chamber septic tank with overflow settling wells

A septic tank with two or three chambers is a structure of several overflow wells. The first (and the second for sediment, if any) is made airtight, and the latter, on the contrary, comes with drainage at the bottom. Such a sewer system is capable of purifying fairly large volumes of wastewater from a private home and does not require special attention. However, if the groundwater is located high, then such a septic structure will have to be abandoned.

Construction of a two-chamber septic tank

Septic tank with filtration field

If the water level is high and the cottage is large, then to clean the sewer drains you can install a septic tank with a filtration field or infiltrator. In this case, water drainage into the soil also occurs through a sand and gravel filter. However, here it is located not at the bottom of a narrow vertical well, but on a “field” located further away from the foundation of the house in the form drainage pipes or a large-area infiltration structure.

Filtration field design options

Septic tank with biofilter

An anaerobic septic tank with a biofilter will cost more than the options listed above. However, it is more efficient and productive. Plus, after purification, the water can be used to water the garden or wash the car. Such a station is made at a factory from plastic or fiberglass and is divided into compartments inside. The wastewater gradually flows through several chambers, one of which contains special organic-eating bacteria. The result is 90–95% purified water at the outlet.

Construction of a septic tank with a biofilter

Septic tank with forced air supply

An aerobic septic tank (active biotreatment station) is the maximum in productivity and efficiency that is available among autonomous sewage systems for a private home. Wastewater purification here is carried out by aerobe microorganisms that need constant oxygen supply. This is done using an electric pump; such a septic tank is energy dependent. But the rate at which bacteria “eat” organic matter is high, and the degree of purification fluctuates around 98–99%. A serious disadvantage is the high cost of the station.

Design and principle of operation of a septic tank with forced ventilation

How to choose a sewer system for your home

For country house For temporary residence, a cesspool, a small storage tank or a single-chamber septic tank with soil drainage will suffice. But for a private house in which a large family constantly lives, a more powerful treatment plant is required. The best choice here would be an aerobic or anaerobic station.

Pad

Regardless of the option chosen, installation of the external part of the local sewer system can almost always be done independently. It is enough to dig a hole, and then install a ready-made septic tank inside or build it there from brick or concrete.

Where to start

It is most correct to calculate and think about how to make a sewer system in your cottage not even during the construction of a home, but even at the stage of its design. It is necessary to provide technological openings for pipes in the floors, walls and foundation of the building in advance. It is much more difficult to do this in an already built house. Here, like replacing electrical wiring or installing a ventilation system, it is better to calculate and recalculate everything in advance.

A simple diagram of a septic tank in a private house

How to calculate the volume of a septic tank

The internal volume of a septic tank is calculated based on the number of plumbing fixtures and the amount of their actual waste. But to simplify the sewage system in a private house, it is customary to plan based on 150–200 l/day of wastewater for each person permanently residing in it.

Laying depth

If a septic tank for sewerage installation is chosen with soil drainage, then it must be taken as far away from the cottage as possible. Otherwise, moisture escaping into the soil will negatively affect its foundation. At a minimum, this distance should be 5 m, but in this case it is better to increase it to 8–10 m.

But if a sealed container or biological station is chosen, then the rules for installing sewerage allow them to be located closer than five meters from the building. At the same time, the digging depth of the treatment plant and sewer pipes from the building must be such that they do not freeze in winter.

System design

Designing internal sewerage in the cottage itself is also quite simple. Difficulties can arise only if the house is built on several floors and with a lot of plumbing. For ordinary low-rise housing of 100–150 square meters, everything can be designed independently. It's no more difficult than choosing an emergency gas generator. You just need to comply with the relevant building codes.

Tilt angle rules

All horizontal sections of sewerage in a private house should be made at a slope of three (for pipes D = 50 mm) and two degrees (for D = 110 mm) in the direction of movement of the drains. It is no longer possible to tilt the pipelines, as water will flow through them too quickly, leaving feces and solid waste inside. And with a lower slope, sewage, on the contrary, will stagnate in the outlets, not reaching the central riser.

Internal piping

The internal sewage system consists of:

• horizontal outlet (pipes to the septic tank);
• vertical riser with a ventilation hole at the top;
• horizontal bends to each plumbing fixture.

To lay the outlet, riser and branch from it to the toilet, you should choose pipes with a diameter of 100–120 mm; for other sections, 40–50 mm will be sufficient. The easiest way is to make sewer pipelines from plastic products, connected into a socket with a rubber cuff for tightness.

Installation of sewer pipes in the house

Riser installation

The branches are connected to the vertical pipe using tees, and it is turned to the outlet using an elbow with a smooth bend. In general, the installation of sewerage in a private house begins with the installation of a riser, assembled from the bottom up and strictly vertically. It is attached to the wall with clamps with a distance between fasteners of a maximum of 2 meters. To carry it through interfloor ceilings metal sleeves are used a couple of centimeters wider than the pipeline itself.

Sewage in the house must be collected and directed to the central sewer system or to.

This task is performed by a system of pipelines inside and outside the house - internal and external sewerage.

How to properly lay sewer pipes in a private house

The sewer diagram shows two vertical pipes, crossing the house from the base to the roof - these are sewer risers, which collect wastewater from nearby sanitary fixtures.

Drains from sanitary fixtures move by gravity to sewer risers, and from there to horizontal sewer pipes and then to the outlet external sewerage.

Features of the movement of wastewater through sewer pipes

When developing a sewerage scheme, consider the following.

When water is discharged in one burst through the toilet, a portion of water fills the entire, or almost all, section of the sewer pipe, moving along the pipe and acts like a piston. Behind the flow of water in the pipe a vacuum is created, which, if there is no ventilation, sucks water from the siphons of sanitary fixtures connected to the pipe behind the flow.

A pressure is created ahead of the water flow, which pushes water out of the siphons of sanitary fixtures connected ahead along the flow.

The effect of increasing pressure in the pipe is usually less noticeable because the sewer pipe at the front end usually has an open outlet. Vacuum in the pipes due to improper sewage system in the house often leads to the suction of water from the siphons of sanitary appliances and the appearance of an odor in the house.

Similar processes in sewer pipes can occur:

• When emptying the bathtub or draining water from the washing machine under the pressure created by the pump.
• In very long pipes there are connections from sanitary fixtures to the riser.
• If there is a large difference in height between the beginning and end of the supply pipe.

Rules for laying sewerage in the house

When developing a sewerage scheme for a private house, the following rules are observed:

1. The toilet must have a separate connection to the riser. No other sanitary fixtures should be connected to the pipe between the toilet and the riser. Failure to comply with this rule can lead to the fact that when flushing the toilet, water will be sucked out of the siphons of other sanitary appliances along the full cross-section of the pipe.

2. The connection of other sanitary fixtures to the riser on the floor should not be lower than the connection point of the toilet. Otherwise, when flushing the toilet, wastewater may appear in the drain hole of neighboring appliances.

Other sanitary fixtures, except the toilet, may have one common supply pipe to the riser.

3. When choosing the diameter of the pipes, they are guided by the rule - the diameter of the supply pipe to the riser should not be less than the diameter of the drain pipe of the sanitary fixture. If several devices are connected to one supply pipe, then the diameter of the pipe is taken according to the largest cross-section of the pipe of the connected devices.

The diameter of the riser pipe should not be less than the diameter of the toilet drain pipe - 100 mm.; or 50 mm.- for a riser without a toilet.

4. The length of the supply pipe to the riser from the toilet should be no more than 1 m. The length of pipes for connections from other sanitary fixtures is no more than 3 m. For longer lines (up to 5 meters), it is necessary to increase the pipe diameter to 70-75 mm. Eyeliners longer than 5 m made from pipes with a diameter of 100-110 mm. There is no need to increase the diameter of the supply pipes if the upper ends of the supply lines are ventilated using an aeration vacuum valve or by connecting the supply line to the ventilation pipe of the riser. The length of the toilet line can be increased provided that the end connected to the toilet is ventilated.

5. The slope of the pipes for effective self-cleaning should be within 2 - 15% (2 - 15 cm. per meter of length). The height difference between the beginning and end of the supply line to the toilet should not exceed 1 m. For other eyeliners - no more than 3 m. If the height difference is greater, then ventilation of the upper end of the liner is necessary.

6. Installation of corner fittings with an angle of 90 degrees should be avoided at pipe bends. The angles of rotation and connection of pipes must be formed smoothly, from standard parts with an angle of 135 degrees along the flow of liquid.

7. Sewer pipes are laid with a socket in the direction opposite to the flow.

8. Be sure to ventilate the risers. To do this, the riser pipes are brought up, at least 0.5 m. above the roof surface. Lack of ventilation leads to the appearance of vacuum in the pipes when draining water, emptying of siphons of sanitary appliances and the appearance of a sewer smell in the house and on the site. The ventilation of the sewer riser should not be connected to the channels natural ventilation premises.

9. To ventilate risers and connections, in the cases indicated above, an aeration vacuum valve is installed at the upper end of the room. The aeration valve allows air only into the pipe, but does not release gases outside. The operation of the valve prevents the occurrence of vacuum in the pipe, which leads to the emptying of siphons of sanitary appliances. If an aeration valve is installed, such a riser does not need to be ventilated. But ventilation of at least one riser in the house should be done.

10. It is necessary to provide sound insulation of sewer risers. To do this, it is better to place the risers in wall niches, cover them with a layer of mineral wool, and cover the niches with plasterboard.

11. The riser pipe at the ceiling level is fixed rigidly. On the floor, between the floors, the pipes are connected and secured in such a way as to ensure movement during temperature deformations. On the lower floor of the house, in an accessible place, a hatch is installed in the riser - an inspection.

12. Horizontal pipes connecting the risers and the outlet of the external sewerage system are laid in the basement of the house along the walls, in the ground under the floor. Every 15 m. and at each turn an inspection hatch is installed in the pipes.

13. The diameter of the horizontal pipes must be no less than the diameter of the riser pipes. The angles of rotation and connection of pipes are made at an angle of no more than 60 degrees. Pipes laid in the unheated part of the house are insulated.

It's dangerous to do this! A horizontal groove in the wall for sewer pipes reduces the strength of the walls. The possibility of installing a horizontal groove in the wall must be confirmed by the designer's calculations.

A device for laying sewer pipes in a vertical niche in the wall, to the entire height of the floor, or in a horizontal groove, leads to a weakening of the strength of the wall. You should not make niches and grooves anywhere, at your own peril and risk. Niches and grooves with a depth of more than 3 cm. for laying communications in the walls must be provided for in the house design.

It is allowed, without agreement with the designer, to install vertical grooves in the lower part of the wall to a height of no more than 1/3 of the floor height.

External sewer outlet

Sewer outlet - an external section of pipe from the house, connected to the well of the central sewerage system of the village (if there is one), or to a drainless storage septic tank for removal of wastewater by a sewage disposal machine, or to the septic tank of local treatment facilities on the site.

It is recommended to install an inspection well on the exhaust pipe outside, directly next to the house. In a well, it is recommended to install in a pipe check valve. The valve will prevent flooding of the underground part of the building (for example, when a septic tank overflows) and prevent rodents from entering the house through sewer pipes.

The external pipe at the exit from the inspection well is connected to the central sewerage system or to the septic tank of an autonomous sewerage system of a private house.

The outer pipe to the septic tank is laid with a slope of 2.5 - 3%, at a depth of about 0.4 m. If the release length is more than 5 m., then the pipe along its entire length is insulated with a shell made of polystyrene foam or extruded polystyrene foam.

The outlet pipe should not be buried- otherwise, this will lead to the need to install a septic tank at great depth, which will cost more and complicate the operation of the septic tank.

Siphon in the sewer

The drain pipe of each sanitary fixture is connected to the supply pipe through a siphon. The siphon is a U-shaped elbow, in the lower part of which there is always a layer of drained liquid.

Some sanitary fixtures, such as toilets, have a built-in siphon. The layer of water in the siphon serves as a barrier for gases, preventing them from escaping from the sewer pipe into the room.

The siphon of a sanitary fixture may not be filled with water and allow gases to enter the room in the following cases:

1. If the sanitary appliance is not used for a long time, the water in the siphon dries out. During periods of inactivity (more than two weeks), it is recommended to close the drain holes of sanitary appliances.
2. When water is sucked out of a siphon as a result of the vacuum created in the pipes. The risk of water being sucked out of siphons increases with increasing length and decreasing diameter of the supply pipe, as well as in the absence of ventilation of risers and long supply pipes.

Sewage pumps with grinder for home

Effluent moves in sewer pipes by gravity, due to the laying of pipes with a slope.

However, situations sometimes arise in the house when it is difficult to create the necessary slope of pipes from sanitary fixtures. For example, if sanitary room installed in the basement of the house. Or it is necessary to move the drains a considerable distance (from the bathhouse), but it is not possible to create the required slope of the pipes.

A fecal pump with a grinder is attached to the toilet. The pump also takes wastewater from the washbasin.

To receive and forcefully move wastewater, special electric sewage pumps are installed. The fecal pump has a device for grinding the contents of wastewater and pumping it into higher-lying pipes of the sewer system.

A pump for forced movement of wastewater is installed after each sanitary fixture or for pumping wastewater from a group of closely located sanitary fixtures.

A fecal pump can lift wastewater to a height of up to 10 meters and move it several tens of meters.

Air flow into sewer pipes for ventilation occurs through the open end of the pipe in the septic tank or the receiving well of the central sewer. The outlet of the sewer pipe through which wastewater flows from the house to the septic tank, should always be above the level of wastewater in it.

About the processes that occur when wastewater moves through sewer pipes, about the design and correct use of an aeration valve watch this video:

Sewage options - drainage of wastewater from a private home

What to do with wastewater in a private house if there is no central sewerage system nearby?!

There are two sewer options- drainage of wastewater from a private house:

1. Discharge water into a drainless storage septic tank (reservoir, cesspool) with periodic, as it fills, pumping and removal of wastewater by a sewage truck to the treatment plant of the nearest populated area.
2. Construction of local treatment facilities on the site and discharge of purified water into the natural environment - into the ground or onto the terrain.

The first method ensures the minimum construction cost sewerage, but the annual operating costs (removal of wastewater) can be significant.

The sewerage option with local treatment facilities is more expensive to construct, but can provide lower ongoing costs for maintaining the system.

Methods for cleaning sewer drains from a private home

Local wastewater treatment plants use a biological method to remove contaminants from wastewater. Wastewater treatment is carried out by microorganisms capable of decomposing organic pollutants. The main task of biological treatment is to remove organic substances from wastewater. Biochemical reactions occurring during biological treatment are partially removed from wastewater and many chemical elements, reducing their concentration in wastewater.

Distinguish anaerobic(bacteria without oxygen access) and aerobic(bacteria in the presence of oxygen) biological treatment processes.

Two types of local sewage treatment facilities for a private home

To treat wastewater from a private home, use:

1. Anaerobic septic tanks, supplemented by ground treatment facilities with filter drainage through the soil layer. In soil filters, the process of post-treatment of wastewater occurs using aerobic bacteria.
2. Active septic tanks- treatment devices in which the process of intensive biological wastewater treatment using aerobic bacteria is established. Treated wastewater from an active septic tank is usually discharged into the ground or onto the terrain.

The first option, anaerobic septic tank with wastewater drainage into the ground, as a rule, cheaper to set up and operate. Here, in treatment facilities, conditions close to natural are created for the life of microorganisms. A simple device ensures long-term and reliable operation of the sewer system.

The second option with an active septic tank- more expensive and difficult to operate. An active septic tank is a high-tech factory-made apparatus in which artificial conditions for the vital activity of aerobic microorganisms, which can significantly speed up the cleaning process.

Sewage of a private house with an active septic tank provides the highest degree of wastewater treatment. Treated wastewater from an active septic tank is directed into the ground through drainage system. If the soils on the site are impermeable, wastewater is discharged onto the terrain, into a ditch.

An active septic tank requires connection to the electrical network, does not tolerate long interruptions in the supply of wastewater, is sensitive to power outages, and requires constant monitoring of operation, as well as timely repair and maintenance.

Advantages - small dimensions, quick installation, independence from soil conditions on the site. For an economy-class house, it makes sense to use an active septic tank when there is not enough space on the site to accommodate ground filter drainage or when the groundwater level is high.

Cleaning sewer drains from a private house in an active septic tank Topas

The autonomous sewage system Topas is an effective and rational solution for the private sector, country and country estates, where there is a connection to central system sewerage is impossible. Many consumers have already appreciated the presented system and characterize it from the best side, but what is it?

The Topas septic tank is a system for accumulating and treating wastewater, as a result of which the purest technical water is brought to the surface. The range of such devices is very wide - each buyer can choose the optimal product that can serve as a separate private house, and a small cottage village.

The essence of autonomous sewage system Topas

In the production of Topas septic tanks, foamed polypropylene is used; additionally, storage chambers are equipped with stiffeners. This production technology makes it possible to achieve following parameters devices:

• High strength characteristics.
• Installation of the system in any weather conditions.
• The system works even in winter.
• Independence of soil type and groundwater level.

Let's note some advantages autonomous sewerage:

• high level of water purification;
• there is no need to develop additional aeration areas;
• long service life;
• compact size, which allows you to install a septic tank in a minimum space;
• environmental friendliness;
• ease of maintenance with a minimum of labor and financial costs and does not require calling out special equipment;
• secondary processing products can be used as fertilizer, and purified water for watering plantings;
• no foreign odors or noise;
• absolute tightness of the structure.

It is worth noting cons of the system, although it’s hard to call it a disadvantage:

• dependence on electricity;
• high cost of the product, but over time the costs will pay off;
• For installation, you will need to call a team of specialists, although independent installation is possible.

The principle of operation of an active septic tank

The operating principle of an autonomous sewage system can be divided into several stages:

1. Wastewater enters the receiving chamber, where it is purified from impurities and heavy contaminants. The filling level of the chamber is regulated; after filling, the wastewater enters the aeration tank.
2. An aeration process occurs, as a result of which the sewage is treated with oxygen and special bacteria.
3. Treated wastewater accumulates in a settling tank, from where the sludge that settles at the bottom is subsequently pumped out.
4. Process water goes into a stabilizer, from where it can be disposed of in the ground or used, for example, for irrigation.

Rules for operating an active septic tank Topas

Any Topas septic tank model is equipped with detailed instructions manual, but we will highlight a few rules that must be followed:

1. During a power outage, try to limit the flow of wastewater into the collection chamber to avoid overflow.
2. Do not allow aggressive chemicals, alkalis, acids, etc. to enter the system. – they will destroy the beneficial microorganisms of the device.
3. Do not throw garbage that is not intended for it into the sewer - leftover food, bags, plastic, etc. solid household waste.
4. Sludge cleaning takes place twice a year.
5. Some parts of the device must be replaced, for example, Air Mac compressor membranes - once every 2 years, aeration elements - once every 12 years.

Installation of an active septic tank Topas

Installing an autonomous sewer system will not cause any particular difficulties; the whole process is divided into several stages:

1. Finding a place where the septic tank will be installed - a distance of at least 5 meters must be maintained from the foundation of the buildings, while it is worth remembering about the trenches, pit, and drainage area that need to be dug.
2. Digging a pit, the dimensions of which vary depending on the size of the station. If the soil type is unstable, formwork will have to be installed.
3. Laying a sand or concrete cushion to prevent the station from floating. For small models, a sand cushion is provided, and for stations designed for maintenance large quantity users - made of concrete.
4. Installation of the station in a pit - manual or automatic method.
5. Laying sewer pipes.
6. Sealing sewer pipes at their connection to the device. A special polypropylene cord is used, which is included with the station.
7. Connecting the power cord that runs underground in a corrugated pipe.
8. Backfilling with soil is the last stage, in which water is simultaneously poured into the pit to a depth of 35 cm and covered with sand. The station must be completely immersed in the ground, otherwise there will be no normalization of external pressure.

Selecting an autonomous station model

When choosing a Topas septic tank, you should consider the following factors:

• number of future users;
• depth of the sewer pipe;
• method of release of treated waste – forced or free.

Any Topas septic tank model will last a long time if the operating and installation rules are followed. It is worth turning to professionals who will not only quickly and competently provide all services for the selection and installation of an autonomous station, but will also provide a warranty for all installation work.

How to make an anaerobic septic tank and ground treatment facilities for autonomous sewerage in a private house with your own hands

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Where to direct sewer drains in a private house

Disposal of human waste products is an indispensable condition for organizing comfortable living in private property. Therefore, a particularly important stage in installing a drainage system is the development of a sewerage system in a private house.

Gone are the days when the standard device for a private country home was an ordinary country toilet, which is a plank booth and a cesspool. We invite you to read the article.

In modern times, a sewage system in a house is an indispensable attribute.

Types of sewerage systems for a private home

Water is necessary in your home or dacha; there is no point in arguing with this statement. But its excess is even more harmful than its deficiency. An excessively watered area is even more useless in an economic sense than a dehydrated one. Therefore, special systems are created to remove excess moisture:

1. A drainage sewer system designed to collect and remove liquid from moisture-saturated soil layers.

1. A storm sewer system that performs the function of collecting rain and melt water, its sewerage into special storage tanks and subsequent discharge into storm drainage or into devices for use for household needs during dry periods.

1. Fecal sewerage, responsible for the collection, purification and disposal of household wastewater and human waste products. We suggest you read the article about that.

Each of these devices performs a specific function and has its own design differences in accordance with its purpose.

The nature of the wastewater in each system requires separate collection and sewerage of liquid from each type of specified device.

How to make a sewerage diagram in a house with your own hands

Such a document is a graphical action plan. A sewerage project makes it possible to correctly calculate the need for materials for installing a sewerage system for your home.

Watch video

The basis for drawing up drainage diagrams is a building project, which clearly indicates the installation locations of plumbing fixtures and their names, which allows you to select the correct materials.

Factors influencing the composition and design of sewage systems in the house

To determine the size and placement of the main elements when installing a sewer system in a private house, it is necessary to determine the level of water consumption. The calculation uses average consumption data.

As a first approximation, you can use the standard of 100 liters per person. When designing, you should adhere to the basic rule of placing the main external sewerage equipment at a distance of no closer than 4 meters from the border of the site and no closer than 10 meters from a residential building.

In this case, the distance to the nearest water intake (well or borehole) must be at least 35 meters.

If your neighbors complain about you, the inspection authorities (the sanitary and epidemiological service) will demand that the distance be no less than the figure indicated above!

Below is an example project.

The purpose of drawing up a plan is to locate the main equipment of the drainage system, determine the cross-section of sewer outlets and select appropriate fittings for the installation of a gravity drainage network.

Elements of the internal sewer system

These include the following details;

1. Kitchen sink siphon and drain pipe.
2. The same device for the washbasin in the bathroom.
3. There is also a siphon and drain pipe from the bathtub, and a drain with a siphon from the shower stall.
4. The drain pipe and siphon from the bidet are in the toilet. There is also a siphon and an elbow connecting the toilet to the sewer riser.

IN two-story house these elements may be repeated on each floor, but they may also be missing, in which case appropriate adjustments must be made to the list provided.

All of the listed parts are connected to a horizontally located outlet pipe. Since we are talking about a gravity drainage system, when laying the drainage channel, it is installed with a slope of 2-5 millimeters in the direction of the drainage and is connected to the riser of the drainage system.

The size of the outlet pipe may vary within the nominal diameter 32-50 millimeters. In practice, they usually prefer to make do with one, maximum diameter, which simplifies the selection of fittings. See the diagram below.

All data on the use of plumbing elements are summarized in an axonometric drawing, according to which it is necessary to calculate the need for materials.

When laying sewer pipes in a country house, all connections must be made at an angle of 135 degrees, for which appropriate fittings are produced.

How to make a diagram of the internal sewage system at home yourself

Such a graphic document provides for the display of all communications in the house, including the drainage diagram. The following circumstances are taken into account:

1. All plumbing fixtures are installed on the floor along one wall, common to rooms such as the kitchen, bathroom and toilet.

1. The kitchen is equipped with a sink, dishwasher and washing machine.
2. These units are connected to a common outlet pipe through siphons, which prevent air from the sewer with characteristic odors from entering the room.
3. The outlet pipe passes through a hole in the wall into the bathroom, where the following plumbing fixtures can be connected: washbasin, bathtub, washing machine - each device with its own siphon.

1. The next hole in the wall opens into the toilet, where a bidet and toilet can be placed.
2. All connections are made to a discharge pipe with a diameter of 40-50 millimeters using tees at an angle of 135 degrees. The connections must be made “in a socket”, equipped with a sealing collar for tightness.

The system for collecting and disposing of wastewater is free-flowing, so the sewerage drainage line. This rule must be followed very scrupulously.

If the slope is insufficient, water drainage will be difficult or impossible, and exceeding the parameter will lead to accelerated drainage. As a result, the water will drain, and some of the contaminants will remain in the pipe, creating the preconditions for future blockage.

The second significant component of the internal sewerage system in a private house is the riser, which receives waste water from the outlet pipe. There may be several such outlets.

For this reason, the diameter of the riser pipe is selected within 100-150 millimeters. The riser must be equipped with an inspection to monitor its condition and ensure the possibility of cleaning.

But functionally, this element of the system performs another important task - its continuation provides ventilation in the sewerage system.

Another revision is installed at the upper end of the riser in the house, to which the base of the fan pipe is attached. It is discharged through the ceiling and roofing slabs. The upper end must be at least half a meter above the roof ridge to reliably remove unpleasant sewer odors.

In addition, when the riser pipe is completely filled drain waters siphon failure is possible.

A vacuum is created in the filled riser pipe, as a result of which the water seals in the siphons are sucked into the riser. Air, not at all scented, penetrates into the living space of the house through empty water seals. The result is obvious.

This unsightly situation is completely resolved by installing a vent pipe through which air enters the system, equalizing the pressure.

The fan pipe must be protected by the head from clogging with debris and leaves. They are most often made in the form of a deflector, creating an upward air flow for ventilation.

Thus, the riser plays a vital role in the overall drainage system and all the features of its design must be taken into account when designing the sewer system.

Features of sewerage installation in a two-story private house

The installation of the upper floor in a country house also involves the use of a drainage system. There are fewer drain points, usually a shower and a toilet.

To save money, the sewerage distribution on the second floor is carried out in parallel to a similar network on the first floor. This simplifies the design and installation of the system, since there is no need to install a second riser - the drain will be connected to the existing one.

Elements of the external sewer system

The external wastewater treatment and disposal system consists of a number of units, the action of which is aimed at disinfecting wastewater.

The main ones are:

1. Filter wells or septic tanks. The first ones are the easiest to manufacture and operate. They are a pit in the ground up to three meters deep. The transverse size can reach two meters regardless of its shape. The walls of the pit are reinforced with concrete or brickwork. They can be solid or perforated with holes of 40-60 millimeters. A filter up to 80 centimeters thick is installed at the bottom of the well.

You can use slag, gravel, broken bricks for it. The latter is laid in a top layer of broken brick, the size of the fraction is about 50 millimeters. For the gravel filter, material from 15 millimeters is used.

1. Septic tanks. The container is divided by one or more partitions.

The drained liquid fills the first chamber. At the site where the liquid jet falls, you need to install a protective plate that will not allow it to erode the silt layer. A cartridge with a bacterial culture, which will become the basis of an aerobic filter, must be placed in the chamber.

In it, the biological mass decomposes pollution. Water overflows over the upper edge of the partition and enters the second chamber, where an aerator is installed and the water is blown through with sprayed air. In this case, the contaminants are oxidized and further processed, this time by anaerobic bacteria in the presence of oxygen

When using a septic tank, the degree of wastewater treatment reaches 75–90%, which indicates the need for additional purification for complete disinfection.

1. Soil field filtration
2. Sewage installation projects are carried out individually depending on actual conditions.

This method is used for post-treatment of wastewater as it passes through soils. From the septic tank, the liquid enters the drainage pipe system, passing through a gravel filter and a double layer of geofabric.

At the same time, all fine particles are retained in them, and the degree of purification reaches 98%.

The limitation for the use of this method of additional wastewater treatment is the characteristics of the soil. Fields are ineffective on soils with low permeability - dense loams and clays. Sandy gravel and sandy soils are the most favorable, allowing for high-quality filtration of wastewater.

1. Infiltrators. Infiltrates are installed on low-permeability soils. These are box-shaped plastic products with side bars, closed at the top and open at the bottom. Depending on the volume of processing, up to 3-4 devices can be installed sequentially.

Any of the described objects can be used both together and in the configuration chosen by the buyer. Objects are connected by gasket plastic pipes with a diameter of 100-150 millimeters, less often - for large objects - pipes of 200 millimeters are used.

In addition, each external sewerage facility is equipped with a ventilation system; inside the building, vent pipes are used for this purpose.

The use of septic tanks is most popular in areas with insufficient precipitation, while the purified liquid is actively used for reuse for household needs.

Design of external sewerage

These two components of a single task are completely opposite. If the internal sewerage system is intended for collecting wastewater, then the external one is for its disinfection and disposal.

Therefore, the rules for its design have only one similarity with internal requirements - the slope from the foundation of the house towards the storage tank should be 1-2 millimeters per meter for the same reasons (see above).

The tasks solved by external sewerage are the processing of wastewater for the purpose of its disinfection. Water discharged into the ground after purification must be absolutely safe, since, after final purification by ground filtration, it returns to the consumer.

Since the object moves into the external environment, the depth of soil freezing must be taken into account. The pipe should be located below this level.

But even if this condition is met, sewer pipe It is advisable to insulate it in case of climatic emergencies, which have recently happened with enviable regularity.

And to guarantee the integrity of the pipeline in case of a critical drop in temperature.

Factors influencing circuit design

They can be both objective, caused by specific conditions, and subjective, arising from the appropriate attitude of the designer.

The first include the already mentioned depth of soil freezing, which affects the depth of the pipe in the outer part of the sewer.

Objective reasons also explain the choice of the method of filtering liquid purified by septic tanks. When installing sewerage on clay soils with low water permeability, a method using infiltrates is forced to be chosen.

The factors of the first group include the absence of a special closed shaft for placing a vent pipe. We have already seen its necessity. In such a situation, it is installed with an outlet through the wall in a wall-mounted version; it is fastened to the wall using brackets.

If installing a drain pipe in this option is also undesirable, you can use air valve to relieve pressure in the sewer drain.

Types of sewerage facilities and their functioning

To disinfect and purify wastewater sewered in a private home, several techniques are used:

1. Accumulation of liquid in a special container. Here the primary separation of the waste into solid liquid fractions occurs. It uses chemicals and biological drugs, promoting liquefaction of the mass and its partial processing by active bacteria. Culture can be purchased in specialized stores or at the construction market.

The above cleaning scheme is used in industrial conditions, but most operations in one form or another are also performed on home cleaning devices.

INFORMATION TO HELP!!! Thus, chemical and bacteriological treatment of wastewater is carried out in the storage tank. Further purification occurs in the filter well. The filter in this case consists of gravel and sand. Good results allows the use of granulated slag and broken bricks, which are good adsorbents.

The well body was made of a concrete ring with a diameter of up to 2.5 meters and a height of up to 2 meters. A neck was installed in the upper part in such a way that only the metal lid remained at ground level.

A filter mass is poured around the ring. It is also practiced to make the body using brickwork.

A further development of filter devices is the production of septic tanks with several chambers designed for various purposes.

The first tank serves for the accumulation of wastewater, primary separation into fractions, chemical and biological treatment, and aeration. Treatment with atomized air is carried out to further oxidize the decomposition products contained in the effluent.

To do this, a compressor operating in continuous mode is built into the cleaning system.

In the last section of the treatment plant, a filter well is installed, in which wastewater is further treated.

The design of the autonomous cleaning system can various options vary, but the operating principle remains the same. The degree of wastewater purification in modern septic tanks reaches 98%, which is a very high figure.

However, the most modern device requires periodic pumping and desilting.

Laying depth and angle of inclination of pipes to the tank

How deep the elements of the outer part of the sewer system need to be placed depends on the climatic characteristics of the construction region. One thing is obvious - the most dangerous thing for a pipeline is its freezing, especially if it is made of metal materials.

Behind this phenomenon is most often its destruction. But the most unpleasant thing is that before the weather warms up, you can forget about the operation of the sewer system. Only after it is possible to excavate the system is it time to spend money on repairs and restoration of the system.

Pipe routing and laying

As a result of the accumulated experience, certain rules for the installation of internal and external pipelines when laying sewers have been formed. They look like this:

1. Regardless of the location and method of its placement, the type of pipes and other conditions, it is mandatory to observe a slope towards the drain when laying it. In this case, you should be guided by the requirements of SNiPs, since each pipe size requires a certain slope. Violation of the rules regarding its size usually leads to the formation of a blockage.
2. The distances between sewerage objects must be optimal in length; if they exceed 4-5 meters, an inspection insert is necessary. An inspection well must be installed in 10-meter sections.
3. When laying a sewer system in a country house (underground installation), you must follow the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 and 2.04.01-85 regarding compliance with the distances between individual sewer network objects.
4. In Russian conditions important factor is to place the pipeline below the zero freezing point of the soil. To ensure this factor, the trench must be deep enough, but you can take the path of insulating the sewer, even using heating cables during installation.
5. Laying of sewer pipes is carried out only on a bed of sand and the covering is also provided on top. This stage is very important for their integrity.

When using plastic pipes, tamp the sand layer carefully. The best results are obtained by pouring copious amounts of water onto the cover. In this case, the highest quality compaction occurs, after which it is possible to backfill with soil.
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The correct autonomous sewer system for a country house can work for a long time, provided that it is installed well and properly maintained.

Insulation of sewer pipes

This measure allows you to avoid extensive excavation work when laying communications in regions with harsh climates and protect shallow pipes from freezing. For this purpose, various insulating materials are used:

• glass wool;
• mineral wool;
• foamed polystyrene, and many others.

For complete guarantee, you can also install a heating cable with a switch-on sensor when the temperature drops critically. The costs incurred will eliminate the need repair work and associated costs. A sewer line constructed in this way does not require deep.

Above, we have already considered the requirements for the angle of inclination of gravity sewer pipes for the internal system. They are also valid for its outer part: 1-2 millimeters per meter of wiring length.

Storage tank volume calculator

A septic tank is a cleaning device that must contain and process the required volumes of household wastewater. First of all, you need to take into account that the septic tank in accordance with sanitary requirements should be sufficient for a minimum of a three-day wastewater clarification/treatment cycle.

Simply put, the minimum volume of the treatment facility’s chambers corresponds to the total three-day water consumption of all residents of a private house. There must also be a certain operational reserve in case of replenishment in the family, i.e., an increase in the number of consumers.

Determining the actual daily water consumption of one person is not a simple matter; so, according to SNiP this is 200 liters; this indicator is currently considered outdated due to the widespread use of various types household appliances using water.

For example, it is considered that:

• taking a shower for 7 minutes will require 70 liters;
• using a bidet for 5 minutes – 40 liters;
• one-time bath or jacuzzi – about 110 liters;
• in one cycle of work dishwasher 15 liters consumed;
• 1 toilet flush consumes up to 9 liters of water.

Taking into account the above, in this calculator you are asked to choose and enter into the parameters for calculation the daily water consumption of one person from the range of 260-370 liters; This is the average range of recommendations.

SNiP 2.04.03-85, depending on wastewater flow, distinguishes:

• single-chamber types - with wastewater flow up to 1 m3/day;
• two-chamber - up to 10 m3/day;
• three-chamber - over 10 m3/day; therefore, the attached diagram above is not mandatory, but serves only to demonstrate one of possible options septic tank devices.

For small farms, reinforced concrete rings are most often used as anaerobic concrete tanks. Reinforced concrete sewerage facilities They are distinguished by their reliability and practically unlimited service life. The problem that previously accompanied them - insufficient tightness - is now being solved modern means waterproofing. MDS 40-2.200 recommends placing the bottoms of the tanks at least 3 meters from the surface, which limits the number of rings in one section (chamber) of the septic tank.

The active volume of a septic tank (Vak) is determined as the product of the daily water consumption of one consumer (Q liters), the number of consumers (K) and the number of days (D) of wastewater clarification (sludge): Vak=Q * K * D. According to the recommendation of SNiP 2.04.03 -85, with annual discharge of sediments, the minimum D is taken: 3, if the flow of wastewater is up to 5 m3/day or 5, if the flow is more than 5 m3/day. In addition, if you plan to clean the tank less than twice a year, then Vak should be increased by 20 percent for sediment.

When determining the height of chambers (for example, from concrete rings), it should also be taken into account that according to clause 3.35, MDS 40-2.200, the height of the air volume above the liquid level cannot be less than 500 mm.

The capacity of the septic tank must ensure the daily volume of wastewater. The amount of sewage liquid directly depends on the number of people living in a private house. As a first approximation, it is believed that one person consumes up to 200 liters per day.

The areas of these expenses are quite traditional and are associated with economic and sanitary consumption. Thus, a family of 4 people consumes about a cubic meter of liquid per day.

You can more accurately determine this indicator using the built-in online calculator.

Septic tank and cesspool

The most important device at the outer part of the sewer is a septic tank or other device for filtering wastewater. Installation of concrete or brick construction not associated with any features.

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Here are the popular devices today: high degree The preparedness of the plastic needs additional attention. In areas where they appear high levels groundwater is seasonal, the tank may float up.

In sealed cesspools, the contents are retained for the entire time between pumping. With a large family, such operations are performed quite often, because each person produces about 100 liters of wastewater per day.

The cesspool is located in a place convenient for access by a sewage truck, no more than 6 meters from the border of the site.

The danger of cesspools lies in insufficient wastewater treatment. If in sealed devices this issue is not considered at all, then in filtration devices the degree of purification is about 75%, which is clearly not enough and contaminants gradually accumulate in the soil.

Filter wells

Do-it-yourself sewerage installation in a private house is also possible in other ways. So, the outer part is made in the form of filter wells. This becomes possible on marl or sandy soils with high permeability.

The composition of the filter in this case is heterogeneous:

• in the lower part a layer of blast furnace slag up to half a meter thick is poured;
• then there is a layer of gravel with a fraction of 15 millimeters;
• The top layer should be properly filled with broken bricks, which exhibit strong adsorbing characteristics.

Large components of the filtrate are deposited on the upper layers of such a filter, followed by smaller ones. Filter wells are effective if biological wastewater treatment is used. Aerobic bacteria gradually develop in the filter, capable of processing organic matter contained in wastewater.

It is possible and often used to dispose of filtered liquid by drainage ditches to the nearest body of water. Wastewater in the drainage ditch undergoes additional purification by passing through a gravel-sand filter.

The degree of purification in a filter well, depending on the throughput characteristics of the soil, can reach 90-95%.

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In general, a filter well is a transitional step from a cesspool to a septic tank. If you add another compartment with an aeration unit to the container, you can get a full-fledged septic tank. Sprayed air actively oxidizes the wastewater biomass, forming another bactericidal sludge layer, in this case it is represented by anaerobic bacteria.

Calculation of the volume of filter structures for sewerage at home

You should understand the responsibility of the residents of the house for the environmental condition of their place of residence. And it largely depends on the purity of groundwater. Therefore, a number of documents regulating water consumption and water treatment have been developed:

• Building codes and rules 2.04.03.85, regulating the installation of external sewage systems in private houses, as well as the arrangement of sanitary protection zones for small protective structures;
• SNiP 2.04.01.85 for internal networks and water supply in terms of determining the volume of wastewater;
• a manual on the procedure for designing engineering support systems MDS 40.2.200, which provides calculations for calculating the volume of wastewater in private housing construction.

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Calculation of the volume of a septic tank can be performed for both a single-chamber and multi-chamber scheme. When the volume of consumption per day is about one cubic meter, one chamber is enough for the complete biocenosis of the contents of the septic tank.

At more drainage, you need to use two or more containers that are installed in series. Septic tanks of two or more chambers are divided equally, but it is possible to use devices in which the first chamber occupies up to 75% of the volume. Important - cesspools sanitary standards prohibited!

The main importance when developing a septic tank project for a country house is its working volume, which can be calculated using the following algorithm:

• as the displacement of the daily volumes of incoming wastewater, multiplied by the time of their anaerobic processing in a day;
• as the total amount of liquid in all compartments of the septic tank;
• the distance from the bottom of the container to the lower edge of the spout pipe is taken into account;
• from the volume you need to subtract the height of the sediment layer, which can be up to 20% of the depth of the container; if cleaning is carried out in accordance with the rules - 2 times a year, this indicator can be ignored.

When calculating with your own hands, your own treatment device with final purification by filtration through the ground, you should take into account that this is realistic with a liquid consumption of 3-5 cubic meters per day.

If it is higher, you need to use SBR reactors or use a combined design with treatment with both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, not excluding the use of aeration.

The use of biochemical materials for wastewater treatment increases the degree of wastewater treatment and accelerates its processing tens of times.

The use of biochemical treatment of wastewater makes it possible to purify it to a degree of 98%, so this water can be used for watering the garden and at the same time obtaining an increase in the harvest. To fertilize the soil you can

use sludge deposits.

Principles of sewerage pipeline construction

The main difference between drain systems and other pipelines is following features:

1. Gravity flow when working in conditions atmospheric pressure. Liquid flows through pipe products under the influence of gravity along a predetermined slope.
2. The flow rate is set by the angle of inclination of the pipeline towards the outflow. Moreover, its value should be strictly within 1-2 millimeters per meter. The reasons have already been mentioned above.
3. Tightness. For a gravity pipeline, it is provided by a socket connection of the elements using a rubber collar for sealing.

When installing a sewer system, it is not allowed to connect pipes skewed from the common axis. Otherwise, a gap will form between the wall of the part and the cuff with leakage of the transported liquid.

Which pipe products to choose at home

For wastewater disposal systems, pipelines from various materials:

1. Ceramic. This material is very durable and is not subject to any influence from aggressive environments. Disadvantages include complex installation and difficult logistics.

1. For many decades, the market leaders were sewer pipes made of cast iron. This material is almost ideal for this application. The manufacturing material is resistant to corrosion in most environments and has fairly high strength characteristics. The accuracy of the socket connection is ensured by the production method - casting. In addition, the use of cast iron pipes allows the use of caulking during their installation to improve the tightness of the connection.

To facilitate the installation of cast iron pipelines, a wide range of fittings are produced.

1. Asbestos pipes. Some positive characteristics asbestos pipes do not cancel the main negative point - such materials are prohibited for use in residential construction.
2. Plastic sewer pipes today have practically replaced all other types. Simple delivery and unloading, manufacturability of the material during installation and durability have led to the fact that they have become the main materials for those who decided to make sewage systems with their own hands. The main method of assembling pipelines is in a socket. For internal systems, the main dimensions are:
   • For outlets from plumbing fixtures - diameters of 40 or 50 millimeters;
   • For the riser and drain pipe - size 100 or 110 mm;
   • For the outlet pipe from the house to the septic tank 100, 110 or 150.

Laying a pipeline from the house to the tank

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Therefore, a rule has been established that determines the installation of a storage tank at a distance of at least 10 meters from a residential building. However, there are sources that regulate this value at 5 meters.

It should be understood that this is a random discrepancy, but it is better to stick to the first installation option. In this case it will be impossible to make a claim. But, strictly speaking, correct installation capacity depends on the throughput and filtering capacity of the soil on the site.

It is mandatory to comply with the slope in the parameters mentioned above.

To lay a sewer outlet pipe, you will need to dig a trench of the required depth, determined by the level of soil freezing. Let’s imagine the labor costs associated with fulfilling this requirement, because we also need to provide for the thickness of the drainage layer. If in the Moscow region the soil freezes to 1.8 meters, then the depth of the trench will be more than 2.2. Therefore, many prefer shallow ditches, insulating the pipes with a protective jacket and heating cable.

The order of work is as follows:

1. The route is marked with pegs or a cord.
2. Excavation of soil to a connection depth of about 60 centimeters.
3. Backfilling of the drainage - about 20 centimeters of gravel and 10 centimeters of sand at the bottom.
4. Filling the drain with water to seal.
5. Marking the slope is done using a cord and a building level. The upper end at the exit from the building should be 20 centimeters higher than the opposite end at a ten-meter distance.
6. The pipes are laid section by section to a depth according to the laying pattern, the position is regulated by placing bricks under them and adding sand.
7. The heating cable is installed and secured with tape.
8. During installation, a thermal insulating casing is placed on the pipe.
9. The pipe with cable and insulation is covered with sand, then with previously removed soil.

The use of plastic pipes for the external drainage system will ensure their integrity during seasonal soil movements, since they are elastic enough to withstand such loads. Installing a sewer system in your home from this material ensures its performance for up to 50 years.

DIY installation cost

Paying for the services of invited specialists costs a lot of money. But if you analyze the installation technology according to the wiring diagram of the sewer system, it becomes obvious that there is nothing in it that cannot be done correctly yourself.

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How to increase efficiency

The uninterrupted operation of the drainage system is, first of all, ensured high-quality installation.

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The only thing that can be advised to the user is to install a waste shredder under the sink in addition to the sewerage system; doing this correctly is not difficult. This action will significantly protect the system from the formation of blockages.

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Sewerage laying – important stage in the construction of a private house. If there is no public sewerage system, then in order to equip a completely autonomous drainage system, you need to lay a network that delivers wastewater from sanitary and household appliances to a collection well. Installing a sewer system for a private home is not a quick task, but when independent execution there should not be any serious difficulties. The help of specialists may be required only in the most difficult sections of the pipeline.

The drainage system of a private house consists of internal and external sewerage and a collection well. In cottages with more than two floors with their own bathrooms, the sewer network is additionally equipped with a drain pipe.

Water supply and sewerage systems are usually designed and installed simultaneously, since the same plumbing and household equipment are connected to them.

The procedure for laying the sewer network:

• Prepare a pipeline design taking into account all the devices connected to it, a slope of 2-3 cm per linear meter, and calculate the amount of required building materials.
• Purchase pipes, connecting elements and fittings.
• Cut the pipes into lengths in accordance with the project.
• Carry out internal wiring and bring the sewer pipe outside.
• Install the drain pipe.
• Lay external drainage.
• Build a collection well and connect a pipeline to it.

Internal wiring

The indoor sewage system is assembled in such a way that its lowest point is where the pipeline exits to the outside. In order not to make a mistake with the angle of inclination, you can start assembly from this point.

If you have a project, the connection order is not important, but you must strictly follow the rules for performing internal wiring:

• Each device and functional area pipeline requires a pipe of the appropriate diameter: for the riser and toilet - 11 cm, for shower cabins, bathtubs, kitchen sink– 5 cm, for everything else 3.2 cm is enough, but if several devices are connected to one pipe at the same time, its diameter must be at least 7.5 cm.
• Since wastewater moves through the pipes by gravity, a pipeline slope of 2-3 cm per linear meter is required.
• The connection of the pipes must be sealed and not impede the free flow of liquid: the pipes are connected along the flow, and there should be no roughness or burrs at the junction.
• Right angles should be avoided, as this is where blockages most often form. To perform a turn, it is better to use several elbows with smaller angles.
• It is necessary to prevent backflow from the sewer and penetration unpleasant odor to the house. To do this, install a siphon or S-shape on the pipe of each plumbing fixture curved pipe, performing the function of a water seal.
• If the house has several floors and each of them has plumbing, a common riser should be installed.
• Toilets are installed closer to other household and plumbing fixtures to the riser.
• Pipeline units cannot be installed in areas where walls or ceilings pass through.
• Holes for passing pipes through walls and ceilings are cut with a margin; it is advisable to insert special sleeves or sections of wider pipes into them.
• The connection points to the riser and pipeline turns are equipped with a tee with an inspection window closed with a plug. Through these windows, pipes will be cleaned in the future in case of clogging.
• The riser is located as close as possible to the place where the sewage system is discharged to the outside.

Living in your private house without sewerage will be at least uncomfortable.

As a rule, its installation takes place during the construction stages. Although there are exceptions.

And sewerage for a private house, as the craftsmen correctly note, is most often installed after the building is built.

Schemes and types

IN big houses where there are many rooms (bathrooms, toilets, kitchen, etc.), a scheme with at least two septic tanks is usually used.

If it is possible to join the central sewer system, then this should be done, despite the subsequent hefty fees.

If not, you will have to build an autonomous sewer system.

Internal sewerage: diagram and specifics

When creating a project, you need to take into account the premises that need sewerage. They are located in one location on each floor. With this layout it is easier to lay pipes. Although a personal project is created for each home.

Here you can create the scheme yourself. Of course, this will not be a professional and detailed development, like that of specialists. But if you act wisely, you can use it to lay a pipeline and determine the required amount of equipment and materials.

A house plan is a must here. Identify positions for the sewer pipeline (STP), riser(s) and all plumbing fixtures. On the diagram, indicate the shaped elements for the pipeline and the distances from these elements to the riser and plumbing fixtures. Decide on the required number of connecting components. This work is carried out on each floor.

Advice: be sure to calculate how many pipes of different diameters and connecting components are needed.

Required diameters:

1. For a riser or heating system, as well as an outlet block for draining wastewater coming from the bathroom - 10–11 cm.
2. For drains from the kitchen and bathroom, a 5 cm pipe is used.
3. Turns in the sewer should be made with two elbows. The angle of their position is 45°. This will help prevent blockages.

Material

Typically these are pipes made of cast iron, polypropylene or PVC. The first ones are considered standard. They cope with impressive loads. Their durability and reliability is amazing.

But today, products made from the other two specified materials are becoming increasingly famous. Their cost is more attractive, and installation is much easier.

Polypropylene products are purchased very often. Buyers like their flexibility and modest weight, and resistance to high wastewater temperatures.

Important to know: It is worth noting that products made of PVC and polypropylene are installed only inside the house. Cast iron analogues can be laid outside.

Pipes made from all these materials will last a very long time if used correctly.

Species

Typically, according to the method of operation, sewerage is divided into mixed and separate. Most often, the first type works in private homes.

Types of sewerage according to the method of wastewater disposal: gravity and pressure. The second requires enormous expenses and effort. Therefore, the popularity of the first is much higher.

Thus, mixed gravity sewerage is usually installed in private houses.

Installation

An assistant is required for this work. Work takes place with polypropylene pipes. Their diameters are 5 and 10 cm. Other necessary things: revisions, tees and elbows, as well as sleeves, clamps for fastening these pipes, rubber cuffs, glue.

The sleeves are placed in those areas where the system intersects the walls or ceiling. Rubber cuffs are applied to the connection areas. And powerful insulation is done there using plumbing sealant.

The pipes are laid with some slope. These are SNiP requirements. For this case, the slope is 2–3%. It is largely determined by the diameter of the pipe. The percentage here is the slope calculated in cm/1 line. meter. For pipes with a more modest diameter, the slope is 3%. Only by observing this rule can a functioning internal sewage system be installed efficiently.

And a slope of less than 2% and more than 3% is also unacceptable. In the first situation, solid elements will remain on the walls of the pipes, and a blockage will form. In the second case, the flow of drainage in these pipes will gain too much speed, and the wastewater will be divided into fractions, and solid elements will settle.

To connect such pipes, glue or rubber seals are used.

Note: For work you will also need a soldering iron and a hammer drill.

The work starts from the outlet - the area where the internal and external sewers converge. By starting this way, you will prevent these systems from becoming inconsistent. The outlet is installed through the foundation. If it is carried out at a depth below the freezing depth of the soil in your area, then the pipe must be thermally insulated. Otherwise, the outlet will stiffen, and the sewage system will only be able to work in warm weather.

If there is no outlet hole in the foundation, you need to create one.

The required diameter of the sleeve is 13 cm. The sleeve protrudes from each side of the base by at least 15 cm. The hole and installation of the sleeve proceeds with a slope of 2% for the external sewerage next to the septic tank. The diameter of the outlet must coincide with the diameter of the riser.

The best position for a riser is in the bathroom. So the outlet section for eliminating waste from the toilet will be short. The following trend applies here: the larger the diameter of the outlet section and plumbing. device, the closer its position to the riser.

The laying method is a personal matter. You can install it in boxes, in walls, or use the open method. For installation of pipes with a riser, oblique tees are used. If your diagram contains a point where the outlets from the shower, bathtub and sink converge, then installation of a collector pipe is needed there. Its diameter is 10 cm.

To protect your home from unpleasant odors, install water seals. The inspection must be mounted on each riser. Each sewer turn must end with cleaning. So, if the sewer is clogged, it will be easier to clean it.

The riser continues upward in the form of a fan pipe. First, a revision is placed at the point of its installation. After which this pipe is led to the roof. Its combination with home ventilation is not allowed.

The exit must exceed the ridge of the roof, at least 70 cm from the roof and at a distance of 4 m from the windows. Ventilation, chimney and the exhaust pipe itself must differ in height.

Having installed the internal sewerage system, it must be thoroughly drained. clean water. This way the tightness of all connections is tested.

External sewerage

Such a sewer system is a network of pipes from the outlet block to the septic tank or treatment station. The pipes here are laid underground.

The pipes must have impressive rigidity and withstand the impact of the soil. And it is also better to lay brightly colored pipes so that they are easier to notice in the depths. The diameter of such pipes is 11 cm.

Eat different types external ventilation. The most primitive are cesspools and storage systems where wastewater is collected. Today, preference is increasingly given to various septic tanks and total treatment stations.

Two-chamber septic tank

Types of septic tanks:

1. Two-chamber.
2. Three-chamber.
3. With biofilter.
4. With one chamber and soil purification.

The septic tank is selected based on:

1. The needs of all residents of the house.
2. The number of these residents.
3. Type of residence: permanent or temporary.
4. Approximate water consumption. This refers to how much water each resident spends daily. The number of plumbing fixtures in the house and whether there are household appliances are also important here.
5. Groundwater level in your area.
6. Parameters of the territory itself. Here the areas for treatment equipment are calculated.
7. Soil type.
8. The climate in your area.

System example:

Which septic tank or treatment plant you should buy is also a matter of your budget. It also wouldn’t hurt to consult with experts.

It is also important to take into account some criteria regarding the location of such equipment:

1. The garden and septic tank must be separated by at least 8 m.
2. Any water source and septic tank are separated by at least 20 m.
3. A residential building and a septic tank are separated by at least 5 m.

The main dilemma in organizing external sewerage is the competent choice of treatment technology. Earthworks and the gasket do not cause any particular difficulties.

Regarding general scheme external sewerage, then it must include:

• a system of trays where waste is concentrated;
• waste discharge channels to the disposal point;
• settling tank (cesspool).

Algorithm for installing external sewerage:

1. Creating a trench. It connects the house drains to the sump. Trench slope: 2 cm/1 m of pipe in the direction of the cesspool.
2. The bottom of the trench is covered with a sand cushion. Layer -10–15 cm.
3. A pipeline is laid along this cushion close to the storage tank.
4. The connecting point of the pipe with the septic tank is sealed: the pipe is laid along an oval of cords. The cord is treated with solid oil.

Requirements for sewerage in a private house

1. For installation, use materials with the required parameters.
2. Make a diagram taking into account all the necessary factors.
3. Do not use low quality pipes.
4. Do not clog the drain with heavy waste.
5. Design the sewer system at the same time as designing the house itself.
6. Install sewerage during construction stages. This is the best option. If it was not followed, the solution methods have already been outlined above.

How to make a sewer system in a private house, see the tips in the following video: