How the truss system of an attic roof works: a review of designs for low-rise buildings. Attic roof - technology for installing an attic roof for a private house Ridge system for attic roofing

Modern people They try to use the space of their home as efficiently as possible. Therefore, the proposal to arrange additional space under the roof is always met with enthusiasm. It is much easier to plan the construction of an attic at the stage of building a house, but you can make an additional superstructure over an old building.

How to make an attic on an old house

The presence of an attic not only increases the living space, but also gives the building a colorful look.

The attic turns a country house into a fabulous building

An old house can be updated by building an extension in accordance with existing codes.

The attic addition begins with calculating the strength of the old house

First you need to decide whether the existing foundation and walls can withstand the load of the attic floor and the new roof. If they have a sufficient margin of safety, then you can begin to remodel the house. Otherwise, they should be strengthened.

Old brick walls sometimes seem strong, but with additional load, cracks may appear in the mortar over time. Therefore, it is necessary to immediately examine their condition, and, if necessary, tie them with a rigid belt. This is done as follows:

• metal pillars with a cross section of 10x10 cm are inserted into the foundation with the lower edge, and connected with the armored belt of the first floor with the upper edge. Installed around the perimeter of the house every 2 meters;
• metal reinforcement with a cross-section of 12 mm is laid in grooves and tied around the walls of the house: from the bottom of the window every 2 meters upward;
• A metal mesh with a mesh size of 2x2 cm is laid over the reinforcement, which is covered with plaster after all work is completed.

The foundation is strengthened by tying it with a reinforcing belt on all sides.

If the old foundation cannot support the attic, then it must be sheathed with reinforcement

Having decided on the strengthening of the building, you can proceed to choosing a project for the future superstructure. It should look harmonious against the background of other buildings and match the style of the entire house.

The calculation of the dimensions of the internal upper room and necessary materials for construction

There are several types of attics:

• single-level with gable roof- low ceilings with small living space;

  A single-level attic with a gable roof is the simplest type of superstructure for small buildings

• single-level with a sloping gable roof - increased internal space, but serious costs of money and time for construction;

  A one-level attic with a sloping gable roof is usually built on a brick house

• single-level with cantilever extensions - a complex design that allows you to get even more space, since the attic frame extends beyond the building and the windows are installed vertically;

  A single-level attic with cantilevered extensions allows you to get a lot of internal space by increasing the upper structure

• multi-level with mixed roof support - used in the construction of a new house, built only by specialists.

  A multi-level attic with mixed roof support is usually not installed on old houses due to the complexity and large volume of work

Video: converting half of an old roof into an attic - an easy way

Remodeling the roof into an attic - comparatively cheap way increasing living space. In a private house it is usually installed pitched roof, so you can make an additional spacious and bright room with your own hands.

Internal wood lining makes the attic warm and bright

And if the house is large enough in length, then the attic can turn into a real floor: with several rooms and even a balcony.

A large attic allows you to divide the area into different living areas

Advantages of creating an attic:

• the possibility of installing one or more new living rooms;

  Attic with low ceilings under a gable roof it is most convenient to arrange low sun loungers

• low costs compared to the construction of a full floor or side extension to the house;
• update appearance buildings;

  A house with an attic under construction always attracts the attention of passers-by and makes them interested in the final result.

• opportunity to observe beautiful view from the attic window.

  A lot of sunlight comes through the windows in the attic, illuminating the room all day long.

However, this solution also has certain disadvantages that must also be taken into account:

• the need for insulation and soundproofing of the ceiling and a new roof, installation of several double-glazed windows;
• the difficulty of installing additional heating and lighting in the upper part of the old house - you will have to combine it with home wiring or use an autonomous connection;

  To heat the attic with access to the balcony, you can use a stove-stove

• planning part of the home space for a staircase leading to the attic;

  The staircase leading to the attic must be fenced for safety

• need to purchase special furniture under a sloping roof or purchasing squat models: low cabinets, sofas and tables.

  Low furniture is best suited for attic interiors

The presence of sloping walls makes the room unusual and romantic, but with this decision you will have to take a more responsible approach to design development. You can make furniture for the inclined superstructure yourself or assemble a single set from existing multi-level models, painting everything in the same color.

You can make furniture that follows the slope of the attic yourself

So, the main disadvantage of converting an attic space into a loft is that it requires an investment, but it is worth it.

Building an attic will cost much less than creating an additional floor, regardless of what materials are used to build the walls. After all, to create them you will need basic material, insulation and finishing, whereas for attic superstructure all you need is roofing insulation and a new rafter system.

The superstructure is made of symmetrical or asymmetrical shape. Internal walls are designed both inclined and vertical.

Having studied the schemes of single-level attics with different types roofs, it is easier to make a choice when planning

Converting an attic into an attic does not require dismantling all existing structures. But you need to make sure that the ceiling is reliable: check its condition, reinforce it with wooden or metal beams, cover with new boards. Then it will be able to withstand the weight of furniture and people.

For frequent climbs to the attic you will need to do comfortable staircase, provide for the installation of ventilation, natural and artificial lighting, carry out interior decoration - all this will create a cozy and comfortable room.

