Everyone, at least indirectly, is familiar with such a concept as “calorie”. What is it and why is it needed? What exactly does it mean? Such questions arise, especially if you need to increase it to kilocalories, megacalories or gigacalories, or convert it to other values, such as Gcal to kW.

What is a calorie

The calorie is not included in the international system of measurements of metric values, but this concept is widely used to refer to the amount of energy released. It indicates how much energy must be spent on heating 1 g of water so that this volume increases the temperature by 1 ° C under standard conditions.

There are 3 generally accepted designations, each of which is used depending on the area:

• The international value of a calorie, which is equal to 4.1868 J (Joule), and is denoted as "cal" in Russian Federation and cal, in the world;
• In thermochemistry - a relative value approximately equal to 4.1840 J with the Russian designation cal th and the world one - cal th;
• A 15-degree calorie indicator equal to approximately 4.1855 J, which is known in Russia as “cal 15”, and in the world - cal 15.

Initially, the calorie was used to find the amount of heat released during the generation of energy from the fuel. Subsequently, this value began to be used to calculate the amount of energy expended by an athlete when performing any physical activity, since the same physical laws apply to these actions.

Since fuel is needed to release heat, then, by analogy with heat power engineering in a simple life, the body also needs “refueling” to generate energy - food that people take regularly.

A person receives a certain number of calories, depending on which product he consumed.

The more calories in the form of food a person received, the more energy he gets for sports. However, people do not always consume the amount of calories that is necessary to maintain the body's vital processes in the norm and perform physical activity. As a result, some lose weight (with a calorie deficit), while others gain weight.

Calorie is the amount of energy received by a person as a result of the absorption of a particular product.

Based on this theory, many principles of diets and rules are built. healthy eating. The optimal amount of energy and macronutrients that a person needs per day can be calculated in accordance with the formulas of well-known nutritionists (Harris-Benedict, Mifflin-San Geor), using standard parameters:

• Age;
• Growth;
• An example of daily activity;
• Lifestyle.

These data can be used by changing them for yourself - for painless weight loss, it is enough to create a deficit of 15-20% of the daily calorie content, and for healthy set mass - a similar surplus.

What is a gigacalorie and how many calories does it contain

The concept of Gigacalorie is most often found in documents in the field of thermal power engineering. This value can be found in receipts, notices, payments for heating and hot water.

It means the same thing as a calorie, but in a larger volume, as evidenced by the prefix "Giga". Gcal determines that the original value was multiplied by 10 9 . talking plain language: 1 Gigacalorie - 1 billion calories.

Like the calorie, the gigacalorie does not belong to the metric system of physical quantities.

The table below shows a comparison of values ​​as an example:

The need to use Gcal is due to the fact that when heating the volume of water needed for heating and household needs of the population, even 1 residential building releases a huge amount of energy. Writing numbers denoting it in documents in calorie format is too long and inconvenient.

Such a value as a gigacalorie can be found in payment documents for heating

You can imagine how much energy is expended during heating season in industrial scale: when heating 1 quarter, district, city, country.

Gcal and Gcal/h: what is the difference

If it is necessary to calculate the payment by the consumer for the services of the state thermal power industry (heating at home, hot water) such value as Gcal/h is used. It denotes a reference to time - how many Gigacalories are consumed during heating for a given period of time. Sometimes it is also replaced by Gcal / m 3 (how much energy is needed to transfer heat to a cubic meter of water).

Q=V*(T1 – T2)/1000, where

• V is the volume of fluid consumption in cubic meters/tons;
• T1 is the temperature of the incoming hot liquid, which is measured in degrees Celsius;
• T2 is the temperature of the incoming cold liquid, by analogy with the previous indicator;
• 1000 is an auxiliary coefficient that simplifies calculations by eliminating numbers in the tenth digit (automatically converts kcal to Gcal).

This formula is often used to build the principle of operation of heat meters in private apartments, houses or enterprises. This measure is necessary with a sharp increase in the cost of this utility service, especially when the calculations are generalized based on the area / volume of the room that is heated.

If the system is installed in the room closed type(hot liquid is poured into it once without additional water supply), the formula is modified:

Q= ((V1* (T1 – T2)) – (V2* (T2 – T)))/ 1000, where

• Q is the amount of thermal energy;
• V1 is the volume of consumed thermal substance (water / gas) in the pipeline through which it enters the system;
• V2 is the volume of thermal substance in the pipeline through which it returns back;
• T1 - temperature in degrees Celsius in the pipeline at the inlet;
• T2 - temperature in degrees Aim in the pipeline at the outlet;
• T is the temperature of cold water;
• 1000 is an auxiliary coefficient.

This formula is based on the difference between the values ​​at the inlet and outlet of the coolant in the room.

Depending on the use of a particular energy source, as well as the type of thermal substance (water, gas), alternative calculation formulas are also used:

1. Q= ((V1* (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2)*(T2 - T))/1000
2. Q= ((V2* (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2)*(T1 - T))/1000

In addition, the formula changes if the system includes electrical devices(e.g. underfloor heating).

How Gcal for hot water and heating is calculated

Heating is calculated using formulas similar to the formulas for finding Gcal/h.

An approximate formula for calculating payment for warm water in residential premises:

P i gv \u003d V i gv * T x gv + (V v kr * V i gv / ∑ V i gv * T v kr)

Used quantities:

• P i gv - the desired value;
• V i gw - the volume of hot water consumption for a certain time period;
• T x gv - the established tariff fee for hot water supply;
• V v gv - the amount of energy expended by the company that is engaged in its heating and supply to residential / non-residential premises;
• ∑ V i gv - the amount of consumption warm water in all premises of the house in which the calculation is made;
• T v gv - tariff payment for thermal energy.

This formula does not take into account the indicator atmospheric pressure, since it does not significantly affect the final desired value.

Formula is approximate and not suitable for self-calculation without prior consultation. Before using it, you must contact the local utilities for clarification and adjustment - perhaps they use other parameters and formulas for the calculation.

Calculation of the amount of heating payment is very important, as often impressive amounts are not justified.

The result of the calculations depends not only on relative temperature values ​​- it is directly affected by the tariffs set by the government for the consumption of hot water and space heating.

The computational process is greatly simplified if you install a heating meter on an apartment, entrance or residential building.

It should be borne in mind that even the most accurate counters can allow errors in the calculations. It can also be determined by the formula:

E = 100 *((V1 - V2)/(V1 + V2))

The following indicators are used in the presented formula:

• E - error;
• V1 is the volume of consumed hot water supply upon admission;
• V2 - consumed hot water at the outlet;
• 100 is an auxiliary coefficient that converts the result into a percentage.

In accordance with the requirements, the average error of the calculation device is about 1%, and the maximum allowable is 2%.

Video: an example of calculating the heating fee

How to convert Gcal to kWh and Gcal/h to kW

On the various devices the spheres of thermal power engineering indicate various metric values. Yes, on heating boilers and heaters often indicate kilowatts and kilowatts per hour. Gcal is more common on counting devices (counters). The difference in size interferes correct calculation the desired value according to the formula.

To facilitate the calculation process, it is necessary to learn how to translate one value into another and vice versa. Since the values ​​\u200b\u200bare constant, this is not difficult - 1 Gcal / h is equal to 1162.7907 kW.

If the value is presented in megawatts, it can be converted back to Gcal / h by multiplying by a constant value of 0.85984.

Below are auxiliary tables that allow you to quickly convert values ​​from one to another:

The use of these tables will greatly simplify the process of calculating the cost of thermal energy. In addition, to simplify the steps, you can use one of the online converters offered on the Internet that convert physical quantities one into the other.

Self-calculation of consumed energy in Gigacalories will allow the owner of residential / non-residential premises to control the cost utilities, as well as the work of public services. With the help of simple calculations, it becomes possible to compare the results with similar ones in the received payment receipts and contact the relevant authorities in case of a difference in indicators.

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1 kilowatt [kW] = 0.239005736137667 kilocalorie (th) per second [kcal(T)/s]

Initial value

Converted value

watt exawatt petawatt terawatt gigawatt megawatt kilowatt hectowatt decawatt deciwatt centiwatt milliwatt microwatt nanowatt picowatt femtowatt attowatt horsepower horsepower metric horsepower boiler horsepower electric horsepower pumping horsepower horsepower (German) int. thermal unit (IT) per hour Brit. thermal unit (IT) per minute Brit. thermal unit (IT) per second Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per hour Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per minute Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per second MBTU (international) per hour Thousand BTU per hour MMBTU (international) per hour Million BTU per hour ton of refrigeration kilocalorie (IT) per hour kilocalorie (IT) per minute kilocalorie (IT) per second kilocalorie (thm) per hour kilocalorie (thm) per minute kilocalorie (thm) per second calorie (thm) per hour calorie (thm) per minute calorie (thm) per second calorie (thm) per hour calorie (thm) per minute calorie (thm) per second ft lbf per hour ft lbf/minute ft lbf/second lb-ft per hour lb-ft per minute lb-ft per second erg per second kilovolt-ampere volt-ampere newton-meter per second joule per second exajoule per second petajoule per second terajoule per second gigajoule per second megajoule per second kilojoule per second hectojoule per second decajoule per second decijoule per second centijoule per second millijoule per second microjoule nanojoule per second picojoule per second femtojoule per second attojoule per second joule per hour joule per minute kilojoule per hour kilojoule per minute Planck power

More about power

General information

In physics, power is the ratio of work to the time during which it is performed. Mechanical work is a quantitative characteristic of the action of a force F on the body, as a result of which it moves a distance s. Power can also be defined as the rate at which energy is transferred. In other words, power is an indicator of the machine's performance. By measuring the power, you can understand how much and how fast the work is done.

Power units

Power is measured in joules per second, or watts. Along with watts, horsepower is also used. Before the invention of the steam engine, the power of engines was not measured, and, accordingly, there were no generally accepted units of power. When the steam engine began to be used in mines, engineer and inventor James Watt began to improve it. In order to prove that his improvements made the steam engine more productive, he compared its power to the performance of horses, since horses have been used by people for many years, and many could easily imagine how much work a horse can do in a certain amount of time. In addition, not all mines used steam engines. On those where they were used, Watt compared the power of the old and new models of the steam engine with the power of one horse, that is, with one horsepower. Watt determined this value experimentally, observing the work of draft horses at the mill. According to his measurements, one horsepower is 746 watts. Now it is believed that this figure is exaggerated, and the horse cannot work in this mode for a long time, but they did not change the unit. Power can be used as a measure of productivity, as increasing power increases the amount of work done per unit of time. Many people realized that it was convenient to have a standardized unit of power, so horsepower became very popular. It began to be used in measuring the power of other devices, especially vehicles. Even though watts have been around for almost as long as horsepower, horsepower is more commonly used in the automotive industry, and it's clearer to many buyers when a car's engine power is listed in those units.

Power of household electrical appliances

Household electrical appliances usually have a power rating. Some lamps limit the power of the bulbs that can be used in them, for example, no more than 60 watts. This is because higher wattage bulbs generate a lot of heat and the bulb holder can be damaged. And the lamp itself at a high temperature in the lamp will not last long. This is mainly a problem with incandescent lamps. LED, fluorescent and other lamps generally operate at lower wattage for the same brightness and if used in luminaires designed for incandescent lamps there are no wattage problems.

The greater the power of the electrical appliance, the higher the energy consumption and the cost of using the appliance. Therefore, manufacturers are constantly improving electrical appliances and lamps. The luminous flux of lamps, measured in lumens, depends on the power, but also on the type of lamps. The greater the luminous flux of the lamp, the brighter its light looks. For people, it is high brightness that is important, and not the power consumed by the llama, so recently alternatives to incandescent lamps have become increasingly popular. Below are examples of types of lamps, their power and the luminous flux they create.

• 450 lumens:
• Incandescent lamp: 40 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 9-13 watts
• LED lamp: 4-9 watts
• 800 lumens:



• Incandescent lamp: 60 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 13-15 watts
• LED lamp: 10-15 watts
• 1600 lumens:
• Incandescent lamp: 100 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 23-30 watts
• LED lamp: 16-20 watts

From these examples, it is obvious that with the same luminous flux created, LED lamps consume the least electricity and are more economical than incandescent lamps. At the time of this writing (2013), the price of LED lamps is many times higher than the price of incandescent lamps. Despite this, some countries have banned or are about to ban the sale of incandescent lamps due to their high power.

The power of household electrical appliances may differ depending on the manufacturer, and is not always the same when the appliance is in operation. Below are the approximate capacities of some household appliances.



• Household air conditioners for cooling a residential building, split system: 20–40 kilowatts
• Monoblock window air conditioners: 1–2 kilowatts
• Ovens: 2.1–3.6 kilowatts
• Washing machines and dryers: 2–3.5 kilowatts
• Dishwashers: 1.8–2.3 kilowatts
• Electric kettles: 1–2 kilowatts
• Microwave ovens: 0.65–1.2 kilowatts
• Refrigerators: 0.25–1 kilowatt
• Toasters: 0.7–0.9 kilowatts

Power in sports

It is possible to evaluate work using power not only for machines, but also for people and animals. For example, the power with which a basketball player throws a ball is calculated by measuring the force she applies to the ball, the distance the ball has traveled, and the time that force has been applied. There are websites that allow you to calculate work and power during exercise. The user selects the type of exercise, enters the height, weight, duration of the exercise, after which the program calculates the power. For example, according to one of these calculators, the power of a person with a height of 170 centimeters and a weight of 70 kilograms, who did 50 push-ups in 10 minutes, is 39.5 watts. Athletes sometimes use devices to measure the amount of power a muscle is working during exercise. This information helps determine how effective their chosen exercise program is.

Dynamometers

To measure power, special devices are used - dynamometers. They can also measure torque and force. Dynamometers are used in various industries, from engineering to medicine. For example, they can be used to determine the power of a car engine. To measure the power of cars, several main types of dynamometers are used. In order to determine the engine power using dynamometers alone, it is necessary to remove the engine from the car and attach it to the dynamometer. In other dynamometers, the force for measurement is transmitted directly from the wheel of the car. In this case, the car's engine through the transmission drives the wheels, which, in turn, rotate the rollers of the dynamometer, which measures engine power under various road conditions.

Dynamometers are also used in sports and medicine. The most common type of dynamometer for this purpose is isokinetic. Usually this is a sports simulator with sensors connected to a computer. These sensors measure the strength and power of the whole body or individual muscle groups. The dynamometer can be programmed to give signals and warnings if the power exceeds a certain value. This is especially important for people with injuries during the rehabilitation period, when it is necessary not to overload the body.

According to some provisions of the theory of sports, the greatest sports development occurs under a certain load, individual for each athlete. If the load is not heavy enough, the athlete gets used to it and does not develop his abilities. If, on the contrary, it is too heavy, then the results deteriorate due to overload of the body. Physical activity during some activities, such as cycling or swimming, depends on many environmental factors, such as road conditions or wind. Such a load is difficult to measure, but you can find out with what power the body counteracts this load, and then change the exercise scheme, depending on the desired load.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Most of all, in the frosty winter months, all people are waiting for the New Year, and least of all - receipts for heating. They are especially disliked by the inhabitants. apartment buildings, which themselves do not have the ability to control the amount of incoming heat, and often the bills for it turn out to be simply fantastic. In most cases, in such documents, the unit of measurement is Gcal, which stands for "gigacalorie". Let's find out what it is, how to calculate gigacalories and convert to other units.

What is a calorie

Supporters of a healthy diet or those who are closely monitoring their weight are familiar with such a thing as a calorie. This word means the amount of energy received as a result of the processing of food eaten by the body, which must be used, otherwise the person will begin to recover.

Paradoxically, the same value is used to measure the amount of thermal energy used for space heating.

As an abbreviation, this value is referred to as "cal", or in English cal.

In the metric system, the equivalent of a calorie is the joule. So, 1 cal = 4.2 J.

The value of calories for human life

In addition to developing various diets for weight loss, this unit is used to measure energy, work and warmth. In this regard, such concepts as “calorie content” are common - that is, the heat of the combustible fuel.

In most developed countries, when calculating heating, people no longer pay for the number of cubic meters of gas consumed (if it is gas), but for its calorie content. In other words, the consumer pays for the quality of the fuel used: the higher it is, the less gas will have to be used for heating. This practice reduces the possibility of diluting the substance used with other, cheaper and less caloric compounds.

Gigacalorie - what is it and how many calories are in it?

As is clear from the definition, the size of 1 calorie is small. For this reason, it is not used to calculate large quantities, especially in the energy sector. Instead, such a concept as gigacalorie is used. This is a value equal to 10 9 calories, and it is written as an abbreviation "Gcal". It turns out that there are one billion calories in one gigacalorie.

In addition to this value, a slightly smaller one is sometimes used - Kcal (kilocalorie). It holds 1000 cal. Thus, we can consider that one gigacalorie is a million kilocalories.

It is worth bearing in mind that sometimes a kilocalorie is written simply as "cal". Because of this, confusion arises, and in some sources it is indicated that 1 Gcal is 1,000,000 cal, although in reality we are talking about 1,000,000 Kcal.

Hecacalorie and Gigacalorie

In the energy sector, in most cases, Gcal is used as a unit of measurement, but it is often confused with such a concept as "hecacalorie" (aka hectocalorie).

In this regard, the abbreviation "Gcal" is deciphered by some people as "hecacalorie" or "hectocalorie". However, this is wrong. In fact, the above units of measurement do not exist, and their use in speech is the result of illiteracy, and nothing more.

Gigacalorie and gigacalorie/hour: what is the difference

In addition to the fictitious value under consideration, receipts sometimes contain such an abbreviation as “Gcal / hour”. What does it mean and how is it different from the usual gigacalories?

This unit of measure shows how much energy was used in one hour.

While simply a gigacalorie is a measurement of heat consumed over an indefinite period of time. It depends only on the consumer what time frame will be indicated in this category.

The reduction Gcal / m 3 is much less common. It means how many gigacalories you need to use to heat one cubic meter substances.

Gigacalorie formula

Having considered the definition of the value under study, it is worth finally finding out how to calculate how many gigacalories are used to heat the room during the heating season.

For especially lazy people on the Internet, there are a lot of online resources where specially programmed calculators are presented. It is enough to enter your numerical data into them - and they themselves will calculate the number of gigacalories consumed.

However, it would be nice to be able to do it yourself. There are several formulas for this. The simplest and most understandable among them is the following:

Thermal energy (Gcal / h) \u003d (M 1 x (T 1 -T xv)) - (M 2 x (T 2 -T xv)) / 1000, where:

• M 1 is the mass of the heat transfer substance that is supplied through the pipeline. Measured in tons.
• M 2 is the mass of the heat-transfer substance returning through the pipeline.
• T 1 - the temperature of the coolant in the supply pipe, measured in Celsius.
• T 2 - the temperature of the coolant in the return.
• T xv is the temperature of the cold source (water). Usually equal to five because it is minimum temperature water in the pipeline.

Why housing and communal services overestimate the amount of energy spent when paying for heating

When making your own calculations, you should pay attention to the fact that housing and communal services slightly overestimate the norms for the consumption of thermal energy. The opinion that they are trying to earn extra money on this is erroneous. Indeed, the cost of 1 Gcal already includes maintenance, salaries, taxes, and additional profit. Such a "surcharge" is due to the fact that during the transport of hot liquid through a pipeline in the cold season, it tends to cool down, that is, inevitable heat losses occur.

In numbers, it looks like this. According to the regulations, the temperature of the water in the heating pipes must be at least +55 °C. And if we take into account that the minimum t of water in power systems is +5 °C, then it must be heated by 50 degrees. It turns out that 0.05 Gcal is used for each cubic meter. However, in order to compensate for heat losses, this coefficient is overestimated to 0.059 Gcal.

Convert Gcal to kWh

Thermal energy can be measured in various units, however, in the official documentation from the housing and communal services, it is calculated in Gcal. Therefore, it is worth knowing how to convert other units to gigacalories.

The easiest way to do this is when the ratios of these quantities are known. For example, consider watts (W), which measures the energy output of most boilers or heaters.

Before considering the conversion to this Gcal value, it is worth remembering that, like a calorie, a watt is small. Therefore, kW (1 kilowatt equals 1000 watts) or mW (1 megawatt equals 1000,000 watts) is more commonly used.

In addition, it is important to remember that power is measured in W (kW, mW), but it is used to calculate the amount of electricity consumed / produced. In this regard, it is not the conversion of gigacalories to kilowatts that is considered, but the conversion of Gcal to kW / h.

How to do it? In order not to suffer with formulas, it is worth remembering the “magic” number 1163. That is how many kilowatts of energy you need to spend per hour to get one gigacalorie. In practice, when converting from one unit of measurement to another, it is simply necessary to multiply the amount of Gcal by 1163.

For example, let's convert to kWh 0.05 Gcal required to heat one cubic meter of water by 50 °C. It turns out: 0.05 x 1163 \u003d 58.15 kW / h. These calculations will be of particular help to those who are thinking about changing gas heating to more environmentally friendly and economical electric.

If we are talking about huge volumes, you can convert not to kilowatts, but to megawatts. In this case, you need to multiply not by 1163, but by 1.163, since 1 mW = 1000 kW. Or simply divide the result obtained in kilowatts by a thousand.

Translation to Gcal

Sometimes it is necessary to carry out the reverse process, that is, to calculate how many Gcal are contained in one kWh.

When converting to gigacalories, the number of kilowatt-hours must be multiplied by another "magic" number - 0.00086.

The correctness of this can be checked if we take the data from the previous example.

So, it was calculated in it that 0.05 Gcal = 58.15 kW / h. Now it's worth taking this result and multiplying it by 0.00086: 58.15 x 0.00086 = 0.050009. Despite a slight difference, it almost completely coincides with the original data.

As in the previous calculations, it is necessary to take into account the fact that when working with especially large volumes of substances, it will be necessary to convert not kilowatts, but megawatts into gigacalories.

How is it done? In this case, again, you need to take into account that 1 mW = 1000 kW. Based on this, in the “magic” number, the comma moves by three zeros, and voila, it turns out 0.86. It is on him that you need to multiply in order to carry out the transfer.

By the way, a slight inconsistency in the answers is due to the fact that the coefficient 0.86 is a rounded version of the number 0.859845. Of course, for more accurate calculations, it is worth using it. However, if we are talking only about the amount of energy used to heat an apartment or house, it is better to simplify.

1.1. Energy units used in the energy industry

• Joule - J - SI unit, and derivatives - kJ, MJ, GJ
• Calorie - cal - an off-system unit, and derivatives of kcal, Mcal, Gcal
• kWh is an off-system unit, which is usually (but not always!), Measures the amount of electricity.
• a ton of steam is a specific value that corresponds to the amount of thermal energy required to produce steam from 1 ton of water. It does not have the status of a unit of measurement, however, it is practically used in the energy sector.

Energy units are used to measure the total amount of energy (thermal or electrical). At the same time, the value can denote the generated, consumed, transmitted or lost energy (over a certain period of time).

1.2. Examples of the correct use of energy units

• Annual demand for thermal energy for heating, ventilation, hot water supply.
• Required amount of thermal energy for heating … m3 of water from … to … °С
• Thermal energy in … thousand m3 of natural gas (in the form of calorific value).
• The annual need for electricity to power the electrical consumers of the boiler room.
• The annual steam production program of the boiler house.

1.3. Conversion between energy units

1 GJ \u003d 0.23885 Gcal \u003d 3600 million kWh \u003d 0.4432 t (steam)

1 Gcal = 4.1868 GJ = 15072 million kWh = 1.8555 tons (steam)

1 million kWh = 1/3600 GJ = 1/15072 Gcal = 1/8123 t (steam)

1 t (steam) = 2.256 GJ = 0.5389 Gcal = 8123 million kWh

Note: When calculating 1 ton of steam, the enthalpy of the initial water and steam on the saturation line at t=100 °C was taken

2. Power units

2.1 Power units used in the energy industry

• Watt - W - unit of power in the SI system, derivatives - kW, MW, GW
• Calories per hour - cal / h - an off-system unit of power, usually derived quantities are used in the energy sector - kcal / h, Mcal / h, Gcal / h;
• Tons of steam per hour - t / h - a specific value corresponding to the power required to produce steam from 1 ton of water per hour.

2.2. Examples of the correct use of power units

• Estimated boiler power
• Heat loss of the building
• Maximum consumption of thermal energy for heating hot water
• Engine power
• Average daily power of thermal energy consumers