Pests red fruit mite. Red fruit mite

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Photo. Red fruit mite - Panonychus ulmi Koch.

Systematic position.

Class Arachnida, order Acariformes, superfamily Tetranychoidea, family Tetranychidae, genus Panonychus Yokoyama.

Biological group.

Pests fruit crops.

Morphology and biology.

During their development, ticks go through the stages of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. The transition between postembryonic stages occurs through a resting and molting phase. The female is broadly oval, convex above, flattened below. The body is light or cherry red with black spots on the sides. Propodosome without frontal projections. The mouthparts are piercing-sucking type. Body length 0.4 mm, width - 0.26 mm. On the dorsal side of the body there are 26 long and thin setae in 7 transverse rows on high tubercles white. The male's body is brownish or yellowish-green, slightly convex on the ventral and dorsal side and narrowed posteriorly. Body length 0.3 mm, width - 0.15 mm. There are 28 setae on its dorsal side. The egg is orange-red or yellowish-orange in color, somewhat flattened at the poles, with a protruding stalk, its surface is radially striated. Egg diameter is 0.15-0.16 mm. The larva is first round, later oval in shape, with 3 pairs of legs. Color ranges from orange to yellowish or greenish-brown. Body length 0.17 mm, width 0.11 mm. The protonymph and deutonymph are broadly oval in shape, light or brownish-red in color, with 4 pairs of legs. The body length of the protonymph is 0.2 mm, width - 0.14 mm; length of deutonymph 0.27-0.34 mm, width - 0.15-0.21 mm. Arrhenotokic type of parthenogenesis. Males hatch about a day earlier than females. In her entire life, the female mates only once, usually immediately after hatching, and after 2-4 days she begins to lay eggs. The average fecundity is about 19 eggs, the maximum is up to 70.

Spreading.

Widely distributed in North America, Europe, North Africa, in the Middle East, northern India and Japan. Harmful in England, Portugal, France, northern Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria. In the southern hemisphere it is found in Tasmania and New Zealand. On the territory b. USSR is found in the Baltic republics, in Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, in the European part of Russia, in the southeast Western Siberia, in Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, in the Caucasus, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.

Ecology.

Mesophilic species. Most typical for the deciduous forest zone. Typically found in areas with rainfall greater than 500 mm per year. Polyphage: prefers Rosaceae, but is also found on grapes, currants, buckthorn, white acacia, mulberry, linden, elm. Overwinters at the egg stage. Overwintering eggs are laid on the rough bark on the underside of branches; on heavily infected plants they sometimes lie in 2-3 layers. Easy to carry low temperatures. For the normal completion of the winter diapause of eggs, a period of about 150 days is required. average daily temperature no more than 6°C. The hatching of the larvae coincides with the flowering of the plum tree and the pink bud stage of the apple tree. The lower temperature threshold for the development of P. ulmi is about 8°C, and the amount effective temperatures, required for the development of one generation without additional nutrition, is 210°. IN different parts The tick produces up to 3-10 generations within its range. The duration of development from egg to adult, including the period of additional nutrition, is 28-33 days. Predators of the red fruit mite include Anthocoris nemorum L., Blepharidopterus angulatus Fall., Stethorus punctillum Ws., Chrysopa carnea Steph., Amblyseius subsolidus Begl., Paraseiulus incognitus Wain. et Arut.

Economic importance.

Settling on the underside of the leaf, mites pierce the epidermis with chelicerae and suck out the contents of the cells. Damaged areas turn brownish, leaves wither and fall off. Plant growth slows down, the formation of flower buds weakens next year. Losses of up to 65% of the apple harvest are possible. Late-ripening varieties of apple trees are most damaged. Protective measures. Plowing between rows in the garden favors the growth of the pest population. Reducing the number of ticks is facilitated by growing resistant varieties of apple trees and whitewashing tree trunks. In the spring, before bud break, when there is a large number of overwintering eggs, gardens are treated with ovicides, and acaricides are used during bud break.

© Davidyan G.E.

Latin name:

Synonyms:

Tetranychus ulmi, Paratetranychus ulmi, Metatetranychus ulmi, Tetranychus pilosus, Canestrini et Fanzago, Tetranychus mytilaspidis, Fruit tree red spider, European red mite or spider

Classifier:

Arthropods › Arachnids › Mites › Acariform mites› Spider mites

Literary sources:

1. Bagdasaryan A.T. Fauna of the Armenian SSR. Tetranychoid mites (superfamily Tetranychoidea). Yerevan: Publishing house. AN Arm. SSR, 1957. 163 p.
2. Batiashvili I.D. Pests of continental and subtropical fruit crops. Tbilisi: Publishing house. Cargo. Agricultural Institute, 1959. 455 p.
3. Bondarenko I.V. On the issue of the geographical distribution of red spider mites. / Notes of the Leningrad Agricultural Institute. Protection of plants from pests and diseases. T. 95. L., 1965. P. 84-89.
4. Pests of agricultural crops and forests. T. 1. Harmful nematodes, mollusks, arthropods. Ed. V.P. Vasiliev. Kyiv: Harvest, 1973. 496 p.
5. Livshits I.Z. Morphological and biological features red fruit mites (Panonychus ulmi Koch, 1836) and garden spider mites (Schizotetranychus pruni Oudemans, 1931). / Pests and diseases of fruit and ornamental plants. Proceedings of the State Nikitsky Botanical Garden. T. 39. Yalta, 1967. P. 73-110.
6. Livshits I.Z., Mitrofanov V.I. Superfamily Spider mites - Tetranychoidea. / Key to harmful and beneficial insects and mites of fruit and berry crops in the USSR. Comp. L.M. Kopaneva. L.: Kolos. 1984. 288 p.
7. Mitrofanov V.I., Strunkova Z.I., Livshits I.Z. Key to tetranychid mites of the fauna of the USSR and neighboring countries (Tetranychidae, Bryobiidae). Dushanbe: Donish, 1987. 224 p.
8. Prokofiev M.A. Protection of Siberian gardens from pests. M.: Rosselkhozizdat, 1987. 239 p.
9. Rekk G.F. Catalog of acarofauna of the Georgian SSR. Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1976. 128 p.
10. Rekk G.F. Key to tetranych mites. Tbilisi: Publishing house. AN Cargo. SSR, 1959. 151 p.
11. Savkovsky P.P. Atlas of pests of fruit and berry crops. Kyiv: Harvest, 1976. 207 p.
12. Livshits, I.Z. & Mitrofanov, V.I. A contribution to the fauna and biology of tetranychid mites of the Crimea (Acariformes, Tetranychoidea). Proceedings of the 3rd international congress of the Acarology. Prague: Academia, 1973. P. 229-235.

Red fruit mite Panonychus ulmi (Tetranychus ulmi)

Class Arachnida/Arachnida, family Spider mites/Tetranychidae

Red fruit mite- polyphage. Harmful to plants of the Rosaceae family: apple, plum, pear, cherry, peach, apricot, almond, rose, rowan, hawthorn, thorn and others.

Medium sized tick. The body is oval in shape, the mouthparts are of the piercing-sucking type. Adults have four pairs of legs.

The female is 0.4 mm in size. The body is broadly oval, convex above, flattened below. The color of the integument ranges from light to cherry red. There are black spots on the sides. The male is 0.3 mm in size. The body is elongated, tapering towards the posterior end, slightly convex on the upper and lower sides. The color of the integument is brownish or orange-red.

The egg is red or orange. Diameter - 0.14-0.15 mm.

The larva is 0.17 mm in size. Immediately after hatching it is red in color and subsequently turns brown. Three pairs of legs. Nymph size 0.2-0.4 mm. Four pairs of legs. Color yellowish green or reddish brown

Postembryonic development of the first generation and egg laying coincide with the second half of the apple tree's flowering period.

The female lays eggs on the bark of shoots, in the forks of branches or at the base of fruitlets within 2-4 days after hatching. 1-2, less often 3-4 eggs are laid per day. The total fecundity is 60-90 eggs, the maximum is 150. The laying of winter eggs lasts 2-3 months and ends only in late autumn when the temperature drops to +8-9°C. In large numbers, winter eggs are arranged in two or three layers, and the bark acquires a pink tint. The eggs overwinter.

The spring hatching of larvae is observed simultaneously with the pinking of buds on the apple tree. Having hatched, the insects move along the branches and trunk to young leaves and begin feeding. The first generation appears in the second half of the apple tree's flowering period. Females laying winter eggs appear in July - August.

Features of development. During the season, the red fruit mite produces 3-5 generations in the Russian Federation. It switches to diapause when nutritional conditions deteriorate, temperature drops and the duration of daylight gradually decreases at the end of the growing season. Frosts lead to the death of all mobile stages.

Damages leaves of plants from the Rosaceae and other families. All stages of development are harmful except the egg. On damaged leaf blades, light yellow spots first appear along the veins; soon the leaf acquires a dull gray color, as if dusted with road dust.

Control measures:

1. processing biological drugs,
2. use of acaricides.

Panonychus ulmi Koch. Mite of the spider family - Tetranychidae. Distributed in the European part of the USSR, in Siberia, in Far East, in Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Damages apple, plum, pear, cherry and many other fruit and forest species.

The female is 0.4 mm long, broadly oval, convex above, flattened below, from light red to cherry color, with dark spots on the sides; on the dorsal side it has needle-shaped bristles on white tubercles. The male is 0.3 mm long, with a slightly convex elongated body, tapering towards the posterior end, brownish-red. Eggs overwinter on the bark of shoots, often at the base of fruitlets. The larvae hatch in the pink bud phase of the apple tree when the sum of effective temperatures (above 8 °C) reaches 50–55 °C. The larvae feed inside the buds and then on the growing leaves. Females appear in the second half of apple tree flowering at a sum of effective temperatures of 210 °C. Over 12–20 days of life, females lay 60–90 reddish eggs on the underside of leaves.

Eggs laid at the end of the season remain overwintering. 3–9 generations develop during the season. In uncultivated gardens, the pest is destroyed by phytoseiids, stetorus and other predators. The economic threshold of harmfulness is the same as that of the brown fruit mite.

Protective measures: and.

All terms on

The inner layer of the epicuticle, bordering the exocuticle. Representing the basis of the epicuticle, the cuticular layer acts as a selective barrier...

An evolutionary tendency characteristic of insects, manifested in the displacement of the wing veins towards the costal edge, which leads to its strengthening...

Damages most fruit crops and invades many forest species. Harmful in forest-steppe and regions with sufficient and increased moisture. In southern regions with precipitation less than 500 mm, tick damage is minimized.

The female's body is oval, 0.4 mm long. Color ranges from light to cherry red with dark spots. The dorsal setae are needle-shaped and sit on white tubercles. The male is 0.3 mm long, the body is elongated, brownish-red, tapering towards the posterior end.

The eggs overwinter on the bark of branches, in the forks of branches and at the base of fruitlets. When large in number, they are colored red and are visible to the naked eye. The hatching of larvae is observed before flowering and during flowering of the apple tree. The larvae are red in color and concentrate on young leaves, where they feed. After 2-3 weeks, adults appear. Females begin laying eggs 2-4 days after hatching. Fertility is 60-90 eggs, but the laying period is extended. In August, females appear and lay overwintering eggs until late autumn.

With the fall of leaves and the onset of frost, all mobile stages of tick development die. During the growing season, the pest develops in 4-5 generations.

Maliciousness:
Settling on the leaves, mites suck out the juices from them. In damaged leaves the water balance, the amount of chlorophyll decreases, the process of photosynthesis stops. The plant is weakened. Fruits on trees heavily infested with mites develop small. Mites are dangerous for a tree during all periods of development - both during active growth, and during crop formation.