A superstructure with a sloping roof, decorated in light colors, visually enlarges the space, and splashes of color add brightness to the interior

When constructing an attic floor, the following conditions must be met:

• the rafters are made of laminated veneer lumber with a thickness of at least 250 mm, so that the required amount of insulation can be laid;
• Foamed polystyrene is used for insulation due to its low weight and high thermal insulation characteristics;
• a gap is left between the thermal insulation and the roofing material to ensure natural ventilation;
• A hydro- and sound-proofing layer must be laid.

Converting the roof into an attic with your own hands

During the construction of a house there is usually a lack of funds, so many people refuse to build a second floor. Or another situation may arise when an old one-story small house is purchased along with the plot. In both cases there is affordable option increasing the living space - rebuilding the attic space into an attic with your own hands.

Creating a Project

Before starting work, you need to draw up a plan and develop a project with accurate drawings. Correct calculation will allow you to get a cozy, durable and reliable room. You can perform all the calculations yourself or entrust it to specialists.

You can draw a plan and develop a preliminary design yourself by studying different options on the Internet

Strengthening the walls and foundation may be necessary if complete replacement rafters If the roof is partially redone, then reinforcement may be needed only for the ceiling. You also need to immediately decide what types of windows will be used in the attic: the reinforcement in the rafter system will depend on this.

The location of all windows in the attic roof must be thought out in advance and this data must be included in the project plan

Rafter system

Rafters can be layered or hanging. The former rest on the internal walls of the house or additional supports, and the latter on the external walls.

In attics, layered and hanging rafters are used

Hanging rafters are best suited for the attic.

An attic with hanging rafters looks more beautiful and benefits in the size of the internal area

The attic usually occupies the entire space of the attic, and its walls are combined with the external ones.

The best option for creating an attic is a layered rafter system

The rafter system consists of different load-bearing bars. To understand the structure of the entire structure and build it correctly, you need to understand the purpose and operation of its individual elements.

An image of individual elements of the rafter system helps to understand the structure of the entire structure

Refurbishment of premises

If the attic height is sufficient, there is no need to alter the rafter system. It is enough to inspect the old rafters, identify possible flaws and eliminate them.

If the rafter system is in good condition, you can begin arranging the floor. Insulation is first laid between the joists, after which the surface is sheathed with ordinary boards or sheets of OSB or chipboard.

The floor in the attic is insulated and covered with boards

Before laying the insulation, all necessary communications are installed between the rafters, and places are cut in the roof for installing windows. carried out before insulation.

All communication wires and pipes must be placed in special corrugations

Care must be taken to create natural ventilation of the under-roof space through vents so that moisture does not accumulate inside the room.

Roof insulation

The roof must be insulated correctly and efficiently - the microclimate under the roof will depend on this. Typically, mineral wool, polystyrene foam or sprayed polyurethane foam are used as insulation.

A thick layer of heat insulation is tightly laid and fixed between the rafters so that there are no cracks or gaps left anywhere. Waterproofing is installed along the upper part of the roof - between the roof and the insulation - and then thermal insulation material is laid on the side of the room. Then the inside of the insulation is covered with a vapor barrier film.

For better ventilation, a small distance is left between the roofing material and the insulation: this way air circulates through the holes in the eaves and ridge. If the roof is covered with corrugated sheets, then the gap thickness should be 25 mm, but if flat material, then you need to bring it to 50 mm.

When creating thermal insulation for an attic, the sequence of layers must be strictly observed.

When planning to climb to the attic, you need to take care of the convenience and safety of movement. Therefore, the staircase is usually installed inside the house. It is constructed from wood or metal: it can be either a screw or a marching structure.

The staircase to the attic may be different types and designs, which allows it to fit into any interior

An opening is cut in the ceiling of the first floor, which is reinforced along the perimeter with metal or wooden strapping.

The design of the stairs to the attic must be strong, reliable, safe and beautiful

Interior decoration

In most cases, plasterboard slabs are used for wall cladding, and the seams between them are plastered. Wallpaper is pasted on top or applied decorative plaster. Alternative option- lining or natural wood.

If some rafters protrude through the walls into the attic, then they can be designed as decorative elements and even use it as a horizontal bar for hanging a hammock, swing, chandelier and other devices.

Decorating the visible parts of the rafters in the interior of the attic is an interesting and creative matter.

Use heavy ones finishing materials in the attic is not recommended, as they increase the load on the walls, ceiling and foundation of the building.

There are many options interior decoration attic, but it is advisable to use only lightweight materials

To cover the floor, you can use laminate or linoleum, but it is better to avoid tiles or porcelain stoneware.

Installation of the roof of the attic floor

The roof of a residential superstructure must consist of the following layers (the order of arrangement is from the street to the internal space):

Video: why and how to properly lay layers on the attic roof

Calculations of an attic roof for a house

Determining the total weight of the roof

To calculate the total weight of roofing materials, you need specific gravity multiply one square meter of coverage by the total area of ​​the attic roof. To obtain the weight of one square meter, you need to add up the specific gravity of all the materials that make up the roofing pie, and multiply it by the safety factor (1.1).

If the thickness of the lathing is 25 mm, then its specific gravity is 15 kg/m2, insulation 10 cm thick has a specific gravity of 10 kg/m2, and roofing material ondulin has a weight of 3 kg/m2. It turns out: (15+10+3)x1.1= 30.8 kg/m2.

According to existing standards, the floor load in a residential building should not exceed 50 kg/m2.

Determining the roof area

To calculate the surface of a sloping roof, you need to break it down into simple shapes (square, rectangle, trapezoid, etc.) and determine their area, and then add everything up. To determine the surface of a gable roof, you need to multiply the length by the width, and multiply the resulting value by two.

Table: determining the area of ​​the attic roof

When calculating the angle of inclination, the climatic zone in which the house is located is taken into account, and that it is convenient to move in the attic at full height

It is also necessary to calculate the roof slope. Typically the angle is 45–60 degrees, but when determining it, one must take into account climate zone, in which the house is located, type of attic construction, snow and wind loads, architectural design of the house.

The greater the angle of inclination of the roof, the less will be the load on the rafter system, but the consumption of materials will increase.

Calculation of the rafter system

When choosing a rafter system, you can choose the following options:

• hanging rafters;
• inclined type;
• ridge run;
• combined design.

If the roof length is more than 4.5 m, then support purlins and struts can be used for reinforcement. If the length is more than 7 meters, a ridge beam is installed.

For wooden rafters, timber with a thickness of at least 70 mm is used. Their installation step should be 50 cm.

Over a large area, it is better to attach a metal rafter system: due to the increase in the distance between the rafters, the absence of spacers and struts, the weight of such a structure will be less than that of a wooden one, and the strength will increase significantly.

If the attic area is large, then it is better to install metal rafters

Calculation of the required amount of materials

To carry out the calculation you need to know the following parameters:

• width, thickness and pitch of rafters;
• distance from the edge of the roof to the rafters;
• the size of the sheathing boards and the spacing between them;
• size, type of roofing material and overlap between its sheets;
• type of steam, hydro and heat insulating material.

The roof is divided into simple shapes and the required amount of each material is determined. Simple mathematical formulas are used for this.

The results obtained are converted into standard values: for wood - in cubic meters, for roofing materials, steam, hydro and thermal insulation - in square meters. And you can go to the store.

Common mistakes

Most often, when calculating independently, errors are obtained during the determination required quantity insulation. If climatic conditions severe, then its volume will have to be increased, otherwise it will not be possible to create comfortable living conditions in the attic. The insulation is installed on the floor of the house, gable walls and roof slopes. But the thickness of the insulation can be different everywhere.

Video: calculation of a mansard roof with diagrams and load

The attic floor allows for additional living space and gives a private home a modern, attractive appearance. It’s not difficult to create an attic with your own hands, you just need to draw up the project correctly, perform calculations and carry out high-quality installation all materials. And the result will please the owners for a long time.

Using all possible space, giving the house originality and significantly reducing heat loss through the roof - these are the tasks that the attic solves. If there is a certain margin of safety at the foundation, in this way you can turn a one-story house into a two-level one. Another attractive thing is that you can build an attic roof with your own hands even without special construction skills. It is important not to make a mistake with the choice of materials and do everything according to the rules.

Windows on a regular floor are located in the walls. In attics there are no or almost no walls. They are replaced by a roof. That’s why windows are made special: they not only must let in sufficient light, but also withstand wind and snow loads, which are much greater on the roof than on the walls.

Dormer windows

When planning an attic, you should take into account the recommendations of SNiP. They recommend making the window area no less than 10% of the floor area. So if the attic is divided into several rooms, each should have a window.

Of all the methods shown in the photo for installing skylights with an attic, inclined installation is the easiest to implement. In this case, it is necessary to ensure the proper degree of waterproofing of the junction, and also to use special models with reinforced frames and reinforced glass - the load on the surface can be significant.

Advantages of a sloping roof window:

• more light, less sharp boundaries of light and shadow;
• the roof surface remains flat, its relief is not complicated;
• relatively easy installation.

When planning such a window, it is necessary to remember that its area increases with increasing angle of inclination. At what height is it more convenient to install such a window and how its height increases in centimeters depending on the inclination, look at the photo.

The steeper the slope relative to the floor, the smaller the window height should be.

The width of the window frame should be 4-6 cm less than the pitch between the rafters. Then it can be easily installed without disturbing the structure of the frame. If the window is wider, it is necessary to make a reinforced beam above it and calculate the load.

If you need to have a larger window, it is easier to place two narrow ones side by side. They look no worse than one big one, and there will be fewer problems.

When installing a dormer window, the roof geometry becomes more complicated: a valley appears on top and on the sides. Because of this, the rafter system becomes more complex both during planning and during assembly. The complexity of laying the roofing also increases. All valleys are the places where leaks are most likely to occur. Therefore, everything needs to be done very carefully. In regions with a large number It is advisable to install snow guards over such windows to prevent them from being blown away in the event of a sudden meltdown.

Installation of a vertical dormer window in an attic roof

The advantage of such a window is that you can stand next to it at full height. But they let in less light, the terrain becomes more complex and the roof becomes more problematic.

A recessed window is usually used if there is access to a balcony through it. In other cases, this method of arrangement is not best option: little light gets in, the shadows turn out to be very deep, which is tiring for the eye, the geometry also becomes more complex, although not to the same extent as in the previous version.

The easiest way is to make a window at the end of the attic. In this case, a reinforced frame or reinforced glass is not needed. Just high-quality glass is quite enough. It is this option that can most often be seen in country attics: this is the most inexpensive option, which you can easily implement with your own hands.

Rafter system

At self-construction In private houses with an attic, a broken roof is usually chosen. It allows you to get a room of significant area, larger than under a gable.

With the same width of the base (of the house), the attic space under a sloping roof is larger than under a regular gable roof. The rafter system is becoming more complex, but a gable roof with an attic under a sloping roof is still more popular

The design of the sloping mansard roof is such that the overhangs can be lowered quite low, giving the house an interesting look. But the long overhang of the roof serves not only a decorative role. They also cover the upper part of the wall from precipitation and divert the bulk of the water away from the foundation. Although when planning you need to keep in mind that in strong winds they increase windage. Because of this, it is necessary to use more powerful boards and beams. Therefore, the size of the roof overhang is chosen based on several considerations, the main one of which is weather conditions.

Tilt angle

Depends on the roofing material, but most of all - on the region and weather conditions. The classic version is shown in the figure: the lower slopes in relation to the plane of the attic floor are inclined by 60°, the upper slopes by 30°. Based on these data and the parameters of your building, you can calculate all lengths. Just take into account that according to SNiP, the ceiling height in the attic cannot be less than 2 m. Then, by definition, this is an attic. A person will feel comfortable if the ceiling is raised to a height of at least 2.2-2.3 m. Based on this, according to the rules of geometry, calculate the required lengths.

At classic version load from precipitation on side surfaces may not be taken into account. Precipitation can only be retained on the upper part, the angle of inclination of which is less than 45°.

In general, the inclination of the side surfaces usually varies between 45° and up to 80°. The steeper the slope, the greater the windage it has, this must be taken into account: in regions with strong winds It is better to make flatter roofs. Then wind loads will be perceived much better.

Types of rafter systems for sloping roofs

The design of a sloping mansard roof is one of the options for the rafter system (the most common)

To make the frame of a sloping roof with your own hands, they most often use pine lumber, grade no lower than 2. The choice of cross-section of timber and boards depends on the size of the roof, the selected roofing covering (its weight), wind and snow loads in the region, and the installation pitch of the rafters. All these parameters are taken into account in the calculation. The methodology is prescribed in SNiP 2.08.01-89 and TKP 45-5.05-146-2009.

One of the options for constructing a frame with hanging rafters

The figure above shows a drawing of a frame with hanging rafters. It can only be implemented if the base of the upper triangle is no more than 4.5 meters (in this case, this is the width attic room). If more, you will have to make layered rafters, which should rest on the load-bearing wall in the middle (the attic will be divided into two parts by a row of beams).

Another version of the upper part is shown in the photo below (the picture is clickable). In this case, the side rafters are reinforced with struts. They significantly increase the rigidity of the system.

There is a second way to achieve a similar effect - to establish contractions - in the figure they are only outlined with barely visible lines. The length of the side rafter leg is divided by three, and contractions are established in these places. They will be needed if roofing will have a significant weight.

Option for installing a sloping roof truss system - with struts that increase the rigidity of the system

For a small building, the roof frame can be generally simple: at the top there are two hanging rafters, a tie rod, floor beams, racks and side rafters (pictured below).

Construction of a rafter system for a broken mansard roof for small house

How to calculate a sloping roof

The attic sloping roof of a small house (no more than 6-7 meters wide) has been built so many times that, based on experience, we can say what materials should be used. Many parameters are dependent on other materials. For example, the installation step of the rafters is tied to the parameters of the insulation. To ensure that there is as little waste as possible during insulation and installation is simpler, it is necessary that the distance from one rack to another be slightly less than the width of the insulation (by 20-30 mm). So, if you are going to use mineral wool, its width is 60 cm. Then the racks need to be installed so that the clearance between two adjacent ones is 57-58 cm and no more.

The width of the board for the rafter leg is again determined based on the insulation. For central Russia required thickness basalt wool is 200-250 mm. That's not all. In order for the thermal insulation to dry, a ventilation gap of 20-30 mm is required (without it, condensation will gradually rot the wood and render the mineral wool unusable). In total, it turns out that the minimum width of the rafter leg should be 230 mm. The thickness of the board is at least 50 mm. This is in regions with light winds and not very heavy snowfalls. To summarize, for all rafters - ridge and side - a board of 230 * 50 mm is required.

If lumber with such characteristics turns out to be too expensive, it will be possible to do the insulation in two directions: partly along the rafters, partly, filling the sheathing, across. You can lay a minimum of 100 mm of basalt wool, therefore you can take a standard board 50*150 mm and leave a 50 mm ventilation gap, or order a non-standard 130*50 mm. It's up to you to see which is more profitable for the money.

For racks and beams, it is better to take a beam of at least 80 * 80 mm, better - 100 * 100 mm. Especially in areas with difficult weather conditions— in case of heavy snowfalls or strong winds.

Order a more accurate calculation from specialists. This is a long process consisting of collecting loads from the roofing material, the structural elements themselves, wind and snow loads. After which, according to a certain formula, elements are selected. For more detailed information on how the calculation is carried out, see the following video.

Do-it-yourself mansard roof: installation procedure

The design of the Mauerlat on mansard roofs is no different from the standard version. If or logs, you can use the upper crown as a mauerlat. It is only pre-treated with impregnation with high protective properties.

If the wall is made of foam blocks, a reinforced monolithic belt is placed on top of it. On brick wall or made of shell rock or other similar materials, the construction of such a belt is not necessary. Waterproofing is laid in two layers on the wall, and on top is a timber treated with an antiseptic - 150 * 150 mm or a log. It is secured with embedded studs.

When assembling all elements, long nails are used - at least 150 mm long. In the most critical places, it is better to connect three or more elements using bolts or studs with double-sided threads. It is advisable to reinforce all joints with steel plates or corners.

First way

Installation of attic roof rafters is done in two ways. First: they assemble the parts on the ground, then lift them up in finished form. There, the outer structures, which will become pediments, are put up first. They are placed vertically and secured. It is often more convenient to secure them with long bars nailed to the wall (temporary). The following are inserted into the prepared recesses in the Mauerlat (they are made with the required step): assembled structures. They are positioned strictly vertically and carefully secured. If necessary, additional temporary spacers are installed to fix them in the desired position. Side beams are installed.

How to build a sloping roof in this way and assemble the nodes, see the video below.

Second way

The second method - the construction of a sloping roof is carried out sequentially by assembling elements directly on site. This method is more convenient if the structure is large and when assembled it can only be lifted using special equipment (crane).

First, the floor beams are laid. Stands and ties are attached to them, and temporary spacers are installed to hold them in the vertical direction. Next, the upper and side rafter legs are assembled, and the tie rods and jibs are installed.

During installation, the following sequence of actions is observed: first, install and align desired position extreme elements are securely fastened. If necessary, use temporary spacers. A fishing line, rope, and cord are stretched between them, which will serve as a guide for the installation of all subsequent elements. This simple move allows you to get the ideal geometry (don’t forget to check the slope angle, verticality or horizontality).

Tightening bars are attached on top of the racks, to which the side rafters are then fixed and onto which the tightening of the upper triangle is installed. The ties are secured using metal corners. Since the beams are long, they sag. This can be eliminated later - after installing the upper rafter legs- using vertical beams of fixed or adjustable height. And temporarily they can be supported with racks (so as not to pull the entire system).

To make it easier to maintain the desired angle when installing the side rafter legs, templates are made according to which cuts are made. But since the geometry of buildings built with your own hands is rarely ideal, adjustments may be needed. To check the resulting angle of inclination, another template is knocked down from several boards, which is used to check the correct installation.

If the standard length of lumber - 6 meters - is not enough, either order the required length (expensive) or increase it. When building up, two boards measuring at least 0.6 meters (30 cm on each side of the joint) are nailed to the joint. They are nailed on both sides or bolts are used.

A reliable way to build rafters. The length of the “patch” is at least 60 cm

After installing the side rafters, all that remains is to install the top ones. A template is also made for them, pre-cut on the ground, and installed on top.

The top part can be made in different ways. Its structure depends on the width of the base. How to make it, look at the photo below.

Since the structure of an attic sloping roof does not provide for the presence of a ridge, a beam is placed in the middle to tighten it, to which the slopes are attached, fixing the triangle in the required position.

Nodes and their drawings

When installing a rafter system, questions may arise regarding the assembly of nodes—the intersections and connections of several structural elements. In the photo you see drawings of key connections.

The second option for connecting the side layered rafters and the upper triangle. Bolts are used for more secure fastening.

How to make a do-it-yourself fastening of the upper tee and rafter leg on an attic roof

Methods for attaching rafter legs to the mauerlat or, as in this case, to the side beam are shown in the figure below. To make it easier to mount a heavy element, a thrust board (bar) is nailed to the bottom of the rafter, which limits its movement: the board rests against the edge and does not allow it to sink lower.

The attic is that room in your home that can carry a wide variety of functional loads: from a workshop and office, to a bedroom and living room. Arranging an attic will cost you much less than a full second floor. And the technology for its construction is more accessible.
In this article we will look at the types of attics, as well as the stages of constructing an attic with your own hands.

The attic is a room limited from below by an interfloor ceiling, and from above and on the sides by roof slopes. Depending on the shape of the attic slopes, there can be:

• single-level symmetrical with a gable roof (a, b);
• single-level symmetrical with a sloping roof (c);
• single-level asymmetrical (g);
• two-level asymmetrical (d).

Rafter structures for mansard roofs

If it is not there, or the distance of the wall from the edge of the attic is more than 7 m, hanging rafters are installed. They are made up of the upper part of the roof slope, and at the bottom are limited by the ceiling beams of the attic.
Installation of the rafter system is the first stage in the construction of the attic. Therefore, before starting its installation, you should calculate and take into account all the subtleties of this construction. For example, the possibility of arranging an attic floor to replace an existing attic space will depend on the quality of the underlying surface, the type of foundation and its load-bearing capacity, as well as on the condition of the entire building as a whole.

However, first you need to become familiar with the terminology presented on the construction drawings.

Stages of construction of a rafter frame

First, the top beam is laid, which can have a cross-section of 0.1x0.1 m, or better yet 0.15x0.15 m. It is attached to the racks with special nails, iron staples or self-tapping screws. This block is a rafter frame.

1. We install the Mauerlat. It is this element that is the “foundation” of the entire roof. It prevents the roof from tipping over in strong gusty winds, and also shifts the load from the attic to load-bearing walls Houses. To install the Mauerlat, use: boards (thickness of at least 5 cm) and beams (with minimum cross-section 10x15 cm). The beams are laid out along the perimeter of the entire roof and attached to the wall with long self-tapping screws or metal brackets (or better yet, both at the same time). Another method of attaching the Mauerlat to the wall would not be amiss - using thick wire, which is mounted in advance into the top row of the brickwork of the wall. Remember that the stronger you tie the mauerlat and the wall, the stronger the entire attic structure will be. And one more thing: it is necessary to lay a layer of waterproofing under the Mauerlat bars, and treat the boards or bars themselves with an antiseptic and waterproofing impregnation.
2. , which are most often purchased ready-made (although you can make them yourself if you wish). Before installing these structural elements, it is necessary to put marks on the Mauerlat that will indicate the location of the leg attachment (the accepted distance between the legs is 15 cm). Applying marks will simplify and speed up this stage.
3. We lay the edge rafters to the gable. Special attention attention should be paid to the fact that the edge of the front and the top of the rafters should be in one line. In addition, pay attention to the quality of the board used for the rafters: it should be without any defects (normally no more than 3 flaws per 1 m), thickness - about 4 cm, width - about 15 cm. After the edge rafters are installed, they are connected by a level rope along which all other rafter legs are mounted.
4. It's time to unite all the strops together. This is done by top point all rafters using purlin. Then the ridge beam is installed, which, in principle, is not a mandatory element of the frame (it is erected when the roof is longer than 7 m).
5. Do not forget that during the construction stage truss structure you need to lay window frames under the attic windows.
6. If the roof is below 7 m, then guy wires are installed in the upper part of the rafters, which perform a dual function: they serve as ceiling beams for the future attic and strengthen the frame mansard roof.

The rafter system is ready. All that remains is to make the lathing, secure the hydrobarrier material, lay a layer of insulating material, as well as roofing. Mansard roof ready. Let's get started internal work, which we will discuss below.

The importance of insulating attic roofs is undeniable, because... the walls of the attic space are integral with the attic roof, or are as close to it as possible. Because of this, the attic room freezes faster in winter and heats up significantly in summer.

Mineral wool is laid in the space between the rafters. In this regard, the base sheets of insulation are cut to fit the size of the gaps between the rafters. Sheets of mineral wool are laid on a pre-laid layer of vapor barrier, and a layer of hydro-vapor barrier is attached on top of the sheets. In this multi-layer structure, air gaps are formed, located between the layers of vapor barrier-mineral wool and mineral wool - hydro-vapor barrier. These air channels will subsequently contribute to the ventilation of the entire structure, and therefore they must be opened open in the ridge area. This will improve the quality of insulation.

When insulating an attic, remember that the microclimate of the attic space and the comfort of your stay there will depend on the quality of insulation and the presence of ventilation.

The planned construction of your own dacha or house is a fairly serious step that requires careful consideration. After all, a new building should combine beauty, convenience and functionality. In addition, the design should not be very expensive and at the same time different from neighboring houses. All these problems can be solved by building a mansard-type roof. This option makes it possible to use any roofing materials, designing the structure in different styles, equip windows and balconies, give the roof any look and shape. In this regard, there are a huge number of combinations.

Approximate cost of a mansard roof by design

Many people consider the construction of an attic floor to be less expensive due to the lack of the need to build walls, but this fact is only partially true for the following reasons:

• The rafter system requires a large investment, this is influenced by the selected type of roof with an attic and the cost of lumber determined for each region.
• Insulation, vapor barrier and waterproofing of the attic floor are also quite expensive. After all, to create a comfortable microclimate in the living space of the attic, not only roofing material is required, it is very important to correctly draw a drawing of the attic with dimensions, select the type and thickness of insulation, waterproofing and vapor barrier material. For example, in central Russia, thermal insulation is necessary for a comfortable stay high density and more than 20 cm thick.
• Dormer windows can be vertical and located in the plane of the roof. Moreover, these options can be used simultaneously, which makes the design more memorable. Registration window openings The attic floor is not only expensive, but also difficult to install. Dormer windows on a conventional gable roof are a special design made from elements of the rafter system, and also require the installation of valleys and snow retainers above the windows. All this significantly increases the costs associated with the purchase of materials and installation work. When placing windows in the roof plane, you should consider sealing the openings to prevent precipitation from entering the room. Accordingly, the price of installation work increases. The frames and glass themselves are made using a special technology with reinforcement and reinforcement to retain snow loads during the winter season, which further increases their cost.
• As for roofing materials, there are also subtleties here. Popular and inexpensive metal-based coverings, including profiled steel sheets, metal tiles and roofing iron, are best not used for mansard roofs for several reasons. Firstly, such materials are characterized by high thermal conductivity, which requires laying fairly thick thermal insulation materials. Otherwise, there will be no comfortable microclimate in the attic either in winter or in summer. Secondly, metal roofs have the ability to create noise high level, especially when it rains. This applies to both ordinary roofs of a small area and attic roofs with decent dimensions and a corresponding noise level. In addition to indoor noise, which can be reduced by additional insulation, there is another problem - noise from the outside. This is especially important in densely populated areas, where a conflict situation with neighbors may arise over this issue. Comparing expensive roofing material and cheap coating in combination with additional insulation, we can say that the first option is more profitable in material terms.

The described facts make it clear that the attic roof is not a cheap option. Although this case also has its positive aspects:

• The design is lightweight, so the presence of an attic floor does not require the construction of a powerful foundation for a private house, just a slight strengthening of the foundation. Considering that building the base is the most expensive part, there is little benefit to be gained at this stage.
• In any case, the attic is an additional area, so when limited budget You can postpone its arrangement indefinitely, and this has its advantage. In addition, the absence of insulation in an unheated room allows wooden elements allowing the attic roof to dry naturally, this helps to avoid many problems in the future, which are explained as follows. The lumber used for roof construction is most often very high humidity. A properly assembled roofing pie helps remove moisture that forms when the material dries. However, the slightest violations in the laying of layers can lead to serious problems. Consequently, a roof left for some time without insulation will create less problems during operation.
• The mansard roof gives the house some individuality, making it more expressive and original. This is possible thanks to a large number of design options.

Having studied all the pros and cons of a mansard-type roof, each homeowner independently decides whether to build such a structure or not. Those who have chosen a mansard roof need to become more familiar with the types of existing structures.

Types of mansard roofs

The attic floor can be equipped on any type of roof, including combined structures and gable attics with your own hands. The only exception is the flat roof.

Shed roofs

The single-pitched mansard roof of the house looks quite non-standard. The absence of a ridge and the corresponding subtleties of its design greatly simplifies installation work. On opposite walls different heights lay the mauerlat on which the beams are laid. Due to this difference, the angle of inclination of the slope is formed. To prevent snow from accumulating on the roof, it is recommended to form a slope of 35-45 degrees. Otherwise load-bearing beams it is necessary to strengthen and install additional supports, which will lead to a reduction in the living area of ​​the attic floor.

Buildings with a pitched mansard roof have a non-standard appearance due to large window, which is most often located in a high wall.

But there is one caveat: such a roof will be less expensive if the distance between opposite walls is small, no more than 4.5 meters. In this case, it is enough to lay standard beams on the walls and not put up supports.

Gable mansard roofs

The most common option is a do-it-yourself gable roof with an attic. In this case, the design allows you to create comfortable living conditions at low material costs.

The easiest way is to make an attic under a regular roof with two slopes, provided that it has a height sufficient for arranging a residential floor. In this case, the roof can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. In the first case, the ridge passes directly through the middle of the house, in the second, it moves relative to the middle.

The construction of a gable mansard roof always implies straight gables, so in most cases the room takes the shape of a trapezoid or square. The only drawback of this design is the cutting off of a large space on the sides. But arranging additional cabinets or storage rooms helps solve this problem.

The shape of the windows and their location depend on the slope of the slopes, so there are dormer windows or openings directly in the roof.

Very often you can find a gable attic roof, in which there is a one-and-a-half floor. Design feature Such a structure consists of walls erected to a certain level. Such houses are called “one and a half floors”.

Installation of an attic in a broken-type roof

In addition to do-it-yourself single-pitched and double-pitched mansard roofs, there is a third option - broken structures. They stand out in a separate category due to significant differences in the device.

Building a sloping mansard roof is both simple and difficult. On the one hand, you don’t need to spend money on building walls, because the sloping roof also has two slopes, but with different angles of inclination. The result is a room similar to the ground floor, but with a slightly smaller area, about 15%. On the other hand, the rafter system of a sloping roof is more complex, so the installation work on arranging the attic may experience some difficulties.

However, it is the sloping roof that is being erected for arranging the attic floor with your own hands. This design allows for maximum use of usable space, regardless of the purpose of the building. This could be a garage extension or summer kitchen, as well as additional living space. More often attic floor It is built from lightweight materials, so additional strengthening of the foundation of the house is not required. But to be completely sure of this, you should contact a specialized organization to carry out the appropriate calculations.

Hip roofs with attic

Such complex structures require mandatory calculations. Due to the large surface area, the cost of thermal insulation increases, but at the same time, the usable area of ​​the attic decreases due to the cutting off of parts of the attic on four sides.

Due to the slope of all surfaces, the hipped attic roof does not experience heavy loads from gusts of wind, therefore, the pressure on the slopes is also minimal. This design of the attic roof allows for low slopes, thereby reducing the impact of wind and precipitation on the walls. In addition, the most popular option - a hip roof - makes the building more attractive.

If we talk about combinations, there are many options, for example, a broken hip structure or a single-pitch hip roof. In any case, it is important to correctly develop the rafter system and implement it in life.

Balcony on the attic roof

Balconies are arranged according to the principle skylights, although in this case the implementation of the project will be very expensive.

If the load-bearing capacity of the walls is high, a hanging balcony is made, and the dormer window is simply enlarged.

In addition, the balcony can be supported by special columns, but the structure is placed above the main entrance in order to gain both benefit and decoration of the house.

If you plan to make a balcony on the pediment, then it is necessary to make extended overhangs so that they protect the balcony.

In some cases, the balcony platform is formed by shifting the attic gable.

In addition to the listed options, there are a huge number of non-standard solutions that are distinguished by originality and at the same time low cost.

If you want to maximize usable area at home, without spending exorbitant amounts of money, you should definitely consider projects with an attic. The experience of developers suggests that this the best way economy class housing layouts, because one square meter Living space in it is several times cheaper than in two-story buildings. There is a misconception that the attic is only suitable for seasonal use in the warm season.

However, it is erroneous, since a high-quality insulated sloping attic roof perfectly retains heat in winter, its temperature regime no less comfortable than in heated rooms on the first floor.

Even without additional thermal insulation, the attic is a kind of “air cushion” that preserves optimal temperature inside the house.

A broken mansard roof is considered technically complex design, advising you to entrust its construction to a professional team. However, a person familiar with roofing work using the example of traditional gable roof, is quite capable of mastering its construction with his own hands, with the help of two auxiliary workers and assistants. The main thing is to understand that this is a process that requires a serious approach, which is reckless to begin without preliminary calculations.

Types of mansard roofs

An attic is a heated or cold space under the roof that is used as living space. According to building regulations, in the attic room it is necessary to equip windows for natural light and ceilings of sufficient height for a person.

Rooms under the roof in which these conditions are not met are called attics. The following types of roofs are suitable for installing an attic:

broken roof

Installation of a mansard roof suitable for habitation requires mandatory thermal insulation, the organization of natural lighting using attic or vertical windows and forced ventilation.

Advantages of a broken structure

Of course, you can even equip an attic by building an ordinary triangular roof with your own hands. But due to the steepness of the slopes, for the ceiling to work, the height of such a roof must be very large. This is not economical, and also impractical, because a roof with a variable pitch angle allows you to use the available space more efficiently.

More flat upper part makes ceilings higher. According to building codes, if the distance from the floor to the ridge connection is less than 2.5-2.7 meters, the room is not considered residential, it cannot be called an attic, it is rather just an attic. The sloping roof design has the following advantages:

• Possibility to arrange higher ceilings.
• High level of protection from precipitation and wind.
• Light snow falling off the slopes.
• Helps conserve heat.
• Rational use of under-roof space.

Construction stages

Creating a Project

When drawing up a project for a broken mansard roof for construction with your own hands, it is better to draw up drawings with different projections, which will comprehensively show the location of its elements. Based on the length and width of the house, you need to determine the size of the attic space, as well as the roof. First of all, the geometry of the slopes is built:

In order for the project calculations to be correct, it is important to accurately take primary measurements, as well as maintain the scale. Can make design easier computer programs, in which you just need to enter the dimensions of the building and the desired type of roof; they perform all the rest of the work automatically. If you do not have access to such software, it is better to use ready-made projects.

Calculation of the rafter system

Rafters are the main supporting elements of a sloping attic roof, a kind of its backbone. They are subjected to enormous loads, so special requirements are placed on them.

The choice of the cross-section of the rafter legs does not occur randomly, but in accordance with the installation pitch, the distance between the supports, and the values ​​of the wind and snow load. If the first three indicators can be easily determined from the drawing, then the last two require special explanation.

• The territory of Russia is divided into 8 zones with different snow load. For each specific roof, this value is adjusted by the angle of inclination of its slopes. Since the slope of the slopes is different, two indicators are calculated, respectively, the upper and lower rafters may have different sections.
• There is also zoning based on wind load, which also includes 8 zones. Using a coefficient that takes into account the height of the building, amendments are made to the table value of this indicator.
• The values ​​of these two indicators are summed to determine the total load. Numbers should be rounded up to provide a small margin of safety. Based on them, the required cross-section of the boards is determined using reference tables.

Mauerlat installation

The beginning of work on equipping a sloping mansard roof is the installation of a Mauerlat, a strong beam measuring 100x100 mm or 150x150 mm. It is fixed to the end of the side external walls.

Its main task is to distribute the weight of the roof structure, transfer it to the foundation, and also protect the slopes from tipping over. The Mauerlat is laid along the top of the wall over pre-laid waterproofing, which is used as roofing material folded in half or several layers of a special film.

Fastening is carried out using metal pins; they must be placed in concrete screed. If we are talking about do-it-yourself roof reconstruction, it is mounted with anchor bolts to the wall to a depth of 15-17 cm.

For lumber, as well as log houses wooden dowels are used. Please note that installation is flush.

Assembling the rafter system

Assembly rafter system of a sloping mansard roof occurs in the following order:

Compliance with the above points forms one truss truss. The rest are installed in the same way in increments of 60-120 cm.

Waterproofing and roofing works

When the DIY installation work is completed, you need to organize its waterproofing. For this you need waterproofing film or membrane, which is usually produced in roll form.

Fasteners are selected depending on the type of material. For tiles, galvanized self-tapping screws with rubber heads are used, which, during the tightening process, are deformed in such a way that they waterproof the hole.

In order to speed up the process, you can use a screwdriver. Shinglas or ondulin are fixed with nails 100 mm long. After completion of the roofing work, the gables and overhangs of the attic sloping roof are designed.

To summarize, we can say that a broken mansard roof will help you expand the area of ​​your house with your own hands. You can build it with your own hands, however, this will require special skills and costs, which will undoubtedly pay for themselves.

Video instructions