Mass reproduction of fruit mites in many cases is associated with inept selection and repeated use of organophosphorus and other drugs that cause the death of the predatory enemies of the mites. In some cases, an increase in the number of ticks is associated with an increase in their fertility under the influence of the stimulating effect of certain drugs on the pest organism and the emergence of drug-resistant populations. The brown fruit mite is not able to form populations resistant to acaricides; therefore, it is replaced by hawthorn and red fruit mites, which form populations resistant to chemicals.

Control measures:
. Cleaning the trunks from old dead bark and whitewashing them with lime mortar in the fall destroys hawthorn, red and brown fruit mites in their wintering areas.
. A significant portion of overwintering pests are destroyed by spraying before buds open. The treatment prevents the mass reproduction of ticks in the spring, the most harmful period. This processing does not exclude the repeated use of chemicals, but allows you to postpone spraying to a later period.
. Hatched larvae of red and brown fruit mites from overwintered eggs and hatched oviparous females of hawthorn mites from wintering areas are destroyed by treatment during the period of bud opening or bud release. If there is a delay in treatment, spraying can be carried out after flowering. But by this period, some of the females of the boletus mite have already managed to lay eggs. Treatments during bud break and before or immediately after flowering are also effective against gall mites. During this period, they emerge from the Gauls to settle.
. If leaves are heavily populated and damaged in summer period treatments against other pests and diseases should be combined to kill mites.
Since some species of mites easily form acaricide-resistant populations, when chemical treatments It is necessary to provide for alternate use of recommended acaricides. This makes it possible to delay the emergence of tick populations that are resistant to chemicals.

Morphology

Female 0.4 mm in size. The body is broadly oval, convex above, flattened below. The color of the integument ranges from light to cherry red. There are black spots on the sides. The dorsal ones are needle-shaped, set on high white tubercles. The caudals are much shorter than the external sacrals, the latter being about a third smaller than the internal sacrals. Peritremes are straight and short. The end chamber of the peritreme is flask-shaped. The club on the tarsus of the tentacles is wide at the apex.

Male 0.3 mm in size. The body is elongated, tapering towards the posterior end, slightly convex on the upper and lower sides. The color of the integument is brownish or orange-red.

Egg red or orange. Diameter - 0.14-0.15 mm. The shape is spherical, slightly flattened towards the poles. The outer shell has thin radial ribbing and a thin stalk at the top.

Development

Mating period. The female lays eggs on the bark of shoots, in the forks of branches or at the base of fruitlets already 2-4 days after hatching. 1-2 are deposited per day, less often 3-4. The total fecundity is 60-90 pieces, the maximum is 150. Winter egg laying lasts 2-3 months and ends only in late autumn when the temperature drops to 8-9°C. When there are large numbers, winter ones are arranged in two or three layers, and the bark acquires a pink tint.

Egg. At a temperature of +15°C, the embryo develops for 15 days, at +21°C - 5 days. , laid in the fall, overwinter.

Features of development. During the season, the red fruit mite gives northern regions (Leningrad region) 3-4 generations, in Ukraine 5-6, and in Bulgaria 7-9 generations. The full development cycle is completed at a sum of effective temperatures of 210°, the lower threshold is +8°C. The mobile stages of the pest occur when daylight hours range from 14 hours in the south to 17 hours in the north. The transition to diapause is caused by a deterioration in nutritional conditions, a decrease in temperature and a gradual reduction in the duration of daylight hours at the end of the growing season. Frosts lead to the death of all mobile stages.

Morphologically related species

By appearance(morphology) the red citrus mite is close to the described species ( Panonychus citri). It differs from the described species in that its caudals are equal (or almost equal) to the external sacral ones and three times shorter than the internal sacral ones. The club on the tarsus of the female's tentacles gradually widens towards the apex.

Geographical distribution

Maliciousness

Pesticides

Chemical pesticides:

Spraying during the growing season: